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Family Migration: The Role of Children and Education in Family Decision-Making Strategies of Polish Migrants in London
Abstract
Poland’s accession to the European Union in May 2004 brought many new possibilities and opportunities for Polish migrants to the United Kingdom. However, the focus on individual migrants has underestimated the complex roles of families in migration strategies and decision making. This paper brings together data from two studies of Polish migrants in London. In 2006–2007, we carried out a qualitative study, Recent Polish Migrants in London. That research examined how families may be reconfigured in different ways through migration, for example, transnational networks and splits within families. While the study participants represented varied examples of family reunification, they also revealed the complex decision making processes about leaving, staying, rejoining and returning. In our most recent study, Polish Children in London Primary Schools, we interviewed parents, who had migrated with children, about their experiences and expectations of London schools. This study revealed that the age of children was usually a factor in family migration decision making. There was a common expectation that younger children could easily adapt to a new school and learn English quickly. Drawing on the findings of these two studies, this paper will explore firstly, the variety of family migration strategies and secondly, the factors that inform migrants’ decisions to bring their families (especially children) or to leave them back home. Finally, the paper concludes by considering some of the policy implications of our findings.
... In their study, Clerge and colleagues (2017) found that solidifying a partnership was important for both male and female participants and have led some couples in academia, in the sample, to relocate together. Other scholarship suggests that couples may decide to relocate together in an attempt to avoid lowering the quality of their relationships and to reduce the likelihood of their mobile partners having an extramarital relationship while abroad (Eby 2001;Wills and Yeoh 2000;Ryan and Sales 2013). ...
... As such, accompanying partners contribute to the success of their mobile partners by organising the life of the entire household after the relocation. The discussion on accompanying partners has brought out the criticism on the concept of "trailing spouse" and demonstrated the active role that accompanying partners take in migration decisions, relocation, and integration processes (Kofman 1999;Eby 2001;Ackers 2004;Ryan and Sales 2013;Ryan and Mulholand 2014;Kofman and Raghuram 2015). While most of the projects examined female partners, more recent research on male accompanying partners in mobile households has shown similar results (cf. ...
... Such a strategy minimised the financial costs and reduced the overall stress associated with relocation. Although the literature has ample examples of how partners contribute to the recreation and reorganisation of family life after relocation (Kofman 2004;Ryan and Sales 2013;Ryan and Mulholland 2014), my findings illustrate the role of partners before the relocation of the entire household. Such observations challenge the simple notion of a "trailing spouse" as a blind follower and highlight the active role of those partners in managing the relocation of the entire household. ...
Academic mobility can be seen as a normalization of professional life. However, despite high numbers of coupled academics in migration flows, examination of their relocation strategies is still scarce. Using data from 35 interviews with coupled German academics in the UK and some of their partners, this paper examines relocation strategies adopted to deal with academic mobility. Analysis of the data showcases four relocation strategies among coupled academics, namely moving together immediately, moving short time apart, relocating after both partners secured employment, and engaging in a long-distance relationship. By highlighting the variation in relocation strategies, the paper extends the existing framework of moving together versus long-distance relationships) and suggests that sub-categories are a necessary lens through which to understand relocation decisions. In addition to its theoretical contribution, the data might be of particular use for academic hiring committees as well as mobile coupled academics.
... Similarly, Bernard (2014) found this to be true for a few accompanying males who after the relocation chose to take this opportunity to become stay-at-home dads. Other accompanying partners are motivated to follow abroad as they attempt to avoid lowering the quality of their relationships and to reduce the likelihood of their mobile partners having an extramarital relationship while abroad (Wills and Yeoh, 2000;Ryan and Sales, 2013;Ryan and Mulholand, 2014c). The issue was both important for accompanying male and female partners (Cole, 2012;Bernard, 2014;Clerge et al., 2017). ...
... In addition to employment and financial downward trends, accompanying partners may also face non-financial challenges such as social isolation and anxiety (Willis and Yeoh, 2000;Ryan and Mulholand, 2014c). For example, as women are also more likely to play an active role in recreating family life (Willis and Yeoh, 2000;Ryan and Sales, 2013;Ho, 2006;Ryan and Mulholland, 2014c), combining family duties and employment may lead to additional conflicts and challenges. In addition, female partners are more likely to provide care and maintain relationships with the extended family remaining in the country of origin (Baldassar, 2007;Ryan et al., 2009;Baldassar et al., 2014). ...
... The discussion on accompanying partners, particularly female partners, has flourished in recent years (Ackers, 2004;Ryan and Sales, 2013;Ryan and Mulholand, 2014c;Kofman and Raghuram, 2015) demonstrating the active role that they take in migration decisions, relocation, and integration processes. Partly, these recent works have emerged as a point of criticism on the concept of "trailing spouse" which was commonly used by scholars. ...
The aim of the DPhil thesis is to explore the particular case of the migration decision-making and experiences of German professionals in Britain. Not only is the mobility of professionals an integral factor for the economies, but it is also promoted and facilitated on the national and EU levels. Mobile professionals may be regarded as the ideal type of mover: invisible, young, highly-talented, competent in the local language, well-integrated. Indeed, due to these characteristics, they are assumed to integrate easily and enjoy the mobile lifestyle. However, some empirical studies highlight the complexities of this mobility suggesting that even those highly-desired mobile professionals are not immune to challenges, which may lead to instability, insecurity, and stress, suggesting that such migration is not as frictionless and easy as may be suggested.
In this thesis, I aim to address these aspects. Based on the qualitative analysis of 64 interviews with professionals and some of their partners, I draw our attention to the complexities in the lives of these privileged mobile professionals. On the one hand, German professionals moving to Britain may exemplify the notion of frictionless mobility, as they enjoy the right to move freely, they are educated, young, competent in the English language, employed according to their qualifications, and well-integrated. On the other hand, their mobility is more constrained than it first appears and their migratory experiences are not immune to challenges or unanticipated obstacles, such as Brexit. Furthermore, having partners or children may present additional challenges for the households, and not only impact the relocation strategies of the household but also impact the migratory experience of each partner. Discussing these aspects contributes to our understating of the particularities of the experiences of mobile professionals relocating between affluent countries, as well as highlights the realities and complexities of mobility and the lives of these highly-desired professionals.
... Childhood is structured by growing independence from parents, culminating with the transition to adulthood, a process that arguably generates distinct patterns of migration among children across the early life course. Indeed, research has documented age differences in rates of child migration (Donato and Perez 2017), in parents' considerations of whether to migrate with their children (Ryan and Sales 2013), and in children's reasons for migration (López Castro 2007). Beyond this, we might expect other patterns of migration to change across childhood, too, including whether parents accompany children and in the relevance of structural forces that lead to migration. ...
... Migration is a sacrifice for the children, often made with investments in their futures in mind (Boehm 2008;Orellana et al. 2001). Parents may migrate for the children or with their children in order to provide a better environment in which to raise their children (Boehm 2008;Dobson 2009;Dreby and Stutz 2012;Hutchins 2011;Lindstrom and Giorguli 2007;Orellana et al. 2001;Ryan and Sales 2013). Three central considerations regarding children in the migration process emerge from this research: family unity, education, and safety. ...
... The resolution of the question of whether to migrate with children may reflect other considerations, such as where it is best for children to grow up. Migrant parents frequently invoke investments in their children's education when making decisions about migration (Boehm 2008;Hutchins 2011;Ryan and Sales 2013). In studies of parents separated from their children, the sacrifice is justified on these terms-as an investment in their children's educational futures (Boehm 2008). ...
Children comprise a significant share of immigrants around the world, yet scholarship has largely treated children as adult-like or adult-following actors in migration. We explore how the early life course and parents’ migration structured children’s migration from Mexico to the USA from 2002 to 2005, using the Mexican Family Life Survey, national survey data from Mexico that tracked 854 migrants, including 375 children, to the USA. We find that while parents’ migration decisions matter at all ages, young children who migrate are nearly always accompanied by their parents, whereas the minority of adolescents are. Primary school-aged children and accompanied adolescents migrate in response to community violence and barriers to education, suggesting that their migration reflects concerns about where it is best to raise children. Adolescents who migrate without their parents do so in response to economic factors, much like adults; however, adolescents also respond to youth community migration prevalence, suggesting that youth-specific norms of migration frame their decision-making. The results show how the early life course structures three distinct profiles of child migration: complete dependents, children whose location choices reflect concerns about schools and safety, and near independents. More generally, the determinants and process of migration shift as parental oversight declines and social structures beyond the family—community violence, access to education, youth norms, gender, and labor markets—emerge as important.
