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Incremental Relay-Based Co-CEStat Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks
Abstract
This paper presents Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat). This protocol is proposed to enhance the performance of Cooper-ative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks (Co-CEStat) and Advanced Co-CEStat (ACo-CEStat). Proposed protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve reliable and quick data delivery and greater network stability period. Incremental relay-based cooperation is utilized to improve energy efficiency of the network. At relays, Detect-and-Forward (DF) technique is used, whereas, selection combining technique is utilized at sink. Simulation results are obtained in MATLAB in which proposed protocol is compared with ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat protocols. Simulations show that InCo-CEStat has 37% and 58 % more stability period than ACo-CEStat and Co-CEStat. InCo-CEStat also achieved 51% and 79% higher throughput than that of compared protocols.
... Computer Science is now growing rapidly to operate large data and keep higher level of linking. At the current era advancement also occur in small scale networks which support higher level of access and mobility [1], [2]. Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) is a new field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), started developing since 1995 [3]. ...
... In paper [1], authors propose Incremental relay-based CoCEStat protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat). Author's uses two relay nodes for cooperation purpose to quick transmit the critical data in emergency cases in WBASNS. ...
... According to the literature survey, majority of the researchers [1], [3], [7]- [11] used single sink node to aggregate and send the sense data from the sensor nodes to the destination. Single sink node collects data from all sensors and forward to the destination. ...
After successful development in health-care services, WBASN is also being used in other fields where continuous and distant health-care monitoring is required. Various suggested protocols presented in literature work to enhance the performance of WBASN by focusing on delay, energy efficiency and routing. In this research we focus to increase the stability period and throughput, while decreasing end-to-delay. Two sink nodes are utilized and concept of AnyCasting is introduced. In this research, we have presented a scheme AnyCasting In Dual Sink (ACIDS) for WBASN and compared it with existing protocols LAEEBA and DARE. The performance of ACIDS is found to be 51% and 13% efficient than LAEEBA and DARE respectively in throughput. Results show that, the stability period of ACIDS is much greater than LAEEBA and DARE with minimum delay. Energy parameter in ACIDS is in tradeoff with the improved parameters, due to the computation of RSSI which does more processing and utilizes more energy.
... distance. Yousaf et al. [86] combined the best features of direct and cooperative communication and proposed an incremental relay-based cooperation scheme, InCo-CEStat. In the proposed scheme, each node has two potential relays, R1 and R2. ...
... Yousaf et al. [86] Consider two potential relays per sensor node. ...
Relay-based Communications in WBANs: A Comprehensive Survey
AVANI VYAS and SUJATA PAL, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
BARUN KUMAR SAHA, Hitachi ABB Power Grids, India
ACM Comput. Surv., Vol. 54, No. 1, Article 2, Publication date: December 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3423164
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) constitute an emerging technology in the field of health care that makes health monitoring possible from one's home itself. WBANs open many challenges by placing sensors on/inside human bodies for collecting various health-related information. Unlike traditional Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), communication in WBANs suffers from high channel fading and attenuation due to human body fat. Therefore, relay-based communication with data forwarding techniques is used to handle link failures and poor network connectivity. Accordingly, in this survey article, we present a comprehensive study of relay-based communication mechanisms in WBANs. We begin with a brief look at the multi-tiered architecture of WBANs, how direct communication works, and how relay-based communication is different. Subsequently, we present a detailed review of relay node selection approaches, which, in turn, also affects how a WBAN performs. In this context, we also look at the unique quality of service (QoS) demands of WBANs and how they can be assured.
... INTRODUCTION Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) started developing since 1995, is a co-field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [1]. The main objective of such network is establishing a communication link with the human body. ...
... In [1], authors have proposed Incremental relay-based Co-CEStat protocol for the Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat). Authors have used two relay nodes for the cooperation purpose to have quick transmission of critical data in WBAN for emergency cases. ...
Design of routing protocols has seen remarkable advancement in the field of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs).These protocols work to enhance the performance of WBAN by focusing on routing, energy efficiency and end-to-end delay. As these protocols can be categorized in a variety of ways according to the mechanisms and functionalities they follow, hence it becomes important to understand their principal of operations. In this research, we have selected some recent routing protocols in the field of WBAN and presented a comparative analysis according to the categories on which they rely. Also a detail analysis of their key advantages and flaws are also identified in this research.
