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Carnivorous plants and their habitats
... The third genus, Drosera (sundews), includes approx. 250 sticky-leaved species distributed across all the continents except for Antarctica ( McPherson, 2010;Gonella et al., 2015). Sundews generally grow in wetlands, but some are adapted to seasonal droughts, especially the species from Australia ( McPherson, 2008McPherson, , 2010). ...
... 250 sticky-leaved species distributed across all the continents except for Antarctica ( McPherson, 2010;Gonella et al., 2015). Sundews generally grow in wetlands, but some are adapted to seasonal droughts, especially the species from Australia ( McPherson, 2008McPherson, , 2010). Flowering plants (Angiosperms) exhibit an extremely broad divergence in genome size compared with other Eukaryotes ( Bennett, 1972). ...
... Holokinetic chromosomes, therefore, tolerate chromosomal fissions or fusions and do not allow more than two crossovers in meiosis (reviewed in Bure s et al., 2013;Heckmann and Houben, 2013) which may substantially affect genome and karyotype evolution of their bearers ( Escudero et al., 2012;Bure s et al., 2013;Bure s and Zedek, 2014;Lukhtanov et al., 2015;S ıchov a et al., 2016). One such effect may be a negative correlation between genome size and chromosome number in holokinetic lineages ( Nishikawa et al., 1984;Roalson et al., 2007; Z avesk a Dr abkov a and Vl cek, 2010;Bure s et al., 2013;Lipnerov a et al., 2013;Bure s and Zedek, 2014). Based on the comparison of four holokinetic clades (cyperids, Drosera, Chionographis and Myristica) with their close monocentric relatives, Bure s et al. (2013) suggested that holokinetism might be associated with genome size decrease. ...
Background and Aims: Studies in the carnivorous family Lentibulariaceae in the last years resulted in the discovery of the smallest plant genomes and an unusual pattern of genomic GC content evolution. However, scarcity of genomic data in other carnivorous clades still prevents a generalization of the observed patterns. Here the aim was to fill this gap by mapping genome evolution in the second largest carnivorous family, Droseraceae, where this evolution may be affected by chromosomal holokinetism in Drosera.
Methods: The genome size and genomic GC content of 71 Droseraceae species were measured by flow cytometry. A dated phylogeny was constructed, and the evolution of both genomic parameters and their relationship to species climatic niches were tested using phylogeny-based statistics.
Key Results: The 2C genome size of Droseraceae varied between 488 and 10 927 Mbp, and the GC content ranged between 37.1 and 44.7 %. The genome sizes and genomic GC content of carnivorous and holocentric species did not differ from those of their non-carnivorous and monocentric relatives. The genomic GC content positively correlated with genome size and annual temperature fluctuations. The genome size and chromosome numbers were inversely correlated in the Australian clade of Drosera.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that neither carnivory (nutrient scarcity) nor the holokinetism have a prominent effect on size and DNA base composition of Droseraceae genomes. However, the holokinetic drive seems to affect karyotype evolution in one of the major clades of Drosera. Our survey confirmed that the evolution of GC content is tightly connected with the evolution of genome size and also with environmental conditions.
... Prey most commonly caught include Ostracods, Amphipods, Daphnia, waterbears (family Tardigrada), and the larvae of mosquitoes and non-biting midges (bloodworms; Akeret, 1993;Figures 25 and 26). In rare cases larger invertebrates such as Gammarus shrimp and even small vertebrates such as fish fry and young tadpoles can be captured (Kaminski, 2010;McPherson, 2010). In plants possessing large traps, multiple prey can be caught simultaneously. ...
... These date as far back as 1747 and are the namesake collections for Aldrovanda. The swamp at Duliolo is regarded by many as the type location for the species (McPherson, 2010;Caspary, 1859Caspary, , 1858). ...
... No evidence exists to indicate Aldrovanda was introduced into cultivation before the 19 th century (McPherson, 2010), with the first published record attributed to a simple paper describing cultivation of German plants by Hausleutner (1850). Darwin mentions cultivating plants received from Kew Gardens in the 1870s (Darwin, 1876), but provides little in the way of methodology and notes that these plants rapidly perished. ...
... Some of these modified leaves have "acitve traps," i.e., exhibit thigmotropic or thigmonastic movements, as in the genera Pinguicula, Drosera, Dionaea, Aldrovandra and Utricularia (Fig. 3). 41,42 Both Aldrovandra and Dionaea produce traps that rapidly snap-shut. 41 Dionaea muscipula Ellis, the Venus flytrap, for example, rapidly reacts to mechanical stimulus. ...
... 41,42 Both Aldrovandra and Dionaea produce traps that rapidly snap-shut. 41 Dionaea muscipula Ellis, the Venus flytrap, for example, rapidly reacts to mechanical stimulus. Dionaea modified It has become clear that the physiological processes involved in pulvinus movement are highly related to its structural features. ...
... The leaves have several glandular trichomes with mucilage droplets on their apex, commonly called hairs or tentacles. 41,55 When an insect gets stuck to the tentacles, it acts as a mechanical stimulation which causes the leaf to curl toward and around the prey. 41,55 Differently from Dionaea, an action potential causes a rapid cell growth in Drosera and Pinguicula leading do the leaf movement that, in this case, is obviously slower, during minutes to hours. ...
One may think that plants seem relatively immobile. Nevertheless, plants not only produce movement but these movements can be quite rapid such as the closing traps of carnivorous plants, the folding up of leaflets in some Leguminosae species and the movement of floral organs in order to increase cross pollination. We focus this review on thigmotropic and thigmonastic movements, both in vegetative and reproductive parts of higher plants. Ultrastructural studies revealed that most thigmotropic and thigmonastic movements are caused by differentially changing cell turgor within a given tissue. Auxin has emerged as a key molecule that modulates proton extrusion and thus causing changes in cell turgor by enhancing the activity of H(+)ATPase in cell membranes. Finding conserved molecules and/or operational molecular modules among diverse types of movements would help us to find universal mechanisms controlling movements in plants and thus improve our understanding about the evolution of such phenomena.
