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Climate Change and Social Protection in Bangladesh: Are Existing Programmes Able to Address the Impacts of Climate Change?
Abstract
Bangladesh is generally considered to be one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with flooding, droughts and cyclones being the most common annual disaster events. This article provides an overview of existing social-protection programmes and government policies in the context of long-term adaptation to climate change related to sudden onset disasters, and evaluates their effectiveness in addressing related vulnerabilities and promoting food security in climate-vulnerable regions in the country.
... In an effort to address this dire situation, social safety net programmes (SSNPs) have played a crucial role in Bangladesh (Hassan et al., 2015;Uddin et al., 2021). To mitigate the vulnerability and crisis of the people encountering disaster, the government extends its regular SSNPs, which include Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), Open Market Sale (OMS) and other general relief activities funded through Block Allocation for Disaster Management (Coirolo et al., 2013;Hassan et al., 2015;Zaman, 2019). Additionally, other regular cash transfer SSNPs, such as Old Aged Allowance, Disable Allowance, Allowance for the Widow, Deserted and Destitute Women and Maternity Allowance for the Poor, have also had a positive impact during the recovery and reconstruction process (Asma et al., 2023;Coirolo et al., 2013;Islam & Walkerden, 2015;Khandker et al., 2011). ...
... To mitigate the vulnerability and crisis of the people encountering disaster, the government extends its regular SSNPs, which include Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), Open Market Sale (OMS) and other general relief activities funded through Block Allocation for Disaster Management (Coirolo et al., 2013;Hassan et al., 2015;Zaman, 2019). Additionally, other regular cash transfer SSNPs, such as Old Aged Allowance, Disable Allowance, Allowance for the Widow, Deserted and Destitute Women and Maternity Allowance for the Poor, have also had a positive impact during the recovery and reconstruction process (Asma et al., 2023;Coirolo et al., 2013;Islam & Walkerden, 2015;Khandker et al., 2011). ...
... Some studies have been conducted to investigate the response of the government and NGOs during natural disasters in Bangladesh. Previous studies carried out by Ninno et al. (2001), Paul (2003), and Coirolo et al. (2013) have concluded that government aid plays a critical role during periods of vulnerability in catastrophic areas. Despite some limitations, field administration and LGIs generally implement disaster management and other development activities at the grassroots level (Hasan & Ara, 2022;Islam et al., 2017). ...
Despite recent economic progress, Bangladesh still faces significant challenges from natural disasters that impact food security and employment. In 2017, a severe flash flood caused by excessive rain and onrush from India devastated the haor-based Sunamganj district. The study explores the impacts of the flash flood on food security, employment and the overall well-being of the affected population, as well as evaluates government and NGO initiatives taken to alleviate the crisis using a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews and surveys from the flash flood-affected people residing in the five affected villages. The study observes that the flash flood caused severe damage to the agricultural sector, with almost every farmer in the affected area losing their single-season high-yielding Boro paddy, resulting in year-long food insecurity and unemployment. The government responded to the situation by providing year-long food and monetary aid through various social safety net programmes, although some accusations of nepotism and embezzlement were reported. The study found that the majority of the people were reliant on government aid for survival throughout the year. Moreover, some NGOs also played a crucial role by providing food and other support. The research suggests that transparency and accountability must be prioritized to ensure fairness, and positive lessons learned from the government's efforts during this flash flood might be helpful in reducing vulnerability and distributing relief more effectively.
... The third objective of my paper is to pinpoint the coastal women's adaptation strategies and GO and NGO's adaptive actions against salinity intrusion that contribute to protecting their lives and livelihoods in some way. For this paper, GO adaptive actions means existing social protection or safety-net policies such as Test Relief (TR), Vulnerable-Group Development (VGD), and Food for Work (FFW) to respond to the antagonistic influences of disasters (Coirolo et al., 2013) as well as NGO's actions comprises mainly the microfinance related works. Evidence shows that the mentioned actions are enduring in the coastal districts corresponding to other parts of the country from both the GO and NGOs. ...
... Evidence shows that the mentioned actions are enduring in the coastal districts corresponding to other parts of the country from both the GO and NGOs. However, Coirolo et al. (2013) show that the mentioned policies and actions have failed to escalate the coastal women's resilience and cover the severity of the coastal disaster impacts. The coastal districts have unique geographical characteristics as well as consist of most climate change-vulnerable areas (Kabir et al., 2016). ...
The article sheds light on the salinity-induced risks and vulnerabilities of women and adolescent girls living in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Moreover, it critically analyzes the adaptation actions of coastal women and teenage girls to salinity intrusion and connects the concepts to climate governance. The paper uses secondary textual analysis as its methodology, ecofeminism, and political ecology theory as the theoretical framework and thematic analysis strategy for secondary data analysis. The article incorporates Alston’s idea of radical adaptation to suggest placing gender equality as the core component of risk and vulnerability assessment of salinity intrusion, GO- NGO adaptation policies, and practices against salinization. Furthermore, this paper suggests taking context-specific and gendering-specific adaptation policies to increase the resilience power of coastal saline-prone marginal women and adolescent girls.
... Social safety nets contribute to meeting development goals (e.g., poverty alleviation, accessible education and health services) and are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable (Coirolo et al., 2013;Aleksandrova, 2020;Bowen et al., 2020;Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020). They include a range of policy and market-based instruments such as public works programmes and conditional or unconditional cash transfers, in-kind transfers, and insurance schemes (Centre, 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020). ...