... During communication, nodes consume energy. To proceed bits k at the distance of d> , given in [14]. ...
... (k,d) = * k + k * ( * )……………………….. (2) and for forwarder node, given in [14]. ...
... As we know that Computer Science is growing very quickly in every field to operate huge data and maintain top level of linking. At the current period, small scales of networks are also advanced which supports top level of mobility and accessibility [1] [2]. In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) is new field, started developing since 1995 [3]. ...
... In paper [1] for Wireless Body Area Networks (InCo-CEStat) the researchers proposed incremental relay-based CoCEStat protocol. For cooperation purpose researchers uses two relay nodes which transmit the critical data quickly in emergency cases in WBASNs. ...
... The authors in [40] proposed an Incremental relay-based CoCEStat protocol for emergency situation of WBASNs where timely transmission of crucial data is required. Two cooperative relay nodes has been used for assistance where every single sensor has two relay nodes for sending its sensed data to. ...
Wearable computing has a great prospect in smart healthcare applications. The emergence of the internet of things, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), and big data processing open numerous challenges and opportunities. In healthcare, the monitoring is done by placing/implanting sensor nodes (resource-constrained devices) on a patient’s body to communicate data to a resource-rich node called a sink. The data transmission energy consumption is directly proportional to the distance between the sensor and the sink node. Therefore, it is vital to reduce the energy consumption of the sensor node due to data transmission. In this article, a new \emph{Dual Forwarder Selection Technique (DFST)} has been proposed to prolong the network lifetime by reducing energy consumption and ultimately improving the stability period and throughput of the network. The DFST works by grouping sensor nodes on a body where both forwarder nodes have been selected through a cost function for relaying data to the sink. The proposed scheme’s efficiency has been evaluated using simulation results in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput. Energy consumption of sensor nodes minimized, which, as a result, increased residual network energy. The number of dead nodes of the DFST is about 50\% less than that of its counterparts RE-ATTEMPT and iM-SIMPLE. The average throughput of the proposed scheme is 51\% and 8\% higher than the methods. Similarly, the residual energy of the DFST is approximately 200\% and 120\% more than iM-SIMPLE and RE-ATTEMPT, respectively.
WBAN is an emerging area which has the potential to revolutionize healthcare scenario. WBAN nodes are highly constrained in terms of energy and other resources. WBAN supporting healthcare applications deal with wireless communication with real-time monitoring. Hence, the delivery of data to the intended location within a specified threshold delay is of major concern. So, various researchers are working on it to get its potential fully utilized in the healthcare domain and to improve the QoS. None proved to be truly efficient yet. This research focuses on enhancing stability period, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and the remaining energy of the network by decreasing the end-to-end delay. The concept of Anycasting has been modified to implement in a WBAN topology consisting of eight sensors and two coordinators on the human body. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with other state-of-the-art protocols, like Anycasting in dual sink approach (ACIDS), link-aware and energy-efficient scheme for body area networks (LAEEBA), and destination-assisted routing enhancement (DARE). The results show that the modification delivered better quality of service (QoS) results in terms of stability period, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay compared to DARE and LAEEBA and in few cases for ACIDS.
