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Cultural Preferences in Hotel Guestroom Lighting Design
Abstract
This study examined North American and South Korean preferences for different lighting conditions in a hotel guestroom. A sample of 87 North Americans and 88 Koreans (N = 175) rated their preference for different intensities and color temperatures of light within a digitally generated hotel guestroom design. A mixed between-within analysis of variance (Kuehl, 1999) evaluated three dependent variables (preference, arousal, and pleasure) against three independent variables (two culture groups × two light colors × two light intensities). Findings indicated that North American subjects preferred the hotel guestroom with low intensity and warm color lighting the most, whereas the Korean group preferred high intensity and warm color lighting the most. North American participants also perceived dim lighting as more arousing than bright lighting, whereas Korean participants perceived bright lighting as more arousing than dim lighting. Overall, the findings suggest that design criteria for hotel guestroom lighting should be revised to account for distinct cultural differences.
... Ambient lighting is one of the elements that can contribute to the creation of a restaurant environment that enhances a positive dining experience for customers [1]. Previous studies on traditional lighting have also shown that color temperatures (CTs) can affect consumer emotions greatly [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Lighting therefore plays an important role in enhancing the atmosphere of a restaurant. ...
... Regarding color temperature levels, some research has shown that customers feel a sense of warmth when color temperature is less than 3300 K and feel cool when color temperature is higher than 5300 K. Mid-level warmth occurs with color temperatures between 3300 K and 5300 K [2]. In a cross-cultural study on hotel guestroom lighting, Park et al. [7] revealed that Asian customers prefer bright lighting, whereas Northern Americans prefer dim/ warm lighting. It implies that customers' preferences regarding restaurant lighting atmosphere could be influenced by customers' cultural background. ...
... Arousal deals with the degree to which users feel stimulated, excited or active. Dominance deals with the extent to which users feel influential, in control or important within a situation of a setting [7,15]. Parameters of the arousal scale included sleepy, excited, wide awake, and calm, whereas parameters of pleasure included relaxed, pleasant, comfortable, and happy. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a lighting atmosphere created by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on consumers' emotional states of pleasure, arousal and dominance, as well as on their spatial impressions of a restaurant. The results demonstrate that in a restaurant, LED 2700 K has a greater tendency to emphasize pleasurable aspects of the atmosphere than LED 5600 K. The results also indicated that 5600 K causes greater arousal than 2700 K. A warm color temperature increases participants' sensation of privacy. Moreover, participants' sensations of pleasure, arousal, dominance, and spaciousness increase with increasing illuminance. Conversely, a decrease of illuminance leads to an increased sense of privacy. The interaction between color temperature and illuminance shows that the combination of 2700 K and 500 Lux conveys the greatest sense of pleasure, while a medium illuminance of 2700 K and 300 Lux conveys the greatest sense of clarity.
... The studies in this paper are conducted in a Swedish context. It has long been known that preferences for how we light our homes and other indoor environments vary between countries and cultures [55,56]. Since the approach used in the current studies has less to do with people's preferences for a certain lighting and instead focuses on analytical (objective) descriptions of how panellists characterise light from different light sources, the differences between countries should be of less importance. ...
... A particular value of the studies in this paper is that they have focused on investigating and developing descriptive, analytical (objective), user-centric measures of perceived light qualities, unlike most perception-related research on light that studies human preferences (e.g., [39,49,64,80]). Perceptions, and not least preferences, are strongly influenced by several factors, for example, cultural aspects [55,56], which should not affect the analytical experience in the same way. Instead, analytical studies aim to capture and describe people's objective visual perceptions without evaluating whether people like or dislike the light qualities, which is believed to be especially useful when developing a general terminology. ...
Nowadays, lighting planning is predominantly determined by the need to meet physically measurable requirements that are often based on current lighting standards. However, meeting the minimum technical requirements of the standards is no guarantee for a visually appealing light environment. Instead, requirements based on perceived light qualities also need to be included to achieve better user comfort. Taking perception-based qualities into consideration when creating a light environment is, for many, not an easy task. In addition, a common terminology for perceived light qualities is currently lacking, both in industry and in research. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to explore how perceived light qualities of white light sources can be described when employing user-centric measures. The focus was on the qualities of light colour and diffuse and distinct light since these qualities have a great impact on the visual impression of light. The perception was assessed by applying analytical sensory analysis to lighting products, a method found to be promising in previous work. The methodology is based on analytical measurement by the human senses, which is particularly valuable when developing a general terminology. Since sensory analysis is still quite new to the topic of lighting, the applicability of using the methodology to assess lighting in a real context was also investigated. The results of the studies showed that the perception of light qualities can be described using further concepts in addition to those currently used. For light colour, the concepts of reddish, bluish, yellowish, and greenish light colours proved suitable for providing a richer description of the quality. The concepts of diffuse and distinct light satisfactorily captured variations in light contrast produced by shadows, reflections, and sparkles. In addition, the studies revealed that analytical sensory analysis was applicable for assessing the perception of lighting in a real-world context. The latter means that knowledge gained in the laboratory can be translated into real environments. The user-centric measures investigated in this paper have contributed to the terminology related to perceived light qualities. These can complement the physical measures in lighting planning to promote light environments that are not only energy efficient and meet technical requirements, but also cater for increased user comfort. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-02-022 Full Text: PDF
... In another study, Korean temporary residents immigrating to the United States found acclimatisation to interior lighting conditions challenging [184]. This situation could also be linked to their sociocultural background and traditions because Koreans culturally value a south-facing house with high daylight illumination levels [185]. Parallelly, another study demonstrated that Koreans preferred high-intensity light differently from Americans. ...
... Parallelly, another study demonstrated that Koreans preferred high-intensity light differently from Americans. Koreans also stated that bright lighting arouses them more than dim lighting in contrast to Americans [185]. A group of researchers investigated whether participants' skin tone influences their light source colour preferences [186]. ...
Millions of people migrate every year, aiming to settle either permanently or temporarily in new places. People from countries with different intensities of daylight might have various perceptions and expectations towards the climatic and indoor conditions. It might result from a previously accustomed lighting environment and other associated factors, namely individual cultural background. It is important because study outcomes may be utilised by architects and lighting professionals on how to design buildings and interior spaces depending on occupants’ perceptions and expectations to increase occupants’ satisfaction. This knowledge also can be used to save energy because the efficient use of daylight can reduce the energy consumption of both HVAC and illumination systems.
To date, few studies have explored the relationship between cultural background and daylight perception; however, they mostly focused on glare sensitivity rather than daylight intensity. Cross-cultural studies aiming to investigate lighting preferences in interior environments are also rare. What is not yet known is the importance of cultural background and its impact on daylight perception, expectation, and satisfaction. Therefore, the development of a methodology for assessing daylight perception and its application in the context of cultural background are the main objectives of this research project, in order to investigate the impact of cultural background on daylight perception.
In this thesis, three subjective evaluation methods were used to assess participants' daylight perceptions: subjective ratings, seat preference, and daylight boundary line drawings, and the perceived daylight availability obtained through these methods were compared to measured daylight availability. It was demonstrated that perceived daylight availability obtained through seat preference and subjective statement methods corresponds to some extent with actual daylight availability (p<0.01 and p =0.002, respectively). The findings obtained from both students’ seat selections and occupancy data from motion sensors in the library also highlighted the importance of daylight availability in the seat selection of students in the libraries. However, the lit area drawn by participants representing the perceived daylight conditions as part of the daylight boundary line method varied extensively from person to person regardless of actual daylight measurements. In other respects, a systematic review was conducted to create a conceptual framework of cultural background in the lit environment, and factors thought to be influencing daylight perception in the cultural context had been defined in four ways. These were ethnicity and/or physiological properties of individual eyes, the residential area, the previous luminance environment and sociocultural background.
Finally, the developed methodology based on the previous findings was applied to understand if individuals perceive daylight conditions differently due to their cultural backgrounds. Although some findings proved that culture might be an important factor in daylight perception, the study results did not provide strong evidence of a cultural background influence on daylight perception. However, the number of participants in this study (N=193) was limited, and this unique topic requires additional research with larger sample size.
... Tourists' preferences and expectations of their destination have been examined before the COVID-19 pandemic from various perspectives. When it comes to the role of architecture and the built environment more specifically, various studies have examined the contribution of factors such as tourists' preferences for hotels and accommodation, visual servicescapes [7], interior design [8], lighting [9], and even landscape design [10] in tourists' preferences or satisfaction. More recently, several studies have concentrated on tourists' preferences for green hotels [11]. ...
... It may even answer our question as to why gardening or walking in a park is healing. As a theory, biophilia explains people's preferences for some urban parks and architecture [9]. Based on the biophilia theory, these beneficial impacts of nature exposure stem from a biological relationship between people and the natural world. ...
Since the COVID-19 crisis has caused the cancellation of a great number of travel plans in the last two years, this study examines the prospects of the post-COVID-19 era, during which we expect tourism will return strongly. The impact of the epidemic on people’s attitudes toward tourism, particularly their tourist choices, appears to be a major challenge for post-COVID-19 international tourism development. Very little is known about tourists’ accommodation preferences during the period emerging after the COVID-19 crisis. With a long and challenging experience of lockdowns, stress, and fear of disease, the current study attempts to examine peoples’ preferences for hotel attributes during the post-COVID-19 era. It examines factors contributing to peoples’ preferences for hotels with biophilic attributes. A total of 507 Iranian undergraduate and graduate students participated in the study. They answered questions on their perceived stress, level of depression, the specific burden of COVID-19, the perceived benefits of nature, and their preferences for biophilic design attributes in their accommodation. The online survey was conducted from August to October 2021. We found that the burden of COVID-19 increased the stress level of the respondents, which consequently increased the chance of depression. We further found that perceived stress and the benefits of nature significantly affect tourists’ preferences for exposure to nature and hotels with biophilic attributes. Based on the data, we suggest that the demand for biophilic buildings will be strongly increased during the post-COVID-19 era.