... This group of plants currently consists of about 860 known species belonging to 11 families and 18 genera (Cross et al., 2020). In Cambodia, three genera from three families have been recorded: the sundews Drosera L. (Droseraceae), the pitcher plants Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) and the bladderworts Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae) (McPherson, 2010). Until the beginning of the 21 th century, carnivorous plants in the Indochinese Peninsula (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, i.e. ...
... Until the beginning of the 21 th century, carnivorous plants in the Indochinese Peninsula (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, i.e. Indochina, as circumscribed in fl oristic treatments such as Lecompte (1965)) received litt le att ention from scientists (McPherson, 2010). ...
... The genus Utricularia is represented by around 240 species and the species-richest regions occur mainly in tropical zones, with most taxa concentrated in South America (around 80 species, mainly in Southeast to Northeast Brazil and the Guyana Shield), and Australia, New Zealand and Central America, represented by around 70 species, and Tropical Asia, with around 50 species (McPherson, 2010;Taylor, 1989). South America and Australia are also the regions with the highest concentration of endemic species (76% of the Australian and 65% of the South American Utricularia species are endemic). ...
... South America and Australia are also the regions with the highest concentration of endemic species (76% of the Australian and 65% of the South American Utricularia species are endemic). The African continent has the third highest species richness (around 40 species), with taxa distributed throughout the continent (except the Sahara Desert) and Madagascar (McPherson, 2010;Taylor, 1989). ...
... Carnivory is a common strategy in the campos rupestres, as is the case in kwongkan . Nutrient-poor and wet patches are usually occupied by populations of Drosera (Fig. 11.10a), a genus comprising almost exclusively perennial carnivorous species (McPherson 2010;Silva et al. 2011). Differently, sites subjected to seasonal oscillations of water availability, especially areas where the soils are waterlogged during the summer months, are usually inhabited by annual species of Lentibulariaceae . ...
... (Fig. 11.10b) germinate . Most families of carnivorous plants exhibit low species diversity, with the notable exception of two families: Droseraceae, a family with close to 200 species, most of them in the genus Drosera (Rivadavia et al. 2009;McPherson 2010); and Lentibulariaceae, a family with more than 330 species, approximately 220 in the genus Utricularia and 30 in the genus Genlisea (Muller et al. 2006). Plants from these three genera can be found throughout the Espinhaço Range and in other disjunct areas of campos rupestres. ...
Campos rupestres are rocky seasonally-dry environments that occur over mountaintops in central Brazil. Plant growth is limited and prone to fire during the dry winter, and soils are severely nutrient-impoverished. Plants in these habitats exhibit a wide range of strategies to cope with these limitations. Campos rupestres plants show different rooting depths, according to plant habit and substrate. Water status in plants varies between stable water potentials in isohydric species to water potentials changing according to air humidity in anisohydric plants, some of them being dessication-tolerant and dormant during the dry season (resurrection plants). Carbon assimilation in the dry season is therefore limited by water availability, especially in dessication-tolerant species. A wide variety of mineral nutrition strategies allow effective nutrient acquisition in campos rupestres: mycorrhizas, non-mycorrhizal sand-binding root specializations, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, carnivory, parasitism. The incidence of natural fires may have played a role in the ecological and evolutionary processes that have molded the current flora of campos rupestres, as well as the occurrence of specific functional traits in these habitats. Unveiling the relative importance and prevalence of in situ adaptation and adaptive divergence in the lineages that diversified in campos rupestres will allow us to further discuss mechanisms related to trait evolution and adaptive radiation in campos rupestres.
... The genus Drosera Linnaeus (1753a: 281) (Droseraceae Salisb.) presents a worldwide distribution with about 250 species (McPherson 2010, Lowrie 2013, Fleischmann 2014) and is currently considered the largest carnivorous plant genus. Over the past decade, several studies have reviewed, re-established and described new Drosera taxa from Brazil, which now includes around 30 species in its native flora (Rivadavia 2003, 2008, 2009, Rivadavia et al. 2009, 2014, Rivadavia & Gonella 2011, Gonella et al. 2012, 2014). ...
... The genus Drosera Linnaeus (1753a: 281) (Droseraceae Salisb.) presents a worldwide distribution with about 250 species (McPherson 2010, Lowrie 2013, Fleischmann 2014) and is currently considered the largest carnivorous plant genus. Over the past decade, several studies have reviewed, re-established and described new Drosera taxa from Brazil, which now includes around 30 species in its native flora (Rivadavia 2003, 2008, 2009listed in the online database " Lista da Flora do Brasil " (Silva 2015), which requires urgent reconsideration. ...
Drosera magnifica, a microendemic sundew discovered on a single mountain top in eastern Minas Gerais (southeastern Brazil), is described here as a new species for science. Regarded as the largest New World sundew and one of the three larg- est Drosera species, it was just recently discovered through photographs posted on the social network Facebook. A detailed description, remarks on ecology, habitat, and conservation, a distribution map, line drawings, and photographs are provided, as well as a comparison between the related taxa (D. graminifolia and D. spiralis). The species is considered Critically En- dangered, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria.
... Acid growth, i.e. rapid cell growth that does not involve cell division, leads to motions within minutes [44][45][46][47][48]. This has been reported, for example, for the bending of sticky trap leaves of the carnivores Drosera (sundew) and Pinguicula (butterwort). ...
... The hybrid traps of Drosera glanduligera: Trapping with fast catapulting tentacles and sticky mucus Sundews (Drosera spp.) are primarily known to possess sticky trap leaves with glandular emergences (tentacles) that both bend toward stuck prey [47]. These movements are mainly based on acid growth processes [36,44,[46][47][48] and last a few minutes. The Australian pimpernel sundew (D. glanduligera) is totally out of the ordinary [9][10][11]. ...