Energy efficient and reliable communication is extremely crucial in most of the applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Communication between sensor nodes is the major cause of energy consumption that limits the network lifetime, and hence, disrupts WBAN's operation. Moreover, unreliability in wireless communication caused by the channel impairments, such as shadowing and fading, further exacerbate the situation. In this thesis, we investigate a multi-hop and three cooperative routing schemes to improve Energy Efficiency (EE) and reliability of WBANs. Firstly, we propose a protocol; Critical data transmission in Emergency with Mobility support in WBANs (CEMob), which utilizes both single-hop and multi-hop communication modes and avoids continuous data transmission to preserve energy of sensor nodes. Performance comparison of CEMob is made with contemporary routing protocols, Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (ATTEMPT) and Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT). Simulation results show that CEMob is 71% and 55% more energy efficient than ATTEMPT and RE-ATTEMPT, respectively. Later on, to improve the achieved throughput by CEMob, we introduce the concept of cooperative routing in Cooperative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static WBANs (Co-CEStat). In this protocol, network throughput is enhanced by propagating independent signal through different paths. Simulation results reveal that Co-CEStat has 51% and 52% more throughput than its counterpart protocols, RE-CEStat (static CEMob) and RE-ATTEMPT, respectively. Availability of multiple links, for the propagation of same data, increases reliability of network at the cost of extra energy consumption by cooperative nodes. To improve EE and Packet Error Rate (PER) of Co-CEStat, we further analyze incremental cooperative communication schemes with different number of relays. We propose a new incremental cooperative communication scheme with 3-
stage relaying and compare it with already existing incremental cooperative schemes in literature. Taking
into account the effect of PER, analytical expressions for EE of proposed 3-stage cooperative
communication scheme are also derived. Our proposed scheme proves to be more reliable with less PER
at the cost of some extra energy consumption. In the last, 3-stage incremental relaying and contemporary
2-stage incremental relaying schemes are implemented in two routing protocols; Incremental Cooperative
Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static WBANs (InCo-CEStat) and Enhanced InCo-CEStat
(EInCo-CEStat), respectively. Simulation results of incremental cooperative protocols are compared with
Co-CEStat and it is observed that incremental cooperation is more energy efficient than cooperation
approach utilized in Co-CEStat. Results also reveal that EInCo-CEStat proves to be more reliable than
InCo-CEStat with 12% more throughput and has less PER by providing three redundant links for a source
node. Whereas, InCo-CEStat proves to be more energy efficient with 24% more stability period than
EInCo-CEStat, by utilizing two cooperative links for a single source node.
The reliability of peers is very important for safe communication in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. The reliability of a peer can be evaluated based on the reputation and interactions with other peers to provide different services. However, for deciding the peer reliability there are needed many parameters, which make the problem NP-hard. In this paper, we present two fuzzy-based systems (called FBRS1 and FBRS2) to improve the reliability of JXTA-overlay P2P platform. In FBRS1, we considered three input parameters: number of interactions (NI), security (S), packet loss (PL) to decide the peer reliability (PR). In FBRS2, we considered four input parameters: NI, S, PL and local score to decide the PR. We compare the proposed systems by computer simulations. Comparing the complexity of FBRS1 and FBRS2, the FBRS2 is more complex than FBRS1. However, it also considers the local score, which makes it more reliable than FBRS1.
Today's aging population is driving wide-scale demand for more-advanced healthcare treatments, including wireless im- planted devices that can deliver ongoing and cost-effective monitoring of a patient's condition. Wireless sensor netwo rks (WSNs) have been considered for body area networks (BANs) and implanted WSNs. For most BANs, the generic topol- ogy involves "on-body" sensors or Implanted Medical Devices (IMDs), and a hub device (such as a phone, PDA, or wireless LAN access point) that is on or away from the body, which can function as a central fusion node and connect to the Inter- net. This paper applies to IMDs a new physical layer coop- erative transmission (CT) technique. CT can reduce the total power required for sensor transmission by exploiting the spa- tial diversity of multiple single-antenna terminals. This means that the implanted sensor batteries can last longer. The opp or- tunistic large array (OLA) is a simple CT approach that saves energy relative to conventional multi-hop routing by allowing all nodes that can decode to relay the message. OLA avoids the overhead of assigning clusters and cluster leaders. To date, OLA has not been considered for human body implants. In this paper, we provide a first treatment of communication usi ng OLA for implanted sensors for the Medical Implant Commu- nication Services (MICS) standard and investigate the poten- tial power reductions that can be achieved. In this paper, we consider the ICD application where the implanted sensors are connected by wire, but the OLA technique is still useful for re- lay to an off-body destination. We compare the total transmit power expended by the cooperative transmission network com- pared to the power that would be required for a single hop (i.e. directly from the source to the sink) to have the same reliability.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are presented as
proper solution for wildfire monitoring. However, this application
requires a design of WSN taking into account the network lifetime
and the shadowing effect generated by the trees in the forest
environment. Cooperative communication is a promising solution
for WSN which uses, at each hop, the resources of multiple nodes
to transmit its data. Thus, by sharing resources between nodes,
the transmission quality is enhanced. In this paper, we use the
technique of reinforcement learning by opponent modeling, optimizing
a cooperative communication protocol based on RSSI and
node energy consumption in a competitive context (RSSI/energy-CC), that is, an energy and quality-of-service aware-based cooperative
communication routing protocol. Simulation results show that the
proposed algorithm performs well in terms of network lifetime,
packet delay, and energy consumption.
