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Antibacterial Activity of Aluminum Potassium Sulfate and Syzygium Aromaticum Extract Against Pathogenic Microorganisms

Authors:
Ilham Bunyan at University of Babylon
Ilham Bunyan
Abdulsamie H. Alta'ee at University of Babylon
Abdulsamie H. Alta'ee
Nadia Hassan at University of Babylon
Nadia Hassan
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Natural products have been used for centuries in treating human disease. The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial ability of aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract against different types of pathogenic bacteria in scientific way. Antimicrobial activity of crude extract from two commonly used medicinally materials, alum and clove were evaluated against four microorganisms over different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v %. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the diameter of inhibition zone were determined by in vitro bioassay using agar well diffusion method against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. The two medicinal materials exhibited antibacterial activity and inhibition growth of gram positive and gram negative bacteria isolated from different sites of infection. The inhibition effect of these extracts compared with standard antibiotics cefotaxime. In conclusions, the results of present study revealed that the alum and clove could be used as natural antimicrobial in different ways.
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Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
11
Antibacterial Activity of Aluminum Potassium Sulfate and
Syzygium Aromaticum Extract Against Pathogenic
Microorganisms
Ilham Abass Bnyan PhD
1
, Abdulsamie Hassan Alta'ee PhD
2*
,Nadia Hassan Kadhum MSc.
3
1.Microbiology Dept., College of Medicine, University of Babylon. Hilla, P.O. Box 473, Iraq
E-mail: ilhamalsaedi@yahoo.com
2.Biochemistry Dept., College of Medicine, University of Babylon. Hilla, P.O. Box 473, Iraq
E-mail: abdulsamie68@gmail.com
3.Biochemistry Dept., College of Pharmacology, University of Babylon, Hilla, P.O. Box 4, Iraq
E-mail: nadiasafaa@yahoo.com
Abstract
Natural products have been used for centuries in treating human disease. The present study aimed to determine
the antibacterial ability of aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract against
different types of pathogenic bacteria in scientific way. Antimicrobial activity of crude extract from two
commonly used medicinally materials, alum and clove were evaluated against four microorganisms over
different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v %. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the
diameter of inhibition zone were determined by in vitro bioassay using agar well diffusion method against S.
aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. The two medicinal materials exhibited antibacterial
activity and inhibition growth of gram positive and gram negative bacteria isolated from different sites of
infection. The inhibition effect of these extracts compared with standard antibiotics cefotaxime. In conclusions,
the results of present study revealed that the alum and clove could be used as natural antimicrobial in different
ways.
Keywords:Alum, clove, Syzygium aromaticum, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
cefotaxime
Introduction
Natural products have been used for a long time in treating human disease and they contain many constituents of
therapeutic value. Natural products are environmentally safer, easily available and cheap (Osuala et al., 2009).
Alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) the crystallized double sulfates with the formula KAl(SO
4
).12H
2
O are
generally odorless, colorless crystalline solids that turn white in air, which is used in food preservation and
antiseptic for many preparation process such as pickling and fermentation and water purification as a flocculants
(Bestoon, 2012). Moreover, alum has recommended as category I active ingredient in mouthwashes by the
Counter Advisory Panel of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDAs) (Olmez et al., 1998).
Cloves or Syzygium aromaticum are dried aromatic buds of unopened floral of an evergreen tree 10-20m in
height, belonging to the family Myrtacceae, distributed in India, Indonesia, Zanzibar, Mauritius and Ceylon
(Aneja and Joshi, 2010). The dried, clove bud contains free eugenol, eugenol acetate and caryophllen. Although
these substances made up to 99% of the oil extract from dried flower-buds of Syzygium aromaticum, beta-
caryophellene, is still one of the main constituents of this oil extract, and it has local anesthetic activity. The
essential oil of clove is a colorless or light yellowish extract obtained from dried flower-buds by steam
distillation (Ghelaradini et al., 2001). Phenylpropene eugenol is the other most important compound present in
Syzygium aromaticum due to which it has strong characteristic aroma. Bacteria, Mold, and yeast growth could be
inhibited by the addition of clove essential oil (Burt, 2004). The essential oils of clove have been reported to
possess numerous antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Fu et al., 2007).
Material and Methods
Test organism: both gram positive and gram negative microorganisms were used for the test. The gram positive
organism include S. aureus, S. epidermidis (skin), and gram negative bacteria include E. coli, Klebsiella
pneumonia (otitis media). All bacterial strains were maintained on freshly prepared blood agar. The bacterial
strains were isolated from skin and otitis media and identified in Microbiology Department, College of Medicine,
University of Babylon, Iraq.