Plants move in very different ways and for different reasons, but some active carnivorous plants perform extraordinary motion: Their snap-, catapult- and suction traps perform very fast and spectacular motions to catch their prey after receiving mechanical stimuli. Numerous investigations have led to deeper insights into the physiology and biomechanics of these trapping devices, but they are far from being fully understood. We review concisely how plant movements are classified and how they follow principles that bring together speed, actuation and architecture of the moving organ. In particular, we describe and discuss how carnivorous plants manage to execute fast motion. We address open questions and assess the prospects for future studies investigating potential universal mechanisms that could be the basis of key characteristic features in plant movement such as stimulus transduction, post-stimulatory mechanical answers, and organ formation.
... Around 130 species of Nepenthes have been described. This number is rapidly increasing, with several new species each year (McPherson, 2010). Their leaf morphology is very similar and consists of a photosynthetic part of the leaf (enlarged leaf base) and a tendril that carries a pitfall trap. ...
... The sixth species, N. ventricosa, is nested within a different lineage in the cpDNA phylogeny; the results, however, indicate a close relationship to N. mirabilis with high statistical support (Fig. 4). This grouping receives support from phylogeographic considerations (McPherson, 2010), as both species occur in the Philippines. Biogeographic congruence is also true for two other indicated subgroups, N. gracilis and N. singalana (both are found in Sumatra), as well as N. amplullaria and N. rafflesiana (found in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Thailand). ...
Carnivory in plants is an adaptation strategy to nutrient-poor environments and soils. Carnivorous plants obtain some additional
mineral nutrients by trapping and digesting prey; the genus Nepenthes is helped by its specialized pitcher traps. To make the nutrients available, the caught prey needs to be digested, a process
that requires the concerted activity of several hydrolytic enzymes. To identify and investigate the various enzymes involved
in this process, fluid from Nepenthes traps has been analysed in detail. In this study, a novel type of Nepenthes endochitinase was identified in the digestion fluid of closed pitchers. The encoding endochitinase genes have been cloned
from eight different Nepenthes species. Among these, the deduced amino acid sequence similarity was at least 94.9%. The corresponding cDNA from N. rafflesiana was heterologously expressed, and the purified protein, NrChit1, was biochemically characterized. The enzyme, classified
as a class III acid endochitinase belonging to family 18 of the glycoside hydrolases, is secreted into the pitcher fluid very
probably due to the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide. Transcriptome analyses using real-time PCR indicated that the
presence of prey in the pitcher up-regulates the endochitinase gene not only in the glands, which are responsible for enzyme
secretion, but at an even higher level, in the glands’ surrounding tissue. These results suggest that in the pitchers’ tissues,
the endochitinase as well as other proteins from the pitcher fluid might fulfil a different, primary function as pathogenesis-related
proteins.
... Carnivorous plants have the ability to attract, capture, and digest prey using modified organs-traps-and then absorb the nutrients that are obtained from the bodies of the victims [1][2][3]. Typical carnivorous plants occur in swamps, bog habitats, or humid tropical rainforests [4][5][6][7][8][9]. There are also completely aquatic carnivorous plant species [10][11][12][13]. ...
Carnivorous plants can survive in poor habitats because they have the ability to attract, capture, and digest prey and absorb animal nutrients using modified organs that are equipped with glands. These glands have terminal cells with permeable cuticles. Cuticular discontinuities allow both secretion and endocytosis. In Drosophyllum lusitanicum, these emergences have glandular cells with cuticular discontinuities in the form of cuticular gaps. In this study, we determined whether these specific cuticular discontinuities were permeable enough to antibodies to show the occurrence of the cell wall polymers in the glands. Scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to show the structure of the cuticle. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of the carbohydrate epitopes that are associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. We showed that Drosophyllum leaf epidermal cells have a continuous and well-developed cuticle, which helps the plant inhibit water loss and live in a dry environment. The cuticular gaps only partially allow us to study the composition of cell walls in the glands of Drosophyllum. We recoded arabinogalactan proteins, some homogalacturonans, and hemicelluloses. However, antibody penetration was only limited to the cell wall surface. The localization of the wall components in the cell wall ingrowths was missing. The use of enzymatic digestion improves the labeling of hemicelluloses in Drosophyllum glands.
... Fieldwork conducted for this paper and discussions with local Nepenthes experts suggests that N. mirabilis, N. kampotiana, and N. smilesii are widespread and not under serious threat in Vietnam, many populations occur in well-managed National Parks or areas that are unlikely to be developed. Nepenthes thorelii is endemic to Vietnam and extant at only a single, small site of less than 1 km 2 located in Lo Go-Xa Mat National Park, Tay Ninh Province, Vietnam -adjacent to the type locality (Mey 2010). This population appears to be healthy and well protected from poachers by Park Rangers and entering this site is no easy process, with expensive permits required and passing through two park check points and a military check point. ...
It is the goal of this paper to provide an account of the Nepenthes taxa found in Vietnam and in particular to document the occurrence of Nepenthes kampotiana and update the conservation status of Nepenthes thorelii. In October 2015, the authors conducted a field trip to Vietnam to establish without doubt the number of taxa found in Vietnam. This paper will give an account of that field trip and also discuss the botanical history, ecology, taxonomy, and conservation status of Nepenthes in Vietnam.
... Stalked gland lengths measured in this study generally agree with reports from the existing literature [21]. Significant differences in stalked gland lengths of Byblis-3 in comparison to Byblis-2 and very significant differences of Byblis-3 in comparison to Byblis-1 were observed. ...