... Other times, surrogate environments are used in experimental studies, where discrete control of environmental conditions may help to manipulate variables or to sample across a wide variety of environmental conditions (Kalantari & Neo, 2020). To illustrate, Park et al. (2010) found that 2D photorealistic digital renderings were able to statistically discriminate hotel guestroom lighting preferences between Korean and North American samples-finding that North Americans preferred warm lighting with low brightness, while Koreans preferred cool lighting with high brightness. Since their study included two cultures on opposite sides of the globe and examined a variety of environmental conditions, it posed a good methodological argument for employing a digital surrogate over a real-world environment. ...
... VR headsets have great potential to be utilized for conducting interior lighting research. VR provides an immersive and volumetric space for rapidly evaluating a multitude of different interior lighting scenarios (Heydarian et al., 2015;Park et al., 2010); but the question of whether the low screen brightness of VR would directly skew participant perceptions of interior brightness has yet to be adequately researched and replicated. ...
Purpose
The Biophilic Interior Design Matrix (BID-M) was created to assist designers with identifying biophilic interior design features for optimizing nature integration for evidence-based design. The BID-M was developed and tested with interior design practitioners in the United States. There was a need to further develop the BID-M for other cultures along with understanding the designers' perceptions of biophilia.
Design/methodology/approach
A mixed methods approach was used with 101 interior designers/architects practicing in China using a pre- and post-questionnaire surrounding a room assessment using the BID-M.
Findings
The Chinese translation of the BID-M was perceived as beneficial to design practice, evaluated as reliable and valid. The Chinese designers perceived a significant increase in knowledge and importance of biophilia after using the BID-M and it was useful in assisting all parts of the design process. The designers had some prior experience with biophilic design and clients have been requesting suitable natural and artificial light features.
Practical implications
The BID-M was seen as a human centered design tool that is useful to evaluate biophilic design features in the built environment.
Originality/value
Overall, the BID-M appears to be useful throughout the design process to ultimately support well-being. The participants' cultural background expands use of the BID-M and provides opportunities for additional cultural applications of biophilic design and future research. The BID-M offers additional language for incorporating biophilic design as well as serving to educate and guide feature selection.
... Other times, surrogate environments are used in experimental studies, where discrete control of environmental conditions may help to manipulate variables or to sample across a wide variety of environmental conditions (Kalantari & Neo, 2020). To illustrate, Park et al. (2010) found that 2D photorealistic digital renderings were able to statistically discriminate hotel guestroom lighting preferences between Korean and North American samples-finding that North Americans preferred warm lighting with low brightness, while Koreans preferred cool lighting with high brightness. Since their study included two cultures on opposite sides of the globe and examined a variety of environmental conditions, it posed a good methodological argument for employing a digital surrogate over a real-world environment. ...
... VR headsets have great potential to be utilized for conducting interior lighting research. VR provides an immersive and volumetric space for rapidly evaluating a multitude of different interior lighting scenarios (Heydarian et al., 2015;Park et al., 2010); but the question of whether the low screen brightness of VR would directly skew participant perceptions of interior brightness has yet to be adequately researched and replicated. ...
Virtual reality (VR) headsets exhibit great potential for conducting interior design research in immersive digital settings; however, additional studies are needed to map out limitations for their use to simulate real-world settings. We investigated how participant perceptions of a single interior environment varied among a real-world space (R) and two surrogate VR spaces (one made with 360° spherical photography and one made with 360° spherical digital rendering). A total of 42 undergraduate, interior design students were randomly assigned to one of two experiments, resulting in two groups of 21 students. Each participant completed a visual acuity task and evaluated perceived brightness, glare, and spaciousness within the real-world space and one of the two surrogate VR environments. Participants reported acceptable baseline levels of perceived realism in both VR environments. There was no significant difference between the rendered-VR simulation and real-world space for brightness, glare, and spaciousness, while the photographed-VR simulation was seen as significantly brighter and glaring. Performance on the visual acuity task was significantly lower in both VR simulations than in the real-world-approximating the difference between 20/20 and 20/60 vision. Implications and strategies for effective deployment of VR simulations in interior design research are discussed.
... Previous studies related hotel design have mainly focused on two servicescapes which are hotel rooms (Bogicevic, Bujisic, Cobanoglu & Feinstein, 2018;Park, Pae & Meneely, 2010;Wittmann-Wurzer & Zech, 2019) and lobbies (Countryman & Jang, 2006;Nanu et al., 2020). Some authors have paid regard to the entire building design of hotels, as well (Zemke & Pullman, 2008;Zemke et al., 2017). ...
... Moreover, male guests prefer rooms decorated in masculine colors, while women are equally satisfied with masculine or feminine color schemes. Park et al. (2010) also proved that North Americans prefer the hotel room with warm color lighting and low intensity the most, whereas the Koreans preferred warm color lighting and high intensity the most. ...
The main purpose of this study is to identify the effects of a good hotel design in a comprehensive manner. The systematic literature review method has been applied and the academic databases of the well-known publishers that are Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, Sage and Wiley have been selected for advanced search. Twenty-eight research articles related to hotel design have been content analyzed. Findings of the content analysis indicate that a good hotel design can affect consumers' emotions, self-brand connection, satisfaction, preference, behavioral intentions and loyalty, and employees' aesthetic pleasure and well-being. Findings also demonstrate that a good design contributes to marketing and financial performances of hotels. Other contributions of a successful hotel design on the business are reduced staffing levels and maintenance costs, increased sales, greater efficiency, higher gross operating profit and the need for lower capital investment. Hotel design is closely related to sustainability, as well. Within this context, a framework identifying the effects of a good hotel design within micro and macro levels has been developed and discussed both theoretically and practically. Since the sub-purpose of the study is describing the current literature related to hotel design, some bibliometric indicators such as the journals publishing articles related to hotel design, distribution of the articles by years and number of authors studying on this topic, paper types of the articles (empirical or conceptual) and research methods (quantitative or qualitative) they applied have been examined to define more research gaps and future research directions.
... Different cultures also report affective responses between colors: Afghan and Mysurur respondents reported the least affective differences between colors while Thai and Finnish subjects reported the highest affective differences between colors [41]. Similarly, [42] showed that American, British, Korean, and Japanese subjects described preferences for color elements including hue and chroma. Another color research study revealed that African American subjects preferred colors in a red-purple-black hue spectrum whereas white subjects tended to prefer greens and blue [40]. ...
... Some interior color decisions are motivated by financial reasons. For example, international hotel chains have incorporated local cultural elements and their meanings in different geographic mar-kets to draw more guests [42]. Others are guided by government influence on culture: In the 1970s, the Singaporean Government warned citizens against using heavy colors and suggested more practical lighter colors which represented purported cleanliness ideals brought about by English colonialism, yet this rhetoric is not as common today [43]. ...
Abstract The global community decorates their homes based on personal decisions and contextual influences of their larger cultural and economic surroundings. The extent to which spatial patterns emerge in residential decoration practices has been traditionally difficult to ascertain due to the private nature of interior home spaces. Yet, measuring these patterns can reveal the presence of geographic culture hearths and/or globalization trends. In this work, we collected over one million geolocated images of interior living spaces from a popular home rental website, Airbnb (http://airbnb.com), and used transfer learning techniques to automatically detect the presence of key stylistic objects: plants, books, decor, wall art and predominance of vibrant colors. We investigated patterns of home decor practices for 107 cities on six continents, and performed a deep dive into six major U.S. cities. We found that world regions show statistically significant variation in decorative element prevalence, indicating differences in geographic cultural trends. At the U.S. neighborhood level, elements were only weakly spatially clustered and found to not correlate with socio-economic neighborhood variables such as income, unemployment rates, education attainment, residential property value, and racial diversity. These results may suggest that American residents in different socio-economic environments put similar effort into personalizing and caring for their homes. More broadly, our results represent a new view of worldwide human behavior and a new application of machine learning techniques to the exploration of cultural phenomena.
... Previous research showed that the range and mean values of SDO are similar in different countries, including in Asian samples (Pratto et al., 2006). However, other studies indicate cultural differences in TSC (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), and in lighting preferences regarding combinations of brightness and color temperature (Park, Pae, & Meneely, 2010). According to the study by Park et al. (2010), individuals in western cultures prefer warm light color at low intensity for informal activities (i.e., hotel guest rooms), whereas Asians prefer warm light color at high intensity. ...
... However, other studies indicate cultural differences in TSC (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), and in lighting preferences regarding combinations of brightness and color temperature (Park, Pae, & Meneely, 2010). According to the study by Park et al. (2010), individuals in western cultures prefer warm light color at low intensity for informal activities (i.e., hotel guest rooms), whereas Asians prefer warm light color at high intensity. Thus, in other cultures, bright and warm (instead of dim warm) light might be perceived as "social light" and should be investigated in further research. ...