Preparation of different concentration of aqueous extracts:
Alum extract:
Different concentration of alum (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v % was prepared. Alum material was purchased from
the local market at Hilla city, Iraq 2014, and was identified in the College of Medicine, Department of
Biochemistry, University of Babylon. Crystals of alum KAl (SO
4
).12H
2
O dissolved completely in hot (100 ml)
distilled water at 92
º
C, to prepare final concentration of (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v % at pH 3.6.
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
12
Cloves extract:
Dried plants used in this study were obtained from the local market at Hilla city, Iraq 2014. Distilled water was
boiled, dried plants were added to the (100 ml) and left to cool, this content were mixed by the blender and
filtered to remove the large un homogenized particles to get clear aqueous extract. Different concentration were
prepared (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v %. The extracts were kept at 4
º
C until be used.
In vitro antibacterial activity testing using agar well diffusion assay NCCLs:
The agar well diffusion method was used for the determination of antibacterial activity of aluminum potassium
sulfate (alum) and Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract by using bacterial isolates taken from (skin and otitis
media) to evaluate its effects on the isolated bacteria. Loop full growth from bacterial isolate was inoculated into
nutrient broth incubated at 37
º
C for 18 hrs. The bacterial suspension was diluted with normal saline. Adjust the
turbidity and compare with standard tube (McFarland number 0.5) to yield a uniform suspension containing
1.5×108 CFU/ml. Muller-Hinton agar was inoculated with 0.1 ml of bacterial inoculum. Using cork borer, wells
were made on the cultured media. The aqueous extract was considered as (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v %
concentration. Then, 0.1 ml of aqueous extract were added to wells, then the plates left for 30 min in refrigerator
at 4
º
C, thereafter, they were incubated at 37
º
C for 24 hrs. The inhibition zone was determined to evaluate the
activity of aqueous extract by measuring the diameter in millimeter (Crespo et al., 1990).
Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous Alum and clove extracts:
To determine the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent, the minimum inhibitory test was done to fixed the
best concentration that inhibit visible bacterial growth of experimental microorganisms for an overnight
incubation period (Pandey and Singh, 2011). The MIC of aqueous extract of alum and cloves were determined
by both dilution methods. A two fold serial dilution of aqueous extract of alum and clove were prepared.
McFarland tube standard (0.5):
A barium sulfate turbidity standard solution equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standards was prepared as described by
(Bnyan, 2013).
Results
Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of alum and clove in different concentrations.
In the present study investigation antimicrobial effects of aqueous extract by agar well diffusion assay, in the
present different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) w/v % of both alum and clove and inhibition zone
increased by increases of concentration. The minimum inhibition zone was observed in alum and clove aqueous
extracts, (40, and 33) mm respectively and the minimum were in 20% for each extract 20 and18 respectively.
Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1 Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Alum in Different Concentrations.
Pathogens Zone of inhibition (mm)
cefatxime Alum
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
S. aureus 0 Negative 20 25 30 35
S. epidermidis 18 Negative 22 28 35 40
E. coli 20 Negative 20 23 28 36
Klebsiella pneumonia 16 Negative 23 27 30 37
Table 2 Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove
Pathogens Zone of inhibition (mm)
cefatxime clove
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
S. aureus 0 Negative 16 23 28 33
S. epidermidis 18 Negative 18 22 27 32
E. coli 20 Negative 20 23 29 33
Klebsiella pneumonia 16 Negative 19 21 25 30
The antimicrobial study by agar well diffusion methods shows that the alum and clove has antimicrobial activity
comparable to that of commercial antibiotic cefotaxime.
The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of alum with time of incubation.
The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of alum was tested against different type of gram positive and gram
negative microorganisms with time of incubation and was shown inhibition time of 24 hours. Figure 1.
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
13
Figure 1 Effect of Alum on Bacterial Growth in Different Times.
The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove with time of incubation.
Also, the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove was tested against different type of gram positive and
gram negative microorganisms with time of incubation and was shown inhibition time of 24 hours. Figure 2.
Figure 2 Effect of Clove on Bacterial Growth in Different Times.