Carnivorous rainbow plants (Byblis, Byblidaceae, Lamiales) possess sticky flypaper traps for the capture, retention, and digestion of prey (mainly small insects). The trapping system is based on a multitude of millimeter-sized glandular trichomes (also termed stalked glands), which produce adhesive glue drops. For over a century, the trapping system of Byblis was considered passive, meaning that no plant movement is involved. Recently, a remarkable discovery was made: the stalked glands of Byblis are indeed capable of reacting to chemical (protein) stimuli with slow movement responses. This prompted us to investigate this phenomenon further with a series of experiments on the stimulation, kinematics, actuation, and functional morphology of the stalked glands of cultivated Byblis gigantea plants. Measured stalked gland lengths and densities on the trap leaves are similar to the data from the literature. Motion reactions could only be triggered with chemical stimuli, corroborating the prior study on the stalked gland sensitivity. Reaction time (i.e., time from stimulation until the onset of motion) and movement duration are temperature-dependent, which hints towards a tight physiological control of the involved processes. The stalked gland movement, which consist of a sequence of twisting and kinking motions, is rendered possible by the components of the stalk cell wall and is furthermore anatomically and mechanically predetermined by the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Successive water displacement processes from the stalk cell into the basal cells actuate the movement. The same kinematics could be observed in stalked glands drying in air or submersed in a saturated salt solution. Stimulated and dried stalked glands as well as those from the hypertonic medium were capable of regaining their initial shape by rehydration in water. However, no glue production could be observed afterwards. The long-time overlooked chemonastic movements of stalked glands may help Byblis to retain and digest its prey; however, further research is needed to shed light on the ecological characteristics of the rainbow plant’s trapping system.
... The genus Drosera (sundews) is a large group of carnivorous plants comprising more than 200 species ( McPherson, 2010). Numerous Drosera species are distributed worldwide across tropical to tundra regions, except for deserts and Antarctica. ...
Drosera rotundifolia and Drosera capensis (Droseraceae) are carnivorous plants grown as ornamentals and sources for homeopathic medicine. The aim of this study was to optimize nutrient and growth regulator concentrations for the in vitro propagation of these species. Half strength MS medium (1/2MS) was supplemented with kinetin (0.5, 2, 5 mg/l) or 6-benzyladenine (3, 5 mg/l) and plantlets were transferred to 1/2MS with or without cytokinins. After 8 weeks rosette diameter, plant height, number of roots, root length were recorded and plants were cultured in full strength MS, 1/2MS or 1/2MS with 0.5 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid for the same period of time. Afterwards, plant characteristics (number of roots, root length, number of shoots, number of flower stalks) were assessed. For D. rotundifolia, shoot development and rosette diameter increased significantly in the medium with 0.5 mg/l kinetin and 3 mg/l 6-benzyladenine, while root development decreased. Plant growth regulator free medium was more suitable for root development than medium with α-naphthaleneacetic acid and thus supported the formation of significantly more flower stalks. For D. capensis, kinetin was detrimental for shoot development, the optimum medium for both shoot and root formation being MS without plant growth regulators.
... Nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements absorbed from the prey lead to increased growth (Büsgen, 1883; Chandler and Anderson, 1976; Thum, 1988), increased formation of flowers, fruits and offshoots (Thum, 1988; Krafft and Handel, 1991) or increased mineral concentrations in the tissue (Oudman, 1935; Christensen, 1976). At least 724 species of vascular plants use prey capture to improve their mineral nutrition; with about 228 species, Utricularia (bladderworts, Lentibulariaceae) forms the largest and most widely spread genus of carnivorous plants (McPherson, 2010). In Utricularia, prey is captured by means of sophisticated suction traps (Lloyd, 1942; Sasago and Sibaoka, 1985a, b; Adamec, 2011a; Vincent and Marmottant, 2011; Vincent et al., 2011a, b). ...
Some carnivorous plants trap not only small animals but also algae and pollen grains. However, it remains unclear if these trapped particles are useless bycatch or whether they provide nutrients for the plant. The present study examines this question in Utricularia, which forms the largest and most widely spread genus of carnivorous plants, and which captures prey by means of sophisticated suction traps.
Utricularia plants of three different species (U. australis, U. vulgaris and U. minor) were collected in eight different water bodies including peat bogs, lakes and artificial ponds in three regions of Austria. The prey spectrum of each population was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, and correlated with data on growth and propagation, C/N ratio and δ(15)N.
More than 50 % of the prey of the Utricularia populations investigated consisted of algae and pollen, and U. vulgaris in particular was found to capture large amounts of gymnosperm pollen. The capture of algae and pollen grains was strongly correlated with most growth parameters, including weight, length, budding and elongation of internodes. The C/N ratio, however, was less well correlated. Other prey, such as moss leaflets, fungal hyphae and mineral particles, were negatively correlated with most growth parameters. δ(15)N was positively correlated with prey capture, but in situations where algae were the main prey objects it was found that the standard formula for calculation of prey-derived N was no longer applicable.
The mass capture of immotile particles confirms the ecological importance of autonomous firing of the traps. Although the C/N ratio was little influenced by algae, they clearly provide other nutrients, possibly including phosphorus and trace elements. By contrast, mosses, fungi and mineral particles appear to be useless bycatch. Correlations with chemical parameters indicate that Utricularia benefits from nutrient-rich waters by uptake of inorganic nutrients from the water, by the production of more traps per unit of shoot length, and by the capture of more prey particles per trap, as nutrient-rich waters harbour more prey organisms.
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... These volumes together constitute a monograph of the New World pitcher plant family, Sarraceniaceae, and it has to be said straight away that McPherson and colleagues have produced another two beautifully illustrated books to add to their previous works! [See previous reviews to access information on the earlier works (Fay, 2009(Fay, , 2011]. These new books will feed the appetite of those who are fascinated by carnivorous plants (see Chase et al., 2010, for a description of the craze for carnivorous plants since the 19 th century). ...
... These volumes together constitute a monograph of the New World pitcher plant family, Sarraceniaceae, and it has to be said straight away that McPherson and colleagues have produced another two beautifully illustrated books to add to their previous works! [See previous reviews to access information on the earlier works (Fay, 2009(Fay, , 2011]. These new books will feed the appetite of those who are fascinated by carnivorous plants (see Chase et al., 2010, for a description of the craze for carnivorous plants since the 19 th century). ...
