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Atlas of Earth History
Abstract and Figures
2001.06 The Atlas of Earth History is made up of the maps that appear at the PALEOMAP Project website (www.scotese.com). A version of the Atlas with higher resolution maps (file size = 45Mb) is available from the Author.
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Supplementary resource (1)
... ODP Leg 122 Site 762 Hole C (19°53.23′S, 112°15.24′E) is located on the central Exmouth Plateau in the Northern Carnarvon Basin, ∼300 km offshore of the northwestern coast of the Australian continent. According to the paleogeographic reconstruction (Scotese, 2001), the Exmouth Plateau was located in the mid-latitude of the eastern margin of the Indian Ocean during the early Paleogene (∼60-40 Ma; Figure 1a). The Northern Carnarvon Basin was initially formed by the stretching during the Carboniferous-Cretaceous, and the Exmouth plateau has been thought to be inactive after the mid-Cretaceous (Bilal & McClay, 2022). ...
... The sampling resolution was 5-50 kyr for the latest Paleocene-early Eocene section, which was considered to record the PETM and early Eocene hyperthermals. We Scotese (2001). Stars indicate the paleo-location of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 762C. ...
... Therefore, we interpret that IC3 reflects the mixing relationship between biogenic CaCO 3 and detrital components. As the location of Hole 762C is a passive margin without a large change in paleogeography (especially the distance to the continent), and its paleodepth was generally constant throughout the Cenozoic (1,000-1,200 m; Haq et al., 1992;Jones & Wonders, 1992;Scotese, 2001; Figure 1a), neither the changes in water depth nor tectonic settings contributed to the changes in the abundance of biogenic CaCO 3 and detrital input to Hole 762C. Therefore, we considered that climatic or oceanographic changes mainly caused the variation in the IC3 scores. ...
The early Paleogene, including the Paleocene and Eocene, is characterized by Warmhouse and Hothouse climate states with superimposed transient warming events known as hyperthermals. While these paleoenvironmental changes are well‐documented in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, records of such changes in the Indian Ocean are limited. Here, we present a new data set of bulk chemical composition and stable isotopic ratios from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene sediments on the Exmouth Plateau in the mid‐latitude eastern Indian Ocean. The bulk δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O suggest a warming period called the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) and cooling toward the middle Eocene in a long‐term perspective. In the short‐term, we identified at least six hyperthermals (Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, H2, I1, J, ETM3, and L) in the studied sections. By applying independent component (IC) analyses (ICA) to the bulk chemical composition data, we identified six ICs corresponding to sediment source materials and post‐depositional processes. The ICA result infers an increase in detrital materials or a decrease in carbonate rain flux, and an increased population of higher‐order consumers in the oceanic ecosystem during both long‐term (EECO) and short‐term (hyperthermal) warmings around the Exmouth Plateau. Furthermore, ICs representing diagenetic processes and post‐depositional remobilization of elements showed excursions across the hyperthermal horizons, indicating that changes in the redox state of pore or bottom water are associated with hyperthermals. This study provides critical insights into the paleoceanography of the Indian Ocean, highlighting the response of marine environments to both long‐term and short‐term climatic events during the early Paleogene.
... Each pie chart illustrates, for each stage, the proportion of palaeogeographic units with different generic diversity, with the legend indicating the number of genera present. The base map is modified from Scotese (2001), using Gplates corrected by PBDB palaeontological data (Wright et al. 2013). the relative proportions of endemic and cosmopolitan taxa. ...
As the first major biotic event in the Phanerozoic, the two‐phased Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME) resulted in a substantial decline in marine benthic biodiversity and heralding shifts in palaeobiogeography. However, the interplay between palaeobiogeographical distribution and biodiversity dynamics during this event remains unknown. Drawing upon brachiopod occurrence data from five intervals pre‐ and post‐LOME, extracted from the Paleobiology Database, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of palaeogeographic units across the extinction event. Through examination of generic diversity, origination and extinction rates, and biogeographic connectedness, we elucidate the evolutionary trajectories of both endemic and cosmopolitan taxa throughout the extinction. Our findings indicate increased vulnerability of endemic taxa to biotic events and their aftermath relative to their cosmopolitan counterparts. Notably, we observe a concordance between shifts in the palaeogeographic distribution of brachiopods and fluctuations in their diversity during and after the LOME. Moreover, the extinction and subsequent recovery dynamics of brachiopods during this event demonstrate temporal symmetry concerning biodiversity change and palaeobiogeographic structural shifts. Shortly after the extinction event, within a timeframe similar to the decline in diversity and contraction of palaeogeographic distribution, both aspects revert to pre‐extinction levels, suggesting the limited intensity of the LOME event.
... a. Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian) palaeogeographic situation and location of the study area (red star) (modified fromScotese, 2001). b. ...
Larger benthic foraminifera are described for the first time from the Upper Cretaceous Yigeziya Formation of the southwestern Tarim Basin, China. They occur in middle-outer ramp carbonates with debris of rudists, coralline algae, echinoids, pithonellids, and rare dasycladalean green algae. The material allows an open taxonomic approach for a few taxa. The assemblage includes Charentia cf. cuvillieri Neumann, Cuneolina cf. parva Henson, Nezzazatinella cf. picardi (Henson), orbitolinid gen. et sp. indet., cyclamminid indet., Tetrataxiella? floriforma Schlagintweit & Sanders, Suturina? sp. and the new species Dictyopselloides? tarimensis n. sp. Lacking any resilient stratigraphic data in our material, a Campanian age is tentatively assumed. The benthic association is typical for Neotethys assemblages but also shows conspicuous overlap with the Campanian Tielongtan Formation of western Tibet.
