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Resource Use and Waste Generation by the Tourism Industry on the Big Island of Hawaii
Abstract
A survey of the tourism industry on the island of Hawaii (the Big Island) in the state of Hawaii in the United States was conducted to collect baseline information on major resources (energy, food, and water consumption) and waste generation from five tourism sectors: accommodations, food and beverages (restaurants), golf courses, tourism services (tours), and rental cars. The questionnaire was developed and 50 establishments from the target sectors participated in this survey. Resource consumption and waste generation were calculated by the number of establishments, employees, and visitors. Using these factors and island-wide statistics (the number of establishments, job counts, and visitors), this study estimated the current status of island-wide water, food, and energy consumption and waste generation by these five sectors of the tourism industry. The estimate shows that the tourism sectors surveyed for this study account for 21.7% of the island's total energy consumption, 44.7% of the island-wide water consumption, and 10.7% of the island-wide waste generation. Using a per guest emission factor (such as per employee, guest room, and seat) provided in this study, the owners and managers of tourism establishments can calculate a baseline for each resource input and output. This is essential information to improve the industry's efficiency and result in economic savings.
... By way of comparison, Abdulredha et al. (2018) found that a hotel in Kerbala during the major religious festival generated 0.89 kg of MSW per guest. Saito (2013) found that accommodation produced 5.9 kg of MSW per guest and restaurants generated 2 kg per guest on the largest island of Hawaii. The Rezidor Hotel Group (2014) reported that Park Inn hotels produced 2.87, 1.77 and 0.76 kg/guest of MSW per day in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, respectively. ...
... In terms of jobs in main tourism activities, it is found that an additional job in accommodation causes an increase in MW generation of 1.53 kg/day and an additional job in F&B explained by tourists' consumption causes an increase in MW generation of 1.59 kg daily. Saito (2013) found -conducting a small survey-that the MSW generated in the accommodation sector was 2.4 kg per employee daily, while in F&B, the MSW generation per employee was 9.8 kg/day, considering that F&B sector is solely explained by tourists' consumption. ...
... If we followed only a supply-side approach, as Saito (2013), the global contribution of tourism activities to MW generated in the average municipality of Tenerife would be 11.3%, which is really close to the estimations in other tourist islands such as Hawaii (10.7%) and Menorca (12%) (Saito, 2013;Mateu-Sbert et al., 2013). ...
Tourism contributes substantially to municipal solid waste generation, yet the waste from tourism systematically remains hidden behind residential waste flows. As a result, municipal fees are set without precise information about waste producers' contributions, causing budget imbalances and cross-subsidies between residential and economic activities. To estimate tourism's contribution to mixed waste generation in an island destination, socio-demographic, economic and disposal-related factors are modelled using municipal panel data from 2004 to 2015 for Tenerife (Spain). In contrast to previous studies, a mixed demand-supply approach is adopted to estimate the contribution of main tourism activities to mixed waste generation, thus, differentiating between tourists and residents' contributions. An auxiliary model is used to isolate employment levels in tourism activities attributable to residents' consumption and to capture tourists' and residents' mobility on the island. Estimates show that main tourism activities generate 0.40 kg of mixed waste per tourist daily, while residential and economic sectors account for 1.19 kg per resident daily. This tourism contribution is significantly lower compared to other studies, as it captures tourism's contribution to mixed waste generation, attributable only to tourists, following a mixed demand-supply approach. These results shift impacts from tourists to main tourism activities, which highlights the choices made by producers rather than the final customers and reinforces the producers extended responsibility principle. The implementation of a Pay-As-You-Throw tariff for mixed waste is discussed as a way of promoting waste prevention and recycling, as well as avoiding cross-subsidies among waste producers and, as a result, imbalances in municipal budgets.
... An interesting study by Saito (2013) presented survey results on resource use and waste generation by the tourism industry on the Island of Hawaii [35]. From this is possible to categorize flow, emission and consumption of recourses that relate to the main activities that the tourist performs ( Table 1). ...
... An interesting study by Saito (2013) presented survey results on resource use and waste generation by the tourism industry on the Island of Hawaii [35]. From this is possible to categorize flow, emission and consumption of recourses that relate to the main activities that the tourist performs ( Table 1). ...
... Classification of flows and activities related to tourism[35]. ...
Industrial Ecology (IE) is based on the relation between the natural ecosystem and economic ecosystem. The concept refers to the metaphorical relation between the natural and industrial ecosystems as a model for transforming unsustainable industrial systems. Several tools and strategies are particularly significant for the IE development. In other words, the primary purpose of industrial ecology is to assess and reduce the impact economic activities on the environment. Tourism, as an economic activity, resulting in a full range of environmental impacts, should be treated like any other industry. This paper propose uses a theoretical review focused on IE for to investigate what is the best way to implement industrial ecology in the tourism activities. It seemed interesting to search within the IE concept for a model for the tourism sector, one of the fields with the greatest environmental interaction and economic implications.
... Economic and ecological sustainability have been studied in island settings, especially in the case of tourism activities (Martínez-Iglesias et al., 2014;Saito, 2013). Similar to the Galapagos Islands study by Taylor et al. (2008), finding a balance between a thriving economy and resource use is argued to be the key to economic and environmental sustainability. ...
... However, some respondents see tourism as a driver for decreased recreational value because residents need to share recreational places with tourists. A large body of literature exists regarding how to sustainably develop tourism on islands (Martínez-Iglesias et al., 2014;Saito, 2013;Taylor et al., 2008) so it does not compromise environmental integrity. However, few studies have examined how tourism affects values that residents hold important regarding their environment. ...
... Documentation about the impact of the hospitality industry on the environment is widely available [36][37][38]. Tourism is an ever-growing industry, with the demand for sustainable tourism gaining in influence [39]. The reports explored in the previous section indicate that hotels are becoming more dedicated to sustainability and, in particular waste issues. ...
Corporate sustainability reports have become a mainstream activity, particularly for large business organisations. This review sets out to explore the commitments made by three of the largest hospitality chains in Europe with regarding waste management between 2018 and 2023. It notes that hotel chains are becoming more assertive in the targets set and in monitoring their achievements, with single-use plastic and food waste being the main streams targeted. Literature confirms that these waste streams are those that are most commonly produced by the industry. The increased commitment augurs well for the implementation of the European Sustainability Reporting Standards Directive, which sets a number of ambitious requirements but promises to reduce costs over the medium to long term.
... The top-down approach uses tourist flows to assess their effect on the total MW in a tourist region [8,10,11]. In contrast, the bottom-up approach measures the waste generated in tourist accommodations over a certain period [15,20]. In this study, we used the top-down approach to determine the correlation between tourism and the collected MW by focusing on five of Croatia's tourist towns with the greatest number of overnight stays for 2015-2021. ...
In this study, we examined the correlation between the collected municipal waste (MW) and the tourism intensity (TI) in five of Croatia’s most popular tourist towns—Zagreb, Poreč, Rovinj, Split, and Dubrovnik—from 2015 to 2021. Furthermore, we conducted a comparative analysis of target scenarios for municipal waste reduction in these tourist towns based on population changes and the amount of separately collected and residual MW collected to achieve EU targets for processing MW for reuse and recycling. The TI indicator quantifies the population’s theoretical multiplication during tourist influx, providing a clear picture of the pressure exerted by tourism. Rovinj and Poreč have the highest TIs, while larger cities like Dubrovnik, Split, and Zagreb have lower average TI values. The correlation between the collected MW and the tourism intensity in Dubrovnik is very high and positive, in Zagreb and Rovinj it is high and negative, while Split has a higher positive correlation than Poreč. The results for the MW preparation rates for reuse and recycling from 2015 to 2021 and future projections for 2021–2035 suggest that, in five of Croatia’s leading tourist towns, the imperative must be to decrease residual MW, promote separation at the source, and separate MW collection to meet EU targets. Given the challenges of meeting all three—or even two or one—of the EU’s targets of 50% by 2025, 60% by 2030, and 65% by 2035, the current waste separation system must be improved. This study contributes to the scientific community by addressing the gap in the current knowledge on the effects of population changes caused by tourism on MW in tourist destinations. The findings could be relevant for practitioners and policymakers planning MW collection, processing, and recovery in tourism-oriented economies, particularly in Croatia’s top tourist destinations.