How can the physical environment, especially light, facilitate conflict resolution? Previous research has led to no clear answers about optimal lighting conditions in conflict situations and, until now, potential moderators and mediators have been scarcely investigated. Building on research on light-induced cooperativeness, we expected that self-oriented individuals would be influenced by the lighting in social situations such as conflict resolution. In self-oriented individuals, dim warm light should promote interdependent self-construal and, in turn, lead to a preference for collaborative conflict resolution strategies. Two studies confirmed our assumptions, with social dominance orientation and trait interdependent self-construal serving as indicators of individuals' social orientation. Overall, these results provide an explanation for inconsistent previous findings and contribute to the understanding of light-induced changes in social behavior. Limitations as well as practical implications for lighting design in social spaces are discussed.
... According to Ogle (2009), the hotel guestroom should be considered as the hotel's core product. Ambient lighting (meaning table lamps and lamp shades and not just a single ceiling light) is often carefully introduced to create a feeling of calm and warmth, custom fabrics (stimulate both the eye, as well as the sense of touch, as the guest likely imagines how they would feel), and clever zoning can all help to make to improve the guest's impression (Haslett, 2019; though see also Park et al., 2010). ...
This narrative review discusses the literature on contemporary sensory marketing as it applies to hotel design. The role of each of the guest’s senses in the different stages of the customer journey are highlighted, and the functional benefits (to the guest’s multisensory experience), and likely commercial gains, of engaging more effectively with the guest’s non-visual senses, both individually, and in combination, are reviewed. While the visual elements of hotel design are undoubtedly important, the hotelier neglects the non-visual senses at their peril, given the negative effect of poor design on the customers’ overall multisensory experience (and ratings). A number of the crossmodal effects and multisensory interactions that have been suggested to modulate the guest’s experience of hotels (and resorts) are discussed. Mention is also made of the nature effect/biophilic design and how it is increasingly being incorporated in total design to help deliver on guest/customer well-being; the latter is a theme that has grown rapidly in relevance for those working in the hospitality sector. Taken together, there are numerous opportunities for hotel managers to ‘sensehack’ their guests’ multisensory experiences through environmental psychology The originality of this review stems from the analysis of the hierarchy of the guest’s senses and an explanation of how multisensory interactions affect sensory marketing in the design of hotel experiences for guests.
... Lighting in cities has critical importance from different perspectives and various design efforts and methods have been developed to incorporate the emotions of potential users into the design of lighting (Cheng et al., 2018). In addition, cultural differences and light color, light intensities have been found to influence the arousal of hotel guests (Park et al., 2010) and light configuration in mosques aims to generate an atmosphere of unity of the worshippers, where green light at homes is expected to secure from bad spirits (Bille, 2015) also cultural differences and color quality of light affects emotional states of arousal and pleasure and the shopping behavior of the people (Park & Farr, 2007) and lighting behavior and shared meaning creation might be an experimental interesting research and implementation area (Nacsa et al., 2011). ...
Today, in addition to the basic functions of saving from darkness, it is also important for the lighting products to carry aesthetic values. In the designs, it is aimed to show the spaces different than they are, even to highlight them, to present successful, creative, artistic images and to create visual effects. Lighting products are design products that contain aesthetic elements in terms of being selectable and attracting attention. Industrial products carry meaning in respect to their cultural and communal reality. Therefore, these products are means of communication, and signs are one of the important tools for establishing this communication. In terms of designers, it is important to use the signs conveniently to convey the product to the target group. The aim of this study is to reveal how the semiotic approach can contribute to the design process. It is foreseen that the designs that are created by the designers with the inspiration of semiotic approach can easily find response in terms of marketability and perceptibility in the target audience. In the study, as a method some home lighting products were selected from various sources and the examples were analyzed by using Peirce's triple semiotic classification of icon, index, and symbol. As a result of this semiotic analysis, it has been determined that using the visual elements in lighting product design is a frequently used method in design to make the products to be adopted by the target group. In the product design process, it has been seen that the semiotic elements guide the designers with deliberative placements, give them a creative perspective and inspire them.
... This could be linked to their socio-cultural background and traditions because Koreans value a south-facing house with high daylight illumination levels (Hong, 1975). Similarly, Park, Pae and Meneely (2010) found that Koreans preferred high-intensity light differently from Americans. Koreans also stated that bright lighting arouses them than dim lighting in contrast to Americans. ...
In environmental terms, culture represents the climatic and indoor conditions people have experienced during a significant part of their life. Consequently, people exposed to different cultures might have different expectations of the lighting environment. Knowing the lighting expectations due to cultural experiences have numerous advantages; it could help meet the occupants' needs and preferences and provide occupant satisfaction, reducing unnecessary energy consumption in the built environment. This paper aims to summarise a s ystematic review to create a conceptual framework of cultural background in the lit environment, which could help understand the impact of cultural background on daylight perception and expectation. This review highlighted that cultural background in lighting environment should be evaluated considering (1) the ethnicity and/or physiological characteristics of the individual eyes, (2) the area (luminance environment) where people used to live (3) the luminance environment they were recently exposed to and (4) the socio-cultural background of individuals. Future research should further test these components together and separately to investigate which component or combination is more influential on daylight perception.
... These differences have been found between countries located in different continents, as well as in studies that considered different locations in the same country (Huang et al. 2018). North-American and Asian participants' responses, for instance, differed quite significantly in terms of preference for light intensity levels in hotel guestrooms (Park et al. 2010), or perception of quality of light color (Liu et al. 2013;Park and Farr 2007). Cross-regional comparisons have also been carried between European and Asian observers. ...
The size of window openings is widely acknowledged as an important factor in our spatial perception. However, little is known about how the perception and preference of windows changes between countries, leaving a gap of knowledge regarding the applicability of research findings across latitudes. This article presents the outcomes of a study investigating regional differences in the perception of spaces with varying window size (small, medium, and large), space size (small and large), spatial context (working and social), and sky type (overcast and two types of clear sky). As the regional differences were the main studied factor, the study was performed in Norway, Switzerland, and Greece, representing northern, central, and southern European latitudes, respectively, and used virtual reality as a means to replicate the same experiment in different locations. In total, 406 participants evaluated eight spatial attributes using an 11-point Likert-type scale. Results indicated that regional differences could be observed in the participants’ responses, with significant differences in how pleasant and calm the space was perceived, found not only between participants in Greece and Norway in all the studied window sizes, but also between Greece and Switzerland for the medium and large windows, indicating that even small variations in latitude within Europe can affect the spatial perception. The findings of this study reveal that spaces with specific fenestration characteristics might not induce the same response across different latitudes in Europe, and thus, have important implications for daylighting and architectural design, which would motivate the use of region-specific parameters.
... In addition, perceptions of other environmental elements, such as thermal comfort or lighting preferences, have been shown to be influenced by the subject's socio-environmental context, 27,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] although one recent study on the visual perception of architectural spaces did not find any differences between Greek and Swiss participants. 36 Finally, it appears that a higher percentage of people report discomfort glare in their usual work environment for the North American context in comparison to the Asian context at around 60% 37 and 20% 38 respectively. ...
Exposure to daylight has much to offer and should be optimised to maximise its potential. In order to harvest its benefits, any visual discomfort from daylight should be anticipated and minimised. Hence, there is the need to predict discomfort from daylight glare. While more than 20 models for predicting discomfort from daylight glare have been developed, none accurately predict it. The inclusion of additional factors in the models may improve the predictions. One such factor is the socio-environmental context of the observer. This study compares the evaluations of discomfort glare from daylight for office buildings in four socio-environmental contexts: Chile, Belgium, Japan and Switzerland. The evaluations of discomfort glare, each consisting of subjective assessments and physical measurements of a view condition, were collected at the office desks of 401 participants, although only 211 responses were used in the analyses due to exclusion rules. The results do not suggest evidence of an influence of socio-environmental context on discomfort from daylight glare. In other words, the participants in this study perceived discomfort glare similarly, regardless of their socio-environmental context.
... Results from the PremiumLight market survey in 12 EU countries showing the responses to the question: 'Do you turn off the lighting when nobody is in the room?' On average, nearly 65% reported they turn off lights when nobody is in the room, while the figure in Sweden is only about one-third (used with the permission of the author). 17 People's individual lighting preferences in homes are also affected by culture, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] age, 32 the availability of lamps on the market and electricity access 27 and environmental values. 10 Korean female temporary residents visiting the US viewed the interior lighting as the most negative feature in their apartments because of light levels being too low, and the absence of a central, surface-mounted luminaire in each room, which is common in Korea. ...
Promoting resource- and energy-efficient home lighting through technology and behaviour change requires an understanding of how residents currently use lighting and what they want from it. However, users' needs and desires relating to lighting in homes are poorly understood, as research is still limited. This paper aims to provide a fuller picture of residents' experiences with their home lighting. Interviews about how residents perceive the character of lighting and luminaires and lighting use suggest that home lighting has nine capabilities: to enable vision; to facilitate visual tasks; to display objects; to send a message; to support a particular atmosphere; to shape the architectural space; to offer a visual aesthetic experience; to maintain or change rhythmicity; and to evoke memories. Secondary data confirmed five of them. The identified capabilities relate to behavioural goals, psychological wellbeing and social needs. We conclude that seemingly wasted light in people's homes, i.e. lights left on in unoccupied rooms, can serve a purpose for the residents, such as avoiding visual or aesthetic discomfort, making the home inviting, benefitting people outside and providing safety. Findings have implications for the further development of new lighting technologies and design, energy-saving campaigns targeting residents and for urban outdoor environments.