... Despite the existence of detailed monographs ( Clarke, 1997 ;Jebb and Cheek, 1997 ;Clarke, 2001 ;McPherson, 2009 ) and because of a high intraspecifi c diversity (e.g., Kurata et al., 2004 ;Gaume and Di Giusto, 2009 ), it is sometimes diffi cult to identify a species or to distinguish between some of them. In the botanical history of the genus, there are numerous cases of taxonomic confusion; for example, N. pilosa was universally confused with N. chaniana until 2006, N. lamii was long confused with N. vieillardii , N. talangensis was confused with N. bongso ( Clarke, 2001 ;McPherson, 2009McPherson, , 2010, and N. edwardsiana was confused with N. villosa ( Danser, 1928( Danser, , 2006. Last year, the rediscovery of the long-lost N. thorelii , which is a taxon that has been unseen by botanists since it was described 103 yr ago, in 1909103 yr ago, in ( McPherson, 2012, and the doubtful existence of " N. thorelii " in the horticultural trade are further proof of misidentifi cation. ...
Carnivorous plants have always fascinated scientists because these plants are able to attract, capture, and digest animal prey using their remarkable traps that contain digestive secretions. Nepenthes is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with 120 species described thus far. Despite an outstanding diversity of trap designs, many species are often confused with each other and remain difficult to classify because they resemble pitchers or of the occurrence of interspecific hybrids.
Here, we propose a new method to easily distinguish Nepenthes species based on a SDS PAGE protein pattern analysis of their pitcher secretions. Intraspecific comparisons were performed among specimens growing in different environmental conditions to ascertain the robustness of this method.
Our results show that, at the juvenile stage and in the absence of prey in the pitcher, an examined species is characterized by a specific and stable profile, whatever the environmental conditions.
The method we describe here can be used as a reliable tool to easily distinguish between Nepenthes species and to help with potential identification based on the species-specific protein pattern of their pitcher secretions, which is complementary to the monograph information.
... The carnivorous plants known as sundews of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) comprise nearly 200 species spread worldwide, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere and especially in southwestern Australia (Diels, 1906;Schlauer, 2007;McPherson, 2010). Species of the most distinctive groups of Drosera, known as the pygmy sundews -because of their usually diminutive size -are all endemic to the southwestern tip of Western Australia, except for D. pygmaea which is also found in southeastern Australia and New Zealand (Lowrie, 1989). ...
South America and Oceania possess numerous floristic similarities, often confirmed by morphological and molecular data. The carnivorous Drosera meristocaulis (Droseraceae), endemic to the Neblina highlands of northern South America, was known to share morphological characters with the pygmy sundews of Drosera sect. Bryastrum, which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. The inclusion of D. meristocaulis in a molecular phylogenetic analysis may clarify its systematic position and offer an opportunity to investigate character evolution in Droseraceae and phylogeographic patterns between South America and Oceania.
Drosera meristocaulis was included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Droseraceae, using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid rbcL and rps16 sequence data. Pollen of D. meristocaulis was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques, and the karyotype was inferred from root tip meristem.
The phylogenetic inferences (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches) substantiate with high statistical support the inclusion of sect. Meristocaulis and its single species, D. meristocaulis, within the Australian Drosera clade, sister to a group comprising species of sect. Bryastrum. A chromosome number of 2n = approx. 32-36 supports the phylogenetic position within the Australian clade. The undivided styles, conspicuous large setuous stipules, a cryptocotylar (hypogaeous) germination pattern and pollen tetrads with aperture of intermediate type 7-8 are key morphological traits shared between D. meristocaulis and pygmy sundews of sect. Bryastrum from Australia and New Zealand.
The multidisciplinary approach adopted in this study (using morphological, palynological, cytotaxonomic and molecular phylogenetic data) enabled us to elucidate the relationships of the thus far unplaced taxon D. meristocaulis. Long-distance dispersal between southwestern Oceania and northern South America is the most likely scenario to explain the phylogeographic pattern revealed.
... Sundew plants (Drosera) are one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species characterized so far [1] . In response to the poor mineral nutrient composition of the soil in which they grow, these plants are able to attract, capture, and digest insects, thanks to adapted leaves covered by stalked mucilaginous glands [2]. ...
Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera capensis, and Drosera regia are carnivorous plants of the sundew family, characterized by the presence of stalked and sticky glands on the upper leaf surface, to attract, trap, and digest insects. These plants contain exceptionally high amounts of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites that interfere with DNA isolation and subsequent enzymatic reactions such as PCR amplification. We present here a protocol for quick isolation of Drosera DNA with high yield and a high level of purity, by combining a borate extraction buffer with a commercial DNA extraction kit, and a proteinase K treatment during extraction. The yield of genomic DNA is from 13.36 μg/g of fresh weight to 35.29 μg/g depending of the species of Drosera, with a A
260/A
280 ratio of 1.43–1.92. Moreover, the procedure is quick and can be completed in 2.5 h.
There are random uses of androgenic anabolic steroids such as sustanon , especially among young people and adolescent.These drugs have many long-term negative side effects; therefore they have become one of major problem of health. This study was conducted in order to examine the effect of intramuscular injection of androgenic anabolic steroide (sustanon) on some hormonal, immunological and histological parameters in female albino rats. The study carried out in the animal house (College of Veterinary Medicine/ University of Al-Qassim green). Twenty Four female rats were divided into four groups (6 replication for each), the first, second and third treatment sub groups injected by sustanon at concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2) mg/kg/day respectively for six weeks, while the fourth subgroup was considered a control set which injected by physiological normal saline (0.9%Nacl). The blood parameters estimation (RBCs, WBCs, PCV, PLT,Hb) Histologic study included studying histopathological changes in skeletal muscles tissue (thigh, arm). The results showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of the levels (Hb,RBCs, WBCs, PCV, PLT), compared with thecontrol group. Histology study changes showed that hypetrophy of fiber muscle in thigh and arm tissue with hyperplasia of muscle cells in arm at high doses present study conclude that increasing the concentrations of sustanon drug may cause clear pathological changes (physiologically, and histologically in most of the study parameters.