... Economic factors continued to be seen as important but many studies, especially qualitative ones, demonstrated the importance of social and cultural factors, particularly social and cultural links with the natives of the receiving countries (Bobek 2020;Piętka-Nykaza and McGhee 2017). Having children, especially of school age, has been found to be a strong factor attaching Polish migrants to their place of residence (Ryan and Sales 2013;Trevena , 2014White 2011aWhite , 2014a. On the other hand, turning points in the children's educational trajectories, such as starting school or graduating, as well as strong transnational ties with the country of origin were found to favour decisions to return . ...
... The above is in line with existing research, which points to having children of school age as one of the strongest factors deterring people from moving Ryan and Sales 2013;Trevena , 2014White 2011b). As Trevena (2014) writes, adaptation to British schools is often problematic for Polish children but, once they are settled, it is a strong argument for families to remain in their destination, since they believe that their children could not easily re-enter the Polish education system due to the higher level and different style of teaching to that in Britain. ...
... Economic factors continued to be seen as important but many studies, especially qualitative ones, demonstrated the importance of social and cultural factors, particularly social and cultural links with the natives of the receiving countries (Bobek 2020;Cichocka 2021;McGhee, Moreh, and Vlachantoni 2017;Piętka-Nykaza and McGhee 2017). Having children, especially of school age, has been found to be a strong factor attaching Polish migrants to their place of residence (Ryan and Sales 2013;Trevena 2013Trevena , 2014White 2011aWhite , 2014a. On the other hand, turning points in the children's educational trajectories, such as starting school or graduating, as well as strong transnational ties with the country of origin were found to favour decisions to return (Dziekońska 2023;Snel, Faber, and Engbersen 2015). ...
... The above is in line with existing research, which points to having children of school age as one of the strongest factors deterring people from moving (Ryan 2015;Ryan and Sales 2013;Trevena 2013Trevena , 2014White 2011b). As Trevena (2014) writes, adaptation to British schools is often problematic for Polish children but, once they are settled, it is a strong argument for families to remain in their destination, since they believe that their children could not easily re-enter the Polish education system due to the higher level and different style of teaching to that in Britain. ...
Almost two decades have passed since the peak years of out-migration from Poland after European Union (EU) accession. While the academic literature in the first decade after 2004 focused on the ‘intentional unpredictability’ or ‘liquidity’ of Central and Eastern Europeans' migration plans, later scholars developed more stability- or settlement-oriented perspectives. This chapter focuses on how factors influencing migration decisions and decisions to remain changed for Polish migrants over time – measured in years spent in the destination and, especially, in life-course events. Many of the push and pull factors initially considered important by the 73 respondents in this study remained so, especially their perceptions of economic push factors in Poland. However, they also found significant new pull factors encouraging them to stay in the four countries studied. These were linked with the functioning of the health care and welfare systems (especially in Germany and the Netherlands) and culture and lifestyle (especially in the UK and Ireland). Culture- and lifestyle-related factors gained importance in particular for non-graduates. Although the respondents in this study were all long-term migrants with no immediate plans of moving, most did not perceive their destinations as final and planned return or onwards migration – at the same time appreciating the stability they had gained in their lives through migration and keeping a liquid outlook regarding their futures.
... Following EU enlargement in 2004, there was a widely held assumption in British political circles that new waves of European migrants would be mainly temporary (for a critical overview, see Ryan & Sales, 2013). For example, an Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) report concluded that it was probable that many migrants from new EU member states to the UK would indeed return (Pollard et al., 2008). ...
... One consequence of the family migration pattern and relatively young demographic profile of Polish post-accession migrants was the growing visibility of Polish children entering British primary schools (Ryan & Sales, 2013). The increasing number of children born and raised in Polish migrant families spawned new research on how childcare and extended kinship relations are negotiated across distances (Barglowski & Pustulka, 2018;Kloc-Nowak, 2018;Lopez Rodriguez, 2010;Moskal, 2011;Pustułka, 2014;White, 2011), including a focus on the use of ICT in maintaining intergenerational family ties (Kędra, 2020;Pustułka, 2015;Share et al., 2018). ...
... On the other hand, parents themselves vary in their involvement with the school lives and learning processes of their children. This is particularly notable among low-income, ethnic minority, and migrant families (LaRocque et al., 2011;Lareau, 2011), who are often overwhelmed with establishing the economic situations of their families or lacking sufficient knowledge and skills to support their children's education (Barglowski, 2019;Janta & Harte, 2016;Reay, 2004;Ryan & Sales, 2013). This has been particularly visible with the overlapping crises of migration and the pandemic (Guadagno, 2020). ...
... The Role Shift Similar to parents, child participants also noted impeded contact and partnership with teachers and schools during distance learning. For migrant children, distance education was particularly challenging, as they were cut off from direct contact with the most important institution and people in their country of residence (Nowicka, 2014;Ryan & Sales, 2013;Slany et al., 2016). The school closure resulted in the role shift from teachers, who had previously served as educators and guides to the norms, values, and educational system in Poland and functioned as a first-hand Polish language learning bridge, to children, who were left with limited educational support from teachers and parents. ...
The worldwide imposed lockdowns forced schools and universities to digitise conventional teaching in a very short time and to convert teaching and learning formats partially or completely to Distance Learning. The changes in everyday teaching brought by Distance Learning were felt worldwide. With 22 double blind peerreviewed articles of researchers reporting on 17 different countries, the editors of this book want to shed light on the effects of Distance Learning in different regions of the world. This will allow for a value-free comparison of how the COVID-19 pandemic has been addressed in education in different parts of the world and what impacts it has had, is having or may have in the future.
The book is fully available here: https://doi.org/10.56560/isbn.978-3-7011-0496-3
... On the other hand, parents themselves vary in their involvement with the school lives and learning processes of their children. This is particularly notable among low-income, ethnic minority, and migrant families (LaRocque et al., 2011;Lareau, 2011), who are often overwhelmed with establishing the economic situations of their families or lacking sufficient knowledge and skills to support their children's education (Barglowski, 2019;Janta & Harte, 2016;Reay, 2004;Ryan & Sales, 2013). This has been particularly visible with the overlapping crises of migration and the pandemic (Guadagno, 2020). ...
... The Role Shift Similar to parents, child participants also noted impeded contact and partnership with teachers and schools during distance learning. For migrant children, distance education was particularly challenging, as they were cut off from direct contact with the most important institution and people in their country of residence (Nowicka, 2014;Ryan & Sales, 2013;Slany et al., 2016). The school closure resulted in the role shift from teachers, who had previously served as educators and guides to the norms, values, and educational system in Poland and functioned as a first-hand Polish language learning bridge, to children, who were left with limited educational support from teachers and parents. ...
At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic nearly 1.6 billion learners (94% of the world’s student population) were affected by the closure of educational institutions. The imposed lockdowns forced schools and universities to digitise conventional teaching in a very short time and to convert teaching and learning formats partially or completely to Distance Learning. The changes in everyday teaching brought by Distance Learning were felt worldwide. With 28 double blind peer-reviewed articles of researchers reporting on 17 different countries, the editors of this book want to shed light on the effects of Distance Learning in different regions of the world. This will allow for a value-free comparison of how the COVID-19 pandemic has been addressed in education in different parts of the world and what impacts – positive and/or negative – it has had, is having or may have in the future.
... On the other hand, parents themselves vary in their involvement with the school lives and learning processes of their children. This is particularly notable among low-income, ethnic minority, and migrant families (LaRocque et al., 2011;Lareau, 2011), who are often overwhelmed with establishing the economic situations of their families or lacking sufficient knowledge and skills to support their children's education (Barglowski, 2019;Janta & Harte, 2016;Reay, 2004;Ryan & Sales, 2013). This has been particularly visible with the overlapping crises of migration and the pandemic (Guadagno, 2020). ...
... The Role Shift Similar to parents, child participants also noted impeded contact and partnership with teachers and schools during distance learning. For migrant children, distance education was particularly challenging, as they were cut off from direct contact with the most important institution and people in their country of residence (Nowicka, 2014;Ryan & Sales, 2013;Slany et al., 2016). The school closure resulted in the role shift from teachers, who had previously served as educators and guides to the norms, values, and educational system in Poland and functioned as a first-hand Polish language learning bridge, to children, who were left with limited educational support from teachers and parents. ...
At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic nearly 1.6 billion learners (94% of the world’s student population) were affected by the closure of educational institutions. The imposed lockdowns forced schools and universities to digitise conventional teaching in a very short time and to convert teaching and learning formats partially or completely to Distance Learning. The changes in everyday teaching brought by Distance Learning were felt worldwide. With 28 double blind peer-reviewed articles of researchers reporting on 17 different countries, the editors of this book want to shed light on the effects of Distance Learning in different regions of the world. This will allow for a value-free comparison of how the COVID-19 pandemic has been addressed in education in different parts of the world and what impacts – positive and/or negative – it has had, is having or may have in the future.