... "Light and Space" covers qualities of light and spatial relationships. Individual preference for the quality of the light in a space can vary by culture but are important factors to consider in design (Park & Farr, 2007;Park, Pae, & Meneely, 2010). Spatial qualities, such as apparent spaciousness, exhibit cultural preference (Ham & Guerin, 2004). ...
Biophilic design seeks to connect people with nature in the built environment. Growing research supports such nature‐based inclusion in the built environment, yet little detailed guidance exists for how to integrate it. This study used systematic development, testing, and expansion of the Biophilic Design Matrix (BDM) for the incorporation of biophilia specifically for interior design. McGee and Marshall‐Baker developed the original BDM based on Kellert's proposal of biophilic attributes, and it was initially applied in a healthcare setting. To make it more valid and reliable, this study further developed the BDM through cognitive testing with interior design practitioners in another setting type. This included the participants assessing the BDM and completing pre‐ and postquestionnaires. It also guided the finalized BDM development that now contains six elements and 54 attributes. The findings demonstrate that the interior design practitioners' use of the BDM increased perceived knowledge of biophilic design. The modified version is now called the Biophilic Interior Design Matrix (BID‐M), which is valid for biophilic interior design identification. The BID‐M also offers assistance with biophilic inclusion throughout the design process and, as such, can support the more integral incorporation of nature‐based features in the design of interior environments. The finalized biophilic interior design vocabulary should be useful to help designers include thoughtful biophilic variety for unique application, thus assisting with a “do‐it‐yourself” approach.
... For instance, Lin (2009) examined the simultaneous effect of dynamic and tranquil color and music combinations on satisfaction in hotel bars. Park et al. (2010) reported distinct preferences of hotel room lighting among Koreans and North Americans. Hotel lobby ambiance, including perceptions of air, odor, music and sound quality, indirectly affects guests' loyalty through emotions (Jani and Han, 2015) and satisfaction (Suh et al., 2015). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate what people with different demographic characteristics such as age and gender expect from hotel room design and examine how design preferences affect purchase intent and desire to stay and word-of-mouth behavior.
Design/methodology/approach
The study was based on a quasi-experimental design conducted on 762 participants. The manipulations of room color and design style were prepared using the 3D modeling software, while age and gender were self-reported variables.
Findings
The results indicated that age and gender moderate the relationship between hotel guest satisfaction and room design style. Younger guests prefer contemporary design style, while older guests show equal satisfaction with traditional and contemporary styles. Male guests prefer rooms decorated in masculine colors, while women are equally satisfied with masculine or feminine color schemes.
Research limitations/implications
This study was conducted as a hypothetical, computer-aided experimental scenario. A field experiment captured guests’ satisfaction with an experimental hotel room. A substantive cause–effect relationship between hotel room visual servicescape stimuli and satisfaction was established.
Practical implications
Identifying design style and color preferences of a hotel target market is paramount for investment payoff and further supports the customization of hotel services.
Originality/value
This is the first experimental study to manipulate color scheme and type of design in a hotel room and capture their effects on satisfaction and behavior of guests with different demographic characteristics.
... However, as most studies have been conducted with drinks whose surface colors were altered using either colorants or opaque (or colored) cups, further studies are needed to determine whether the effect of light color on food perception and acceptability might differ for a variety of food products between untrained and trained panelists. It is also notable that cultural backgrounds have been found to affect influences of light color and illuminance on both consumer behavior and emotional state (Park and Farr 2007;Park et al. 2010). For example, while Korean consumers showed no difference under 3,000 K ("reddish") and 5,000 K ("bluish") ambient-light conditions with respect to preference of light color in a retail environmental setting, North Americans preferred the 3,000 K light to the 5,000 K light (Park and Farr 2007). ...
This study aimed to determine whether ambient light colors affect consumers’ willingness to eat, sensory perceptions and hedonic impressions of foods. Sliced apples and red bell peppers were presented under five different colors of light: white, yellow, green, blue and red, respectively. Participants were asked to observe the presented food under these colored lights, to rate their willingness to eat and liking of food appearance. After tasting, participants were asked to rate intensities of flavor and crispness and rate overall impression of the food. When the food samples were presented under white or yellow light rather than blue light, participants not only wanted to eat more, but also liked the foods more. Participants were especially more willing to eat apples under yellow light than under white light commonly experienced in daily life. Flavor intensity of apples was found to be lower under blue light than under yellow, white or red light; this trend was not observed in flavor intensity of bell peppers. Crispness intensities were not different among the five light‐color conditions. In conclusion, our findings support and extend the notion that light colors modulate consumers’ willingness to eat and their hedonic impressions of foods, especially apples and bell peppers.
Practical Applications
As multicolored light‐emitting diode bulbs have become popular, foods and drinks are often displayed under colored light in restaurants and retail stores. The results of this study will provide sensory scientists and food‐service professionals with valuable insights as to how their consumers will most likely behave under colored lights in a given dining establishment. In addition, based on findings that participants’ appetites were significantly higher for apples under yellow light than under white light, yellow light might be used as a tool for encouraging people to consume more apples in everyday life.
... It was found that senior tourists' satisfaction signifi cantly increased with the inclusion of these features. Park (2010) examined the lighting design within the context of North American and South Korean cultures. Th ere are signifi cant diff erences between lighting preferences. ...
Service design is a significant method of increasing service value in hotels. This article aims to review the service design in hotels, drawing from both the service design theory and the various efforts by hotels as antecedents of service design. Despite the relative increase in hotel service quality in recent decades, customer value perception has not increased as expected. One of the main reason of this is ineffective service offerings. At the same time, the new service is a critical competitive issue in hotels, whereas success rate is not much high. Hotels seek rapid, efficient and valuable service offerings, mainly within their available resources. However, in the case of service design, hotels managers' efforts are mostly standalone applications and within the scope of technical service. For better results, hotel managers should focus on the whole service through which the value is created. This study argues that hotels could take advantage of capabilities in which they have a relatively longer history, such as quality, innovation or process analysis, to assist in efforts toward service design development or improvements. Since service design is a developing field, this study primarily addresses the conceptual background, then discusses the underpinnings of service design in hotels.
... The tool is most probably suitable in the Scandinavian cultures, and so needs to be further validated internationally. Cultural differences may appear; we have, for example, learnt from industry that light sources with a higher irradiance at the blue end are more preferred in Asia than western countries, which is also confirmed by Park, Pae, and Meneely (2010). Wordings such as 'warm e cool' may therefore have a different connotation in different cultures. ...
A shift towards more energy-efficient light sources for outdoor lighting such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is underway. Photometric measures are not sufficient to capture how users experience the light, so complementary tools are required. This study aimed to develop an observer-based environmental assessment tool, based on bipolar semantic differentials, for outdoor lighting in urban spaces. Exploratory (N= 130) and confirmatory (N=117) factor analyses of observations of lighting installations made by laypersons on-site along pedestrian paths, resulted in two dimensions of high reliability: the Perceived Strength Quality (PSQ, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82 – 0.85) and the Perceived Comfort Quality (PCQ, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77 – 0.81). PSQ and PCQ differentiated between light sources of different illuminance level, colour temperature and colour rendering. Regression analyses showed that the perceived lighting qualities helped to explain the variance in visual accessibility, whereas PCQ helped to explain perceived danger in the environment. The perceived lighting qualities can add to the understanding of pedestrians’ perception of outdoor lighting, and is proposed as a complementary tool for development of sustainable light designs in the urban environment.
Due to the rapid development of screen-based interaction, the word “inter-action” is interpreted narrowly as a screen or touching interaction. In this paper, we present six interactive lighting design cases adopting the “Interaction-driven design”, which is initiated and driven by interaction behaviours rather than the user’s needs or technology. Each design case consists of design background, interactive process, and prototyping. Based on the exploitation of the six interactive lighting design cases, we aim at expanding the interaction methods and boundaries, increasing the bonding between users and products, and creating a brand-new user experience. In the discussion section, we reflect on design considerations of interaction-driven design, including conducting lighting design aiming at creating a new type of user behaviour, the input behaviour, as the core of the interaction, creating peak experience, and reflections on the relationship between interaction behaviour and product form, and the evaluation criteria for the interaction-driven pattern.KeywordsInteraction-driven designLighting designHuman–computer interaction
This study aims to understand lighting in a hospitality atmosphere and the landscape of the village of Kandovan Hills and Laleh Kandovan Hotel. The study aims to see the latest design and concepts of the industry and how they can be applied on-site in Kandovan Hills and Laleh Hotel in Iran. This area is both historic and tourist; Therefore, it needs to keep some of the traditional aspects, it should be developed into more sustainable lighting for the environment as Kandovan both lacks the design and sustainable aspect based on Lighting design standards. The other part of the project is the Hotel site which has a very interesting design, yet it vastly lacks properly designed lighting. The purpose of the project is to improve the lighting in this area for both the environment and the aesthetics of the design. The Literature review will help with producing sustainable ways based on current technology to illuminate the landscape and the village hills, which are lacking proper illumination both in terms of aesthetics and sustainable lighting. This study's outcome could result in not only improving the lighting, sustainable aspect, and avoidance of light pollution as much as possible but also if applied correctly, it could be beneficial for tourism as proper lighting can enhance the experience of the tourist.