... While there is robust evidence (medium agreement) that social safety nets can build adaptive capacities, reduce socioeconomic vulnerability and reduce risk linked to hazards (Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020), macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory barriers such as limited state resources, underdeveloped credit and insurance markets, and economic leakages constrain their feasibility (Singh et al., 2018c;Hansen et al., 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020). Social safety nets have strong co-benefits with development goals (Section 8.6) (Castells-Quintana et al., 2018b;Ulrichs et al., 2019;Mueller et al., 2020) but these positive outcomes are constrained by inadequate regional inclusiveness (e.g., limited access in certain remote, rural areas; Singh et al., 2018b;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020) or focus on rural areas overlooks urban vulnerable groups (Coirolo et al., 2013). ...
The feasibility assessment (FA) presents a systematic framework to assess adaptation and mitigation options organised by system transitions. This Cross-Chapter Box assessed the feasibility of 23 adaptation options across six dimensions: economic, technological, institutional, socio-cultural, environmental-ecological, and geophysical to identify factors within each dimension that present barriers to the achievement of the option. The results are presented below.
... Social safety nets contribute to meeting development goals (e.g., poverty alleviation, accessible education and health services) and are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable (Coirolo et al., 2013;Aleksandrova, 2020;Bowen et al., 2020;Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020). They include a range of policy and market-based instruments such as public works programmes and conditional or unconditional cash transfers, in-kind transfers, and insurance schemes (Centre, 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020). ...
... While there is robust evidence (medium agreement) that social safety nets can build adaptive capacities, reduce socioeconomic vulnerability and reduce risk linked to hazards (Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020), macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory barriers such as limited state resources, underdeveloped credit and insurance markets, and economic leakages constrain their feasibility (Singh et al., 2018c;Hansen et al., 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020). Social safety nets have strong co-benefits with development goals (Section 8.6) (Castells-Quintana et al., 2018b;Ulrichs et al., 2019;Mueller et al., 2020) but these positive outcomes are constrained by inadequate regional inclusiveness (e.g., limited access in certain remote, rural areas; Singh et al., 2018b;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020) or focus on rural areas overlooks urban vulnerable groups (Coirolo et al., 2013). ...
Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction
with their natural surroundings (UNESCO, 2018; IPCC, 2019a). Local knowledge refers to the understandings and skills developed by
individuals and populations, specific to the places where they live (UNESCO, 2018; IPCC, 2019a). Indigenous knowledge and local
knowledge are inherently valuable but have only recently begun to be appreciated and in western scientific assessment processes in their
own right (Ford et al., 2016). In the past these often endangered ways of knowing have been suppressed or attacked (Mustonen, 2014).
Yet these knowledge systems represent a range of cultural practices, wisdom, traditions and ways of knowing the world that provide
accurate and useful climate change information, observations and solutions (very high confidence) (Table Cross-Chapter Box INDIG.1).
Rooted in their own contextual and relative embedded locations, some of these knowledges represent unbroken engagement with the
earth, nature and weather for many tens of thousands of years, with an understanding of the ecosystem and climatic changes over
longer-term timescales that is held both as knowledge by Indigenous Peoples and local peoples, as well as in the archaeological record
(Barnhardt and Angayuqaq, 2005; UNESCO, 2018).
... Social safety nets contribute to meeting development goals (e.g., poverty alleviation, accessible education and health services) and are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable (Coirolo et al., 2013;Aleksandrova, 2020;Bowen et al., 2020;Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020). They include a range of policy and market-based instruments such as public works programmes and conditional or unconditional cash transfers, in-kind transfers, and insurance schemes (Centre, 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020). ...
... While there is robust evidence (medium agreement) that social safety nets can build adaptive capacities, reduce socioeconomic vulnerability and reduce risk linked to hazards (Fischer, 2020;Mueller et al., 2020), macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory barriers such as limited state resources, underdeveloped credit and insurance markets, and economic leakages constrain their feasibility (Singh et al., 2018c;Hansen et al., 2019;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020). Social safety nets have strong co-benefits with development goals (Section 8.6) (Castells-Quintana et al., 2018b;Ulrichs et al., 2019;Mueller et al., 2020) but these positive outcomes are constrained by inadequate regional inclusiveness (e.g., limited access in certain remote, rural areas; Singh et al., 2018b;Aleksandrova, 2020;Lykke Strøbech and Bordon Rosa, 2020) or focus on rural areas overlooks urban vulnerable groups (Coirolo et al., 2013). ...
This Cross-Chapter Box highlights the intersecting issues of gender, climate change adaptation, climate justice and transformative
pathways. A gender perspective does not centre only on women or men but examines structures, processes and relationships of power
between and among groups of men and women and how gender, particularly in its non-binary form, intersects with other social
categories such as race, class, socioeconomic status, nationality or education to create multi-dimensional inequalities
... Tackling this puzzle, we take Bangladesh and Sub1 Aman rice as a case study to identify the factors that affect farmers' adoption decisions and the impact of this adoption on productivity, profit, and rice consumption. The main reasons to take Bangladesh as a case study are that it is one of the most climate-affected countries in the world (Coirolo et al., 2013;Kreft, Eckstein, & Melchior, 2017) and, even with available STRVs (Sub1 rice varieties were released about ten years ago), the adoption level is still low (Yamano et al., 2018). ...
... During the past decades, Bangladesh has made tremendous progress in rice production, primarily driven by technology-led yield growth (e.g., Azad and Rahman, 2017;Hossain et al., 2006;Mottaleb, Mohanty, & Nelson, 2014;Shew et al., 2019). However, natural calamities, such as floods, droughts, and cyclones, are a significant risk for rice production, as a large portion of rice area is damaged by floods each year (Coirolo et al., 2013;Mishra et al., 2015). Therefore, to mitigate this climatic risk, short-, medium-, and long-term policies are required for the country's sustainable food security and development. ...