... On the other hand, parents themselves vary in their involvement with the school lives and learning processes of their children. This is particularly notable among low-income, ethnic minority, and migrant families (LaRocque et al., 2011;Lareau, 2011), who are often overwhelmed with establishing the economic situations of their families or lacking sufficient knowledge and skills to support their children's education (Barglowski, 2019;Janta & Harte, 2016;Reay, 2004;Ryan & Sales, 2013). This has been particularly visible with the overlapping crises of migration and the pandemic (Guadagno, 2020). ...
... The Role Shift Similar to parents, child participants also noted impeded contact and partnership with teachers and schools during distance learning. For migrant children, distance education was particularly challenging, as they were cut off from direct contact with the most important institution and people in their country of residence (Nowicka, 2014;Ryan & Sales, 2013;Slany et al., 2016). The school closure resulted in the role shift from teachers, who had previously served as educators and guides to the norms, values, and educational system in Poland and functioned as a first-hand Polish language learning bridge, to children, who were left with limited educational support from teachers and parents. ...
With the rapid transition to remote teaching during the pandemic, higher education instructors have been confronted with unprecedented challenges, particularly the management of interpersonal relationships in online formats. To date, little research investigated instructors’ work experiences during the pandemic. This paper provides insights into a) aspects that instructors found stressful and aspects they reported as resources, b) instructors’ levels of stress and stressors, and c) the extent to which instructors perceived personal and social resources to cope with stress. In two studies, we analyzed the data of a two-wave survey with independent samples of 157 (W1, Spring 2020) and 128 (W2, Fall/Winter 2020/2021) instructors, respectively. In Study 1 (qualitative), we identified specific stressors and resources reported by instructors finding that they most frequently mentioned interpersonal aspects as stressors and resources. In Study 2 (quantitative) we compared stress levels, stressors, and available resources at both waves considering instructors’ gender and professional status. Unexpectedly, we found no gender differences in experienced stress levels. Yet, there were significant differences in perceived personal and social resources. At both times, female compared to male instructors reported a more
positive social teaching self-concept and higher institutional support. At W1 and W2, mid-level staff perceived higher levels of stress compared to lecturers. After 9 months in the pandemic, mid-level staff reported higher online self-efficacy compared to professors.
We discuss our findings in terms of their implications as the global digital transformation of teaching in higher education continues to unfold.
... Indeed, migration literature has long demonstrated that migration can be a destabilizing endeavor (Svašek, and Skrbiš 2007;Skrbiš 2008;Svašek 2010). Accordingly, relocating to a new country, adjusting to a new culture, reorganizing family life, and providing transnational care to the family left behind all contribute to emotional challenges (Ryan 2008;Butcher 2010;Fitzgerald and Howe-Walsh 2008;Ryan and Sales 2013;Baldassar et al. 2014). By incorporating emotions into a discussion on mobile academics, I seek to contribute to our understating of the factors that are particularly emotionally challenging. ...
... The growing research examines the influence of having children on migration (Bailey Blake, and Cooke 2004; Ryan and Sales 2013;Ryan and Mulholand 2014). However, research on the role of children in mobility of academics is still relatively scarce (Vohlídalová 2014, Henderson andMoreau 2020). ...
The increasing mobility of academies gives rise to the question of how mobile academics navigate their migration, what are their motivations and their experiences. Using data from 35 interviews with German academics in the UK, this paper explores mobility along a complex spectrum between voluntary move and professional necessity. It then explores how the specific national context of being a German in the UK impacts migratory experiences. Finally, the paper discusses concerns and challenges of combining academic mobility with family life. The paper calls for a critical exploration of mobility of academics and highlights opportunities as well as the challenges that it presents.
... Neoliberal migration theories assume that migration decisions are based largely, if not solely, on economic factors (Sales 2007). Moreover, they presume that family migration is undertaken to maximize the economic opportunities of the main wage earner who is often considered, explicitly or implicitly, to be male (Ryan, Sales 2013). This approach disregards forced migrants and overlooks the role of women and children in the decision-making processes and obfuscates "the underlying social and cultural decision-making processes of family migrants" (Smith 2004: 265). ...
... Neoliberal migration theories assume that migration decisions are based largely, if not solely, on economic factors (Sales 2007). Moreover, they presume that family migration is undertaken to maximize the economic opportunities of the main wage earner who is often considered, explicitly or implicitly, to be male (Ryan, Sales 2013). This approach disregards forced migrants and overlooks the role of women and children in the decision-making processes and obfuscates "the underlying social and cultural decision-making processes of family migrants" (Smith 2004: 265). ...
... Schools are also an important socialization agent (Corsaro & Eder 1990), especially if they implement cross-cultural and multilinguistic initiatives (Sznajder 2016). They are particularly important to migrant children and their families (Ryan & Sales 2013). They are often the only institution in the new country introducing migrant families to a new society (Pustułka et al. 2018) and provide a "systemic contact with the new culture" (Suárez-Orozco & Suárez-Orozco 2001: 3). ...
Dzieci w rodzinach z doświadczeniem migracji często są rozdarte między zachowaniem języka odziedziczonego/ojczystego a nabyciem biegłości w języku kraju, w którym obecnie mieszkają. Znajomość języka społeczeństwa goszczącego pomaga dzieciom odnieść sukces w szkole i później znaleźć dobrą pracę, a umiejętność posługiwania się językiem odziedziczonym ułatwia komunikację w rodzinie. Zdobycie kompetencji w obu językach jednak nie zawsze jest łatwe. Jest to szczególnie skomplikowane w rodzinach wielopokoleniowych i takich, w których rodzice posługują się różnymi językami odziedziczonymi/ojczystymi. W szkołach dynamika jest zróżnicowana w zależności od liczby osób posługujących się poszczególnymi językami. W artykule analizujemy dynamikę w rodzinach i szkołach dzieci, których co najmniej jedno z rodziców urodziło się poza Polską. Pytamy, kto jest odpowiedzialny za umiejętność posługiwania się przez dzieci jednym lub obydwoma językami i analizujemy sposoby integracji i/lub wykluczenia dzieci-migrantów ze względu na język, którym się posługują. Badamy te kwestie w ramach teorii ugruntowanej (grounded theory). Dane empiryczne pochodzą z badań etnograficznych prowadzonych w Poznaniu i Wrocławiu z udziałem dzieci migrujących i ich rodzin, nauczycieli i asystentów międzykulturowych.
... Egy kutatás Londonban élő lengyel állampolgárok migrációs döntéseivel, és a gyermekek oktatási helyzetével foglalkozott. 79 A kutatásban részt vevő családokat nagyban befolyásolta, hogy gyermekeik oktatása hogyan alakul a szabad mozgás következtében. Többségi álláspont volt, hogy a kisebb gyerekek jobban be tudnak illeszkedni, ezért a szülők magukkal vihetik őket, de a 13-14 éveseket már nem érdemes kiszakítani a lengyel oktatási környezetből, mert már nem tudnak a képességeinek megfelelő szinten integrálódni a fogadó ország rendszerébe. ...
A felsőoktatásban tanuló diákok jogai a személyek szabad mozgása alapjog fényében az EU-ban NYERS SZERZŐI VERZIÓ 2018-10-14. Megjelent, módosított és szerkesztett formában: Gellérné Lukács Éva (2019) A gyermekek és a felsőoktatásban tanuló hallgatók jogai a személyek szabad mozgása alapjog fényében az Európai Unióban In: Szeibert Orsolya (szerk.) Gyermekjogi panoráma, ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest, 263-284. A szabad mozgás fundamentális jellege kezdetben csak a munkavállalókat illette meg a Római Szerződés 48. cikke alapján. A gazdasági fejlődés és az akkor Európai Közösségeknek hívott térségen belül vándorló munkavállalók társadalmi életbe történő integrációja sok olyan kérdést vetett fel, amelyek már nem gazdasági természetűek voltak. Ezek közül markáns témaként jelent meg a szabad mozgás jogával élő munkavállalók gyermekeinek járó jogosultságcsokor természete, részletei. A társadalmi nyomás eredményképpen az 1990-es években a munkavállalói jogok részben kiterjesztést nyertek a gazdaságilag inaktív személyek egy részére is, beleértve a gyermekeket. Fokozatos fejlődésnek indult a gyermekek jogait érintő joggyakorlat, különösen az uniós polgárság 1993-as bevezetésével. Cikkem a szabad mozgás és a gyermekjogok összefüggésrendszerének határkérdésével foglalkozik, éspedig a felsőoktatásban tanulók jogi megítélésével az EU jogban. Ma ez egy igen aktuális kérdés, hiszen a magyar középiskolákban is tapasztaljuk, hogy nagyon sokan már a középiskola után külföldre mennek tanulni, nem követik az előtte évtizedekig élő mintát, miszerint korábban leginkább a már egyetemet végzettek indultak útnak. A hallgatók Unión belüli mozgásának ugrásszerű növekedése 2010-ben több mint 710 ezer európai diák 3 tanult más tagállamban főiskolán vagy egyetemen. 4 2015-ben a mobilitás viszont már 1,6 millió főt érintett. 5 Utóbbiak közül 430 ezer fő az Egyesült Királyságban tanult, ezért a Brexit esetleges korlátozó hatásai esetén az EU statisztikáit súlyosan érintő fejlemények várhatóak. Ausztriában, Magyarországon, Romániában és Szlovéniában egyértelműen növekvő tendencia figyelhető meg a felsőoktatási mobilitás.