Discussion
Aluminum potassium sulfate and Syzygium aromaticum are valuable materials source of medicinally useful
compounds had been traditionally used for several applications. Aqueous extracts were being good sources for
the bioactive compounds that exhibited good antimicrobial properties. Different concentrations of alum were
tested against four bacterial isolates and the results showed that the 20% of alum consider as the MIC. Also,
from the results, it was observed that the bacterial growth inhibition was increase when the alum concentration
increase. Since the body doesn’t absorb aluminum, alum could be consider as a harmless material and has a low
toxicity in laboratory animals. But it has been documented that the ingestion of 30 grams could kill an adult
humans. High level of alum solution could caused distraction of gum tissue, kidney damage and high mortality
rate due to intestinal bleeding (Mallinckreod chemical. J. Bakr. Inc., 2009). The bacterial resistance to different
anti-microbial agents consider as a major problem in medicine and public health. Nowadays studies focused with
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
14
new antibacterial targets which attenuating virulence factor and capacity of certain microorganism to eliminate
the infection (Oneda et al., 1994). The uses of alum as combinations with chlorhexidine or erythromycin
increase its activity as antibacterial agents than uses as single salt (Cheong et al., 2008). However more studies
about alum and its physical and antioxidant properties if there, as well as toxicity are necessary. In the present
study the aqueous extract of clove have been studied against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria
namely S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The screening was performed by agar well
diffusion method. The aqueous extract of clove was active against all types of bacteria isolated from skin and
otitis media and effective against a large number of other bacteria (Cail, 1996) and ( Cuman, et al. 2009).
(Chaieb et al., 2007) have reported the inhibitory effect of clove extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Antibacterial compound of clove effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria .
Conclusions
The preliminary study of this project revealed that the alum and clove can be used as natural antimicrobial in
different ways like natural deodorants (alum) since is a very natural and healthy alternative to all the chemical
based deodorants. Spices (clove) can be used as natural antibacterial in food products due to their less lethal
effects as compared to synthetic chemical additives.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank the presidency of Microbiology and Biochemistry Departments in the College of
Medicine, University of Babylon, Iraq, due to their facilities to accomplish the task of this study.
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article wjpr 1433032606 2
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March 2016
Abdulsamie H. Alta'ee · Mariyam Roqaiya · Wajeeha Begum
... Antimicrobial activity was evaluated of crude extract prepared from alum and clove against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. Over different concentration (10,20,30,40 and 50) w/v %, by in vitro bioassay using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration and the diameter of inhibition zone were determined. It exhibited antibacterial and growth inhibition activity of gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from different sites of infection and the effect was also compared with standard cefotaxime (Bnyan, 2014).Antimicrobial activity of Alum, propolis and plant aqueous extracts at 50% concentration by well-diffusion method was characterized by inhibition zones, the maximum inhibition zone diameters 35mm, 40 mm were found in Salvadora persica and alum respectively, for propolis the inhibition zone was 30 mm. (Mohammad,2013) Spermicidal activity: Spermicidal effect Viability and motility of alum vary with different concentration of potash alum. ...
... Over different concentration (10,20,30,40 and 50) w/v %, by in vitro bioassay using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration and the diameter of inhibition zone were determined. It exhibited antibacterial and growth inhibition activity of gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from different sites of infection and the effect was also compared with standard cefotaxime (Bnyan, 2014).Antimicrobial activity of Alum, propolis and plant aqueous extracts at 50% concentration by well-diffusion method was characterized by inhibition zones, the maximum inhibition zone diameters 35mm, 40 mm were found in Salvadora persica and alum respectively, for propolis the inhibition zone was 30 mm. (Mohammad,2013) Spermicidal activity: Spermicidal effect Viability and motility of alum vary with different concentration of potash alum. In case of 15% concentration the death time was 51.9% sec in case of 10% it was 87.2 sec and in case of 5% it was 122.1sec (Singh, 1998). ...
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  • Jan 2021
  • JRMDS
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of immersion in different disinfectant solutions, on hardness and surface roughness of a heat-cured acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: Specimens were immersed in distilled water, commercial alum in concentration 5%,10% and sodium hypochlorite1% for 60 hour and 180 hours (n=10). After periods of immersion, shore hardness and surface roughness were evaluated using shore D hardness tester (time TH210 shore D hardness tester) and roughness tester, respectively. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test, at a level of significance of 5%. Results: The hardness mean values ranged from 82.856± 1.674 to 86.653 ± 1.226 and roughness main values from 0.177± 0.139to 1.923± 0.510. There is no difference in hardness and roughness between groups and times (p>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study there is no deference between 5% and 10%alum disinfectant solution, it is possible to conclude that alum and sodium hypochlorite , as alternative disinfectant solutions for acrylic resin devices, did not promote effects on hardness and polishing of a heat-cured acrylic resin used for the fabrication of prostheses, neither in 60 hours or 180 hours .