Climate change affects crop production through exposure to droughts, floods, pests, and pathogens. To mitigate climate-induced production losses, various stress-tolerant varieties have been developed and adopted in many countries around the globe. We assess the impacts of adopting submergence-tolerant (Sub1) rice varieties on
productivity, profit, and rice consumption in northwest Bangladesh, using Endogenous Switching Regression and cross-sectional data in 2016. The findings reveal that the adoption of Sub1 rice had a significant positive impact on yield (6.0% higher), profit (55.0% higher), and rice consumption (15.0% higher) vis-`a-vis the impact on nonadopters.
Importantly, non-adopters could benefit if they adopted Sub1 rice—with about 8%, 48%, and 15% more rice yield, profit, and rice consumption, respectively. The findings further reveal that approximately 42% of the sampled farmers adopted Sub1 rice in northwest Bangladesh. The main drivers of this adoption are access to information on Sub1 rice through neighbors, farmer organizations, and training. Also, the application of pesticides
and irrigation negatively affected the adoption of Sub1 rice. Finally, we find that rice production, profit, and rice consumption are location dependent. Therefore, we suggest implementing location-specific policies and developing social and institutional capacity to build trust in the new technology, which will increase the dissemination of Sub1 seeds by transferring agricultural knowledge and incentivizing farmers to adopt Sub1 rice
in flood-prone areas in Bangladesh.
... A number of studies already mentioned social protection as a potential means to climate change adaptation (Béné et al., 2014;Coirolo et al., 2013;Foresight, 2011;Johnson, 2009;Johnson and Krishnamurthy, 2010;Kuriakose et al., 2013;Martin, 2013;Panda, 2013;Paul and Routray, 2011;Subbarao et al., 2013;Weldegebriel and Prowse, 2013). The topic further gained attention in the international climate negotiations with the introduction of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. ...
... Programmes must also be accessible for a broad range of target groups, as climate change not only affects below the poverty-line (BPL) households, which often have exclusive access to social protection. Climate change may drive non-BPL households without risk management options into poverty (Chaudhuri, 2003;Coirolo et al., 2013;Davies et al., 2009). Consequently, targeting, which generally is a major challenge in developing countries due to poor administration Johnson and Krishnamurthy, 2010), should not be limited to BPL households or potential climate migrants. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the roles of social protection in reducing and facilitating climate-induced migration. Social protection gained attention in the international climate negotiations with the establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Yet, its potential to address migration, considered as a key issue in the loss and damage debate, has not been sufficiently explored. This paper aims at identifying key characteristics of social protection schemes which could effectively address climate-induced migration and attempts to derive recommendations for policy design.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the existing literature, the paper links empirical evidence on the effects of social protection to climate-related drivers of migration and the needs of vulnerable populations. This approach allows conceptually identifying characteristics of effective social protection policies.
Findings
Findings indicate that social protection can be part of a proactive approach to managing climate-induced migration both in rural and urban areas. In particular, public work programmes offer solutions to different migration outcomes, from no to permanent migration. Benefits are achieved when programmes explicitly integrate climate change impacts into their design. Social protection can provide temporary support to facilitate migration, in situ adaptation or integration and adaptation in destination areas. It is no substitution for but can help trigger sustainable adaptation solutions.
Originality/value
The paper helps close research gaps regarding the potential roles and channels of social protection for addressing and facilitating climate-induced migration and providing public support in destination, mostly in urban areas.
... Lastly, in Bangladesh, the main natural disasters affecting the country are tropical cyclones, floods and droughts. According to Coirolo and others (2013), the disasters have caused workers to change their status from selfemployed to day-labourers, which exacerbates the vulnerabilities that need to be taken into account in social protection programmes, coordinated with disaster risk reduction actions and training programmes that increase employment in industries that are not disaster-prone. The main objective of the social protection programmes in Bangladesh is to safeguard and promote economic and social security. ...
... The main social protection programmes in relation to disasters are the Food for Work Programme (which entails undertaking physical jobs to develop and maintain rural infrastructure), Development for Vulnerable Groups (strengthening of income generation capacity through job training, preferably for women), and Test Relief (the creation of jobs for the poorest households during the rainy season, with the aim of developing and maintaining infrastructure in rural areas) (Coirolo and others, 2013). In general, the three programmes are not well targeted, and cases of corruption and cronyism have been detected in the process of admitting beneficiary families (Rahman, 2012). ...
Many of the social protection systems in Latin America have been overhauled during the past two decades. In part, this is a reflection of a growing awareness of the fact that many social problems actually have many different dimensions and have a wide variety of interrelated causes. In addition, given the complexity of social issues, a comprehensive, rights-based approach to social protection (see chapter IX) is being developed that entails at least three types of policy packages that relate to the policy objectives of ensuring universal access to health care and education
... A large number of studies have been conducted in the field of climate change and its sector-wise impacts, future projection and adaptation measures undertaken in the global, national and household levels. A number of studies have focused on vulnerability to climate change, and impacts assessment in the context of world, South Asia and Bangladesh (Burton 1997;Ali 1999;McCarthy 2001;Ahmed 2006;Paul and Routray 2010;Mallya et al. 2011;Turner and Annamalai 2012;Coirolo et al. 2013;Khan and Islam 2013;Paul and Hossain 2013;Ruane et al. 2013;Wheeler and von Braun 2013;Ayers et al. 2014;Qin et al. 2014;Thornton et al. 2014;Woodward et al. 2014;Alston 2015;Hossain 2015;Hossain and Paul 2015;Parvin et al. 2015;Stern and Dietz 2015;Zilberman 2015;Geng et al. 2016). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified South Asia as the most susceptible region in the world to climate change (Selvaraju et al. 2006;IPCC 2014). ...