... A study by Jordan et al. (2019) determines that the impact produced by tourism in Hawaii translates into a two-way evolution, generating emotions and stress. Saito (2013) analyzes the expenses of the visitors to the island of Hawaii (Big Island) and finds that 72.9% of such expenditure is on accommodation, restaurants, tours, and rental cars. But the most important statistic is that 44.7% of the water consumed on the island is consumed by visitors. ...
The increase in tourism and population in highly touristic places produces an enormous influence on the resources of the destinations, both economically and environmentally. In general, the indicators that are used to monitor the number of tourists in a destination measure the flow of visitors but do not pay attention to the specific daily situation. The arrival of large cruise ships notably increases the pressure on island destinations. The human pressure indicator (HPI) makes it possible to know the instantaneous situation of the population in highly touristic places, and especially on islands, including both tourists and residents. In this work, we have implemented a new HPI model that includes the influence of cruise ships arriving at islands and we apply its study to the Hawaiian Islands, where we evaluate the real pressure exerted on them, so that we can appreciate the influence of cruise ships on them. The index can be used to better manage destination capacity and resources. The article describes the calculation methodology and the conclusions reached with the application.KeywordsHuman pressure indicatorTourismCruise shipsDestination managementJEL ClassificationL83F6Q56
... Saito [59] investigates Hawaii using a survey-based approach to identify those service sectors that contribute to the islands' overall resource consumption and waste generation. The findings identify tourism as the largest resource consumer and waste producer, and point out strategies that could lead to a reduction. ...
Effective waste management is a global challenge, but especially so on small and remote islands where resource flows are constrained by geography. This contribution provides a scoping review on scholarship surrounding island waste management systems over the last two decades. Scientific contributions are discussed according to four dominant themes in the literature: (1) limited capacity of islands in waste management and absorption, (2) ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions as the primary focus, (3) the social dimension of waste, and (4) socioeconomic drivers of island waste generation. We conclude by stating that current research on island waste and its management treats material outflows as ‘tame’ problems to be rationalized, economized, and solved, using various parameters. We find that for the most part, the literature does not acknowledge or address the root causes of waste-related problems, such as orienting island economies toward consumption-based development, and often lacks consideration of the ‘island context’ when it comes to rethinking strategic pathways for sustainable development. We propose the Socio-metabolic Research (SMR) framework for analyzing and tackling waste challenges on islands, as systemic approaches that link the biophysical with socioeconomic aspects are urgently needed.
... Arbulu et al. [58] estimated that an increase of 1% of the number of tourists in a small-size city could increase 1.25% the MSW generated. Saito [59] found that the tourism sector may represent 10% of the MSW generated. The present study showed that two of the three regions with the most tourists ( i.e. , Yucatan Peninsula with 68 million and North West with 37 million annual tourists) are the two regions with the higher per capita MSW disposal rate. ...
Mexico, similarly to other developing countries, has planned landfilling as the central technology to manage municipal solid waste (MSW). In this research, the current and future situation of final disposal of MSW in Mexico was studied, focusing on the spatial and temporal evaluation of final disposal sites (FDS), landfill gas (LFG) emissions, and potential power generation in an 80-year horizon. Geographic information systems were applied for spatial evaluation. The Mexico LFG 2.0 model was used to estimate the LFG emissions in 1782 FDS in operation, considering statal MSW characteristics and local FDS features. The transition towards a MSW management system that is less dependent on final disposal was carried out via a sensitivity analysis of the reduction of FDS in LFG emissions, power generation, and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The study estimated that Mexico had an LFG generation of 2298 Mm³ in 2020, where only 4.6% of FDS were suited for power generation, up to 2534 GWh y⁻¹. This electricity can avoid the emission of 1.45 Mt CO2 , since fossil fuels are predominant in the Mexican power grid. The sensitivity analysis showed that suppressing MSW landfilling could reduce 1636 Mt CO2 eq over the period studied compared to the business-as-usual scenario. The power generation potential of LFG has been used scarcely (165 GWh y⁻¹). Public policies may focus on proposing economic incentives and establishing conditions for a biogas market, increasing the number of SL that use LFG for energy purposes.
... Waste management is a significant challenge in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Fuldauer et al., 2019). The few studies that exist have raised serious concern on the waste problem faced on islands (Noll et al., 2019;Shah et al., 2019;Fuldauer et al., 2019;Camilleri-Fenech et al., 2018;Mohee et al., 2015;Telesford, 2020;Saito, 2013;Eckelman and Chertow, 2009;Skordilis, 2004). The e-waste generation rate from a sample of five Caribbean nations was significantly higher (nearly up to four times higher) (Mohammadi et al., 2021) than the average global rate (i.e., 6.1 kg/cap in 2017) (Baldé et al., 2017). ...
While excessive use of electronics and the resulting e-waste is a global problem, the situation is even more acute on small islands as bounded systems and the enormous costs associated with shipping it elsewhere. Dumping e-waste on islands can cause pollution of ground and surface water and degradation of coastal and marine resources. Yet, research that supports island governments to deal with their e-waste is scarce. This paper explores the viability of a circular economy (CE) and asks whether this could be a promising solution for islands to tackle their e-waste challenge. In pursuit of this aim, the CE potential of e-waste is analyzed on five Caribbean islands: Aruba, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The resource quantity of e-waste generated between 2020 to 2025 is estimated, and the economic value is assessed for the embedded materials. Using sensitivity analyses, three scenarios of exploitable e-waste and their potential economic values were calculated, considering the recovery of 20%, 50%, or 100% of e-waste stocked on the islands between 2001 and 2019. Expert interviews were conducted to identify existing e-waste management practices, if any. The results reveal that more than 317.4 kt of secondary materials would be available for recovery, comprising a significant amount of base and precious metals, such as aluminum, copper, silver, gold, and palladium. The estimated economic value of these materials is estimated to be more than 1,430 million - equivalent to nearly 30% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) from mining and quarrying in the entire Caribbean community, from just these five islands. Due to economies of scale that limit smaller nations, regional co-operations and initiating industrial symbiosis would be essential for desirous islands to shift to a CE. CE can support resource self-sufficiency on islands and bring several social, environmental, and economic benefits. This research is the first to provide an island-specific perspective to help decision-makers manage e-waste flows by including participatory CE implementation methods.
... With an estimated 31.5 million tourists in 2019 (Caribbean Tourism Organisation, 2020), travel and tourism contributed an estimated $59 billion to the economy of the Caribbean region, representing nearly 14% of the region's GDP (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2020). However, tourism in the Caribbean has significant impacts on waste management practices in the region, and globally studies have suggested that solid waste generation in the tourism sector can put significant stress on municipal solid waste management systems and in some cases can account for higher per capita waste generation than other industries or residential areas (Bashir and Goswami, 2016;Saito, 2013;Mateu-Sbert et al., 2013). Many of the polymers identified in the water and sediment samples, e.g. ...
Marine plastics are considered to be a major threat to the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources of the Caribbean, on which the region relies heavily for tourism and fishing. To date, little work has quantified plastics within the Caribbean marine environment or examined their potential sources. This study aimed to address this by holistically integrating marine (surface water, subsurface water and sediment) and terrestrial sampling and Lagrangian particle tracking to examine the potential origins, flows and quantities of plastics within the Southern Caribbean. Terrestrial litter and the microplastics identified in marine samples may arise from the maritime and tourism industries, both of which are major contributors to the economies of the Caribbean region. The San Blas islands, Panama had the highest abundance of microplastics at a depth of 25 m, and significantly greater quantities in surface water than recorded in the other countries. Modelling indicated the microplastics likely arose from mainland Panama, which has some of the highest levels of mismanaged waste. Antigua had among the lowest quantities of terrestrial and marine plastics, yet the greatest diversity of polymers. Modelling indicated the majority of the microplastics in Antiguan coastal surface were likely to have originated from the wider North Atlantic Ocean. Ocean currents influence the movements of plastics and thus the relative contributions arising from local and distant sources which become distributed within a country's territorial water. These transboundary movements can undermine local or national legislation aimed at reducing plastic pollution. While this study presents a snapshot of plastic pollution, it contributes towards the void of knowledge regarding marine plastic pollution in the Caribbean Sea and highlights the need for international and interdisciplinary collaborative research and solutions to plastic pollution.
... At the same time, the world's petroleum supply is being squandered by commuters driving around suburban sprawl, and by obscenely overheated tourism consumption. Of course, media collusion with those sectors of the global economy makes sure that this wastage continues unabated [43]. ...