The term wireless body area network (WBAN) is used to describe a network of devices connected wirelessly for communication on, in and near the body. In this paper, we survey the current state of various aspects of WBAN technologies that are being used in healthcare applications. In particular, we examine the following areas: monitoring and sensing, power efficient protocols, system architectures, routing, and security. We conclude by discussing open research issues, their potential solutions and future trends.
In this paper, we investigate the energy efficiency of cooperative communications in wireless body area network (WBAN). We first analyze the outage performance of three transmission schemes, namely direct transmission, single-relay cooperation, and multi-relay cooperation. To minimize the energy consumption, we then study the problem of optimal power allocation with the constraint of targeted outage probability. Two strategies of power allocation are considered: power allocation with and without posture state information. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and demonstrate that: 1) power allocation making use of the posture information can reduce the energy consumption; 2) within a possible range of the channel quality in WBAN, cooperative communication is more energy efficient than direct transmission only when the path loss between the transmission pair is higher than a threshold; and 3) for most of the typical channel quality due to the fixed transceiver locations on human body, cooperative communication is effective in reducing energy consumption.
In a multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN), the nodes that are one hop away from the Sink die first and cause an "energy hole," because they must forward the traffic from the rest of the network. When this hole forms, a large amount of "excess" energy is trapped in the other nodes. In this paper, we propose that some of those other nodes use some of the excess energy to do cooperative transmission (CT) to hop directly to the Sink, thereby relieving the nodes near the sink of some of their burden and balancing the energy consumption across the network. The REACT protocol triggers CT range extension when the nexthop node along a primary route has a lower residual energy than the current node. The paper considers several criteria for selecting the cooperators, and compares our proposed scheme to the AODV and CMAX multi-hop protocols through simulation.
Recently, the merits of cooperative communication in the physical layer have been explored. However, the impact of cooperative communication on the design of the higher layers has not been well-understood yet. Cooperative routing in wireless networks has gained much interest due to its ability to exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless medium in designing power efficient routing algorithms. Most of the existing cooperation based routing algorithms are implemented by finding a shortest path route first and then improving the route using cooperative communication. As such, these routing algorithms do not fully exploit the merits of cooperative communications, since the optimal cooperative route might not be similar to the shortest path route. In this paper, we propose a cooperation-based routing algorithm, namely, the minimum power cooperative routing (MPCR) algorithm, which makes full use of the cooperative communications while constructing the minimum-power route. The MPCR algorithm constructs the minimum-power route, which guarantees certain throughput, as a cascade of the minimum-power single-relay building blocks from the source to the destination. Thus, any distributed shortest path algorithm can be utilized to find the optimal cooperative route with polynomial complexity. Using analysis, we show that the MPCR algorithm can achieve power saving of 65.61% in regular linear networks and 29.8% in regular grid networks compared to the existing cooperation-based routing algorithms, where the cooperative routes are constructed based on the shortest-path routes. From simulation results, MPCR algorithm can have 37.64% power saving in random networks compared to those cooperation-based routing algorithms.
Cooperative communications represent a potential candidate to combat the effects of channel fading and to increase the transmit energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks with the downside being the increased complexity. In sensor networks the power consumed in the receiving and processing circuitry can constitute a significant portion of the total consumed power. By taking into consideration such overhead, an analytical framework for studying the energy efficiency trade-off of cooperation in sensor networks is presented. This trade-off is shown to depend on several parameters such as the receive and processing power, the required quality-of-service, the power amplifier loss, and several other factors. The analytical and numerical results reveal that for small distance separation between the source and destination, direct transmission is more energy efficient than relaying. The results also reveal that equal power allocation performs as well as optimal power allocation for some scenarios. The effects of the relay location and the number of employed relays on energy efficiency are also investigated in this work. Moreover, there are experimental results conducted to verify the channel model assumed in the article.