... Besides, few studies also focused on drought risk assessment in Bangladesh (Brammer 1987;Shahid and Behrawan 2008;Habiba et al. 2010;Islam et al. 2014;Wilhite 2014), impact of drought on agriculture (Karim et al. 2012;Alam et al. 2013), food production and land degradation (GOB 2005), economy (Faruqee 1998), and society (Coirolo et al. 2013;Paul 1998), agricultural drought and induced food shortage due to inadequate food grain production (Karim et al. 2012;Hassan and Das 2015) and drought induced crisis of water, it's use and management (Wilhite 2014;Mahmoud et al. 2016). Other researchers emphasised on response to drought and its management, coping and survival strategies practised by farmers in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh and elsewhere (Alauddin and Sarker 2014;Lloyd-Hughes 2014;Alam 2015;Alamgir et al. 2015;Bird et al. 2016). ...
The north-western part of Bangladesh especially the Barind region is considered as a drought-prone area. The objective of this paper is to find out the adaptation measures practised by farmers to cope with climate change and agricultural drought in two drought-prone villages of the north-western Bangladesh. The primary data for this study were collected from a structured questionnaire survey conducted on 130 households selected from 192 through simple random sampling. The present study finds that agriculture of this area is recurrently disrupted by frequent drought events. Moreover, the climate change will increase both frequency and magnitude of extreme drought events in this region. This paper identifies that the impacts of drought on agriculture are difficulties in irrigation, disruption in cropping pattern, depletion of ground water table, problem in fish cultivation and so on. On the other hand, analyses unveil that respondents practised a range of adjustment strategies to combat adverse impacts of drought such as adoptions of drought-tolerant crop varieties, rainwater harvesting, mango and jujube intercropping with rice, kitchen gardening, weed control and reducing water loss, constructing water control structures, irrigation and cultivation of fast-growing fish species. Therefore, the present study recommends proper drought early warning system, reserving surface water, managing supplemental irrigation, tree plantation, re-excavation of canals and traditional ponds, credit support to the farmers, preparedness and awareness rising to ensure the future sustainable agricultural development in the study areas.
... Therefore, in order to reduce the disaster risks of the communities, their livelihoods must be secured. Studies and reports on climate change in Asia have suggested that securing livelihoods is instrumental to reducing communities' increasing vulnerabilities in developing country contexts [28,29]. Livelihood risks triggered by water scarcity or drought are generating new risks, such as bushfires and deforestation, as many households have increased charcoal production to supplement their low agricultural production. ...
... As the people leave their vulnerable communities towards further vulnerabilities to maintain livelihoods, mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development would be an important policy option for the local governments [29]. Such realizations of securing livelihoods through mainstreaming climate change adaptation can be accomplished through programs such as alternative income generation programs that enhance the skills of vulnerable groups, through the local governments' providing a minimum wage and 100 days of job security to rural communities, and through business loans for longterm rehabilitation packages, which are already reportedly successful and effective in Bangladesh and other climateaffected agricultural regions [28]. Our study reveals that communities exposed to flood have no alternatives as the recurring droughts and low agricultural returns leave no options and force people to farm in flood-prone areas. ...
Northern Ghana is becoming vulnerable to risks induced by climate change. There is an urgent need to improve communities' ability to cope by implementing risk-preventive measures at the household and community levels. However, studies have shown that the existing risk communication system often fails to encourage the people to implement risk-preventive measures because community concerns are not seriously taken in the adaptation planning and management process. The present study systematically examines community concerns about existing risks and possible adaptation strategies by conducting group meetings in four rural communities in theWaWest District. Results show that local communities consider drought or water scarcity to be the most severe risk from climate change because it is directly affecting their livelihood, which ismainly rain-fed subsistence agriculture. As their livelihood is increasingly affected by drought, the local communities are becoming more exposed to floods and other natural calamities. Presently, the climate change adaptation strategies of the local communities are weak and ineffective. It is found that improved irrigation facilitated by rainwater harvesting, watershed management, and seasonal weather forecasting are the preferred adaption strategies. Though a high level of intention to adopt non-structural preventive measures is observed, local communities report that a lack of knowledge and insufficient financial resources aremajor impediments to their implementation.
... (Kamruzzaman et al.,[6]. The faster rates of economic growth in Bangladesh have facilitated a more rapid reduction in poverty over the past decade compared to earlier periods [7]. However, it is important to note that populations residing in geographically vulnerable areas have experienced a deterioration in living circumstances as a result of climate changerelated hazards [8]. ...