The world can learn two key lessons from spontaneous settlements: (i) design so as to adapt to human biology; and (ii) design to save energy. Timeless processes of urban growth and sustainability have forced societies to conserve energy. Yet, nowadays, a profession focused on design ideology and short-term profit discredits many economical and effective long-term design methods. Decision-makers, politicians, and urbanists talk of energy conservation while continuing to use failed notions of industrial urbanity in place of documented solutions that work. Most damaging is the myopic academic elite’s fixation on an unsustainable industrial-modernist visual vocabulary of minimalist forms. By promoting typologies based on images dating from the 1920s, instead of using scientific analysis, the industry serves extractive global imperialism rather than satisfying the world’s population needs. We should instead learn from how self-builders adapt form, geometry, materials, surfaces, and ornament to maximize the user’s emotional experience in an otherwise extremely challenging environment.
... The geopolitical distribution of natural resources, such as the rare elements, used in different EEE raises concerns about scarcity, supply disruption or increasing price of these materials (Habib, 2015). Moreover, electronics may contain hazardous materials like lead and mercury, which can cause harmful environmental and health impacts at Saito, 2013;Skordilis, 2004). Since sustainability challenges are often more immediate in islands than other landmasses (Deschenes & Chertow, 2004), waste mismanagement issues can be more intense and develop more rapidly for these nations. ...
... Therefore, the owners of tourism projects should invest in treating water in a sustainable way to reach safe and clean water necessary for the continuation of tourism activities (UNEP, 2003). Investing in water includes using water-saving technologies in accommodations, restaurants, tourist facilities, attractions, parks, golf courses, and swimming pools, as well as investing in gray water reuse and rainwater system management (OECD, 2013;Saito, 2013). Managing water and reducing its consumption saves money, improves the reputation of the destinations, and preserves natural resources (Invest Northern Ireland, 2018). ...
Sustainable tourism investment is one of the important topics imposed by environmental challenges to reduce the negative effects of tourism investment on the environment. Sustainable tourism investment is the investment in all tourism activities to achieve tourism development, sustainable development goals, and apply economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This research aims to evaluate sustainable tourism investment practices in Egypt. Data were collected from 356 managers through a questionnaire, which was distributed in various tourism businesses such as travel agencies, hotels, eco-lodges, diving centers, and protected areas. The results revealed that tourism businesses in Egypt apply sustainable tourism investment practices. In addition that the eco-lodges are the most tourism business in Egypt that apply sustainable tourism investment practices. On the other hand, travel agencies are the least viable tourist businesses for sustainable tourism investment practices. Moreover, the results of the research indicated that Egyptian private investment projects are the most committed types of investment in implementing sustainable tourism investment. The results of this research hold important implications for the research community and tourism businesses in Egypt.
... Arbulú et al., 2016 in a macro-level study concentrated on Mallorca, demonstrated that a 1 percent increase in tourist arrivals instigate a 1.25 per cent increase in waste, while a 1 per cent increase in tourist expenditure instigates 0.51 percent increase in waste. Saito, 2013, focused his study on Big Island of Hawaii which welcomes more than 1 million tourists annually, established that the industry is responsible for 244,920 tonnes/year or 10.7 per cent of island-wide waste generation. The research was conducted with five tourism related sectors including restaurants, accommodation, golf courses, tours and car rentals and estimated that 62per cent originated from restaurants, 27per cent from accommodation and 7per cent from golf courses. ...
The history of tourism in Malta goes back 60 years. While widely hailed for its economic contribution, very little reference is made to the waste externalities that riddle the industry. In islands like Malta, the impacts of waste generation are more pronounced particularly due to the size of the country and its population density. Furthermore, waste originating from the hospitality establishments is, in its majority, landfilled.
Five-star hotels have been established to generate more waste than hotels in lower star categories. Focusing on an established five-star hotel, this research provides a comprehensive case-study that utilises a mixed methodology approach which supplies quantitative figures of waste generated in the a-la-carte, buffet restaurants and residents’ rooms, together with qualitative methods to furnish information and insights about waste generation and reduction initiatives.
Results point to the pervasive problem of plastic and single-use items. In one week, 692.5 kg of waste is generated in the residents’ rooms, 50.3 per cent of which consists of plastic. The impact of single-use items is exposed by the difference in the ‘other’ fraction which reaches 0.05 kg/person, a stark contrast to the remaining fractions which reach 0.01 kg/person.
Food waste is an aspect of the hospitality industry that cannot be side-lined. Plate-waste, measured in a month-long audit performed at the a-la-carte restaurant, reaches an average of 0.21 and 0.16 kg/person at lunch and dinner respectively. The buffet dinner exposes greater wastage with 0.48 kg/person. Preparation waste reached 0.08 kg/person. The relationship between portion sizes and food waste is exposed when the removal of a side plate decreases waste generation from 0.059 kg/person to 0.043 kg/person.
... Only few island studies extend their scope beyond municipal waste management, encompassing not only other waste streams but also sources and drivers of waste generation from a material flow analysis (MFA) perspective (e.g. Saito, 2013;Eckelman and Chertow, 2009). ...
Connectivity and affluence provide communities on small islands with opportunities and challenges. Both factors drive the expansion of material stocks which in turn determines future waste generation. For islands with limited waste treatment options an effective waste management strategy is inevitable. For the Greek island of Samothraki, construction and demolition waste (CDW) represents a new phenomenon. The advent of tourism, EU funding, labor migration and the construction of a new port in the 1960s led to an expansion of the built environment unprecedented on the island. As a consequence, new types and expanding quantities of CDW put the island community increasingly in the need for action. The European Waste Framework Directive, reinforced in 2018 with the Circular Economy Package, demands from EU member states at least 70% recycling and recovery rate of CDW until 2020.
In this study, a mixed methods approach enabled the integration of data from official statistics, field surveys and interviews into a dynamic stock-driven model for different infrastructure and buildings types on Samothraki from 1971 to 2016. Our results show that the material stock expanded from 175 t/cap to 350 t/cap in the given period, leading to a 15-fold increase of annual CDW generation. With a recycling rate of only 14%, the island is currently far away from meeting the recycling and recovery targets of the EU-WFD. This study provides a systematic and dynamic analysis for developing policy and management options on reducing, re-using and recycling of CDW on islands where waste treatment options are limited.
... In addition to the use of land, it requires resources such as water, energy and food, producing large amounts of waste (solid waste and wastewater), as well as congestion on roads, noise and air pollution, and hence, CO 2 emissions (Rico et al. 2019). In fact, Saito (2013) through a survey of resource use and waste generation by the tourism industry on the Big Island of Hawaii (considering five sectors: Accommodations, food and beverages, golf courses, tour services and rental cars) estimates that the tourism sectors accounted for 21.7% of the island's total energy consumption, 44.7% of water consumption and 10.7% of waste generation. Rico et al. (2019) demonstrate that the average carbon footprint of a tourist in Barcelona is 111.6 kg CO 2 eq/day and 43.0 kg CO 2 eq/day for a day-tripper, much higher than the value for a Barcelona citizen (5.8 kg CO 2 eq/citizen-day on average). ...
Tourism causes important environmental impacts and can generate great pressure on local resources, such as land, water, energy and food, generating large amounts of waste, as well as problems of congestion, noise and air pollution. The circular economy is presented as an alternative model to the linear model, which recognizes the fundamental role of the environment, its functions and the interaction between the environment and the economic system. The hotel sector and the tourism sector in general, have been criticized for not adequately addressing environmental problems and global warming. In order to carry out the transition to a circular economy (CE), it is essential to innovate in business models, designing a circular business model. The objective of this work is to design guidelines on possible actions and opportunities that allow us to carry out a successful transition towards a circular model in hotel companies, as well as to design a model for this transition in a tourism destination, analyzing the roles of the different agents in this transition. Findings identified the main opportunities and benefits of this transition in the hotel sector and describes a three-axis model to carry out this transition in a tourism destination, identifying the roles of public administrations and DMOs, resident population and the tourism sector. Future research implications are also discussed.
... The common difficulties islands face during waste management are limited land resources, lack of capital options, high operational cost, diseconomies of scale, no market for recycling and large seasonal fluctuations in waste volumes [1]. Many studies revealed the effects of tourism activities on the waste generation in island communities [2][3][4]. ...