... The MCC tree and 1000 posterior trees sampled from the BEAST analysis were loaded as input files. According to geological changes in the Cenozoic (McKenna, 1983;Scotese, 2001;Brikiatis, 2014) and previous biogeographical studies on plants with similar regions (Ebersbach et al., 2017), we specified dispersal probabilities between geographical areas for three separate time slices (Supplementary Data Table S6). Referring to Ebersbach et al. (2017), we calculated the cumulative probabilities for estimated ancestral ranges. ...
Background and Aims
Understanding the biogeographical patterns and processes underlying the distribution of diversity within the Northern Hemisphere has fascinated botanists and biogeographers for over a century. However, as a well-known centre of species diversity in the Northern Hemisphere, whether East Asia acted as a source and/or a sink of plant diversity of the Northern Hemisphere remains unclear. Here, we used Thalictroideae, a subfamily widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with the majority of species in East Asia, to investigate the role of East Asia in shaping the biogeographical patterns of the Northern Hemisphere and to test whether East Asia acted as a museum or a cradle for herbaceous taxa.
Methods
Based on six plastid and one nuclear DNA regions, we generated the most comprehensive phylogeny for Thalictroideae including 217 taxa (ca. 66% species) from all ten of the currently recognized genera. Within this phylogenetic framework, we then estimated divergence times, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates.
Key Results
The monophyletic Thalictroideae contains three major clades. All genera with more than one species are strongly supported as monophyletic except for Isopyrum, which is nested in Enemion. The most recent common ancestor of Thalictroideae occurred in East Asia in the late Eocene (ca. 36 Ma). From the Miocene onwards, at least 46 dispersal events were inferred to be responsible for the current distribution of this subfamily. East Asian Thalictroideae lineages experienced a rapid accumulation at ca. 10 Ma.
Conclusions
The biogeographical patterns of Thalictroideae support the “out of and in East Asia” hypothesis, i.e., East Asia is both a source and a sink of biodiversity of the Northern Hemisphere. The global cooling after the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, combined with the exposed land bridges due to sea-level decline, might have jointly caused the bidirectional plant exchanges between East Asia and other Northern Hemisphere regions. East Asia serves as evolutionary museums and cradles for the diversity of Thalictroideae and likely for other herbaceous lineages.
... During the Mesozoic, Adria was a large continental microplate, mostly drowned below sea level and separated into NNW-SSE trending paleogeographic domains, subparallel to the present-day compressive structures, involving the Apulian and Adriatic platform systems in its SW and NE domains that are nowadays preserved in the Apennines and Dinarides fold and thrust belts, respectively (Zappaterra, 1994;Le Goff et al., 2020) (Fig. 2). During the entire Mesozoic period, the Adria microplate belonged to the Western Tethys realm located in tropical latitudes (~15 • N) (Scotese, 2001;Graziano, 2013;Scotese and Schettino, 2017). In Triassic times, the climatic and eustatic sea-level conditions of the area favored a very effective production of carbonates, which generated the development of the Southern Tethyan megaplatform (Vlahović et al., 2005;Le Goff et al., 2020). ...
1992.13 These maps were produced by the combined efforts of the PALEOMAP Project (International Liuthosphere Program) and Mobile Exploration and Production Services. These 28 paleogeographic reconstrcutions illustrate the changing configuration of mountains, land, shallow seas, and deep ocean basins during the last 545 million years. The active plate boundaries, such as spreading centers and and subduction zones, are also shown. All age assignments are based on the Decade of North American Geology timescale.
In this work, 60 specialists come together to discuss the regional occurrences of Jurassic rocks. The tectonic setting, stratigraphical sequences, and fossil assemblages of Jurassic rocks are covered in detail; regional biozones based on palynonorphs, protistans, plants and invertebrates are defined, and super-regional standard zones based on ammonites are established. Numerous tables are used to document and illustrate intra- and inter-continental circum-Pacific correlations, and a large atlas illustrates more than 1,000 circum-Pacific index and guide fossils. Resulting from International Geological Correlation Programme Project 171, not only is this the first comprehensive synthesis of Jurassic geology and palaeontology, but it is in fact the only one of its kind for any geological system. This book will prove indispensable to academic geologists, palaeontologists and stratigraphers interested in the Jurassic period.
The Weddell Sea, part of the circumpolar Southern Ocean, is probably the most remote, least known and least accessible sea in the world. Difficult ice conditions have limited the acquisition of ship data, although this has been partly offset in recent years by access to satellite radar altimetry data. The Weddell Sea was originally defined by the Admiralty Hydrographic Department in 1932 and redefined by the Antarctic Place Names Committee in 1976 (Hattersley-Smith 1991). It is bounded on the western side by the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, on the southern side by the Ronne and Filchner ice fronts, and on the southeastern side by the Dronning Maud Land and Coats Land coasts of East Antarctica (Fig. 1). The South Scotia Ridge separates the Weddell Sea from the Scotia Sea to the north and a line joining Southern Thule in the South Sandwich Islands and Kapp Norvegia in Dronning Maud Land, separates it from the South Atlantic Ocean to the NE.
Within this volume, papers relate to the Weddell Sea as defined above, together with part of the adjoining South Atlantic Ocean up to 50°E, and to the geology of the once neighbouring continents of Gondwana. The term Weddell Sea embayment is also used informally throughout this volume to include the embayment area to the south of the Weddell Sea now covered by the Ronne and Filchner ice shelves, including Berkner Island, and the continental shelf north of the Ronne and Filchner ice fronts (Figs 1 & 2).