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PR201508
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2021
Background: The attention for plants as well as to medicinal herbs has increased. It's mainly as key sources for the foundation of medical drugs and a source of effective materials that go into the composition of the drug. Aim: In order to determine the medical significance of (Malvasylvestris, Matricariachmomilla, Salvia officinalis, Quercus infectoria, Curcuma Longa, and Alum)aqueous extract and its anti-microbial activity in contradiction of particular kinds within Gram positive, negative bacteria through incomes degree the distance of the inhibition zone against some types of Gram positive and negative bacteria by means measure the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) Methods: These bacteria were randomly isolated from clinical samples of people whom Fallen asleep in Al-Hilla teaching hospital, Babylon during a period from October2016 to January 2017. In the present study; the diagnosis of bacterial strains where after its culturing proceeding within appropriate media (morphological feature) and then the diagnosis was performed by using conventional biochemical tests and Epi 20 system at the microbiological laboratory/College of Medicine/Babylon University. These strains were included; E.coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, proteus, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas. The results of this investigation have exposed that studied extract is effective in discouraging the development of these bacteria outside the body of the organism (Gram positive & Negative bacteria). CONCLUSION: from the above experiment, it was concluded that studied aqueous plant extracts has beneficial effect on tested pathogenic bacteria due to high concentration of energetic biochemical ingredient for antimicrobial action that useful for preventing certain enteric diseases.
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A novel biological rote of α-L-fucose in mutans group streptococci
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2013
This study includes (50) samples were collected from patients with dental diseases (30) swabs taken from dental carries and (20) swabs from periodontal cases, these patients were of both sexes, their ages ranged from 10-65 years. There results of bacterial culture were positive in (20) patients of mutans group streptococci. Versus (30) patients revealed other types of and negative cultures.it was found that (10) isolates (50%) were identified as St. mutans, where (8) isolates (40%) identified as St. salivaris, and (2) isolates (10%) identified as St. oralis. The inhibition effect of fucose in different concentration of bacterial growth were studied, the results showed that there is a great inhibition growth on all studied bacterial isolated form oral cavity (mutans group streptococci) and the best inhibition concentration of fucose on bacterial growth found to be (80mM).
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Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum ( clove ) with metal ion effect against food borne pathogens
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
The antibacterial properties of “Syzygium aromaticum” commonly known as “Clove” tested against food borne pathogens (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli). Agar diffusion susceptibility test revealed inhibition zone of clove sample. Compare to ethanolic extract, methanolic extract was showing best result against gram positive culture Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 2940) and two gram negative cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) and E. coli (MTCC 739). The MIC value was determined by using broth dilution methods. Methanolic extract of clove was subjected to get the MIC against test organisms and it was found to be 2.31 mg/ml for E. coli, 0.385 mg/ml for Stapylococcus aureus and 0.01 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of metal ions (Zn++, Cu++, Pb++, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++) along with methanolic extract of clove samples gave positive results against test organisms. The metal ions increased antibacterial properties of clove samples but after optimization at various concentrations it could not increase the antibacterial activity of samples compare to 10%, 20%, 30%.
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Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) with metal ion effect against food borne pathogens
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
The antibacterial properties of “Syzygium aromaticum” commonly known as “Clove” tested against food borne pathogens (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli). Agar diffusion susceptibility test revealed inhibition zone of clove sample. Compare to ethanolic extract, methanolic extract was showing best result against gram positive culture Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 2940) and two gram negative cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) and E. coli (MTCC 739). The MIC value was determined by using broth dilution methods. Methanolic extract of clove was subjected to get the MIC against test organisms and it was found to be 2.31 mg/ml for E. coli, 0.385 mg/ml for Stapylococcus aureus and 0.01 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of metal ions (Zn++, Cu++, Pb++, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++) along with methanolic extract of clove samples gave positive results against test organisms. The metal ions increased antibacterial properties of clove samples but after optimization at various concentrations it could not increase the antibacterial activity of samples compare to 10%, 20%, 30%
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Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2009
  • REV BRAS FARMACOGN
Eugenia caryophyllata, popular name "clove", is grown naturally in Indonesia and cultivated in many parts of the world, including Brazil. Clove is used in cooking, food processing, pharmacy; perfumery, cosmetics and the clove oil (eugenol) have been used in folk medicine for manifold conditions include use in dental care, as an antiseptic and analgesic. The objective of this study was evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of eugenol used for dentistry purposes following oral administration in animal models in vivo. The anti-inflammatory activity of eugenol was evaluated by inflammatory exudates volume and leukocytes migration in carrageenan-induced pleurisy and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests in rats. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests in mice. Eugenol (200 and 400 mg/kg) reduced the volume of pleural exudates without changing the total blood leukocyte counts. At dose of 200 mg/kg, eugenol significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema, 2-4 h after injection of the flogistic agent. In the hot-plate test, eugenol administration (100 mg/kg) showed unremarkable activity against the time-to-discomfort reaction, recorded as response latency, which is blocked by meperidine. Eugenol at doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg had a significant antinociceptive effect in the test of acetic-acid-induced abdominal writhing, compared to the control animals. The data suggest that eugenol possesses anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive activities.