مستخلص البحث: تدارس البحث كيفيات توظيف العناصر الطبيعية في الفضاء الداخلي بما يتيح تقوية العناصر الارتباطية بين مستخدم الفضاء وبين المكان بوصفه عنصرا ذو اهمية كبيرة يحمل معاني رمزية وحضارية ويتسبب في توليد الكثر من العواطف والانفعالات الانسانية نتيجة لطبيعة الفعاليات التي يقوم بها المستخدم في المكان. وتم طرح علاقة الفضاء بالطبيعة بالإضافة الى ماهية النظرية البايوفيلية والتصميم البايوفيلي, وكيفية ارتباط التصميم البايوفيلي بتحديد وتعزيز الهوية المكانية. وتم تحديد اثنى عشر عنصرا لتدعيم الارتباط المكاني في تصميم الفضاء الداخلي من خلال توظيف العناصر البايوفيلية. وتم التوصل الى عدد من الاستنتاجات العلمية والتي كانت في مجملها تحليلا معرفيا لكيفيات الارتباط المكاني في تصميم الفضاء الداخلي من خلال تحديد اهمية العناصر البايوفيلية واساليب توظيفها بما يعزز الراحة النفسية والعاطفية والجسدية لمستخدم المكان. الكلمات المفتاحية: البايوفيليا, الارتباط المكاني, الفضاء الداخلي.
Previous studies have recognized that the quality of physical environment influences customers’ satisfaction and positive behavioral outcome. A limited number of studies have incorporated an extensive range of hotel guestroom servicescape attributes into their instruments. The purpose of this study is to examine the multidimensional role of perceived servicescape of computer-generated images (CGI) of hotel rooms that are displayed on hotel websites. This study has two objectives: (a) To develop an instrument that comprehensively measures multidimensional perceived servicescape quality of a 3-D CGI depiction of hotel guestrooms; (b) To measure the effect of different 3-D CGI servicescape dimensions on expected guestroom satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Guestroom aesthetics, layout, light, and furniture quality were identified as factors of the LODGSCAPE instrument. Two factors, aesthetics and layout had significant effects on customer satisfaction. The results suggest that hotel management should emphasize guestroom aesthetics at the expense of lighting and furniture quality.
Despite the well-documented cultural importance of fengshui, little research has been carried out to provide a theoretically complex view of its impacts on customers’ experiences of hotel stays. This study explores customers’ perceptions of hotel rooms’ fengshui and seeks to make sense of links between the environment, fengshui beliefs and hotel-staying experiences. Under a qualitative paradigm, a vignette-induced interview approach was employed to deconstruct beliefs in fengshui and their influence on customers’ perceptions of hotel rooms. The findings reveal that customers’ beliefs in fengshui explicitly or implicitly affect their perceptions of environmental stimuli, evaluations of hotel rooms, and behavioral intentions. Moreover, hotel guests focus more on prevention than promotion when staying in hotel rooms, especially those with strong beliefs in fengshui. Based on the findings, a conceptual framework is developed by integrating the perceptional process model and the regulatory focus theory, which may usefully inform future quantitative research.
مقدمة: تركز الدراسات الكثيرة في مجال العمارة والتصميم مؤخرا لزيادة استخدام اسس وعناصر الاستدامة في قطاع الضيافة لتشكل جزءا كبيرا من فعالية المباني التجارية والسياحية لزيادة عنصر الجذب لها وانعكاس ذلك على زيادة المبيعات فيها. ويقدر المستخدمون اداء المباني لمؤسسات الضيافة ذات التصميم المستدام في تصميمها الداخلي وقد يكونون على استعداد لدفع أسعار أعلى مقابل خدماتها اذا ما استخدمت الاستدامة كعنصر جذب لهم بحثا عن راحتهم ورفاهيتهم وصحتهم وانعكاس ذلك على سلوكم داخل تلك الاماكن.
مشكلة البحث: تفتقر البحوث السابقة الى تحديد اهمية التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي بشكل كاف ولا تعكس الدوافع الواجب مراعاتها عند تطبيق اسس وعناصر التصميم الداخلي واثر ذلك على المستخدمين داخل البيئات المبنية خاصة في مباني الضيافة.
أسئلة البحث: ما هو دور التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي في مباني الضيافة؟ ما هي الشروط والمعايير الواجب على المصمم الداخلي اتباعها عند استخدام اسس وعناصر التصميم المستدام في مباني الضيافة؟ هل للتصميم المستدام اثر على سلوك العملاء داخل مباني الضيافة؟ وهل ينعكس ذلك على جذب الزبائن لهذه الاماكن وزيادة الدخل فيها؟
أهداف البحث: تأتي اهمية هذه الدراسة في البحث عن اهمية استخدام التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي للبيئات المبنية وأثرها على سلوك المستخدم من حيث توفير سبل الراحة والأمان والرفاهية له من اجل ممارسة نشاطاته اليومية داخل مباني الضيافة.
منهجية البحث: المنهجية المتبعة في البحث هي الوصفية التحليلية حيث تم توزيع استبيانات على مجموعة من أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية العاملين في الجامعة وتتضمن أسئلة حول تأثير عناصر التصميم الداخلي في مكاتبهم على السلوك والإنتاجية والولاء وتم تحليل النتائج والخروج بالتوصيات اللازمة.
نتائج البحث: من خلال الدراسة والبحث تم الاستدلال على: 1) يبرز دور المصممين الداخليين في استخدام اسس وعناصر التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي لمباني الضيافة لجذب قاعدة أوسع من العملاء والحصول على ميزة تنافسية في السوق، 2) يأتي دور المصمم الداخلي في توظيف التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي داخل المباني لما لها من تأثير واضح على صحة وأمان وسلامة وراحة ورفاهية المستخدمين لهذه المباني وأثرها على سلوكهم ، 3) لا بد للمصمم الداخلي من استخدام التصميم المستدام في التصميم الداخلي لمباني الضيافة وذلك لزيادة الكفاءة لتلك المباني كعامل محفز للعملاء وجذبهم لها مرة أخرى 4) يأتي دور المصمم الداخلي في ان تتواجد عنده المسؤولية الأخلاقية والاجتماعية للمساهمة في الحفاظ على كفاءة المبنى من خلال تبني ممارسات مستدامة في التصميم، 5) يراعي المصمم الداخلي متطلبات المباني حسب رغبات الزبائن بما يتفق مع التصميم، اخيرا 6) يأتي دور المصمم الداخلي في تسخير اسس وعنصر التصميم المستدام بما يتناسب مع متطلبات المبنى اولا ومصلحة العملاء الشخصية ثانيا مع مصلحة التصميم ثالثا خلال عملية التصميم لتتناسب جميعا بشكل أفضل مع كفاءة المبنى في النهاية.
الكلمات الافتتاحية: التصميم المستدام، التصميم الداخلي، مباني الضيافة، السلوك.
The ability of the physical environment to influence behaviors and satisfy customers is the most important metric for service businesses such as the hospitality industry. The guestroom experience has the potential to determine the satisfaction levels of a customer by at least meeting or exceeding their expectations. Detail, creativity, and customization are some key aspects of a guestroom that the industry lives and dies for intending to satisfy their customers. One important yet often neglected part of the guestroom is its washrooms. This study focuses on the design and planning of washrooms in luxury hotels in India and how they have evolved over the years. The developing trends were studied from literature sources, and various layouts were analyzed. The outcome outlines accumulative analysis of the design practices, and it provides a reference for creating a high-quality washroom space within luxury hotels.
This study examined the effects of lighting colour on emotional states and the effects of ethnicity on the impact of lighting colours on emotional states, based on the Mehrabian and Russell’s emotional state model measuring pleasure, arousal and dominance. It was hypothesised that there are significant differences in pleasure and arousal among six lighting colours: red, green, blue, yellow, orange and purple and that different ethnicities (i.e. Asian and Caucasian) can influence the effects of the six lighting colours on pleasure and arousal. To test the hypotheses, an experiment was conducted in a controlled lab using a colour-changing LED lighting fixture with 82 participants. The results revealed that there were significant differences in pleasure and arousal among the six lighting colours. Ethnicity had significant effects on the impact of lighting colour on pleasure but not on arousal. Blue was the most pleasant lighting colour and showed significantly higher pleasure than red and purple. Red was the least pleasant lighting colour and showed significantly lower pleasure than all other lighting colours. Asians found red and purple lighting significantly less pleasant than all other colours and tended to feel more unpleasant when exposed to red, orange and purple lighting than Caucasians.
Hizmet uzantıları, tüketici beklentilerini ve algılarını yöneterek müşteri memnuniyetinin
oluşmasında önemli bir etkendir. Otel işletmelerinin temel amaçlarından biri tüketici
memnuniyetini sağlamaktır. Bunu sağlamanın yollarından biri de hizmet uzantılarını en iyi
düzeye getirmektir. Bu noktadan hareketle araştırmanın amacı, otel işletmelerinde tüketicilerin
hizmet uzantısı algılamaları ile memnuniyet düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Bunun
için, Çanakkale il sınırları içerisinde bulunan üç ve üzeri yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde konaklayan
368 yerli turiste anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, otel işletmesinde
konaklayan tüketicilerin hizmet uzantılarını algılama düzeyleri yüksek düzeydedir. Ayrıca, otel
içi değişkenler, otel içi yerleşim yeri değişkenleri ve otel çalışanları ile ilgili değişkenler otel
tüketici memnuniyetini olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Diğer taraftan, otel dışı değişkenlerinin ve
otel kayıt yeri değişkenlerinin tüketici memnuniyeti üzerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir etkisi
bulunmamaktadır.