Using traditional and microwave heating methods, new Copper(II) complexes containing mixed ligands isatinazine (IAH2) and benzilthiosemicarbazonebenzelidene (BtscbH), or benzilthiosemicarbazone-ortho-hydroxybenzelidene (BtscoH2), or benzilthiosemicarbazone-meta-hydroxybenzelidene (Btsc Physical and chemical techniques were used to characterise the chemicals that resulted. In neutral (or slightly acidic) media, the ligands produced ionic complexes with the general formula [Cu(IAH2)(LHi)Ac], but in basic medium, neutral complexes with the general formula [Cu(IAH)(LHi-1)] were generated, where LHi = BtscbH, BtscoH2, BtscmH2, or BtscpH2 ligands; LHi-1= deprotonated As a result, deformed octahedral geometries have been examined in hexa-coordinated mononuclear complexes have been investigated having distorted octahedral geometries Agar plate diffusion techniques were used to test the biological activity of the ligands and all of the complexes against Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coliThe antifungal activity of all the ligands and compounds was tested in vitro against Aspergillusniger and Candidaalbicans. There have been no observed effects.
Vitamin D is one of the necessary substances that must be available in food, and it can be made through the exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays found in sunlight. Vitamin D has a significant role in metabolic processes and physiological functions, and has an effect to avoid damage to muscles and recovery processes. It also has a role in regulating calcium, as there is a strong relationship between vitamin D and bone health, as well as a role in muscle function and immune responses in athletes and normal people. This article focuses on the role of vitamin D for athletes and non athletes naturally and when it is taken as a dietary supplement by increasing their overall effectiveness and athletic performance. It was concluded that taking vitamin D as a nutritional supplement for athletes depending on the type of sports activity they perform and their continuity of sports training. Key words: Vitamin D, Performance, Physical Activity, Supplementation, Athletes.
The importance of data encryption has grown dramatically, especially in terms of personal data. The elliptic curve cryptosystem is the major solution for data security because it has become more prevalent. Security and privacy are required to ensure the data has recently generated much concern within the research community. This paper's objective is to obtain a complicated and secure ciphertext and make cryptanalysis difficult. In this paper, we modified the El-Gamal Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) by producing new secret keys for encrypting data and embedding messages by using Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) behavior. This modification is to offer enhanced encryption standards and improve the security. The experiential results show that the proposed algorithm is more complex than the original method.
Understanding the galaxy's center few hundred parsecs is important for knowing how
galaxies form and evolve. Since molecular gas is the source of star formation, it is an
essential part of the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work, we display high-
resolution data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) of
12^CO(J = 6 - 5) emission line toward the center of the galaxy NGC 34 at the distance
of 85.2 Mpc (1 arcsec = 412 pc). The center area of this galaxy has drawn in the CO
emission line with a resolution of (0.27ʺ × 0.23ʺ) as viewed by ALMA along with Spitzer
24 μm data. The CO and IR luminosities, molecular gas mass and density, and star
formation rate (SFR) and density, have been calculated for this galaxy. The value of
the molecular gas mass and the star formation rate SFR are found to equal 3.52 ×
10^8 Mө and 1.72 (Mө/yr) respectively. The surface density values of molecular gas
mass and SFR indicates that this is a starburst galaxy.
This experiment was carried out in one of the fields (A) affiliated to the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, for the spring season 2021, On hybrid tomato plants (Mayai Mayai) to test flower viability, using two factors, the first was three levels of irrigation interval (2, 4, 6) days, and the second factor three concentrations of compound Nano fertilizer with concentrations (0, 1.5, 2.5) gm liter-1, so that the number of treatments is 9 treatments and three replications, the number of experimental units is 27 experimental units distributed randomly according to the random drawing method to ensure reducing experimental error and obtaining the most accurate results. A factorial experiment 3 x 3 x 3 was carried out according to the Nested Design with Factorial design (RCBD), and the results were analyzed using the statistical program Genstat version 12, the means were compared according to the LSD test at the level of significance of 0.05.
Regarding technical and market importance, the number of producers and processors, applications and uses, and industrial and private consumers, polyolefin plastics have reached a position parallel to that of other materials like metals, solid‐state or wooden materials, and organic and inorganic fibers. Polyolefin waxes are by far the most important types of fully synthetic waxes followed by Fischer‐Tropsch‐based waxes. And among polyolefin waxes, polyethylene waxes play a dominant role regarding market and applications, far ahead of other species like polypropylene waxes. Low density polyethylene waxes are produced by high pressure free‐radical polymerization. In recent years, traditional and cultural textiles have become part of international fashion. All over many African countries, locally produced wax fabrics became an important element of the cultural landscape. Low‐pressure injection molding, high‐pressure injection molding and micro high‐pressure injection molding technical equipment and process have preferably been developed for the ceramics industry.
Carnivorous plant are the photosynthetic angiospermic plant which supplement their daily
diet with animal protein or organic matter or diet made up of insects for a plant to be
classified as carnivorous, require some necessary criteria.
In this study, a novel metaheuristic algorithm, namely, carnivorous plant algorithm (CPA), inspired by how the carnivorous plants adapting to survive in the harsh environment, was proposed. The CPA was first evaluated on thirty well-known benchmark functions with different characteristics and seven CEC 2017 test functions. Its convergence characteristic and computational time were analysed and compared with seven widely used metaheuristic algorithms, with the superiority was validated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The applicability of the CPA was further examined on mechanical engineering design problems and a real-world challenging application of controlling the orientation of a five degree-of-freedom robotic arm. Experimental simulations demonstrated the supremacy of the CPA in solving global optimization problems.
Vaccinium hamiguitanense, a new species from the Philippines, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to V. gitin-gense Hook. f. but differs by having smaller leaf blades, leaf blade margins with 2 to 4 impressed more or less evenly distributed crenations (glands) per side, inflorescences with fewer flowers, shorter pedicels that are puberulent and muriculate, and a glabrous floral disk. The new species is endemic to Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Oriental Province of Mindanao Island in Tropical Upper Montane Rain Forest and low ("bonsai") forest on clay derived from ultramafic rock. We assign an IUCN Red List preliminary status as Data Deficient. aBsTrak Inilalarawan sa ulat na ito ang isang bagong species ng halaman mula sa Pilipinas, ang Vaccinium hamiguitanense. Kahawig ng bagong species ang V. gitingense Hook f., ngunit mas maliit ang mga dahon, bawat isa ay may 2 hanggang 4 na kapansin-pansin at halos pantay-pantay na mga umbok sa parehong gilid (mga glandula), mas kakaunti ang bulaklak kada kumpol, bawat isa ay mas maikli ang tangkay na pinalilibutan ng maliliit ngunit magagaspang na buhok, at ang floral disk ay makinis. Ang bagong species ay matatagpuan lamang sa Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary sa lalawigan ng Davao Oriental, isla ng Mindanao, partikular sa matataas na bahagi ng kagubatan at sa kagubatang "bonsai," kung saan ang lupa ay luwad at hango sa batong ultramafic. Binibigyan namin ng paunang status na Data Deficient ang bagong species sa IUCN Red List.