... And his dilemma is by no means exceptional: Many groups, whether migrant workers trying to reunite with their families (e.g. Ryan and Sales 2013;Rutten and Verstappen 2014) or refugees struggling with the decision of which country to go to (e.g. Crawley and Hagen-Zanker 2018), face comparable difficulties and are subject to the same vicissitudes of life. ...
This article analyzes the Migration–Mobility Nexus (MMN) and shows how it can be conceived as a tool to make sense of the relationship between migration and mobility. Being polysemic, the term nexus offers three different ways to conceptualize this relationship: as continuum, process, and dyad. The first highlights the connected space between long-term and short-term and between monodirectional and circular movements. The second focuses on the sequential transition from migration to mobility in both history and scholarship. Finally, the third suggests that boundless mobility and restricted migration are not contradictory but constitutive of each other. Taking a closer look at these readings, we find that all three can be helpful points of departure for conceptual investigations into contemporary human movement.
... When the push factor of democratic backsliding became a motivation for migration, HK migrants started considering the pull factors in the decision-making process of comparing countries that could become their new home. Studies have discussed a variety of factors influencing migrants' decision-making (Haug, 2008;Koubi et al., 2016;Ryan & Sales, 2013), which include network effects, migration policies, environmental perceptions, and children's education, among others. As the HK diaspora happened during and after the 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill Movement and it is a "historically contingent process" (B. ...
This article compares the considerations, expectations, and realizations of Hong Kongers migrating to Taiwan and Australia. Based on interviews with 22 Hong Konger migrants, we identified some key drivers for Hong Kongers who moved to Taiwan or Australia. The findings add insights into the spatial-temporal nexus of migration and extend the static push-pull model by including migrants' changing perceptions about the sociopolitical conditions of different destinations. In addition to offering a more nuanced understanding of migrants' perceptions of and adaptations to the sociopolitical environment of the host society, we highlight that, after moving to Taiwan or Australia, Hong Kong migrants experience a gap between what they imagined at the time of migrating and the reality (political, social, and/or cultural). The imagination of the sociopolitical community in the destination countries before they leave and the gap between pre-and post-migration experiences constitute the "unsettling" characteristic of the recent Hong Kong exodus after 2019.
... The nascent social relations that a migrant experiences are complex, indeed kaleidoscopic and shifting. Migration encompasses myriad issues relating to economic opportunities; relationships and families; gender; social structures and social networks; culture; identity formation and promises of a better future (Ryan and Sales 2013;Krivokapic-Skoko and Collins 2014). Problems arise in new migration destinations because policymakers by and large operate with the singular perspective of migration as an economic proposition failing to recognise the breadth of social space and thus failing to give sufficient attention to cultural and social dimensions (McAreavey and Argent 2018). ...
... The school environment may play a crucial role in the development of refugee children. This is because peers recognized the school environment as an important element linked to refugees" social networking, seeking for psychological support and focusing on studying (50,51). ...
Bachground: Worldwide, more than 79.5 million people are forcibly displaced, including a significant number of migrant and refugee families with children. Migration and refugeedom affect these families in different dimensions, such as mental, physical and spiritual health. Identifying family needs and enhancing parenting skills can improve family cohesion and health, as well as smooth integration into the host country. This review is part of the Erasmus+ funded project- IENE 8 (Intercultural Education for Nurses in Europe) aiming at empowering migrant and refugee families regarding parenting skills.
Methods: This was a scoping review of literature. The IENE 8 partner countries (Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, and United Kingdom) searched for peer reviewed papers, grey literature and mass media reports at international, European and national level. The time period for the search of scientific and grey literature was between2013-2018, and for mass media, it was between 2016 and 2018.
Results: 124 relevant sources were identified. They included 33 Peer reviewed papers, 47 Grey literature documents and 44 mass media reports. This revealed the importance of understanding the needs of migrant families with children.
Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that there is a need to support refugee parents to adjust their existing skill and to empower them to develop new ones. Healthcare and social services professionals have an essential role in improving the refugees' parenting skills. This can be done by developing and implementing family-centered and culturally-sensitive intervention programs.
... It needs to be mentioned here that active agency of the stayers was implemented differently in the conditions of the1980s Poland. Unlike in the cases of the wives of Polish migrants in London after Poland acceded to the EU, which naturally resulted in a greater diversity of migratory strategies (Ryan et al., 2009;Ryan & Sales, 2011), the researched stayers' migration strategies were strongly guided by the regulations concerning international migration of the time. ...
In migration research, the voice is usually given to those who move, but in this article, those who stay are at the centre of attention. The study aims to present the stayers’ practices of everyday life in transnational families in an attempt to highlight the experience of staying and understand the stayers’ role in the migration project. The study is based on semi‐structured life story interviews conducted in 2020 with people who in the 1980s stayed in the northeastern part of Poland when their relatives migrated internationally. In the almost four‐decade perspective, staying appears as a powerful condition and an active process, closely interrelated with migration. Also, the migration project does not appear dependent so much on the range and availability of communication technologies – limited in the 1980s – but on transnational families’ engagement in that project and desire to accomplish it.
... Aspirations for the children's well-being may thus lead to different priorities and decisional outcomes on a spatial and temporal level which renders familial migration a set of diverse occurrences rather than one single event (Moskal & Tyrrell, 2016). Relevant indicators that build the basis for the formulation of familial strategies and choices may regard standards of security, freedom of choice, flexibility, property rights in the potential host context, or an environment adapted to family needs concerning social politics and educational systems Moskal & Tyrrell, 2016;Ryan & Sales, 2011;Valtolina, 2013). Findings suggest that aspiration for career progress and professional mobility are secondary especially for tied movers in the pre-departure phase, as they put focus predominantly on the educational path, competence training, and well-being of their children rather than on their own training or career goals in the host society. ...
This article tackles the issue of professional inclusion of “knowledgeable” migrants under consideration of the paradigmatic life course framework. It thus aims to contribute to international research on human capital valorisation. The comparative analysis of this study is grounded on qualitative data from 30 in‐depth interviews with German, Romanian, and Italian qualified movers in Italy and Germany, who did not migrate for reasons resulting from economic hardship or poverty, but rather to improve their living conditions on familial (tied movers), professional, or socio‐cultural level. Our research aimed to investigate their professional trajectories and corresponding skill utilisation. Findings of the study confirm two predominant tracks of professional integration in the labour host context characterised either by transcultural competence transfer and utilisation or by professional re‐invention and skills acquisition. Particular attention within the data analysis and corresponding conclusions has been paid to potential dynamics for social and economic up and downward mobility and the role of the three heterogenous (more and less privileged) national and cultural backgrounds for brain circulation.
... Migration has increasingly been understood as a relational process (Montero-Sieburth et al. 2021). For example, within families, the decision of who migrates is shaped by factors such as gender roles and parents' decisions to leave, stay behind, join family members abroad or return to their homeland are mediated by the educational and caring needs of children (Ryan and Sales 2013). Migration is also mediated by migrants' CONCEPTUALISATION OF ONWARD MIGRATION OF COLOMBIAN PARENTS 5 intimate relationships more broadly. ...