According to the global climate change index, Bangladesh has been identified as one of the countries facing the most vulnerability from climate change. In this proposed research, a comparative climate change trend analysis was done on various temperature and rainfall criteria for three climatic zones of Bangladesh (i.e., Comilla, Ishwardi, and Cox's Bazar). 4025 1950-2020 except Ishwardi station starts from the year 1961. The linear trend analysis revealed that the temperature was increased in all study stations, but Comilla station showed less increment in maximum 0.511°C and in minimum 0.546°C temperature compared to the other station. On the other hand, the Mann-Kendall trend analysis test found that the amount of rainfall that fell each year in Ishwardi, and Comilla was going down but is increasing in Cox's Bazar in Mk test 0.735. So far, the magnitude of change assessed by Sen's Slope estimates also indicated the same trend direction for rainfall analysis with-1.67, 2.28,-7.00 Ishwardi, Cox's Bazar and Comilla respectively. Overall, the study found that the climate pattern of the Comilla district is much better for people and farming activities than the other two regions of Bangladesh. It never falls into an extreme situation in temperature, neither during summer nor in winter. It is also neither wet nor dry.
... Fischer, 2020;Haug & Wold, 2017;Huber & Murray, n.d.;Igbatayo et al., 2022;Kundo et al., 2021Kundo et al., , 2023Nishtar & Khan, 2023;Scognamillo & Sitko, 2021;Weldegebriel & Prowse, 2013) Social capital, social protection climate communication, and public acceptance Effective communication is crucial in covering social protection programs against climate shocks. When information about resource scarcity circulates in a socially cohesive society, individuals understand the available support during climate-related challenges (Bakaki & Bernauer, 2018;Bendixen et al., 2022;Bergquist et al., 2020;Coirolo et al., 2013;Giordono et al., 2023;Hannibal & Vedlitz, 2018;Hanson-Easey et al., 2018;Harris & Howe, 2023;Hart et al., 2015;Houser et al., 2022;Kruse & Atkinson, 2022;León et al., 2022;Linde, 2018;Merrill et al., 2018;Netzel et al., 2021;Pianta & Brutschin, 2022;Pillay & van den Bergh, 2016;Ščasný et al., 2017;Yazar & York, 2022) a crucial role in positively impacting climate change support. ...
Traditional climate action strategies often overlook the critical role of social cohesion. This study explores how social protection programs and community unity can bolster climate resilience and public support for decarbonization efforts. The study adopted a systematic methodology that employed quantitative (scientometric/bibliometric analysis) and qualitative (content analysis) approaches to analyze existing social protection programs, community cohesion indicators, and public attitudes toward climate change action. Our findings revealed a crucial link: communities with robust social cohesion demonstrate a heightened commitment to climate action. This translates to increased engagement in sustainable practices, information sharing, and mutual support among community members. This suggests policymakers can leverage existing social networks, civic engagement and safety nets to build public support for decarbonization efforts. The study highlighted that building community engagement and inclusivity is critical to fostering a collective commitment to climate action and successfully transitioning to low-carbon societies.
... (Kamruzzaman et al.,[6]. The faster rates of economic growth in Bangladesh have facilitated a more rapid reduction in poverty over the past decade compared to earlier periods [7]. However, it is important to note that populations residing in geographically vulnerable areas have experienced a deterioration in living circumstances as a result of climate changerelated hazards [8]. ...
According to the global climate change index, Bangladesh has been identified as one of the countries facing the most vulnerability from climate change. In this proposed research, a comparative climate change trend analysis was done on various temperature and rainfall criteria for three climatic zones of Bangladesh (i.e., Comilla, Ishwardi, and Cox’s Bazar). The weather data was collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), which covers the years 1950–2020 except Ishwardi station starts from the year 1961. The linear trend analysis revealed that the temperature was increased in all study stations, but Comilla station showed less increment in maximum 0.511°C and in minimum 0.546°C temperature compared to the other station. On the other hand, the Mann-Kendall trend analysis test found that the amount of rainfall that fell each year in Ishwardi, and Comilla was going down but is increasing in Cox's Bazar in Mk test 0.735. So far, the magnitude of change assessed by Sen’s Slope estimates also indicated the same trend direction for rainfall analysis with -1.67, 2.28, -7.00 Ishwardi, Cox’s Bazar and Comilla respectively. Overall, the study found that the climate pattern of the Comilla district is much better for people and farming activities than the other two regions of Bangladesh. It never falls into an extreme situation in temperature, neither during summer nor in winter. It is also neither wet nor dry.
... Most of the droughts are typically considered as natural disaster which cannot be stopped but the impacts could be minimized through adaptation measures (Lindoso et al. 2014). In A number of studies focused on different aspects of drought risk assessment in Bangladesh (Brammer 1987;Habiba et al. 2010;Islam et al. 2012;Islam et al. 2014), impact of drought on agriculture (Karim et al. 2012;Alam et al. 2013;Islam et al. 2015), food production (Ericksen et al. 1993), land degradation (Karim and Iqbal 2001;GOB 2005), economy (World Bank 2000), society (Paul 1998;Coirolo et al. 2013;), agricultural drought and induced food shortage due to inadequate food grain production (Karim et al. 2012;Hassan and Das 2015) and drought induced crisis of water, it's usage and management (Wilhite 2014;Mahmoud et al. 2016). Other researchers have emphasized on response to drought and its management, coping and survival strategies practiced by farmers in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh and elsewhere (Alauddin and Sarker 2014;Lloyd-Hughes 2014;Alam 2015;Alamgir et al. 2015;Bird et al. 2016). ...