Background: Botanical carnivory is spread across four major angiosperm lineages and five orders: Poales, Caryophyllales, Oxalidales, Ericales and Lamiales. The carnivorous plant family Droseraceae is well known for its wide range of representatives in the temperate zone. Taxonomically, it is regarded as one of the most problematic and unresolved carnivorous plant families. In the present study, the phylogenetic position and biogeographic analysis of the genus Drosera is revisited by taking two species from the genus Drosera ( D. burmanii and D. Peltata ) found in Meghalaya (Northeast India).
Methods: The purposes of this study were to investigate the monophyly, reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and ancestral area of the genus Drosera , and to infer its origin and dispersal using molecular markers from the whole ITS (18S, 28S, ITS1, ITS2) region and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) sequences.
Results: The present study recovered most of the findings by previous studies. The basal position of Droseraceae within the non-carnivorous Caryophyllales indicated in the tree topologies and fossil findings strongly support a date of origin for Droseraceae during the Paleocene (55-65 mya). Within the family Droseraceae, the sister relationship between Aldrovanda and Dionaea is supported by our ITS and rbcL dataset. This information can be used for further comparative and experimental studies.
Conclusions:Drosera species are best suited as model systems for addressing a wide array of questions concerning evolutionary dynamics and ecological processes governing botanical carnivory.
An efficient in vitro regeneration protocol has been developed from shoot tips of Drosera burmannii Vahl., a carnivorous plant of north-east India. Various plant growth regulators were used to study their efficacy in the induction of multiple shoots and roots. Of the various treatments, the maximum number of shoots (28.8 ± 1.5) and roots (9.7 ± 0.6) was observed in one-fourth strength standard medium (MS with 50 mg/l citric acid and 10 mg/l ascorbic acid) supplemented with 4 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 4 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) followed by 26.8 ± 1.4 shoots in one-fourth strength SM fortified with 4 mg/l kinetin (KN) and 4 mg/l NAA. The well-developed plantlets with shoots and roots were potted in small plastic glasses filled with a mixture of sand and farmyard manure (3:1); these plantlets when transferred to a glasshouse for hardening and acclimatization showed 90% survival.
A new interaction between insects and carnivorous plants is reported from Brazil. Larvae of the predatory flower fly Toxomerus basalis (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) have been found scavenging on the sticky leaves of several carnivorous sundew species (Drosera, Droseraceae) in Minas Gerais and São Paulo states, SE Brazil. This syrphid apparently spends its whole larval stage feeding on prey trapped by Drosera leaves. The nature of this plant-animal relationship is discussed, as well as the Drosera species involved, and locations where T. basalis was observed. 180 years after the discovery of this flower fly species, its biology now has been revealed. This is (1) the first record of kleptoparasitism in the Syrphidae, (2) a new larval feeding mode for this family, and (3) the first report of a dipteran that shows a kleptoparasitic relationship with a carnivorous plant with adhesive flypaper traps. The first descriptions of the third instar larva and puparium of T. basalis based on Scanning Electron Microscope analysis are provided.
Carnivorous plants include some 800 plant species of various angiosperm orders and families that – by enormously different and ingenious trap mechanisms – catch small animals and subsequently digest them (insects, ants, spiders, fish fry and many others). The trap types are commonly classified by the physical characteristics of the trapping mechanisms: adhesive, pitcher, eel, snap and suction traps. Digestion takes place by a range of different enzymes (see text). Although there has been an immense progress in almost all branches of carnivorous plant research in recent years (form, function, molecular genetics, geographical distribution and fossil evidence), still there are many open problems to be solved and new ones have arisen. In addition, discussion of hypotheses sometimes diametrically opposed to each other on the origin of carnivorous plants like Utricularia has continued for more than a century now. Some species such as Pinguicula , Dionaea (the Venus flytrap), Drosera and Nepenthes are viewed to be economically and horticulturally important. Drosera has a long history in western herbal medicine.
Key Concepts
The history of carnivorous plant research paradigmatically demonstrates the difficulty that a radically new discovery can meet in science (plants eat animals) until eventually unanimously accepted – in the present case only after a delay of several hundred years.
Although the habitats of carnivorous plants are generally characterized to be low nutrient acid soils and/or correspondingly aqueous environments, there seem to be many more exceptions to this rule than usually hold true on the premise of carnivory as an absolutely necessary adaptation to ecosystems devoid of or low in minerals/nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorous.
Thus, quite unexpectedly on the strict adaptational premise, several populations and species are growing in high nutrient environments (soil and water) and occur even in alkaline areas.
Hundreds of noncarnivorous plant species coexist with carnivorous ones worldwide in the same areas and in the same circumstances, clearly demonstrating that carnivory in virtually all of their different environments is only one option among many others.
Because multiple independent origins of anatomically and physiologically very similar but complex structures appeared to be intrinsically unlikely to several authors, they tried to avoid convergence as far as possible. Nevertheless, molecular investigations have substantiated at least nine independent origins of such traits.
The question for the origin of the most complex and fastest of all carnivorous plant traps, that of Utricularia , has so far proved to be an ‘intractable problem for evolution’. Thus, it appears readily comprehensible why so many contradictory hypotheses have been forwarded on this topic until now (for the details, see text).
Further research will decide whether Behe's concept of ‘irreducible complexity’ (identifying ‘a single system composed of several well‐matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning’) can be applied to the core system of the Utricularia trap.