Onward migration is generally defined as the process whereby people leave the country of origin, settle in a second country, and then migrate to a third country when circumstances change. This study advances the conceptualisation of onward migration by exploring the trajectories of 51 Colombian parents who settled in Spain in the early 2000s and then onward migrated to London after the 2008 crisis through the lens of relationality and mobility. Drawing from life history interviews, this article identifies five types of onward migration trajectories resulting from the interplay between structural and relational factors such as family obligations, gender roles, loving and conflictual relationships. For some parents, (1) onward migration unfolded linearly as they could move directly from Spain to London without significant factors constraining their move. For others, (2) onward migration was delayed by experiences of immobility. (3) Onward migration was achieved in a stepwise fashion when parents or their family members had to move to other countries to acquire the capital needed to onward migrate or to facilitate their family’s onward migration. (4) Some underwent multiple onward migrations before finding a desirable alternative to Spain. Finally, (5) in other cases onward migration followed other types of international mobilities when these did not bring about the desired outcomes. Ultimately, this article proposes a conceptualisation of onward migration as an open-ended, relational process that may entail and be achieved through multiple international im/mobilities.
... Adding to this picture, we have a growing population of internationally mobile citizens and changing migration patterns that have fuelled scholarly debate on transnational family life, migrating families, care regimes, and how family life is constructed globally and locally (Kilkey et al, 2014;Johansson and Andreasson, 2017;Schiefer, 2020). Scholars have also given a fair amount of attention to how families have balanced a combination of emotional, economic, social and political factors related to cultural and institutional challenges and ways of doing family life in different countries due to migration (Ryan and Sales, 2013;Coe, 2014;Gillespie et al, 2020;Man and Chou, 2020). ...
Utilising data gathered through ethnographic fieldwork this article investigates (a) how asylum seekers portray family life in relation to their decision to flee their country of origin, and (b) how asylum seekers’ ways of doing family life intersect with the Swedish migration context. Analytically, the article leans on sociologically informed theories of family practices and a conceptual discussion on deportability . The results show how family life among the participants is reconstituted both in terms of geographical closeness and distance, and in terms of ideas about a previous family life in the country of origin and hopes for a possible future in Sweden. The insecurity and the strains placed on people and their family bonds by current migration policies, and the risk of deportation, are interpreted as a specific form of administrative violence that cuts into family practices, serving to maintain physical and emotional distance between family members and break down social bonds.
... Patarra (2006) points to issues related to human rights and economical-productive restructuring in a global scale. Family structure, cultural aspects and language can also be a significant factor in the decision to migrate (Bal & Willems, 2014;Bender et al., 2020;Benson, 2012;Bushin, 2009;Halfacree, 2004;Jorgensen et al., 2019;Massey et al., 1993;Ryan & Sales, 2013;Saarela & Finnäs, 2013;Teo, 2003;Thompson, 2017). In addition, other institutional aspects might be especially important, such as permanent resident process, social security and labour guarantees (Bertocchi & Strozzi, 2008;de Jong & de Valk, 2020;Hoon et al., 2020;Nifo & Vecchione, 2014;Ryo, 2013). ...
The Venezuelan hyperinflation process has caused serious economic and social consequences. The wave of migrants and refugees fleeing the country is one of the most obvious and important faces of the problem, with significant regional impacts. This paper aims to develop a methodology, related to the New Economic Geography, to explain Venezuelan labour migration flow from changes in the price level. Results from the model's simulations show that in the short run (1‐year horizon), Venezuelan industrial and agricultural workers tend to emigrate to nearby countries. However, in the long run (10‐year horizon), the decision is based on real wage differential.
... Research has widely explored the educational experiences of migrants and ethnic minorities, both in mainstream schooling and in ethnic supplementary schools. Literature on the migrant experiences in regular schools has analysed academic achievement and outcomes (e.g., Ho & Kao, 2018), issues of language acquisition and cultural capital (e.g., Moskal, 2016), social capital (e.g., Ryan & Sales, 2013;Tereshchenko et al., 2019), expectations from teaching staff (e.g., Cherng, 2015) and wellbeing of children of migrant families (e.g., Gaulter & Green, 2015) . These studies, although rigorous and relevant, have mostly focused on challenges faced by foreign-born or second-generation migrant children that are educated in a language they do not speak at home. ...
Diaspora communities use school education as a central way to reproduce their identity throughout generations. However, religious institutions, clubs and specific events can also perform a role in reproducing the groups’ cultural identity, working as non-formal spaces of education. We examine how diasporic Armenian families in Brazil perceive the roles that formal and non-formal education play in supporting the conservation of their Armenian identity. The paper draws from an ethnographic study conducted in Armenian ethnic institutions in Sao Paulo. Participants expressed having ambiguous feelings towards these organisations, valuing their educational features distinctly. While they do not perceive the everyday practices of the Armenian school as having a central role in reproducing cultural identities, they acknowledge that non-formal educational spaces and one-day events are pivotal to celebrate these identities.
... Many authors that investigated this phenomenon (cf. Iglicka 2010, Ryan and Sales 2011, Janukowicz 2014, Młyński & Szewczyk 2012, Kławsiuć-Zduńczyk 2014, Kozielska 2014, Moskal and Tyrrell 2016, White 2017) used data from various sources and mixed methods to answer questions about the reasons for migration as well as the factors influencing the decision to return (see Rovetta Cortes 2016). The latter is of particular interest here. ...
Abstract:
This paper presents the discussion about evaluating and using „migrating fertility” potential as a useful approach for designing and implementing pro-natalist and family policies, which may play a significant role in managing migration processes, especially in the context of low fertility in European countries. The analysis presented in the article is based on a pilot empirical study conducted in the UK in 2017 and 2018. The aim was to capture the views of migrants who have been staying in the UK for several years on the !Family 500+” fertility-boost financial aid program introduced in Poland in 2016. A critical aspect of the adopted approach is the inclusion in the analysis of future demographic trends and the fertility potential of those who emigrated from their home country, which is often underestimated in migration studies. The study results, which were conducted shortly after the launch of the Program, clearly indicate that the new child benefit is not the only decisive factor for Polish migrants. Therefore they are not necessarily eager to return to
their home country despite the new pro-family policy.
Keywords: migrating fertility, return of migrants, assessment of movement, pro-fertility policy, migration from Poland
... Inny charakter miała natomiast emigracja z drugiej połowy XX wieku, szczególnie z lat 80. W tej grupie znalazło się wielu Polaków, którzy podtrzymywali więzi z innymi rodakami na obczyźnie i jednocześnie szybko integrowali się w społeczeństwie 37 Judah 2018, s. 11. 38 London Datastore, 04.05.2020. 39 Badaniami nad współczesną migracją Polaków do Wielkiej Brytanii zajmuje się wielu naukowców, między innymi: Ryan et al. 2009a, Burrell 2002, White 2010, White 2011, Lopez-Rodrigez 2010, Eade et al. 2006, Krotofil 2013, Ryan et al. 2009b, Ryan, Sales 2011, Sime 2014, Szewczyk 2014, Trevena et al. 2013, Okólski, Salt 2014, Kowalewska et al.2016, Iglicka 2011. 40 Holmes 1988Burrell 2002, s. 59-77;Lachowicz 2007. ...
Artykuł dotyczy Polaków mieszkających w Berlinie i Londynie, którzy poradzili sobie z procesem integracji i odnieśli osobisty sukces na różnych płaszczyznach. Choć wyniki badań wykorzystane w tekście dotyczyły migracji rozpoczętych w latach 80. XX w. i trwających do dziś, uwagę skoncentrowałam szczególnie na migrantach poakcesyjnych. Na wstępie przedstawiłam założenia badawcze, na których oparte zostały prowadzone studia, oraz wyciągane na ich podstawie wnioski. Uwzględniłam również metodologiczne podstawy. Dalej omówiłam sytuację dwóch zachodnioeuropejskich miast, Berlina i Londynu, w kontekście migracyjnym oraz specyfikę polskiej grupy na tym tle. Artykuł stanowi pierwszą, wstępną część, z tworzącego całość cyklu. Jego rozwinięcie znajduje się w tekście Polacy w Berlinie i Londynie: różne oblicza sukcesu migracyjnego. Część 2 autorstwa Anny Szymoszyn, zamieszczonego w tym samym numerze JUE.
... Despite living in destinations for long periods, many migrants still maintain links with their origins and hold open the possibility of return (Mberu et al., 2013). In Britain, Polish migrants take into account both economic and emotional factors when they consider whether to separate or reunite family members (Ryan and Sales, 2013). Household strategies are also found in Italy among Ukrainian grandmothers who support their grandchildren by sending back remittances (Marchetti and Venturini, 2013). ...