Waste management is more challenging in small islands due to islands’ special characteristics. For small islands where energy recovery by incineration is difficult due to smaller waste generation amount with large seasonal fluctuations, waste shipments outside of island can make energy recovery possible. This study evaluated the cost effectiveness and environmental performance of waste shipments for energy recovery in case of small islands. The results shown that the direct shipment for incineration is expensive, but the emission prevention by energy recovery can surpass the emission from waste transportation. Waste shipments in the form of refused derived fuel (RDF) can reduce the transportation and incineration cost, but the high fossil fuel consumption in RDF production process resulted in high greenhouse gas emissions. The shipping distance, RDF gate fee, and emission from RDF production process have high influence on the cost effectiveness and environmental performance of the waste treatment process. The results of this study revealed the cost effective and environmental beneficial choosing criteria of waste shipments’ destination.
... Manomaivibool (2015) found that tourists in a Thai tourism destination produced double the amount of waste compared to locals. On the island of Hawaii, Saito (2013) estimated that the tourism sector generated in 2010 10.7% of the island-wide waste. Arbulu et al. (2017) showed with an IPAT-based model that an increase of 1% on tourist arrivals growth rate in Mallorca would lead to an increase of 1.25% in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. ...
Solid waste management (SWM) is a significant challenge for the Seychelles. Waste generation, fueled by economic development and tourism, increases steadily, while landfilling continues to be the main disposal path, thus exacerbating the island nation’s specific weaknesses. Due to the small scale of the Seychelles economy, there is little capital available to stimulate innovations in SWM and generate the knowledge for setting priorities and guiding SWM action. Students from ETH Zurich and UniSey conducted a transdisciplinary case study (tdCS) to fill this knowledge gap and gain insights into the obstacles and opportunities related to sustainable SWM. The tdCS approach allowed students to gain comprehensive and in-depth knowledge about the SWM system required to set priorities for action and next steps. The government should streamline the different financial frameworks according to a clear principle (e.g., polluter pays principle). Specific biogenic waste streams represent a potential source of energy and fertilizers. Expanding the scope and densifying the network of collection points could help raise recycling rates of other waste fractions. Diverting biogenic waste and recycling more glass, metals, paper, and plastics would also significantly reduce landfilling rates. Regardless of future amounts of waste ending up on landfills, the latter must be reengineered before the surrounding environment suffers major adverse impacts. All these actions imply a government-driven approach which integrates the views of stakeholders and consumers alike.
... Los espacios insulares como las Illes Balears a la vez que presentan una enorme dependencia de la importación de bienes del exterior, afrontan unos graves problemas relacionados con la acumulación de residuos en sus territorios. Una situación que todavía es más seria en el caso de economías turísticas, donde la generación de residuos se incrementa desaforadamente en temporada alta (Puig, 2011;Saito, 2013). ...
... Los espacios insulares como las Illes Balears a la vez que presentan una enorme dependencia de la importación de bienes del exterior, afrontan unos graves problemas relacionados con la acumulación de residuos en sus territorios. Una situación que todavía es más seria en el caso de economías turísticas, donde la generación de residuos se incrementa desaforadamente en temporada alta (Puig, 2011;Saito, 2013). ...
... Finally, Falmouth residents were concerned with other basic resources like water and electricity. Previous research has indicated correlations between tourism development and resource consumption, something that is especially important in island destinations (Saito, 2013). Two percent (2%) of survey participants indicated overused utilities caused them stress. ...
Stress is one potential impact that can affect tourism host
community residents through tourism development activities.
Stress is experienced through an increase in daily hassles, which,
with long-term exposure, can result in negative health and
behavioral outcomes and decreased quality of life. The
community of Falmouth, Jamaica recently hosted development of
a new cruise port, and is now one of the busiest ports in the
Caribbean. A random sample of Falmouth residents were qualified
for a study on stress and then asked to complete a survey.
Seventy-eight percent (n = 362) of survey respondents perceived
stress related to development of the new cruise port, while 22%
reported no stress. Thematic analysis revealed unmet
expectations, crowding/congestion, increased cost of living,
pollution, police harassment, displacement, and overused utilities
were causes of stress. Post-hoc chi-square tests revealed
significant differences in perceived stressors by those with
differing levels of education. This research provides insight into an
intangible psychological impact of cruise tourism development,
one element of host community resident quality of life.
... The measurement and monitoring of operational, environmental, and financial key performance indicators (KPIs) can become the barometer for effective environment management system, one that leads to efficient waste management system and become the service differentiator for 'green' customers (Chung and Parker, 2008). Similar sentiments are echoed by Saito (2013) in the study of usage of resource by the tourism sector in Hawaii to support the view that the availability of information on emissions and resource utilization would help the tourism establishments to improve efficiency and savings. ...
Traditionally, waste management within organizations involves managing discards of its industrial activities that remains as an overhead to the primary business activities. As a result, firms fail to develop waste management as an integral part of the overall value chain. Using inputs from the extant literature, this chapter examines the role of integrated waste management framework (IWM) as a business strategy, which could help firms in developing waste management as a competitive differentiator and improve its less-than–optimal care towards discards. Even though limited theoretical models are available to support organizations with such endeavors, the case study from hospitality industry exemplifies how cradle–to–cradle lifecycle approach can be used as a part of IWM and embeds environmental considerations of firm to help it evolve as its unique selling proposition.
... A large part of the available scientific works in this field of study have explored the relationship between materials metabolism and waste management, generally focusing on a specific economic sector or type of waste (Lenzen 2008;Owens, Zhang, and Mihelcic 2011;Sarkar, Chamberlain, and Miller 2011;Saito 2013;Tamura and Fujie 2014) and attempting to identify more efficient solutions to reduce waste production (for a more detailed review, see Eckelman et al. 2014). Only a number of studies, however, have carried out a comprehensive MFA of an island economy, e.g., in N€ amd€ o Island (Sundvkist et al. 1999), Trinket Island (Singh et al. 2001), Hawaii (Houseknecht, Kim, and Whitman 2006;Eckelman and Chertow 2009), Iceland and Trinidad and Tobago (Krausmann, Richter, and Eisenmenger 2014), the island of Samsø (Nielsen and Jørgensen 2015) and the Balearic Islands (Ginard and Murray, 2015). ...
The Galapagos Archipelago (Ecuador) is one of the most well-known natural sites in the world for its unique biodiversity. This sensitive ecosystem is at risk due to a problematic equilibrium between its conservation policy and development demand. To contribute to implementing integrated sustainable resource management in the Galapagos Islands, a material flow analysis (MFA) of Santa Cruz – the island with the highest anthropic pressure in the archipelago – has been performed, outlining a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the direct flow of goods throughout the system. MFA outcomes have been used to evaluate and forecast the impact of some policies and strategies on the local system, focusing in particular on fossil fuel consumption and local agricultural production. This case study stresses the need to introduce a local MFA protocol to decision-makers’ toolbox, as it provides quantitative assessments on a broad spectrum of local development issues.
... The measurement and monitoring of operational, environmental, and financial key performance indicators (KPIs) can be become the barometer for effective EMS, one that leads to efficient waste management system and service differentiator for 'green' customers (Chung and Parker, 2008). Similar sentiments are echoed by Saito (2013) towards the study of resource usage by the tourism sector in Hawaii to support the view that the availability of information on emissions and resource utilisation levels could help the tourism establishments in the region to improve efficiency and savings. ...
Environment sustainability in tourism industry is an upcoming area of research that can benefit from integrated approach to waste management. Recent developments in waste management of hospitality sector have experimented with different methods, but less attention has been paid to integrate it as a strategic opportunity in the greening of services. Also, literature from the developing world have contributed with prescriptive and empirical studies on environmental performance of organisations, but limited on-the-ground kind of studies to explore the practical and contextual aspects of implementing waste management as a part of organisational process. This research article is based on a case study conducted in two co-located Ecotel ® certified hotels in India and examines the role of waste management as a business strategy. The study has used inputs from extant literature and learning from the case study to propose integrated waste management framework as a business strategy and to shift it stand-alone backend practice, which can help the firms from hospitality sector develop waste management as a part of its competitive differentiator.