There seems to be a never‐ending interest by the public in species such as Dionaea , Pinguicula and Nepenthes , so that hardly any larger garden centre can afford not to offer them. Hence, they are horticulturally important.
Carnivorous plants continue to present several of the most captivating problems for systematics and evolution.
In the course of studies to typify what has been regarded as the most widespread and common of the endemic Philippines species of Nepenthes, N. alata Blanco, we were able to review the morphological variation in what we previously regarded as a polymorphic species. This led us to redelimit that species in a narrower sense, to resurrect N. graciliflora Elmer, and to recognise N. negros sp. nov., here assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) using the IUCN standard. The Nepenthes alata group is characterised and a key to its species is provided.
Three new species in the Nepenthes alata group from the Philippines, Nepenthes armin, N. tboli and N. zygon, are described and assessed as threatened using the IUCN 2012 standard. The group is expanded by the inclusion of N. truncata and N. robcantleyi, previously included in the N. regiae group. A key to the nineteen species of the group is presented.
Some species of the genus Passiflora (sect. Xerogona) have flowers that exhibit a mechanically-induced movement of the androgynophore that is probably involved in pollination. Despite the many reports of touch-induced movements of floral parts, the studies concerning anatomical, ultrastructural and molecular aspects of the plant movements are restricted to the vegetative parts. Rapid plant movements are highly dependent on turgor changes of a particular flexible tissue formed by specialized cells capable of losing and gaining water rapidly. Thigmotropic androgynophores of four species of Passiflora from section Xerogona were analyzed at cellular and subcellular levels. Our results show that the movement is due to a vacuolar remodelling in a group of parenchymatous cells at the base of the androgynophore. After the movement, plasmolyzed and multivacuolated cells are present at the stimulated side and turgid and univacuolated cells at the opposite side. The results suggest that the mechanisms leading to the androgynophore movement in Passiflora are, in general, analogous to those reported for the movements of legume pulvinus, motile stamen filaments and guard cells of stomata, pointing to conserved cellular mechanisms of plant movement.
A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evidence for the positions of formerly unplaced families, resulting in a number of newly adopted orders, including Amborellales, Berberidopsidales, Bruniales, Buxales, Chloranthales, Escalloniales, Huerteales, Nymphaeales, Paracryphiales, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Trochodendrales, Vitales and Zygophyllales. A number of previously unplaced genera and families are included here in orders, greatly reducing the number of unplaced taxa; these include Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales), Haptanthaceae (Buxales), Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Huaceae (Oxalidales), Centroplacaceae and Rafflesiaceae (both Malpighiales), Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae and Strasburgeriaceae (all Crossosomatales), Picramniaceae (Picramniales), Dipentodontaceae and Gerrardinaceae (both Huerteales), Cytinaceae (Malvales), Balanophoraceae (Santalales), Mitrastemonaceae (Ericales) and Boraginaceae (now at least known to be a member of lamiid clade). Newly segregated families for genera previously understood to be in other APG-recognized families include Petermanniaceae (Liliales), Calophyllaceae (Malpighiales), Capparaceae and Cleomaceae (both Brassicales), Schoepfiaceae (Santalales), Anacampserotaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae (all Caryophyllales) and Linderniaceae and Thomandersiaceae (both Lamiales). Use of bracketed families is abandoned because of its unpopularity, and in most cases the broader circumscriptions are retained; these include Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceace and Xanthorrheaceae (all Asparagales), Passifloraceae (Malpighiales), Primulaceae (Ericales) and several other smaller families. Separate papers in this same volume deal with a new linear order for APG, subfamilial names that can be used for more accurate communication in Amaryllidaceae s.l., Asparagaceace s.l. and Xanthorrheaceae s.l. (all Asparagales) and a formal supraordinal classification for the flowering plants.
Darwin's interest in carnivorous plants was in keeping with the Victorian fascination with Gothic horrors, and his experiments on them were many and varied, ranging from what appears to be idle curiosity (e.g. what will happen if I place a human hair on a Drosera leaf?) to detailed investigations of mechanisms. Mechanisms for capture and digestion of prey vary greatly among the six (or more) lineages of flowering plants that have well-developed carnivory, and some are much more active than others. Passive carnivory is common in some groups, and one, Roridula (Roridulaceae) from southern Africa, is so passively carnivorous that it requires the presence of an insect intermediate to derive any benefit from prey trapped on its leaves. Other groups not generally considered to be carnivores, such as Stylidium (Stylidiaceae), some species of Potentilla (Rosaceae), Proboscidea (Martyniaceae) and Geranium (Geraniaceae), that have been demonstrated to both produce digestive enzymes on their epidermal surfaces and be capable of absorbing the products, are putatively just as ‘carnivorous’ as Roridula. There is no clear way to discriminate between cases of passive and active carnivory and between non-carnivorous and carnivorous plants – all intermediates exist. Here, we document the various angiosperm clades in which carnivory has evolved and the degree to which these plants have become ‘complete carnivores’. We also discuss the problems with definition of the terms used to describe carnivorous plants. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161, 329–356.
A new species of Nepenthes L., N. attenboroughii (Nepenthaceae), from Palawan Island in the Philippines, is described and illustrated. It is restricted to rocky, ultramafic soils that comprise the summit region of Mount Victoria, Municipality of Narra, where it occurs in isolation from other members of the genus. On the basis of the morphological features, this new taxon appears to be related to both N. mira Jebb & Cheek of Palawan and N. rajah Hook.f. of Borneo. Its substantial size places it among the largest of known pitcher plants. The diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and an updated key is provided for a revised complex of Nepenthes species from the Palawan and North Borneo phytogeographical region. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159, 195–202.
Pitcher plants of the Americas
- S Mcpherson
Glistening carnivores -the sticky-leaved insect-eating plants
- S Mcpherson
McPherson S. 2008. Glistening carnivores -the sticky-leaved
insect-eating plants. Poole: Redfern Natural History Productions.
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
- Apg Iii
APG III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering
plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
161: 105-121.