The scope of interior design research is broad and diverse due to its inherent multidisciplinary nature. Assessment of the body of knowledge is necessary from time-to-time to gain trend insights. Thus, the purpose of this study is to review theoretical frameworks in interior design articles published across six peer-reviewed journals between 2006 and 2016. The six journals identified are Journal of Interior Design; Interiors: Design, Architecture & Culture; Housing & Society; Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences; Journal of Architectural Planning & Research; and Environment & Behavior. Among the 355 articles, only 29 (8.7%) are developed from theoretical frameworks. The Journal of Interior Design (17.3%) has the highest percentage of theory-framed scholarship. The findings indicate that a very limited number of articles utilize theoretical framework. Interior design scholars are encouraged to pay more attention to theory, support evidence-based design, and provide better insights into social phenomenon.
Indoor lighting is known to affect people’s wellbeing, mood and behaviour. The rapid development of new energy-efficient lamp technologies has enabled new lighting applications in home environments. To investigate the prospects of introducing a personalised light emitting diode (LED)-based home lighting technology, a mixed-methods research study was carried out, applying the goal-framing theory. The results, based on a questionnaire survey (N = 536), show that purchasing costs of energy-efficient lamps have little effect on consumers’ lamp choices, and that the degree of consumer acceptance of LED lamps has increased in recent years without resulting in increased lighting use. The results confirm that Swedish homes are characterised by many lamps, an average of 39 per home, but there is a significant variation across tenure type. Based on a qualitative analysis of interviews with 12 participants, the conclusion can be drawn that residents seem to know what kind of lighting they want, but they do not necessarily have what they want for a variety of reasons. Besides individual characteristics, situational factors influence residents’ home lighting and visual comfort, such as the indoor built home environment and the availability of lighting products. Consequently, responsibility for residents’ actual home lighting also lies with housing developers, lighting producers and providers.
Critical to the discipline, both professionally and academically, are the fundamentals of interior design. These fundamentals include the elements and principles of interior design: the commonly accepted tools and vocabulary used to create and communicate successful interior environments. Research indicates a lack of consistency in both the identification of what constitutes the elements and principles of design and the specific definitions for each of them. Elements and principles of design vary from textbook to textbook, and this lack of consistency must be addressed when creating a single cohesive interior design vocabulary. This research study sought to gather fundamental information pertaining to the elements and principles of design, such as types of class formats being employed, foundational textbooks utilised, and within each curriculum where the elements and principles were being introduced in CIDA-accredited interior design programmes. Furthermore, this study assessed the attitudes and perceptions of interior design educators concerning the elements and principles of interior design. The elements and principles of interior design are an integral part of design students' education and will contribute substantially to their skill set in the professional realm. For this reason, it is important that the design elements and principles are taught in a consistent manner, with emphasis placed on their meanings, substance and appropriate applications.
As globalization brings cultural changes, interior designers and architects are striving to understand the new design requirements of changing populations. The purpose of the study is to examine Korean temporary residents' housing perceptions and housing adjustment behaviors in U.S. residences. Working from Morris and Winter's (1978, 1994) theory of family housing adjustment, qualitative study was conducted with Korean female temporary residents visiting the United States. Using a purposive sampling strategy, 27 women between the ages of 33 and 54 participated in interviews, observations, and documentation of their previous housing conditions in Korea. Results indicated that planned total duration of stay and length of residency in the United States were the primary factors affecting housing perception and adjustment; consequently, four representative types of cross-cultural temporary residents were postulated to define different consumer housing types. These residents voiced a range of views on their U.S. temporary housing. The positive impressions of the temporary housing included surrounding natural environment, built-in storage, combined open kitchen and living room, and exterior building appearance, whereas the sample viewed the following features more negatively: carpeted floor, interior lighting, bathroom condition, foyer, and types of heating systems. In response to the negatively perceived conditions, the temporary residents changed their behaviors, modified existing housing attributes, endured less-than-ideal circumstances, or moved. Among cultural housing attributes, a carpeted floor was the most difficult for Korean temporary residents to adapt to.
With increasing competition in the global marketplace, international segmentation has become an ever more important issue in developing, positioning, and selling products across national borders. The authors propose a methodology to identify cross-national market segments, based on means-end chain theory. The methodology offers the potential for integrating product development and communication strategies by linking product characteristics to consumer benefits and values. For that purpose, a model is developed that identifies relations between the consumer and the product at the segment level, which increases the actionability and responsiveness of the segments. The model accounts for different response tendencies, across and within countries, that commonly hamper identification of cross-national segments. A Monte Carlo study shows that the model performs well in recovering the parameters across a wide range of conditions. The segmentation model is applied to consumer data on yogurt collected in 11 countries of the European Union. Four international segments are identified and found to be related to consumer sociodemographics, consumption patterns, media consumption, and personality. The authors show that the model has high predictive validity and outperforms the standard clustering approaches traditionally employed in international segmentation.
From 1,300 articles of relevant literature on environmental psychology, a meta-analysis of the 11 papers which contain the required information yielded a combined correlation of 0.86 between preferences obtained in situ and preferences obtained through photographs. This represented values for 152 environments evaluated by more than 2,400 respondents. Possible applications include the selection of environmental simulation media, ascertaining the amount of work necessary to establish or impeach a claim based on an existing body of research, and revising the form of literature reviews and the operation of peer review to bring contemporary research closer to Bacon's ideal of a converging, collective process.
Several studies examining the impact of illumination on behavior are reviewed in this article. Hypotheses are derived regarding the impact of in-store lighting on various aspects of shopping behavior. As part of a field experiment in a large US city, the lighting (soft versus bright) in a centrally located retail establishment was varied over a two month period. The results of an anova indicated that brighter lighting influenced shoppers to examine and handle more merchandise, though sales were not influenced. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for creating a functional store environment as well as an appropriate store image.
This paper reports data from contemporary England and Japan to see whether, as a number of sociological studies have argued, causal relations exist between cultural values and the physical form of housing. The results provide empirical evidence that increasing privatised living and privacy has an impact on house form (i.e. an increase in the capacity to permit greater privacy in the home). However, the present analysis reveals that, in England, this has been directed to home-centred living and personal privacy more than in Japan, where the main focus continued to be on family-centred living and familial privacy. While supporting the premise that cultural values influence house forms, then, the evidence suggests that this framework requires development to accommodate different types of privatised living.
This study tests the Mehrabian-Russell environmental psychology model in retail settings. The results suggest that store atmosphere engendered by the usual myriad of in-store variables, is represented psychologically by consumers in terms of two major emotional states - pleasure and arousal - and that these two emotional states are significant mediators of intended shopping behaviors within the store. The practical value of this approach is that retailers may be better able to explain and predict the effects of in-store changes on shopping behavior.
The broad goal of this study was to learn about the service-evaluation process used by business executives who are luxury-hotel customers. The specific focus was on consumers' assessments based on what they value, rather than trying to measure customer satisfaction. Specifically, the study used a conjoint-analysis approach to investigate the trade-offs that luxury hotel customers from Singapore are willing to make between physical environment and personal service. The results suggest that, overall, the physical environment may play a prominent role in determining customers' value perceptions of luxury hotels, more so than highly personalized services (such as butler service and personal recognition by the hotel's employees). Moreover, when scenarios contrasted a luxury hotel's physical environment against its service components, business travelers rated pleasant, functional spaces significantly higher than elevated levels of personalized service. This indicates that a full range of marketing and organizational objectives for business travelers can be approached through careful management of the hotel's environment.
Research on how store environment cues influence consumers' store choice decision criteria, such as perceived merchandise value and shopping experience costs, is sparse. Especially absent is research on the simultaneous impact of multiple store environment cues. The authors propose a comprehensive store choice model that includes (1) three types of store environment cues (social, design, and ambient) as exogenous constructs, (2) various store choice criteria (including shopping experience costs that heretofore have not been included in store choice models) as mediating constructs, and (3) store patronage intentions as the endogenous construct. They then empirically examine the extent to which environmental cues influence consumers' assessments of a store on various store choice criteria and how those assessments, in turn, influence patronage intentions. The results of two different studies provide support for the model. The authors conclude by discussing the results to develop an agenda for additional research and explore managerial implications.
This article classifies colour emotions for single colours and develops colour-science-based colour emotion models. In a psychophysical experiment, 31 observers, including 14 British and 17 Chinese subjects assessed 20 colours on 10 colour-emotion scales: warm–cool, heavy–light, modern–classical, clean–dirty, active–passive, hard–soft, tense–relaxed, fresh–stale, masculine–feminine, and like–dislike. Experimental results show no significant difference between male and female data, whereas different results were found between British and Chinese observers for the tense–relaxed and like–dislike scales. The factor analysis identified three colour-emotion factors: colour activity, colour weight, and colour heat. The three factors agreed well with those found by Kobayashi and Sato et al. Four colour-emotion models were developed, including warm–cool, heavy–light, active–passive, and hard–soft. These models were compared with those developed by Sato et al. and Xin and Cheng. The results show that for each colour emotion the models of the three studies agreed with each other, suggesting that the four colour emotions are culture-independent across countries. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 232–240, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20010
This study extends the Donovan and Rossiter (1982) study which introduced the Mehrabian-Russell (M-R) environmental psychology model into the store atmosphere literature. Donovan and Rossiter's study was exploratory in that student subjects were used and intentions rather than shopping behavior were measured. The present study uses a broader sample of shoppers, measures emotions during the shopping experience rather than before or after, and records the effects on actual shopping behavior. The 1982 study found that experienced pleasantness of the in-store environment was a significant predictor of willingness to spend time in the store and intentions to spend more money than originally planned. This finding was extended behaviorally in the new study: pleasure, as rated five minutes into the shopping duration was a significant predictor of extra time spent in the store and actual incremental spending. Arousal was found to vary in its effects across the two studies and bears further investigation. The effects of the emotional factors of pleasure and arousal were shown to be additional to cognitive factors such as variety and quality of merchandise, price specialing and value for money. The practical significance for retailers is that emotional responses induced by the store environment can affect the time and money that consumers spend in the store.