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has created tremendous chaos in people’s daily lives around the world. However, the related social impacts vary across social groups. Compared to people with abundant resources, the more disadvantaged tend to suffer greater negative social impacts from disasters. Although it is a crucial topic, there has been limited research on the social impacts of disastrous epidemics on uninfected people in developing countries. To bridge the gap, this study investigates the social impacts of the spread of COVID-19 on rural migrants and their coping strategies through face-to-face interviews with rural migrants in Nanjing, China. The household perspective is highlighted to explore how rural migrants deal with various threats induced by COVID-19 spread. The study finds that rural migrants suffered from serious social impacts due to COVID-19, especially during the associated lockdown period. Despite some similar impacts, influences of COVID-19 varied among rural migrants at different life-cycle stages, due to variations in human capital, family burdens, role in a household, and ability to find part-time work. Receiving little support from governments and employers, rural migrants tended to adopt household strategies to deal with difficulties related to COVID-19. Within a household, they assisted each other and worked as a unit to maximize resources and reduce risks. Traditional family values were highly praised by rural migrant households during the period. Findings also suggest that both central and local governments need to provide practical aid to this group and to improve the social security system for rural migrants.
... Many empirical studies show how migration conditions parenthood and vice versa. For example, studies have illuminated how migrants make decisions in relation to their parenthood and connect these decisions with the provision of a better future for their children (Ryan and Sales, 2013). This is true also for the growing body of research on the separation of mothers and children. ...
This article investigates the impact of migration on parent-child ties. It draws upon in-depth interviews with 15 Vietnamese mothers and 20 children (ages 16-25) who either migrated to or were born in the Czech Republic. It asks: How do first-generation mothers and second-generation children make sense of their parents' migration in terms of their relationships with each other? What is the meaning of migration for mothers' and children's comprehension of parenthood and motherhood? The analysis of the interviews illuminates the tensions and ambivalences in narratives about migration and post-migratory situations. The article benefits from the inclusion of two perspectives -mothers' and children's-and contributes to scholarship on family migration, migrant childhood and migrant parenthood.
... It is rarely a one dimensional proposition, nor is it ever a complete process (McAreavey 2017). Sometimes it is an individual choice, but more often than not it is a family decision (Ryan and Sales 2011;Moskal and Tyrrell 2016), especially evident amongst seasonal workers in the Pacific Islands (McAreavey and Shortall 2019). As for time, this is variable, from ping-pong poms (Holmes and Burrows 2012) to Irish émigrés' seeking the 'green, green grass of home' (Ni Laoire 2007), we find lots of evidence of mobility and temporality amongst migrants. ...
Popular conceptions of rural populations overwhelmingly been “left behind” have important implications for rural and regional policy. Well-intended governmental strategies for regional development are thus argued to discourage rural folks from breaking the bondage of origin and habit and move forward towards urban opportunities and experiences. Results from a national survey of residents in rural towns and villages in Iceland however suggest that 84% of all adults are either in-migrants or locals who have returned to the community. Three out of four locals raised in the community had lived in the city of Reykjavík, elsewhere in Iceland and/or abroad. This chapter presents policy implications for this, discussed by the minister responsible for rural affairs in Iceland and the mayor of a rural municipality.
... It is rarely a one dimensional proposition, nor is it ever a complete process (McAreavey 2017). Sometimes it is an individual choice, but more often than not it is a family decision (Ryan and Sales 2011;Moskal and Tyrrell 2016), especially evident amongst seasonal workers in the Pacific Islands (McAreavey and Shortall 2019). As for time, this is variable, from ping-pong poms (Holmes and Burrows 2012) to Irish émigrés' seeking the 'green, green grass of home' (Ni Laoire 2007), we find lots of evidence of mobility and temporality amongst migrants. ...
A common assumption is that European lifestyle migrants integrate rather easily into Swedish villages because they are more culturally proximate to Swedish people. To nuance this myth, the authors combine insights from lifestyle migration studies in Swedish villages with intercultural communication models. Taking into account six dimensions of national culture and acculturation theory, this chapter discusses challenges and difficulties for incoming European lifestyle migrants and local Swedish villagers when they attempt to live and work together. In addition to individual people, and the local authorities, family structure and family dynamics, the existence of a local diaspora from the home country, as well as the attitude of the local Swedish community at an interpersonal level, all play a determining role in the final acculturation outcome.
... It is rarely a one dimensional proposition, nor is it ever a complete process (McAreavey 2017). Sometimes it is an individual choice, but more often than not it is a family decision (Ryan and Sales 2011;Moskal and Tyrrell 2016), especially evident amongst seasonal workers in the Pacific Islands (McAreavey and Shortall 2019). As for time, this is variable, from ping-pong poms (Holmes and Burrows 2012) to Irish émigrés' seeking the 'green, green grass of home' (Ni Laoire 2007), we find lots of evidence of mobility and temporality amongst migrants. ...
In this chapter, the Arctic is put in relation to increasing tourism to the North caused not least by increasing geopolitical interests in combination with the focus climate change is putting on the area, here referred to as Arctification. The growth of tourism, and the dispersion or concentration of tourists, has led to new challenges characterized as overtourism that in an Arctic context materializes on a microscale, where small communities can experience relatively large numbers of tourists for a limited time period. The implications of this increase and changing flow require more in-depth or locally based research. This chapter ends by asking what effects there might be of anti-tourism social movements, xenophobia or climate change in the future?
... These factors, as well as social factors such as the presence of family and friends in both the origin and the destination countries, were important at the moment of the initial decision, as well as on every following day, when the migrants again chose to either remain where they were or to depart. Some scholars have also pointed out that life stage is important in the migrants' decisions, especially since many have gone from being twentysomething and single to having families and children, which proves to be a strong factor keeping migrants in place (Ryan 2015;Ryan and Sales 2013;Trevena 2013Trevena , 2014White 2010). Overall, there are many factors proven to impact on migrants' perceptions of life in the UK, of which Brexit should be considered as another, albeit new, influence. ...
This article investigates Brexit’s impact within a theoretical (push–pull) framework using a survey of long-term Polish migrants in the UK (CAPI, N = 472, conducted in 2018). Our results show that the perception of Brexit as a factor discouraging migrants from staying in the UK was limited. Still, those with experience of living in other countries, those remitting to Poland, and those on welfare benefits, were more likely to find Brexit discouraging. However, many claimed that the referendum nudged them towards extending their stay instead of shortening it. In general, when asked about what encourages/discourages them from staying in the UK, the respondents mainly chose factors related to the job market. Therefore, we argue, in line with Kilkey and Ryan (2020), that the referendum was an unsettling event – but, considering the strong economic incentives for Polish migrants to stay in the UK, we can expect Brexit to have a limited influence on any further outflows of migrants, as long as Britain’s economic situation does not deteriorate.
Prezentowane treści ukazują złożoność aktualnych migracji międzynarodowych, ich
wybrane cechy w polskich doświadczeniach. Stanowią one tło do wskazania niektórych implikacji wynikających z mobilności oraz wyzwań dla praktyki społecznej, w tym edukacyjnej. W artykule zwracamy uwagę na wybrane cechy współczesnych przemieszczeń, np. globalność, odwracalność, płynność, masowość, zmniejszenie ryzyka w porównaniu z przeszłością, zróżnicowanie form i przebiegu, wielokrotność, feminizacja, transnarodowość oraz typy migracji, w tym powrotne, osiedleńcze, uchodźcze. Wyraźnie rezonują one na doświadczenia migrantów i ich rodzin. Stanowią wyzwanie dla polityki społecznej w obszarze makro (w skali państwa), ale też mikro i mezo.
Начинающаяся как трудовая, преимущественно мужская и временная, миграция из стран Центральной Азии в России приобретает в настоящее время более долгосрочный характер, что выражается в росте числа мигрантов, сопровождаемых членами семей, ориентированных на постоянное проживание, получение гражданства России, а также на создание семей в России. Данный текст предлагает результаты исследования новой миграционной тенденции из экспертной перспективы. Были проанализированы 98 глубинных полуструктурированных интервью со специалистами, чья деятельность касается различных сторон миграции в России. Анализ экспертного дискурса позволил выявить, каким образом представители власти, разных общественных организаций, образовательных и социальных учреждений концептуализируют и структурируют проблематику семей мигрантов из Центральной Азии в России. Рассмотрены экспертные подходы к аналитическому определению семьи в миграции; механизмы создания и некоторые характеристики семей мигрантов; влияние миграции на трансформацию института семьи и брака, выражающуюся в том числе в умножении и разнообразии форм семей и моделей внутрисемейных отношений; и, наконец, особенности адаптации и интеграции семей мигрантов. Наличие семьи в миграции на территории РФ само по себе интерпретируется как фактор адаптации и интеграции, но полная интеграция в структуры и культуру принимающего российского общества, изменение идентичности экспертами связываются по большей части с детьми мигрантов.Характеристика семей мигрантов строится на сопоставлении, с одной стороны, с типизированной российской семьей, с другой, с типизированной центрально-азиатской семьей. Комплексность и неоднозначность проблемы семьи в миграции, очевидно, определяются как самим феноменом, так и экспертной оптикой. Делается вывод, что миграция трансформирует самые разные аспекты института семьи и брака, причем не только в странах Центральной Азии, отправляющих мигрантов, но и в России. Наиболее заметные изменения касаются патриархатного порядка и гендерного режима.