Drought is a reoccurring phenomenon which is considered as one of the topmost slow-onset disasters in the central Barind Tract of northwestern Bangladesh. Due to the consequences of drought, agriculture of this area is highly impacted as well as the farmers fall in multidimensional livelihoods disruption. The objective of the paper is to investigate the existing adaptive measures practicing by farmers to combat adverse impacts of agricultural drought in two representative drought-prone locations of Rajshahi District of Bangladesh. The present study is mainly based on semi-structured household questionnaire survey. Eventually, the survey was conducted in 2019 among 303 households out of 1421 by using Kothari (2004) sampling formula considering 95% significance level and samples are determined through simple random sampling. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyze the adoption options of the cultivators of the study areas from geographical perspectives. It is found that most of the farmers adopted several measures rely on their traditional knowledge and experiences, participation in community trainings as well as receiving the facilities and support from different GOs and NGOs. Farmers are cultivating drought tolerant crop varieties, adopting rainwater harvesting, intercropping with rice, temporally changing occupation, using fertilizer and composting to accelerate crop production rate, changing irrigation system, participating in agro-training for coping with modern technologies, seeking to draw the compensation from GOs and microcredit of NGOs etc. to minimize drought impacts. However, the findings of present study are expected to provide useful guidelines to policy makers for facilitating farmers in sustaining their livelihoods against adverse impacts of agricultural drought in Barind Tract of Bangladesh.
... • Social safety nets (2.8) exist in most countries of the world and therefore reach a large number of people. There is strong evidence that social safety nets can benefit low-income populations and women [123][124][125][126] , and there is no explicit environmental benefit/ harm. When it comes to transformational potential, in principle, social safety nets can be transformative, but in practice, effectiveness is moderate 125,127,128 . ...
... A slight variation in the summer monsoon rainfall can have colossal impacts on infrastructure, agriculture production, water supply management, hydropower generation, fisheries, industry, health, daily human lives, and livelihoods of several million people living in this low-lying coastal country. Given the exposure of almost the entire population (Coirolom et al. 2013) of Bangladesh to summer monsoon rainfall, identifying factors that modulate it, e.g., the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO; the largest mode of variability at interannual time-scales) and using that information to improve forecasts of Bangladesh monsoon variability on seasonal timescales is an issue of considerable urgency. ...
In South Asia (SA), the boreal summer monsoon (June to September; JJAS) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are connected, though different areas in SA respond differently to ENSO. In this paper, a new 41-year (1981 to 2021) high-resolution gridded rainfall dataset (ENACTS-BMD; Enhancing National Climate Services for Bangladesh Meteorological Department) is used to investigate the linkage between the Bangladesh Summer Monsoon Rainfall (BSMR) and ENSO. Observed BSMR shows a weak positive correlation ( r = + 0.21, not statistically significant at the 5% level) with sea surface temperatures (SST) in the central-eastern (Niño3.4) Pacific region. Among the eight El Niño events, seven of them corresponded to above-normal BSMR. However, during the 11 La Niña events, the relationship was more varied, with above-normal BSMR occurring in seven instances. These findings highlight an asymmetric relationship between BSMR and ENSO. Furthermore, BSMR is negatively correlated ( r = − 0.47 statistically significant at the 5% level) with Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR: 75°–85 o E, 18°–30 o N). The potential physical mechanism can be outlined as follows: during El Niño, the Walker circulation tends to be weakened, resulting in a weakening of the summer monsoon circulation, which in turn reduces the intensity of easterly winds along the Bangladesh Himalayan foothills. Subsequently, a lower-level anomalous cyclonic circulation is established, facilitating the convergence of moisture within the boundary layer. This, in turn, leads to intensified rainfall over Bangladesh and the surrounding regions during El Niño. Seasonal forecast models do not adequately capture BSMR and ENSO, BSMR and circulation, and BSMR and ISMR inverse correlations. While the observed BSMR-ENSO relationship is complex and teleconnections are weak, awareness of the inverse relationship with ISMR and the incorrect model behavior could be useful in the context of seasonal BSMR predictions.
... Study area: The study was conducted in the -38 -Panchagarh district. This is the northernmost district of Bangladesh and is considered as one of the most high prevalance food-insecure districts of the north-west zone (Coirolo et al., 2013). The researchers are familiar with the socio-cultural environment of the district. ...
... But for farming or agricultural households such social protection measures as asset and cash transfers influence ability to manage vulnerability over-time. As cases in India and Bangladesh suggest (see, Coirolo et al., 2013;Johnson et al., 2013) government can devise a number of specific or peculiar social protection programs that are instrumental in helping poor and vulnerable populations prepare for and recover from extreme climate events. Therefore, given the relative novelty of social protection in Nigeria the challenge would lie in mainly in empirically establishing social protection programs that are effective, acceptable and portend the capacity to enable vulnerable populations recover from or prepare for extreme climate events. ...
Depending on the desk review of cogent extant literature and documents, the paper interrogates the relevance and legitimacy of social protection as climate change adaptation mechanism in a developing society like Nigeria. Situated against the undoubted threat of climate change in the country, the paper advances the argument that social protection remains a key adaptation tool especially for poor, rural and agricultural households. Based on the above, it critiques existing attempts at social protection in Nigeria and makes a case for multiple strategies and multi-sectoral approaches to climate change adaptation with social protection in the core. While social protection may be a universal climate change response, the paper argues for its contextualization in the case of Nigeria to achieve socio-cultural sensitivity and more crucially adapt it to extant norms, values and practices in the society. Therefore, there is need to mainstream climate change issues including social protection into policies and regulations as well as incorporating the views and perspectives of the vulnerable into these. In addition, such policies and programmes should be informed by the local knowledge and practices of groups in the society. The paper concludes that with the infusion of the above, social protection could overcome structural challenges in Nigeria and emerge as an attractive adaptation option to climate change.
... Social protection systems in Bangladesh focus on specific groups in rural areas, and they often fail to reach urban poor and other very disadvantaged people (Coirolo et al., 2013). ...