How do consumers react to various color, lighting, and price point combinations? The results described in this article depict varying consumer reactions with the three-way congruence between a store's environmental cues, consumers' cognitive categories representing known store types, and salient situational shopping motivations. For fashion-oriented stores, blue interiors are associated with more favorable evaluations, marginally greater excitement, higher store patronage intentions, and higher purchase intentions than are orange interiors. However, the results change substantially when the effect of lighting in combination with color is considered. The use of soft lights with an orange interior generally nullifies the ill effects of orange and produces the highest level of perceived price fairness while controlling for price. Additionally, the results suggest that the effects of environmental and price cues are mediated by consumers' cognitive and affective associations.
A two stage qualitative research methodology is used to evaluate the forces driving the adoption of global strategies in the hotel industry and the strategic response of international hotel chains to those “drivers”. Information gathered from industry experts is used to develop a set of hypotheses which are then tested against evidence provided by interviews with senior executives and other data.The results indicate that global strategy is most influenced by market factors, other drivers having much less influence. Cost drivers are constrained by limited economies of scale and standardization opportunities. Globalization is most marked in the thrust for a broad geographic presence in key overseas markets, the pursuit of global branding, positioning and uniform service standards. At the same time, customers expect “responsive” policies in areas such as facilities and services provided. Opportunities for greater integration and concentration of “back-office” functions, where information-based systems allow for cost economies and enhanced coordination, often remain relatively unexploited, primarily due to institutionalized management practice and control constraints.
Addressing inconsistent results in the literature, the conceptual framework that the authors develop proposes that the consumer's motivational orientation moderates the effect of the arousal produced by a store environment on the pleasantness of the environment. Two experiments support the framework. When consumers have a recreational motivational orientation, high arousal has a positive effect on pleasantness, but when consumers have a task-oriented motivational orientation, high arousal decreases pleasantness. In addition, high arousal increases consumer intentions to visit and make purchases in the store for recreationally oriented consumers, but it has a negative impact on shopping behavior for task-oriented consumers. Pleasantness mediates the effect of arousal on shopping behavior.
By making their rooms as home-like as possible, the best hotels are using architecture and design to add value to the guests' experience.
Globalization is a leading force for industry worldwide, especially the new technology sector. This presents both problems and opportunities in the emergence of a new type of consumer and the effects of globalization on industry in terms of culture, economics, marketing, and social issues at every scale from local to global. The main aim of the book is to enhance the reader's knowledge - especially from a multidisciplinary perspective rather than from an individual functional perspective - of international consumer behaviour. It also explores the role of globalization in the evolving world of the new technology sector and provides an overview of the development of international consumer behavior from historical, geographical and social perspectives, while focusing on new technology products and services. Professionals, students and researchers working in the fields of new technologies and information and communication technologies (ICT) as well as specialists of marketing and management are the target audience for this book. At the same time, the book will be pitched at a level so as to also appeal to a more general readership interested in globalization.
Over the past two decades, the face of the world consumer has truly changed. Goods are more available, information about these goods is more open and accessible, and the ability to buy these goods from any corner of the earth has become possible. As a result, international marketing is more important now than ever before. In this book, Josh Samli explores the challenges facing modern international marketers. He explains what it is to have successful communication with the target market: using social media to share consistent information about products and services, communicating directly with culture-driven consumers who already communicate online amongst themselves and with competitors, and mastering people-to-people communication with both privileged and non-privileged consumers. Any company dealing with international marketing must learn how to handle these new challenges in order to survive in the 21st century. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013. All rights are reserved.
This study is an attempt to evaluate relative subjective responses to colors of “white” light that are produced by commonly available electric light sources in interior spaces at intermediate light levels. More specifically, the study considers the spatial acceptability of several high intensity discharge (HID) source colors when compared with the more common fluorescent colors.
Word associations or verbal synesthesia between concepts of color and emotions were studied in Gersnany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States. With emotion words as the between-subjects variable, 661 undergraduates indicated on 6-point scales to what extent anger, envy, fear, and jealousy reminded them of 12 terms of color. In all nations, the colors of anger were black and red, fear was black, and jealousy was red. Cross-cultural differences were (a) Poles connected anger, envy, and jealousy also with purple; (b) Germans associated envy and jealousy with yellow; and (c) Americans associated envy with black, green, and red, but for the Russians it was black, purple, and yellow. The findings suggest that cross-modal associations originate in universal human experiences and in culture-specific variables, such as language, mythology, and literature.
This bibliography is part of a larger effort at the Human Relations Area Files to compile and consolidate information on cross-cultural compar isons. The present bibliography focuses largely on papers and books which are primarily methodological or have substantial methodological components that address regional or worldwide comparisons of societies based on secondary sources. I have also included articles which propose a cross-cultural sample.
Because I consider this to be an on-going effort, I welcome readers to offer additions and update their work. It would be most helpful if individu als could send reprints of their articles; the Human Relations Area Files maintains an archive of cross-cultural research studies. I wish to thank the National Science Foundation for partial support of this project (BNS- 8911173) and all those authors who have already responded to requests for verification and updating. At the Human Relations Area Files, I wish to thank Victoria Crocco for her help with correspondence and typing, as well as Melvin Ember, David Levinson, M. Marlene Martin, and Timothy O'Leary.
This paper reports findings concerning the effect of environmental lighting as a medium that affects user impressions and judgments. Our previous work on this problem used both multidimensional scaling and semantic differential techniques to assess changes in impression as a function of variation in the lighting arrangements. This research was conducted in a lighting demonstration room at the General Electric Lighting Institute at Nela Park in Cleveland. Six different lighting arrangements were used. Results from both multidimensional scaling and ratings on semantic differential scales showed that user impression changed in orderly ways for different lighting arrangements. The present study assessed whether slides of the lighting arrangements could adequately simulate results from the real space. Comparable results would indicate that slides are a useful simulation tool, and would also be of general theoretical interest. The data indicated that in many important respects the results for the slides matched the results for the real space for ratings on semantic differential scales, but that less consistent results were obtained for multidimensional scaling.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the future of the tourism and hotel industry in view of the forecasted social and economic changes during the 21st century. Tourism and the hotel industry will become one of the largest world industries. The globalization (unification) and localization (diversification) processes will affect both world and regional tourism. The paper pursues the answers to the questions as to who will be the tourists of the future and what kind of needs and desires they will have?
How do consumers react to various color, lighting, and price point combinations? The results described in this article depict varying consumer reactions with the three-way congruence between a store's environmental cues, consumers' cognitive categories representing known store types, and salient situational shopping motivations. For fashion-oriented stores, blue interiors are associated with more favorable evaluations, marginally greater excitement, higher store patronage intentions, and higher purchase intentions than are orange interiors. However, the results change substantially when the effect of lighting in combination with color is considered. The use of soft lights with an orange interior generally nullifies the ill effects of orange and produces the highest level of perceived price fairness while controlling for price. Additionally, the results suggest that the effects of environmental and price cues are mediated by consumers' cognitive and affective associations.
Hotel guests seek value, and hotel managers seek to provide that value. The matter is not that simple, however, because the hotel attributes that create value depend on the reason a guest is traveling (e.g., for business or for pleasure). Moreover, the value-creating attributes that guests consider in the decision to book a hotel are not necessarily the same attributes that create value during the hotel stay. In particular, guests seem to consider only an outstanding performance as value laden. Only half of the 469 frequent travelers surveyed by a Cornell University study, for example, could recall an instance of outstanding value in their most recent hotel stay. Travelers were able to identify well over 1,000 hotel attributes that help to drive their purchase decision. Fortunately, those attributes can be aggregated. The top attributes driving the guests' purchase decision were: location, brand name and reputation, physical property (exterior, public space), guest-room design, and value for money. Some of the same attributes also created value during the stay. The top five were: guest-room design, physical property (exterior, public space), interpersonal service, functional service, and F&B-related services.
Identifies and measures relevant variables (e.g., color, heat, light, and sound) involved in environmental psychology and fits them into a systematic framework. It is proposed that environmental stimuli are linked to behavioral responses by the primary emotional responses of arousal, pleasure, and dominance. (31 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examines the hotels which have applied designs and architecture to enhance the guest's hotel stay. Creation of a residential feel; Design standards to enhance lodging experiences; How to create a total vacation experience. INSET: Tishman Hotel Corporation and the Doral Park Avenue..
As an important component of a retail store's atmospherics, lighting can affect the emotional responses that influence consumer shopping behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine, through cross-cultural comparison, the effect of the color quality of light in a retail environment on consumers' emotional states, behavioral intentions, and perceptions. The experimental research followed a 2 times 2 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures to identify the impact of culture group, color rendering index, and color temperature. The results of this study indicate that consumers are aroused and pleased by certain lighting effects and that cultural differences influence perceptions as well as the behavioral intentions of “approach-avoid” in a retail environment. Practical implications of this study could include application of store lighting techniques that enhance visual perceptions of consumers, induce emotional states of arousal and pleasure, and appeal to consumers from different cultures.