... The data from the experiment process were analyzed to determine the performance of fuel wood, water, and labor on the functional unit (1 kg shea butter) for each experiment site in rural and urban settings across the two administrative regions (northern and upper west). The computations in this article adapted the study previously conducted by Saito [44] on resource use and waste generation on the vast island of Hawaii in five tourism sectors. In this article, 1 kg of shea butter was considered as the functional unit across all locations for computing the input material quantities for rural and urban processing sites. ...
This article explores the use of field experimentation in presenting an account of input inventory, material quantities, and the process flow for shea butter production in Ghana. The shea fruit is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that is indigenous to ecosystems in semi-arid regions of Africa. Current methods and equipment for processing shea kernel into butter impose a dilemma of excessive harvesting of fuel wood for heating and the use of large quantities of water. Thus, the nature of input requirement and production process presents implications for conflict over natural resource use and for sustainability as more processing takes place. Material flow analysis was applied to the data generated from the processing experiments. The outcome was discussed in focus group discussion sessions and individual interviews as a way of data triangulation to validate study parameters. Results from this experiment showed that the quantity of water used in urban processing sites was higher than that used in rural sites. On the other hand, fuel wood use and labor expended were found to be higher in rural sites per unit processing cycle. The nature of the processing equipment, accessibility to input resources, and target market for shea butter were key determinants of the varying resource quantities used in the production process.
... Tourism may also have an impact on MSW generation [66,67]. For example, Pattaya (Thailand), a beach resort city approximately 160 km from Bangkok, has a much higher MSW generation per capita (1.00 kg day -1 ) [5] than the national average (0.64 kg day -1 ). ...
Per capita municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, a core indicator of environmental pressure, is a useful measure for evaluating the intensity of waste generation over time and comparing the intensities among cities or countries. We provide an overview of global data on MSW generation per capita at the national and local levels. Although the legal definition of MSW varies from country to country, we conceptualize MSW simply as the waste managed by or for municipalities as a public service. We note the current challenges in estimating MSW generation per capita in developing countries, including a lack of equipment (e.g., weighbridges), lower rates of MSW collection efficiency, and rural–urban migration, all of which may have negative effects on data reliability. Incomplete data compilation systems at the national level also result in lower reliability and reduce the comparability of national data. We suggest technical solutions for estimating MSW generation per capita at the local and national levels to improve reliability and comparability of data.
... Industrial ecologists have used islands as case studies mostly with a focus on waste flows (Saito 2013) and industrial symbiosis (Ashton 2009;Eckelman and Chertow 2009). This article applies economy-wide material flow accounting to investigate the long-term development of material extraction, trade, and consumption in two small island states, Iceland and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (short: Trinidad and Tobago or TT), in the period from 1961-1962 to 2008. ...
Iceland and Trinidad and Tobago are small open, high-income island economies with very specific resource-use patterns. This article presents a material flow analysis (MFA) for the two countries covering a time period of nearly five decades. Both countries have a narrow domestic resource base, their economy being largely based on the exploitation of one or two key resources for export production. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, the physical economy is dominated by oil and natural gas extraction and petrochemical industries, whereas Iceland's economy for centuries has been based on fisheries. More recently, abundant hydropower and geothermal heat were the basis for the establishment of large export-oriented metal processing industries, which fully depend on imported raw materials and make use of domestic renewable electricity. Both countries are highly dependent on these natural resources and vulnerable to overexploitation and price developments. We show how the export-oriented industries lead to high and growing levels of per capita material and energy use and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from large amounts of processing wastes and energy consumption in production processes. The example of small open economies with an industrial production system focused on few, but abundant, key resources and of comparatively low complexity provides interesting insights of how resource endowment paired with availability or absence of infrastructure and specific institutional arrangements drives domestic resource-use patterns. This also contributes to a better understanding and interpretation of MFA indicators, such as domestic material consumption.
... These numbers, and integrated studies on resource efficiency (e.g. [43]), highlight the critical importance of considering water and energy use in tandem, to ensure much needed synergies in minimising risks associated with both "peak" water and oil [4,45]. ...
Tourism as an economic activity has grown substantially and is increasingly adding to local and seasonal pressures on water supply systems of tourist destinations around the world. Based on data from the AQUASTAT and EarthCheck tourist accommodation databases, this research analysed tourism-related water use in 21 countries and compared it with other municipal use. Tourists’ water use on a per guest night basis was found to differ substantially, with water usage being highest (up to 956 l per guest night in China) and most diverse in developing countries. The disparity between tourist water use and that of locals is also greatest in low or mid-income countries. Industrialised countries, in contrast, are characterised by high tourism water efficiencies, with no apparent discrepancy in water use between tourism and non-tourism users. Implications of this research for managing potential water conflicts and the need for broader tourist destination stewardship for water resources are discussed.
To date, no studies have been undertaken on Pasaran Island to investigate waste generation and composition, rendering this research significant for laying the groundwork for precise and sustainable waste management planning. Existing studies predominantly center on waste generation concerning community behaviour, stakeholder roles in management, and the technical assessment of waste management aspects. Consequently, this study aims to quantify waste generation and composition on Pasaran Island. Sampling adhered to the SNI-19-3694-1994 standard over eight consecutive days, focusing on household waste for domestic waste samples and selecting commercial establishments, mosques, and schools as sources for non-domestic waste samples. The research reveals an average waste generation rate of 0.13 kg/person/day on Pasaran Island. Organic waste predominates, constituting 44% of the total, originating from household activities like kitchen waste and waste deposited on the island by the sea. Plastic, encompassing bottles, bags, and food packaging, ranks as the second most prevalent waste type at 26% of the total. Residents in tourist areas exhibit distinct waste generation characteristics. The findings can be utilized for the development of the tourism sector to consider organic waste as the primary focus, it must be addressed first.
The sport of golfing has expanded to gain global mainstream popularity across a diverse collection of demographic groups. The challenge of striving to acquire a greater skill level, collegiality, and the natural beauty of the course are aspects of the game enjoyed by avid golfers and infrequent participants alike. Adaptations to the official rules of the game and code of conduct afforded by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) have enabled many individuals with disabilities to participate in both recreational and tournament events over the past several decades. Multiple organizations have successfully formed and lobbied for the implementation of ADA legislation to create properly accessible golf facilities for all individuals. The equipment industry has kept pace by engineering adaptive devices to assist a broad spectrum of disabled golfers. As a result, adaptive golf is thriving and serving to build a community focused on a message of ability despite physical or mental limitations.
The following chapter provides an in-depth discussion on the evolution of adaptive golf, detailed descriptions of adaptive equipment, and an overview of disability-specific rule amendments for tournament play.
Oxygen Ecotourism on Gili Iyang Island has the highest oxygen levels reaching 21.5% above the normal threshold, the highest compared to other regions in Indonesia. This article adopts the collaborative viewpoint of the Quintuple Helix model, to discuss stakeholder interactions and highlight the level of success and identify several problems in the development of oxygen ecotourism on Gili Iyang Island, Sumenep Regency. This qualitative research uses a case study approach and visualizes collective interactions between stakeholders through the following five subsystems: 1) Education system, 2) Economic system, 3) Political system, 4) Media-based and culture-based society, 5) and Natural environment, Natural Environment Society based on the Quintuple Helix model from Carayannis and Campbell (2010). Data collection was carried out through observation, semi-structured interviews, and document review. The research results show that the Political System contributes to the initiation of ecotourism stakeholder collaboration, while an important role in the development of ecotourism has been played by the Higher Education System, as well as media-based and culture-based Societies. However, this collaboration is not yet optimal because it is still informal, and the lack of innovation from the Economic System, as well as the Natural Environment, and the Natural Environment of Society, is still limited. The findings of this research recommend that the role of local government (political system) needs to be increased by developing policies that ensure the maintenance of oxygen levels, increasing innovation in the use of local natural resources to support tourism, and institutionalizing stakeholder collaboration to ensure sustainable collaboration.Ekowisata Oksigen di Pulau Gili Iyang memiliki kadar oksigen tertinggi mencapai 21,5% di atas ambang batas normal, tertinggi dibandingkan wilayah lain di Indonesia. Artikel ini mengadopsi sudut pandang kolaborasi model Quintuple Helix, untuk membahas interaksi pemangku kepentingan dan menyoroti tingkat keberhasilan serta mengidentifikasi beberapa masalah dalam pengembangan ekowisata oksigen di Pulau Gili Iyang, Kabupaten Sumenep. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus dan memvisualisasikan interaksi kolektif antara stakholder melalui lima subsistem berikut: 1) Sistem pendidikan, 2) Sistem ekonomi, 3) Sistem politik, 4) Masyarakat berbasis media dan berbasis budaya, 5) dan Lingkungan alam, Lingkungan Alam Masyarakat berdasarkan model Quintuple Helix dari Carayannis dan Campbell (2010). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara semi terstruktur, dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sistem Politik berkontribusi pada inisiasi kolaborasi pemangku kepentingan ekowisata, sementara peran penting dalam pengembangan ekowisata telah dimainkan oleh Sistem Pendidikan Tinggi, serta Masyarakat berbasis media dan berbasis budaya. Namun kolaborasi tersebut belum optimal karena masih bersifat informal, serta kurangnya inovasi dari Sistem Ekonomi, maupun Lingkungan Alam, dan Lingkungan Alam Masyarakat masih terbatas. Temuan penelitian ini merekomendasikan bahwa peran pemerintah daerah (Sistem politik) perlu ditingkatkan dengan mengembangkan kebijakan yang menjamin pemeliharaan kadar oksigen, meningkatkan inovasi dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam lokal untuk mendukung pariwisata, dan melembagakan kolaborasi pemangku kepentingan untuk memastikan kolaborasi yang berkelanjutan.