Chapter 17 assesses the options, processes, and enabling conditions
for climate risk management, a key component of climate resilient
development. This chapter focuses on the ‘how’ of climate risk management and adaptation. It covers: the adaptation and risk management options that are available; the governance and applicability of options in different contexts; residual
risk and Loss and Damage; the methods and tools that can be drawn
on to support climate risk management planning and implementation;
enabling conditions and drivers for adaptation; the role of monitoring
and evaluation for integrated risk management and tracking progress,
success and the risk of maladaptation; and finally, integration of risk
management across sectors, jurisdictions, and time horizons, under
dynamic conditions of environmental and societal change.
... The COVID-19 palliatives documented in the study are important in responding to other environmental impacts such as climate change. According to Coirolo et al. (2013), climate change adaptation measures such as social protection programmes are important in addressing vulnerabilities in susceptible regions. They note that, building on the experiences of existing disaster response and the wide use of safety-nets in Bangladesh, there is potential for adapting safety-nets to fill the gaps in the current safety-net framework, including around targeting and administration, towards the end of addressing the medium-term impacts of disasters. ...
The recent experiences and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic provide a valuable lens for understanding the vulnerabilities of informal settlements and how they are positioned to respond to other large-scale hazards. This article explores the body of knowledge on the pandemic in the context of informal settlements, guided by the scoping review strategy. Our findings reveal that COVID-19 has impacted informal settlements in several ways, including increasing loss of income, food insecurity, increased gender inequality, gender-based violence and forced evictions. While there have been numerous responses to the crisis, several pre-existing factors in informal settlements impeded their implementation. We note that lessons from the pandemic provide an important opportunity to address pre-existing vulnerabilities in informal settlements to make them more resilient to both health and environmental shocks.
... Social protection systems in Bangladesh focus on specific groups in rural areas, and they often fail to reach urban poor and other very disadvantaged people (Coirolo et al., 2013). ...
... Sidr and Aila both category five cyclones, made landfall in the Southwest, causing storm surges, and destruction of embankments that lead to widespread salinity intrusion (Coirolo et al., 2013;Dasgupta et al., 2016;Warner et al., 2012;Sidr, 2007;Aila, 2009). Salinity is widely documented as a major environmental challenge in the region, with a saline front stretching up to 100 km inland (UNICEF, 2014;Khan et al., 2011). ...
... Due to its topography, Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most climate-vulnerable deltas of the world holding 7th position in the "Long-Term Climate Risk Index (CRI)", calculated using 4 indicators for the twenty-year period (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018). Climate change poses vital threats to food security, livelihood, agriculture, ecosystem services, etc., in Bangladesh (Eckstein, Kunzel, Schafer, & Winges, 2019;Coirolo et al., 2013;Alam, 2018;Becker et al., 2020;Anik & Khan, 2012). "Climate Crisis" is responsible for decreasing food production around the world, particularly in developing countries (International Fund for Agricultural Development [IFAD], 2010; The Guardian, 2019). ...
Bangladesh is confronting terrible impacts of climate change on agriculture across the country, especially in low-lying area like Haor, coastal region, and islands. This socioeconomic study (N = 320) examines the perception and knowledge of farmers on climate-induced events and experiences, and explores the adaptation practices they adopt to protect crop production and livestock farming from the impact of climate change in the north-eastern Haor area of the country. Using triangulation method, it is detected that farmers of the study area have an erroneous idea on climate change and the causes of frequent climate extremes. Study results show that respondents’ perception and experiences on climate-induced events are verified positively with the historical trend and time-series analysis of climate indicators as well as with the findings of researchers using Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques. This study explores the traditional and systematic adaptation approaches of farmers which are practised at the individual or community level. The rationale of each of the approaches from the respondents’ side is also analysed in the study. It is statistically tested using Chi-square that some of the scientific and systematic adaptation options for crop production are predominantly influenced by the educational qualifications of the respondents. The study reveals that lack of proper information prevents subsistence farmers to find the most effective adaptation pathways.
... Sidr and Aila both category five cyclones, made landfall in the Southwest, causing storm surges, and destruction of embankments that lead to widespread salinity intrusion (Coirolo et al., 2013;Dasgupta et al., 2016;Warner et al., 2012;Sidr, 2007;Aila, 2009). Salinity is widely documented as a major environmental challenge in the region, with a saline front stretching up to 100 km inland (UNICEF, 2014;Khan et al., 2011). ...
Coastal zone of Bangladesh is vulnerable to different disasters due to global climate change. However, the vulnerability magnitude and impact of climate change has been hardly assessed focusing livelihood issues. Thus, this study was carried out to assess the impacts of the climate change and to find out the existing adaptation strategies at two villages of Dacope upazila in Khulna district of Bangladesh involving purposively selected 100 farmers. A survey was conducted using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. It was found that the highest proportion of the respondents (77%) belonged to low-income group (˂50,000 BDT i.e., 587.98 USD family-1). Villagers faced water stagnation, flood, high salinity, and severe drought during summer. These natural disasters damaged the crops, livestock, poultry, trees, houses, roads and shrimp water bodies. Probable solutions to mitigate the disasters would be construction of strong bunds, collecting and storing fresh water through digging small farm ponds, using the stored water for irrigation, training for awareness building, invention of alternate sustainable technology, excavation of canals and GO-NGO collaboration. Farmers reported that rainwater harvesting, hanging vegetable gardening, gher/embankment gardening, domestic animal rearing, handicrafts, etc. were some viable livelihood options. Development and release of new crop varieties, protection of the Sundarbans and awareness building through motivation might be some coping strategies for future extreme weather events.