Recently, the merits of cooperative communication in the physical layer have been explored. However, the impact of cooperative communication on the design of the higher layers has not been well-understood yet. Cooperative routing in wireless networks has gained much interest due to its ability to exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless medium in designing power-efficient routing algorithms. Most of the existing cooperation-based routing algorithms are implemented by finding a shortest-path route first and then improving the route using cooperative communication. As such, these routing algorithms do not fully exploit the merits of cooperative communications, since the optimal cooperative route might not be similar to the shortest-path route. In this paper, we propose a cooperation-based routing algorithm, namely, the Minimum Power Cooperative Routing (MPCR) algorithm, which makes full use of the cooperative communications while constructing the minimum-power route. The MPCR algorithm constructs the minimum-power route, which guarantees certain throughput, as a cascade of the minimum-power single-relay building blocks from the source to the destination. Thus, any distributed shortest path algorithm can be utilized to find the optimal cooperative route with polynomial complexity. Using analysis, we show that the MPCR algorithm can achieve power saving of 65.61% in regular linear networks and 29.8% in regular grid networks compared to the existing cooperation-based routing algorithms, where the cooperative routes are constructed based on the shortest-path routes. From simulation results, MPCR algorithm can have 37.64% power saving in random networks compared to those cooperation-based routing algorithms.
Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. We develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.
Cooperative routing is a promising technique which exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium to enhance network performance. Sensor nodes simultaneously transmit their data on different links and utilize cooperation between nodes. In this paper, a new protocol, Co-CEStat; Cooperative Critical data transmission in Emergency for Static Wireless Body Area Networks, is proposed. The protocol utilizes the merits of both direct and cooperative transmission to achieve higher stability period and end-to-end throughput with greater network lifetime. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the Co-CEStat's performance with that of three other contemporary non-cooperative routing protocols.
In this paper, we investigate the energy efficiency of an incremental relay based cooperative communication scheme in wireless body area networks (WBANs). We derive analytical expressions for the energy efficiency of direct and cooperative communication schemes taking into account the effect of packet error rate. The following communication scenarios specific to a WBAN are considered: (i) in-body communication between an implant sensor node and the gateway, and (ii) on-body communication between a body surface node and the gateway with line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS channels. The results reveal a threshold behavior that separates regions where direct transmission is better from regions where incremental relay cooperation is more useful in terms of energy efficiency. It is observed that, compared with direct communication, incremental relay based cooperative communication schemes improves the energy efficiency significantly. Further, cooperation extends the source-to-destination hop length over, which energy efficient communication can be achieved as compared with direct communication. We also observe that, for both direct as well as cooperative transmission schemes in error prone channels, an optimal packet size exists that result in maximum energy efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) in recent years have received significant attention, due to their potential for increasing efficiency in healthcare monitoring. Typical sensors used for WBAN are low powered single transceiver devices utilizing a single channel for transmission at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. However, performance of these devices usually degrades when the density of sensors increases. One approach to counter this performance degradation is to exploit multiple channels at the MAC layer, where optimal usage of the channels is achieved through cooperation between the sensor nodes. In this paper we propose a cooperative WBAN environment that supports multi-hop transmission through cooperation involving both environmental sensors and WBAN nodes. Our solution extends the cooperation at the MAC layer to a cross-layered gradient based routing solution that allows interaction between WBAN and environmental sensors in order to ensure data delivery from WBANs to a distant gateway. Extensive simulations for healthcare scenarios have been performed to validate the cooperation at the MAC layer, as well as the cross-layered gradient based routing. Comparisons to other cooperative multi-channel MAC and routing solutions have shown the overall performance improvement of the proposed approach evaluated in terms of packet loss, power consumption and delay.
Many wireless sensor network applications require sensor nodes to be deployed on the ground or other surfaces. However, there has been little effort to characterize the large- and small-scale path loss for surface-level radio communications. We present a comprehensive measurement of path loss and fading characteriztics for surface-level sensor nodes in the 400 MHz band in both flat and irregular outdoor terrain in an effort to improve the understanding of surface-level sensor network communications performance and to increase the accuracy of sensor network modeling and simulation. Based on our measurement results, we characterize the spatial small-scale area fading effects as a Rician distribution with a distance-dependent K-factor. We also propose a new semi-empirical path loss model for outdoor surface-level wireless sensor networks called the Surface-Level Irregular Terrain (SLIT) model. We verify our model by comparing measurement results with predicted values obtained from high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data and computer simulation for the 400 MHz and 2.4 GHz band. Finally, we discuss the impact of the SLIT model and demonstrate through simulation the effects when SLIT is used as the path loss model for existing sensor network protocols.
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