Las preferencias de viajes de ocio por parte de los ciudadanos europeos para el
2022 (European Travel Commission, 2022), presentaban una distribución prioritaria hacia los productos turísticos: sol y playa, naturaleza y actividades al
aire libre, escapadas en ciudad, y mar y costa. A ello sumaban, como nuevas
preferencias fruto de las circunstancias recientes, atributos basados en destinos menos concurridos, clima agradable, ofertas atractivas y evitar multitudes.
La popularidad de la naturaleza y los viajes al aire libre, con interés por el paisaje, siguen siendo una prioridad. En las preocupaciones resaltan la inflación
de precios y las finanzas por un tercio de los entrevistados, y los aspectos de
sostenibilidad y ambientales.
En las líneas que siguen, se realizará un análisis sobre dos productos consolidados: a) el producto de turismo de sol y playa y b) el producto de turismo rural
y de naturaleza. En cada caso, se abordan los retos con sus áreas de impacto y,
para cada elemento identificado, se desglosan propuestas de acción, basadas
en ideas y lineamientos, a modo de pistas de presente-futuro.
A expansão do setor hoteleiro resulta em uma também crescente geração de resíduos sólidos provenientes deste setor, sendo considerada um dos impactos mais significativos causados pelos estabelecimentos de hospedagem. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a geração de resíduos sólidos na indústria do turismo, mais especificamente no setor hoteleiro. As bases de dados utilizadas para a realização desta revisão foram: Scopus, Scielo, Science direct e Web of science. Como resultado, foram identificados mais de 300 artigos, dos quais 51 se encaixaram nos critérios adotados para análise. A taxa de geração de resíduos sólidos no setor hoteleiro pode variar com inúmeros fatores, como o número de quartos, quantidade de leitos e serviços oferecidos. Deste modo, a geração média per capita de resíduos sólidos apresenta grande variação, de 0,32 a 6,57 kg.hóspede-1.dia-1. Os resíduos sólidos gerados pelos hotéis são compostos basicamente por resíduos orgânicos (57%) e resíduos secos (32%). Assim, os resíduos sólidos gerados no setor hoteleiro apresentam grande potencial para reciclagem, já que os resíduos orgânicos podem ser reciclados por meio de compostagem ou biometanização e os secos podem ser reutilizados, reciclados ou aproveitados energeticamente.
Tourist food consumption is an important driver of food waste generation within the hotel/restaurant/café (HORECA) sector of popular destinations. Little is however known about the exact magnitude of food wastage by tourists alongside the determinants of their wasteful behaviour. This study has striven to contribute to knowledge with an exploratory survey in Lhasa, a popular destination in China, which set to establish the size of food wastage by tourists and explain the role of various socio-demographic and food consumption-related factors in its occurrence by statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, respectively. The study found that tourists generated circa 15% of the total food waste in the HORECA sector, while the taste preferences and portion size were two major causes. The level of tourist education and personal satisfaction with meals exerted a significant negative impact on food waste generation. To reduce food wastage, policy-makers and HORECA professionals should educate tourists about the detrimental effect of wasted food and increase their satisfaction with meals. The research findings provided insights into achieving sustainability objectives in national and international tourism sectors.
Spatial big data are revolutionizing the way that information is collected, stored and leveraged for decision-making. The advancements in spatial big data and their analytics have allowed for more granular-level information to be collected and analyzed on the spatiotemporal movements of people. However, critical reviews of spatial big data have found that many theoretical and quantitative misunderstandings exist which causes confusion for practitioners during applied practice. The level of information detail that can be confidently extracted from mobile data is not yet determined. In response, this paper strives to demonstrate the complexity of information that is available within mobile data through two inter-related objectives: (i) to explore the use of mobile data to group tourists based on their travel experience in Maui, Hawaii, and, (ii) to identify the linkage between accommodation types and travel experiences. Geofences were created around key points of interests and a k-means clustering was done in order to group travelers based on their travel experiences and time spent within these points of interest. It was found that tourist choices in accommodation resulted in distinct travel behaviours. This work provides a new use case of k-means clustering and mobile location data for the purpose of creating pseudo-loyalty data and consumer segments for points of interest that could not otherwise have data collected.
Hospitality food waste represents a significant societal challenge. It is however under-researched with most studies approaching the issue from the perspective of sustainable agriculture and environmental, rather than hospitality, management. Given the specificity of hospitality operations, this is a major shortcoming which hampers understanding of the determinants of effective mitigation. This paper provides a critical, analytical account of the literature on hospitality food waste made from the viewpoint of hospitality managers. It reviews the challenges in classifying, quantifying and characterising hospitality food waste, discusses the opportunities and obstacles to its mitigation and, drawing on good business practice examples, derives a framework for managing food waste across the different areas of hospitality operations. The framework is underpinned by such determinants of effective mitigation as: core in-house competencies; training needs; initial investment costs; and potential monetary savings. The feasibility of its broader adoption by managers across the sector is discussed.
The sport of golfing has expanded to gain global mainstream popularity across a diverse collection of demographic groups. The challenge of striving to acquire a greater skill level, collegiality, and the natural beauty of the course are aspects of the game enjoyed by avid golfers and infrequent participants alike. Adaptations to the official rules of the game and code of conduct afforded by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) have enabled many individuals with disabilities to participate in both recreational and tournament events over the past several decades. Multiple organizations have successfully formed and lobbied for implementation of ADA legislation to create properly accessible golf facilities for all individuals. The equipment industry has kept pace by engineering adaptive devices to assist a broad spectrum of disabled golfers. As a result, adaptive golf is thriving and serving to build a community focused on a message of ability despite physical or mental limitations.
We conceptualize islands along a resource conservation–economic development gradient that represents a diversity of island forms and functions, which are shaped and reshaped by exogenous and endogenous dynamics and social–ecological processes of change. Islands are increasingly linked to the expanding human dimension and tied to mainland forces, including population migration and tourism, through the processes of globalization. Conservation and development efforts, even for protected areas, require continued vigilance in monitoring social, terrestrial, and marine subsystems of islands that are acted upon by episodic events as well as continuous forces of change. Manifested at local to regional scales, islands support local people and communities, protected areas, iconic species and iconic landscapes/seascapes, regional development, and national and international tourism as well as residents who are attracted to islands for jobs in the burgeoning global tourism industry. We compare the Zhoushan Islands of China and the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador through examples drawn from both island archipelagos to describe a conceptual model of island development associated with the expanding human imprint on islands, local resource endowments, resource conservation, and economic development. We also describe the application of LANDSAT imagery to monitor land cover/land use change within the human use zones of the Galapagos Islands (i.e., coastal communities and the agricultural highlands) as well as MODIS data to assess changing conditions in the Galapagos Marine Reserve associated with El Niño conditions and the changing patterns of sea-surface temperatures and marine productivity over time and space as context to the challenges of economic development and resource conservation.