Return migration has been an ongoing phenomenon, motivated by macro-scale changes in the host and home country e.g. economic crises, changes in state policies, and micro-scale motivations of individual migrants. Drawing upon a qualitative study among Polish return migrants this article looks at the drivers behind their decisions to return to their country of origin after at least a decade-lasting absence; it analyses the stages of the return decision-making. It appears that the reasons for the migrants’ return are related to their life cycle and are characteristic of it. Also, the return decision is multidimensional, multi-stage, and may even take several years. To better understand this process, future research needs to elaborate more on the connection between the initial migration motivations and the reasons for return, along with concentrating on the intermediate stages by which migrants arrive at their decisions. That will also allow for better recognition and understanding of future migration patterns.
Why do migrants choose some destinations over others? This study explores government language policy and role in migration from a view of political linguistics. While governments can use language policy to reduce communication barriers, vernaculars remain critical in terms of regional communication and identity recognition. Using a survey experiment and econometric analyses of nationally representative data from China, the authors examine the communication and cultural roles of language in migration decisions in the context of a unifying common national language. The empirical tests find that migrants prefer destinations where local vernacular languages are more similar to their own, despite a common national language. Once migrants have moved, a common national language helps migrants communicate and therefore remain in their migration destinations but does not eliminate the role of local vernacular as a cultural marker. The result is that both the common language and local vernacular matter for domestic migration, even in a country where the government has promoted a single common language for six decades. The findings have far-reaching implications for migration policy and citizenship management in general.
در کشورهای درحال توسعه منابع انسانیِ بخش کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی با چالش پیر سنی و مهاجرت جوانان مواجه شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی و تحلیل عوامل چالشزای منابع انسانی بخش کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی شهرستان ملایر انجام شده است. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. در بخش نظری به شیوة کتابخانهای و در بخش دادهها به صورت میدانی از شیوههایی همچون مشاهده، مصاحبه، و انجامدادن پرسشنامه و حضور در نقاط سکونتگاهی بهره گرفته شده است. جامعة آماری 73 روستای بخش مرکزی شهرستان ملایر است. با توجه به حجم بالای جامعة آماری، به نمونهبرداری از روستاها اقدام شده است که100 خانوار از 5 روستای مرکز دهستان بهعنوان نمونة تحقیق انتخاب شد. ابزار اصلی پژوهش پرسشنامه محققساخته بوده که روایی و پایایی آن با کسب نظر ااستادان محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و سایر روشها تأیید شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل از نرمافزار spss استفاده شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با توجه به آزمون فریدمن عوامل اقتصادی از جمله کمبود اشتغال، درآمدکم، محدودیت زمین، تضمین ناکافی خرید محصولات، مشکلات بیمه با میانگین رتبة 3/2 در رتبة نخست، سپس عوامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی از قبیل عوامل جاذب جمعیت در شهر، چالش جوانان با اعضای خانواده و محیط روستا، وجود بستگان در شهر، ازدواج، و رشد بالای جمعیت روستاها با میانگین رتبة 08/2 در مرحله دوم و عوامل خدماتی و زیرساختی همچون کمبود امکانات آموزشی، درمانی، تفریحی، و عمرانی با میانگین رتبة 63/1 در مرحله سوم ایجاد چالش منابع انسانی نواحی روستایی مؤثر بودهاند.
The academic literature on the determinants of international student mobility so far has largely ignored the influence of romantic relationships and study motivation in the development of aspirations to participate in temporary learning experiences in another country. However, young adults might take considerations about investments in individual development (via academic training and thus study motivation) and romantic relationships into account in their decision-making process. Consequently, we apply a life-course perspective analyzing the relationships between having a romantic partner, study motivation, and aspirations to participate in an international exchange program among first-year university students, based on a survey conducted among 603 freshmen in Brussels. As female students are more likely to participate in student exchanges compared with male students, we pay special attention to gender differences. Our results show that a romantic relationship is negatively correlated with aspirations to participate in an international student exchange among female students. In contrast, intrinsic academic motivation is significantly associated with such aspirations among female and male students. Overall, our findings indicate the need for the consideration of different life-course domains in academic studies on international student mobility.
Families often undergo separations during the migration process. A body of literature has explored the consequences of these separations for children “left behind” and, more recently, children reunified with their parents at the destination. However, little attention has been given to whether this experience during childhood is associated with well‐being into adulthood. This paper adopts a life course perspective to explore well‐being amongst youth (18–25 years) who migrated as children to the UK and France. Drawing on national household surveys, Understanding Society (UK) and Trajectories and Origins (France), we analyse whether which of the parents migrated and whether the young person migrated with them or experienced a period of separation are associated with self‐rated health (both countries) and mental well‐being (UK) or conflict with parents (France). Our findings show that whilst the majority of youth migrated with their parents (86% in the UK and 69% in France), those who did experience long‐term parental separation (6+ years) have poorer psychosocial well‐being in both destinations. This suggests that disruption to the parent–child relationship amplifies the risk of poorer outcomes in early adulthood and highlights that the context of family migration is not only important for understanding migrants' well‐being during childhood, but also as they progress into adulthood.
Transnational mobility in the EU has become a key factor for supranational integration, equal life chances and socioeconomic prosperity. This book explores the cultural and social patterns that shape people’s migration, the historical and contemporary patterns of their movement, and the manifold consequences of their migration for themselves and their families. Exploring the links between social and spatial mobility, the book draws attention to the complexity of moving and staying, as ways in which social inequalities are shaped and reinforced. Grounded in research conducted in Germany and Poland, the book develops the concept of "cultures of transnationality" to analytically frame the variety of expectations involved in migration, and how they shape migration dispositions, opportunities, and outcomes. Cultures of Transnationality in European Migration will be of broad interest to scholars and students of transnational migration, European development, cultural sociology, intersectionality and subjectivity. Specifically, it will appeal to scholars interested in the cultural ramifications of moving and staying as well as those interested in the interplay of gender, ethnicity and class, in the making of social inequality.
Biographical approaches are increasingly being used with people who speak and write a range of languages. Even when an account is originally spoken, the final version usually ends up written in the language used by the majority of the population. Researchers have shown that adopting a language that is not the one an account was given in may change how someone is perceived. Yet little has been written by sociologists using biographical approaches about the implications of moving accounts across languages. Researchers within translation and interpretation studies are increasingly tackling issues of representation across languages and developing concepts that can usefully be applied in biographical research. They question the assumption that accounts can be unproblematically transferred across languages and argue for strategies and concepts that “foreignise” texts and challenge the baseline of the target, usually for these writers, English language. However, these concepts bring issues of their own. In this article I examine these developments and give an example from my own cross language research that show that these concepts can begin to open up debates about meaning and representation.
The end of the bi-polar world and the collapse of communist regimes triggered an unprecedented mobility of people and heralded a new phase in European migrations. Eastern Europeans were now not only 'free to leave' to the West but more exactly 'free to leave and to come back'. In this text I will focus on gendered transnational, cross-border practices and capabilities of Central and Eastern Europeans on the move, who use their spatial mobility to adapt to the new context of post-communist transition. We are dealing here with practices that are very different from those which the literature on 'immigrant transnationalism' is mostly about. Rather than relying on transnational networking for improving their condition in the country of their settlement, they tend to 'settle within mobility,' staying mobile 'as long as they can' in order to improve or maintain the quality of life at home. Their experience of migration thus becomes their lifestyle, their leaving home and going away, paradoxically, a strategy of staying at home, and, thus, an alternative to what migration is usually considered to be – emigration/immigration. Access to and management of mobility is gendered and dependent on institutional context. Mobility as a strategy can be empowering, a resource, a tool for social innovation and agency and an important dimension of social capital – if under the migrants' own control. However, mobility may reflect increased dependencies, proliferation of precarious jobs and, as in the case of trafficking in women, lack of mobility and freedom.
There is evidence that Irish migrants in Britain have higher rates of depression and suicide than other minority ethnic groups.
To examine the association between poorly planned migration and depression in Irish-born people living in London.
A sample of 360 Irish-born people was recruited from 11 general practices into a case-control study. Participants were interviewed using standardised measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We calculated the odds ratio for any association between depression and eight questions on preparation for migration.
Poorly planned migration was associated with subsequent depression in Irish-born people living in London (OR=1.20, 95% CI1.06-1.35). The odds of depression were increased by a factor of 20% for each additional negative answer to eight questions on preparation for migration. Positive post-migration influences such as adequate social support protected some against depression.