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Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus serpylloides subspecies gadorensis
Article
  • Feb 1990
  • Microbios
The in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from the flowering apex of Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis against various micro-organisms is reported. Moreover, the main chemical groups found in this essential oil are described.
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Chronic toxicity and tumorigenicity study of aluminum potassium sulfate in B6C3F1 mice
Article
  • May 1994
The tumorigenic potential of aluminum potassium sulfate [A1K (SO4)2 12H2O, APS], a compound which exists widely in the environment, was investigated in B6C3F1 mice. APS was administered in the diet for 20 months at dose levels of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% (w/w). One group receiving the basal diet served as the control. Body weight gain in both sexes was decreased in the 10.0% APS treated group, and increased in the 1.0 and 2.5% APS treated groups. The survival rates at the end of the dosing period were 73.3% (male) and 78.3% (female) in the control group, and 86.7-95.0% (male) and 86.7-91.7% (female) in the APS treated groups. The survival rate showed a tendency to increase in both sexes in all the APS treated groups. In the tumor pathology, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly decreased in the males in the 10% APS treated group. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly decreased in females in all groups including the control group. As regards the nontumorous pathology, the incidence of myocardial eosinophilic cytoplasm showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in males in the APS treated groups. A comparison between the sexes revealed a significant decrease in the incidence of hepatocytic anisonucleosis, myocardial eosinophilic cytoplasm and acinar cell vacuolation of the submandibular gland in the females; and lymphocyte infiltration in renal cortex and pelvis, and vacuolation of cerebellar white matter were noted in the males. The results of the present study indicate that long-term administration of APS does not exert tumorigenic or any other toxic actions in B6C3F1 mice.
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Effect of an alum-containing mouthrinse in children for plaque and salivary levels of selected oral microflora
Article
  • Feb 1998
The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of daily supervised rinsing with a specially formulated, alum-containing mouthrinse on plaque and salivary levels of S. mutans, S. mitis and S. salivarius in caries susceptible children (12-14 years old) and to monitor the effect on the oral tissues and acceptability to subjects. Forty-five subjects were divided into 3 groups (n = 15). Group I received an experimental group with a mouthrinse containing hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate (alum). Group 2 received a vehicle control group containing the same mouthrinse, but without alum and Group 3 had a treatment control with distilled water. All subjects continued normal oral hygiene habits during the study. Salivary and plaque levels were obtained at base line, 2 weeks and 4 weeks and evaluated for microbiologic procedures. Also, potential adverse effects on oral tissues were performed during every visit. The mean plaque and salivary levels of oral Streptococcus (S. mutans, S. mitis, S. salivarius) for the experimental group were significantly reduced after 2 weeks and 4 weeks compared with baseline. The plaque and salivary levels of oral Streptococcus of experimental and vehicle control group differed statistically from each other after 4 weeks, with the strongest reduction in the experimental group and there was statistically difference between treatment control and vehicle control or experimental groups at each time interval. No evidence of deleterious effects to the oral tissues was observed. Daily use of an alum-containing mouthrinse was safe and produced significant reduction effect on plaque and salivary levels of oral Streptococcus and can be used in children for the preventive dentistry.
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Local anaesthetic activity of ??-caryophyllene
Article
  • Jul 2001
  • Il Farmaco
In this work we studied the local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene, one of the main components of clove oil obtained from the dried flower-buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae family). We compared its activity to a chemically related compound, caryophyllene oxide. Anaesthetic activity was evaluated in vivo in the rabbit conjunctival reflex test and in vitro in a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Beta-caryophyllene (10(-4) - 1 microg/ml), but not caryophyllene oxide, was able to reduce drastically, in a dose-dependent manner, the electrically evoked contractions of the rat phrenic hemidiaphragm. In the rabbit, conjunctival reflex test treatment with a solution of beta-caryophyllene (10-1000 microg/ml) allowed a dose-dependent increase in the number of stimuli necessary to provoke the reflex. As in the in vitro results, caryophyllene oxide was ineffective also in the in vivo test. In conclusion, these data evidence the local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene, which appears to be strictly dependent on its chemical structure.
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Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—A review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253
Article
  • Sep 2004
  • INT J FOOD MICROBIOL
In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
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