Despite the growing demand for rice in Ghana, domestic rice production remains low, resulting in the importation of about 70% of the rice consumed in Ghana. In spite of the fact that 39-47% of the 20-28% of Ghana's total geographic area classified as inland valley wetlands is considered suitable for rice cultivation, less than 15% is presently being used. A household survey was therefore conducted in six communities, Fihini (F), Cheshegu (C), Dabogushei (D), Kpalgum (K), Zergua (Z), and Yoggu (Y), of the Tolon district in northern Ghana in order to identify factors affecting the introduction of rice into the cropping system. Maize, groundnut, rice, and yam were found to be the four major crops grown in the communities. Overall, 64% of respondents cultivate rice, but this figure is particularly low (30%) in F and Y communities. Rice is usually combined with two other major crops, most frequently maize and yam. In C, D, and K communities, about 90% of households cultivate at least, three out of the four major crops. The interview with farmers revealed that rice yield is 0.73 t/ha on average and significantly higher in K and C (1.06 t/ha and 0.93 t/ha, respectively) than in D (0.37 t/ha). The average distance from compound houses to rice and maize fields is significantly shorter in C, D, and K. Similarly, the rate of rice introduction in C, D, and K is higher than in F, Z, and Y, suggesting that distance to inland valleys may be one of the factors that influence the incorporation of rice into the cropping systems of these communities. Principal component analysis of crop yields and cattle number for the Y community revealed that rice growers tend to have higher crop productivity while cattle production is higher among non-rice growers. Within the community, the productivity of upland crops and balance between crop production and cattle production may be important factors that influence the incorporation of rice into the cropping system.
Despite the growing demand for rice in Ghana, domestic rice production remains low, resulting in the importation of about 70% of the rice consumed in Ghana. In spite of the fact that 39-47% of the 20-28% of Ghana’s total geographic area classified as inland valley wetlands is considered suitable for rice cultivation, less than 15% is presently being used. A household survey was therefore conducted in six communities, Fihini (F), Cheshegu (C), Dabogushei (D), Kpalgum (K), Zergua (Z), and Yoggu (Y), of the Tolon district in northern Ghana in order to identify factors affecting the introduction of rice into the cropping system. Maize,
groundnut, rice, and yam were found to be the four major crops grown in the communities. Overall, 64%
of respondents cultivate rice, but this figure is particularly low (30%) in F and Y communities. Rice is usually
combined with two other major crops, most frequently maize and yam. In C, D, and K communities, about 90% of households cultivate at least, three out of the four major crops. The interview with farmers revealed
that rice yield is 0.73 t/ha on average and significantly higher in K and C (1.06 t/ha and 0.93 t/ha, respectively)
than in D (0.37 t/ha). The average distance from compound houses to rice and maize fields is significantly
shorter in C, D, and K. Similarly, the rate of rice introduction in C, D, and K is higher than in F, Z, and Y, suggesting that distance to inland valleys may be one of the factors that influence the incorporation
of rice into the cropping systems of these communities. Principal component analysis of crop yields and cattle number for the Y community revealed that rice growers tend to have higher crop productivity while cattle
production is higher among non-rice growers. Within the community, the productivity of upland crops and
balance between crop production and cattle production may be important factors that influence the incorporation of rice into the cropping system.
Keywords: compound house, spatial diversification,
principal component analysis, rain fed, maize
As a fundamental element of human lives, ecosystems and the services they provide across all socioecological regions are now under threat from human and natural activities. An assessment of the different categories of ecosystem services at various levels has become necessary for sustainable use and conservation. This study seeks to identify and characterize provisioning ecosystem services affecting rural households in the Tolon and Wa West Districts of northern Ghana. It examines the key dynamics of these services and discusses the major factors influencing their supply and utilization. The study employs rapid rural appraisal methods, including key informant interviews, household questionnaires surveys, focus group discussions, and participatory observations for collecting primary data. Findings indicate an extensive use of all provisioning services examined: bushmeat, crop and animal production, fish catches, fodder and forage, fuelwood, building materials, fresh water, and wild plants by households at all study sites. Averagely, 80% of households across the study sites collect and utilize these variety of services to support livelihood strategies. Our study also identified major challenges for sustainable supply and use of these ecosystem services, including the growing scarcity and decline in these services attributed to closely connected drivers such as cyclical drought, climate variation, land conversion, overharvesting, and a decline in traditional ecological knowledge. This study thus demonstrates the need for an integrated assessment that examines, at the local level, the interactions of various ecosystem services and human well-being to provide a scientific basis for formulation of effective coping and adaptation strategies in the midst of these challenges.
Using data from the state of Hawaii input-output (I-O) table, the economic impact of the transportation sector in Hawaii was described, modeled, and forecast under a number of alternative scenarios. Transportation is compared with the key economic sectors in the state in output, exports, household consumption, visitor spending, number of employees, and compensation of employees. Next, the overall transportation sector was disaggregated into key activities and functions to present a more complete picture of the important role of transportation in Hawaii. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the economy with a special focus on transportation is developed. Because tourism is the state's leading sector, the effects of both an increase and a decrease in visitor expenditures were modeled. Both measuring the economic importance of transportation in Hawaii and estimating probable consequences of potential economic changes are of interest. The visitor industry dominates Hawaii's economy, with small increases in visitor expenditures contributing significantly to the gross state product. Transportation industries, along with restaurant and accommodation services, account for a disproportionately large share of this growth. Key residential transportation sectors (transit and motor vehicles) contract in response to cost increases generated by a growth in visitor demand. The use of the I-O table and CGE modeling provides a useful analytical and planning tool for evaluating economic scenarios within a region such as Hawaii. The increased availability of both data sets and new modeling techniques offers opportunities to planners, engineers, and transportation policy makers.
This article reviews direct freshwater consumption in tourism from both quantitative and qualitative viewpoints to assess the current water demand of the tourism sector and to identify current and future management challenges. The article concludes that even though tourism increases global water consumption, direct tourism-related water use is considerably less than 1% of global consumption, and will not become significant even if the sector continues to grow at anticipated rates of around 4% per year (international tourist arrivals). The situation differs at the regional level because tourism concentrates traveller flows in time and space, and often-in dry destinations where water resources are limited. Furthermore, the understanding of tourism’s indirect water requirements, including the production of food, building materials and energy, remains inadequately understood, but is likely to be more substantial than direct water use. The article concludes that with expected changes in global precipitation patterns due to climate change, it is advisable in particular for already water scarce destinations to engage in proactive water management. Recommendations for managing tourism’s water footprint are made.
This study begins with a review of energy consumption by end-use sector in Hawaii. Then, the energy generated from renewable energy sources is analyzed between 1991 and 2006. The results show that while geothermal is a considerable source of renewable energy on the Island of Hawaii (also known as Big Island), fossil fuel is the main energy source in the State of Hawaii. The energy intensity index for the State of Hawaii is then calculated by dividing energy consumption per capita by the income per capita. The calculated energy intensity index reveals that energy consumption is directly controlled by per capita income. The results also indicate that the energy intensity index increases over time despite positive developments in energy efficient technologies. In the second part of the paper, the effect of the tourism industry on energy usage in the State of Hawaii is analyzed. The results show that tourism volume, measured in terms of tourist arrival numbers, does not change the energy consumption directly. However, a change in tourism volume does affect per capita income within a few months to a year. In the last part of the study, the energy efficiency index of Hawaii is compared with consumption averages for the US, California and the most energy efficient country in Europe, Denmark. The comparison shows that Hawaii lags behind California and Denmark in terms of energy efficiency. The comparison also shows that an increase in energy efficiency corresponds to an increase in per capita income across the board, which is in agreement with a recent report published by the American Physical Society.
This paper explores the linkage between energy use and a tourism destination experiencing a rapid growth in visitors arrivals and changing visitor mix. The approach taken is to estimate the derived demand for a primary input (energy) using input-output analysis. The main finding of the study is that tourists account for a significant share (averaging 60%) of total energy and fuel use in Hawaii. Since foreign and domestic tourists, on average, use energy and fuel with different intensity, a rising proportion of foreign tourists in the total mix of tourists is predicted to increase the demand for energy and fuel in Hawaii by the end of the century.RésuméÉnergie et tourisme en Hawaii. L'article examine le rapport entre l'utilisation de l'énergie et une destination touristique qui subit une croissance rapide d'arrivées de visiteurs et un changement de mélange de visiteurs. On aborde le sujet en estimant la demande dérivée pour l'énergie primaire et en utilisant une analyse des échanges interindustriels. Le résultat principal de l'étude est que les touristes représentent une part significative (60% en moyenne) de l'utilisation totale d'énergie et de combustibles en Hawaii. Puisque les touristes intérieurs et internationaux, en moyenne, utilisent l'énergie et les combustibles à des niveaux différents, une plus grande proportion de touristes étrangers indique que la demande pour l'énergie et les combustibles va s'intensifier.