Depression in Irish-born people living in London is associated with poorly planned migration. However, this effect can be modified by experiences following migration.
Policy-makers are concerned with facilitating labour mobility in the EU. In the 1990s, take-up of employment in other EU countries has remained small. This seminal work looks at the obstacles faced by women in the nursing and banking professions when they migrate between member states. Basing her analysis on the personal accounts of migrants, and discussions with colleagues and regulatory bodies in Britain, Germany and Spain, the author sheds light on one of the major challenges confronting the EU.
An increasing number of professional Chinese have been coming to Britain for further education and employment in the last two decades. However, studies on the employment of Chinese migrants in Britain remain limited, particularly of women professionals from mainland China who enter Britain as the following spouse.This article compares the career experience of the ‘trailing’ wives of Chinese academic couples before and after their migration. It investigates what barriers migrant Chinese professional women may encounter in Britain; what familial strategy they adopt in advancing the family's economic and social position; how these Chinese women balance their work and family commitment; what support they receive from their husband to rebuild their career; how they adjust to their new life in Britain; and how they renegotiate their new social identity.
Although there is a growing interest in female migration, little attention has been paid to how migrant women access and sustain social networks, both locally and spatially dispersed, over time. Social networks theories have much to offer an analysis of migrants' social ties and interpersonal relationships. However, while there is a lively interest in transnational networks and global chains of care, many migration studies have simply taken for granted the existence of post-migration networks. Drawing on a case study of Irish nurses in Britain, this ar ticle aims to contribute to a better understanding of how migrant women access and utilize local ties post-migration. While transnational networks may challenge the equation between spatial proximity and social interaction, this ar ticle argues that we should not overlook the impor tance of propinquity particularly in terms of day-to-day practical suppor t and local knowledge.
This article analyses the appearance and expansion of Polish irregular workers on the Belgian labour market. It discusses the development of the Polish migrant ‘community’. The problem is considered by examining the quantitative and qualitative transformations of migratory networks as well as changes in strategies of accumulation of various types of migratory capital. It is argued that the major change can be described as a shift from ethnic cooperation within the group to an in-group rivalry within the quasi-community.
This paper examines the relationship between care and mobility. It does so within the specific context of intra-EU migration and the development of European citizenship. Citizenship of the Union bestows valuable social rights on mobile community nationals. Entitlement under the provisions is not, however, universal but conditional and privileges those in paid work. The paper considers the implications of this emphasis on paid work in two related respects: firstly, the impact on those people who move as part of the 'male breadwinning family' but are not engaged in paid work (the partners and families of workers); and secondly those community citizens whose migration decisions are shaped by the need to provide unpaid care to family members. Drawing on empirical research with migrant families, the paper concludes that the concept of work in Community law places those people who are not engaged in paid work (and family carers in particular) in a highly vulnerable and dependent position. Furthermore, the assumption of fixed and predictable dependency relationships within migrant families that underpins the law (and to some degree migration theory) fails to take account of the fluid and complex nature of dependency and caring relationships over the life-course.
This special issue comes at a time when political debates on the future of a 'United Europe' are raging. As more countries are gradually being introduced into the EU superstate, old questions take on new importance. The focus of this issue is on migration and, in particular, family migration. We suggest that this is a critical topic in the European research agenda. We consider both how family-related migration affects the social, demographic, and economic contours of the emerging European superstate, and also how the superstate and its political functioning itself influences family migration. We argue that the transformation of Europe into a single market represents a significant conceptual challenge for those accounts of family migration that wish to inform social policy. However, to date, research on family migration in Europe lacks the coherent theoretical focus exhibited by case-study research from North America. Also, despite the recent recognition that most geographic mobility implicitly and explicitly involves families, the role of the household in migration continues to be poorly understood, particularly in the European context.
'This book makes a timely contribution to understanding the circulation of scientific knowledge via international mobility. It skillfully combines an analysis of structural and institutional changes, with a focus on individual circumstances, life courses and motivations. The outcome is a compelling account of the role of international migration in the transfer of knowledge across borders, and in shaping the careers of individual scientists. This places people and human mobility at the heart of the debate about how the knowledge economy is produced and reproduced.'
There is growing interest in the role of migrants' social networks as sources of social capital. Networks are, however, often conceptualized rather loosely and insufficient attention has been paid to how migrants access existing networks or establish new ties in the `host' society.The assumption that migrants are able to access dense networks within close-knit local communities simplifies the experiences of newly arrived migrants, underestimating difficulties they may face in accessing support. Exploring the work of Putnam, as well as Coleman and Bourdieu, we critically engage with the conceptualization of bonding and bridging social capital, and the relationship between them, through an exploration of Polish migrants' networking skills and strategies. In examining the different types and levels of support derived through social ties, this article contributes to understandings of social networking by arguing for a greater differentiation and specification of networks both vertically and horizontally, but also spatially and temporally.
This paper focuses on recent methodological and theoretical developments associated with studies of long-distance family migration. The starting point for the discussion is that previous quantitative-based studies have over-privileged economic-related outcomes, and masked the underlying social and cultural decision-making processes of family migrants. Emphasising the perceived merits of qualitative frameworks to tease out the 'non-economic' dimensions of family migration, the paper identifies two issues of concern. First, some current under-researched themes of family migration are illuminated, and an unfolding research agenda for qualitative studies of family migration is outlined. It is contended that this provides a useful entrée to future research activities. Second, and with this in mind, the paper stresses the need for more sophisticated analyses of the human agency of family migrants. Therefore, and building upon Halfacree's thesis of the intentional/unintentional agency of family migrants, an adaptation of Giddens' stratification model of action is presented. It is argued that this will allow a more structurationist reading of family migration decision-making processes, and a fuller understanding of non-economic processes and outcomes. Finally, the paper stresses the complementarity between qualitative and quantitative methods, and calls for the utilisation of mixed-method research designs for studies of family migration.
Poland's accession to the European Union in May 2004 brought many new possibilities and opportunities for Polish migrants to Britain. However, the focus on individual migrants has underestimated the complex roles of families in migration strategies and decision-making. Based on a qualitative study of recent Polish migrants in London, this paper explores the varied dynamics of family relationships, including caring, support and obligation. We examine how families may be reconfigured in different ways through migration. Transnational networks and splits within families are also discussed. We conclude that, in exploring family migration, it is necessary to go beyond a household perspective to appreciate the diversity of transnational and inter-generational relationships.
This paper is based on a qualitative study of recent Polish migrants in London (Ryan, et al., 2007). The paper reveals the roles that different family members played in the migration narratives of these Polish migrants. In order to gain a broader understanding of migration patterns, it is necessary to explore what is meant by “the family” and how this may operate transnationally. By examining spatially dispersed relationships, the paper aims to contribute to an understanding of transnational families. In addition, by highlighting the various ways in which families may be split, reunited, and reshaped through the process of migration, the paper argues for a need to explore the shifting ties between relatives “here” and “there”. The paper explores the dynamism of these relationships over time in the context of specific immigration regimes and the interplay with local attachments.
This paper calls for us to show greater appreciation of the ‘non-economic’ issues that inform much migration behaviour, balancing rather than replacing work done within the economic tradition. Drawing primarily on material concerned with internal migration within the so-called developed world, attention is given to the enculturation of both migration theory and research as an entry point to work on this non-economic dimension. From this springboard, the paper focuses on three lessons that can be learnt from ongoing research into migration ‘beyond’ the economic. Firstly, it notes a danger that this work assumes something of a separate and, arguably, subordinate status to that still being done on the crucial economic dimensions of migration. Secondly, and this time more positively, this non-economic work challenges the existence of any economic reductionism within our understanding of migration. Thirdly, and most controversially, it is suggested that the non-economic worlds of migration revealed through a culturally-aware lens can facilitate the glimpsing of a more utopic imagination, critiquing key elements of our dominant socio-economic and cultural institutionalised practices. Work on counterurbanisation and gendered tied migration is used to illustrate these three lessons. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lincoln Education Authority 2007 Poles Apart But Could be Closer
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Floodgates or Turnstiles? Post-EU Enlargement Migration Flows to and from the UK
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Moving People and Knowledge: Scientific Mobility in an Enlarged EUUntying and retying family migration in the New Europe
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Lincoln Education Authority
2007 Poles Apart But Could be Closer, Lincoln Eduation Authority,
http://www.schoolsnetwork.org.uk
Identities and Strategies for Success: Explorations of the Perspectives of East European Migrant Mothers on their Children's Education in the UK, MA dissertation, Institute of Education
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