The visual attribute preferences of Chinese subjects in interior environments were compared to those of American subjects to identify the similarities and differences between two cultures. The comparison utilized a theoretical framework of environmental preference. Findings showed that preference for complexity, coherence, vertical scenes, scenes with darkness at the focal point, and functional settings vary between American and Chinese subjects. These findings are useful to practitioners designing for diverse cultures.
Addressing inconsistent results in the literature, the conceptual framework that the authors develop proposes that the consumer's motivational orientation moderates the effect of the arousal produced by a store environment on the pleasantness of the environment. Two experiments support the framework. When consumers have a recrea-tional motivational orientation, high arousal has a positive effect on pleasantness, but when consumers have a task-oriented motivational orientation, high arousal decreases pleasantness. In addition, high arousal increases consumer intentions to visit and make purchases in the store for recreationally oriented consumers, but it has a negative impact on shopping behavior for task-oriented consumers. Pleasantness mediates the effect of arousal on shopping behavior.
The impact of indoor lighting, gender, and age on mood and cognitive performance was examined in a between-subject experiment. It was hypothesized that indoor lighting is an affective source that may convey emotional meanings differentiated by gender, age, or both. A two-way interaction between type of lamp and age on negative mood showed that younger adults (about 23 years old) best preserved a negative mood in the “warm” (more reddish) white lighting while working with a battery of cognitive tasks for 90 minutes; for the older adults (about 65 years old), “cool” (more bluish) white lighting accounted for the identical effect. The younger females were shown to preserve the positive mood as well as the negative mood better than the younger males, and a main effect of age in all cognitive tasks revealed the superiority of younger to older adults in cognitive performance.
A field study (n = 587) explores the effects of warm versus cool color mall décors on shopper perceptions by subculture. French-Canadians had higher perceptions of product quality when the mall exhibited a warm color décor. In contrast, Anglo-Canadians had higher perceptions of product quality when the mall exhibited a cool color décor. The analysis indicates that the perceptual enhancements were mediated largely by cognitive rather than affective mechanisms.
The influence of display lighting, a component of store atmospherics, on consumer approach–avoidance behavior was studied. Supplemental lighting was temporarily installed and manipulated on merchandise displays in two retail stores to test for effects on consumer behaviors of Time at Display, Number of Items Touched and Number of Items Picked Up. Video cameras recorded the consumers' actions. Subjects consisted of an accidental sample of consumers in the stores who passed within the measurement zones of the cameras. A total of 2367 subjects were recorded; behaviors and demographics were coded by two raters. Data were analyzed using correlations, Analysis of Variance, and Bonferroni paired comparisons. Supplemental lighting treatments had a positive effect on consumer behavior, as qualified by display. Interactions between lighting and display were found to be statistically significant. Findings could be useful to retailers in developing in-store lighting as part of a store's atmospherics to aid in attracting and retaining consumer patronage.
On-line retailing created a global marketplace with an innumerable array of competitors. Essential to on-line store's ability to attract and retain customers globally is its store atmospherics, which are design elements used to garner attention and create a positive buying environment [Kotler Phillip. Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing 1974; 49: 48–64.]. The research presented here assesses how behavioral and emotional responses to on-line store atmospherics vary across collectivist and individualist cultural value systems. The contribution is significant because additional research on understanding how culture affects customers' responses to the on-line store site design is needed [Chan Ricky Y. K. and Tai Susan. How do in-store environmental cues influence Chinese shoppers? A study of hypermarket customers in Hong Kong. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 2001; 13 (1): 73–104.; Eroglu Sevgin, Machleit Karen and Davis Lenita. Atmospheric qualities of on-line retailing: A conceptual model and implications. Journal of Business Research 2001; 54 (2): 177–184.; Menon and Kahn, 2002]. Using two different site designs for a fictional on-line retailer, American and Chinese University students evaluated their shopping experience at an assigned site. Findings: Cultural values do affect customers' responses to atmospheric cues. The study examines the inter-relationships between customers' emotional responses.
Beliefs about full spectrum lighting were manipulated to test the hypothesis that demand characteristics, not lamp type per se, underlie the anecdotal reports of beneficial effects of full spectrum lighting on performance and mood. The dependent measures were reading, arithmetic, noun underlining, and mood. Subjects worked under either full spectrum or cool white fluorescent lamps. Under full spectrum lamps they were given one of three instruction sets: ‘Full spectrum lamps improve performance and decrease fatigue’ (positive set); ‘There is no evidence to support such claims’ (negative set); or neutral information about light. The participants in the cool white condition received only the neutral information set. The results showed that when existing beliefs about lighting are controlled, both positive and negative information about full spectrum lighting effects lead to improved reading performance and increased self-reported arousal. No effect of lamp type was found, confirming previous research.
The debate among researchers regarding whether cognition precedes emotion or emotion precedes cognition in individuals’ evaluation process still remains unresolved and ambiguous. This paper attempts to review literature relating to the impact of the servicescape on customer behavior, with emphasis on the concept of Gestalt psychology. The Gestalt approach serves as a guide to understand and explain how an individual forms an impression or a perceptual image of a servicescape, how the image formation then leads to an emotional response, and finally, the actual appraisal or evaluation of a specific service environment.
In order to address a lack of comprehensive evaluation of restaurant quality, this study extends Mehrabian and Russell's stimulus–organism–response framework by incorporating restaurant-specific stimuli and including restaurant-specific measures of emotion. Using structural equation modeling, this study shows that atmospherics and service function as stimuli that enhance positive emotions while product attributes, such as food quality, act to relieve negative emotional responses. Results also suggest that positive emotions mediate the relationship between atmospherics/services and future behavioral outcomes. The results are theoretically and practically meaningful because they address the relationships among three types of perceived quality (product, atmospherics, and service), customer emotions (positive/negative), and behavioral intentions in the restaurant consumption experience. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are also suggested.
Should a marketer adopt a pancultural or a culture-specific approach in using colour in marketing? Colours exercise powerful effects and induce reactions based on both instincts and associations. Colours alter the meanings of objects or situations with which they are associated and colour preferences can predict consumer behavior. This article reviews the psychological and sociocultural associations and meanings of colour(s) in a cross-cultural marketing perspective, and outlines its role as a marketing cue. For the cultural values, marketing objectives and desired customer relationship levels influence the choice of colour in corporate and marketing communications, it is argued that a cross-cultural perspective of colour research and application is imperative for developing global marketing strategies.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13527260500247827#preview
This study uses an integrated color palette to identify the subjects' differences in color meaning and color preferences in interior environments in four different cultures: American, English, Korean, and Japanese. Slides of six interior color palettes were shown to subjects of the four cultures. As the subjects viewed each palette, they completed a questionnaire comprised of descriptor words such as pleasant, complex, or comfortable. The subjects indicated the degree of presence of that descriptor in each palette. They also indicated their preference for each palette. The findings support Hypothesis 1; there is a difference among subjects of different cultures as related to the meaning of color in interiors in five of the six color palettes. Further, the differences vary based on the specific color palette. Hypothesis 2, that there is a significant difference between Eastern cultures (Korea and Japan) and Western cultures (United States and England) in the meaning of color palettes, was supported in 50% of all cases (words and palettes) and different for the Eastern versus Western cultures. Hypothesis 3, there is a significant difference among cultures as related to color palette preference, was also supported. There are two important conclusions. First, it has been empirically shown that meaning and preference for interior color palettes do vary by culture. Second, color palettes are an appropriate way to test the meaning and preference of color within and between cultures.
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Perceived control is proposed to be a crucial variable in mediating the consumer's emotional and behavioral responses to the physical environment and the contact personnel that constitute the service encounter. Results of an experimental test of this proposition confirm the importance of perceived control in mediating the effects of two situational features of the encounter--consumer density (the number of consumers that are present in a service setting) and consumer choice (whether it is a person's own decision to enter into, and stay in, a service situation)--on the pleasantness of the service experience and the consumer's approach-avoidance responses to the service encounter. Copyright 1991 by the University of Chicago.
To measure and compare the main color-preference tendencies in Japan, China, and Indonesia, 490 subjects (175 Japanese, 158 Chinese, and 157 Indonesian) were asked to choose from a color chart the three colors they liked most and the three they liked least and to state the reasons for their choices. Analysis of the choices by correspondence analysis showed that each area (country) shows tendencies for unique color preference and that there are statistically significant differences in the frequency of selection of colors of certain hues and tones. However, a high preference for white was common to all areas, along with preferences for some other colors. The successive studies done by the author have shown a common strong preference for white in other Asian areas as well. The reasons given for the choices suggested that associative images based on environmental and cultural aspects may be important influences on color preference.
Among the many in-store elements purported to impact patrons, background music is a leading feature of academic enquiry [Turley LW, Milliman RE. Atmospheric Effects on Shopping Behavior: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. J Bus Res 2000;49(2):193–211.]. Collectively, research examines a range of retail contexts, focuses on many different dimensions, and, uses different methods to explore the phenomena of background music in commercial settings. Therefore, conclusions are difficult on the extent to which the influences of background music on customer behavior are generalizable. The purpose of this study is to synthesize the results of extant research to identify common effects and the circumstances under which they differ. Our meta-analysis uses a sample size of 148, taken from 32 studies. A conservative approach to the analysis reveal small-to-moderate, yet quite robust effects in terms of background music and the dependents: value returns, behavior duration and affective response.
Cultural aspects of environmental-behavior relationships
- I Altman
- M M Chemers
Altman, I., & Chemers, M. M. (1980). Cultural aspects of environmental-behavior relationships. In H. C. Triandis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 335–394). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.