This paper focuses on petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic activities in Hawai‘i. Data on economic activity, petroleum consumption by type (gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, residual, propane), and emissions factors are compiled and analyzed. In the baseline year 1997, emissions are estimated to total approximately 23.2 million metric tons of carbon, 181 thousand metric tons of nitrous oxide, and 31 thousand metric tons of methane in terms of carbon-equivalent global warming potential over a 100-year horizon. Air transportation, electricity, and other transportation are the key economic activity responsible for GHG emissions associated with fossil fuel use. More than 22% of total emissions are attributed to visitor expenditures. On a per person per annum basis, emission rates generated by visitor demand are estimated to be higher than that of residents by a factor of 4.3 for carbon, 3.2 for methane, and 4.8 for nitrous oxide.
Despite growing awareness of environmental issues related to tourism, the interface of tourism and energy use or climate change remains unexplored. However, tourism demands energy at various functions ranging from travel to catering, and the management of tourist attractions. Since a tourist's holiday is composed of a broad selection of travel choices the associated energy use differs substantially. This paper shows how different travel choices within the transport, accommodation, and attraction and activity sub-sectors demand different amounts of energy, and how this adds up to the total ‘energy bill’ of international and domestic tourists in New Zealand. While the total energy use of international tourists (7318 MJ/trip within New Zealand) is four times that of domestic tourists, the energy use per day does not differ between these two types. Transportation clearly dominates the bill, with a contribution of 65–73% for international and domestic tourists, respectively, and is at the centre of energy saving measures. By altering ones’ travel style tourists can substantially influence their energy demand.
An assessment of ethanol production potential from dedicated energy crops was conducted for the State of Hawaii considering lands, crop species, and conversion technologies. Evaluation of the spatial distributions of soil types, zoning, and annual rainfall was conducted using geographic information system data. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Pennisetum purpureum (banagrass), Leucaena leucocephala, and Eucalyptus grandis were selected as potential feedstocks for sugar-based and lignocellulosic ethanol production.The analysis shows that only one cropping scenario applied to all available agriculturally zoned lands in the state would be capable of producing enough ethanol to meet the state's current motor gasoline consumption on an energy equivalent basis. State goals of displacing 20% (volume) of highway fuels by 2020 could be met by 14 of the 16 cropping and land use combinations. This indicates that the State of Hawaii could promote energy diversification through its choice of land leases. Distribution of suitable lands among islands is not consistent with motor fuel demand, suggesting that provisions must be made to support development of adequate storage and harbor facilities to enable movement of fuel between points of production and use. Comparison of possible production volumes with economic plant sizes indicates that sufficient feedstocks could be available on Maui, Hawaii, Oahu, and Kauai to realize economies of scale in production facilities.This study should be refined in the future to adequately address issues of environmental preservation, water consumption, and land use to provide additional guidance for policy and economic decision making.
This paper argues for ecological footprint (EF) analysis to become widely adopted as a key environmental indicator of sustainable tourism (ST). It is suggested that EF analysis provides a unique, global perspective on sustainability that is absent with the use of locally derived and contextualised ST indicators. A simple methodology to estimate indicative, minimum EF values for international tourism activities involving air travel is presented. Critically, the methodology accounts for the EF that would have been used by a tourist at home during the tourist trip, providing an estimate of the net, as well as the gross, tourism-related EF. Illustrations of the application of the methodology are provided, including the evaluation and comparison of specific tourism products. It is suggested that some (eco)tourism products may, potentially, make a positive contribution to resource conservation at the global scale. Areas for further research in applying EF analysis to tourism are outlined.
In 2000, almost 700 million international tourist arrivals were counted worldwide. Even though a global activity of this scale can be assumed to have a substantial impact on the environment, its consequences have never been assessed and quantified. In this contribution, five major aspects of the leisure-related alteration of the environment are investigated: (1) the change of land cover and land use, (2) the use of energy and its associated impacts, (3) the exchange of biota over geographical barriers and the extinction of wild species, (4) the exchange and dispersion of diseases, and (5), a psychological consequence of travel, the changes in the perception and the understanding of the environment initiated by travel.
State of Hawaii generates about 90 percent of its electricity from imported fossil fuel sources. Thus, there is pressure from both public and policy makers to reduce the State dependency on foreign fossil fuel sources. To this extend, there are incentives created at State and Federal level for both residential and commercial buildings to install photovoltaic (PV) systems. Although such incentives are necessary for long-term objectives, it is shown in this study that retrofitting inefficient old building-equipment is another viable source to reduce the State of Hawaii's electricity demand. Four case studies are presented to illustrate that building-equipment retrofitting is a viable and necessary tool for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. Each case study presents an equipment retrofit project electricity savings with its payback periods, and compares with equivalent electricity capacity and economics PV systems in Honolulu, Hawaii. The case studies show that energy savings from retrofit projects ranged from 28% to 61% for individual equipment retrofits. These results indicate that equipment retrofitting with energy-efficient alternatives is about 50% or more cost-effective than installing PV systems. This is so even when large renewable energy tax incentives provided by the Federal and State Governments are taken into account.
Information on food waste disposal and on recycling methods and recycled amounts is reported. Data were obtained from a mail and phone survey of all licensed food establishments in Hawaii conducted in 2004 and 2005. Of 8253 licensed food establishments, 5033 completed surveys. It was found that relationships exist between food establishment size (measured by the number of meals served per day or the number of employees) and the amount of food an establishment recycled; establishment type and recycling behavior; and establishment type and amount recycled. The amount of food waste recycled in the state of Hawaii was estimated to be 264,000 L/day and annual food waste generation was estimated to be 336,000 tonnes.
Measuring the lifecycle carbon footprint of a golf course and greening the golf industry in Japan. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Engi-neering and Science Energy and tourism in Hawaii
- O . Saito
- M K Loke
- L Pingsun
- K A Tucker
Saito, O. 2010. Measuring the lifecycle carbon footprint of a golf course and greening the golf industry in Japan. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Engi-neering and Science, 30 November–3 December, Auckland, New Zealand. Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa, N., M. K. Loke, L. PingSun, and K. A. Tucker. 1997. Energy and tourism in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research 24(2): 390–401.
Report: Hawaii's tourism industry in state of crisis
- P Thomas
Thomas, P. 2009. Report: Hawaii's tourism industry in state of crisis.
Los Angeles Times, 2 April 2009.
Annual visitor research report Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2011. 2010 Visitor plant inventory
- Hawaii Tourism
Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2010. 2009 Annual visitor research report. http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-research/2009-annual-visitor.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2012. Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2011. 2010 Visitor plant inventory. http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-plant/. Accessed 18 May 2012.
County of Hawaii integrated resources and solid waste management plan update: The path to zero waste. Final report
- County
- Hawaii
County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental Management. 2009. County of Hawaii integrated resources and solid waste management plan update: The path to zero waste. Final report, December 2009. www.hawaiizerowaste.org/sites/default/files/1%20IRSWMP_ Plan_Dec2009.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2012.
2010 Visitor plant inventory
- Authority Hawaii Tourism
Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2011. 2010 Visitor plant inventory.
http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-plant/. Accessed
18 May 2012.
Measuring the lifecycle carbon footprint of a golf course and greening the golf industry in Japan
- O Saito
Saito, O. 2010. Measuring the lifecycle carbon footprint of a golf
course and greening the golf industry in Japan. Paper presented
at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Engineering and Science, 30 November-3 December, Auckland,
New Zealand.
County of Hawaii integrated resources and solid waste management plan update: The path to zero waste
- Hawaii County Of
County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental Management. 2009.
County of Hawaii integrated resources and solid waste management
plan update: The path to zero waste. Final report, December 2009.
www.hawaiizerowaste.org/sites/default/files/1%20IRSWMP_
Annual visitor research report
- Authority Hawaii Tourism
Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2010. 2009 Annual visitor research report.
http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-research/2009-annual-visitor.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2012.
Visitor plant inventory
- Authority Hawaii Tourism
Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2011. 2010 Visitor plant inventory.
http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/visitor-plant/. Accessed
18 May 2012.