... Study area: The study was conducted in the -38 -Panchagarh district. This is the northernmost district of Bangladesh and is considered as one of the most high prevalance food-insecure districts of the north-west zone (Coirolo et al., 2013). The researchers are familiar with the socio-cultural environment of the district. ...
The objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of RDRS women beneficiaries to their household food utilization and to explore its relationship with their selected characteristics. The study was conducted at Sadar upazila of Panchagarh district. Ninety-four RDRS women beneficiaries were selected randomly as a sample from 935 women beneficiaries. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents from 24 September to 22 October 2019. The contribution of women beneficiaries to household food utilization was considered as the focus issue of the study and measured by a 4-point rating scale along with five dimensions containing twenty-six activities. The observed overall contribution of women beneficiaries score ranged from 16 to 74 with a mean of 38.21 and standard deviation of 13.43. The RDRS women beneficiaries played medium to high contributions to household food utilization. Among different dimensions of food utilization, the most important contribution was food preparation , followed by food hygiene and intra-household food distribution. Correlation analysis indicated that educational qualification, earning members, credit received and extension media contact were positively correlated with the contribution to their household food utilization and negatively correlated with household annual income and dependency ratio. It may be recommended that, RDRS should provide sufficient non-formal education like training, extension campaigns, discussions with their woment beneficiaries regarding household food utilization. In this connection special emphasis need to be given on "food processing and preservation" as well as "water and sanitation" dimensions of food utilization for improving beneficiaries' knowledge on household food utilization.
... Flash flooding damages Boro rice every year in Haor areas [22,23] and severely affects Bangladesh's food security and economic growth [24]. Flash flooding is sudden, localized flooding produced by heavy rainfall over a short period (a few hours to a day) within a catchment and produces rapidly rising and fast-moving river flows [25]. ...
There is anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of Extension and Advisory Service (EAS) agencies for strengthening innovation networks to adapt to extreme events that impact agricultural production and productivity. In Bangladesh, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) is responsible for ensuring sustainable rice farming, which is damaged by flash flooding every year. This study investigates how EAS can strengthen farmers’ innovation networks by examining DAE’s efforts to adapt rice cultivation to flash flooding. Using surveys and interviews from farmers affiliated with DAE (DAE-farmers) and farmers independent of DAE (non-DAE farmers), the effectiveness of innovation networks was examined. One of the key findings of this paper is that DAE’s efforts to strengthen the innovation networks of farmers to adapt rice cultivation to flash flooding focused on the facilitation of the agronomic network development. The organization missed the opportunity to enable the harvesting networks’ efficacy. As the harvesting activities are highly exposed to flash flooding, the absence of adequate support from the DAE and timely updates of local weather and flash flooding information indicates that farmers are still at significant risk. This study also shows the value of including both formal (e.g., EAS agencies, research organizations) and informal actors (e.g., relatives, local input dealers) in the innovation network as a way of ensuring diversity of information access.
... Bangladesh holds a prominent position in the global imagination as being at the forefront of climate-change risks, given its geographic location, socio-economic characteristics, and natural hazard profile (Khan et al. 2011;Karim and Mimura 2008;Ali 1996). Many of its residents are experiencing the impacts of climate change (Coirolo et al. 2013); millions of people living in the country's coastal areas have been dubbed "climate victims" in political and civil society discourses (Walsham 2010;Friedman 2009). ...
Global news on anthropogenic climate change is shaped by international politics, scientific reports and voices from transnational protest movements. This timely volume asks how local communities engage with these transnational discourses.
The chapters in this volume present a range of compelling case studies drawn from a broad cross-section of local communities around the world, reflecting diverse cultural and geographical contexts. From Greenland to northern Tanzania, it illuminates how different understandings evolve in diverse cultural and geographical contexts while also revealing some common patterns of how people make sense of climate change. Global Warming in Local Discourses constitutes a significant, new contribution to understanding the multi-perspectivity of our debates on climate change, further highlighting the need for interdisciplinary study within this area.
It will be a valuable resource to those studying climate and science communication; those interested in understanding the various roles played by journalism, NGOs, politics and science in shaping public understandings of climate change, as well as those exploring the intersections of the global and the local in debates on the sustainable transformation of societies.
... Bangladesh holds a prominent position in the global imagination as being at the forefront of climate-change risks, given its geographic location, socio-economic characteristics, and natural hazard profile (Khan et al. 2011;Ali 1996). Many of its residents are experiencing the impacts of climate change (Coirolo et al. 2013); millions of people living in the country's coastal areas have been dubbed "climate victims" in political and civil society discourses (Walsham 2010;Friedman 2009). ...
Global news on anthropogenic climate change is shaped by international politics, scientific reports and voices from transnational protest movements. This timely volume asks how local communities engage with these transnational discourses.
The chapters in this volume present a range of compelling case studies drawn from a broad cross-section of local communities around the world, reflecting diverse cultural and geographical contexts. From Greenland to northern Tanzania, it illuminates how different understandings evolve in diverse cultural and geographical contexts while also revealing some common patterns of how people make sense of climate change. Global Warming in Local Discourses constitutes a significant, new contribution to understanding the multi-perspectivity of our debates on climate change, further highlighting the need for interdisciplinary study within this area.
It will be a valuable resource to those studying climate and science communication; those interested in understanding the various roles played by journalism, NGOs, politics and science in shaping public understandings of climate change, as well as those exploring the intersections of the global and the local in debates on the sustainable transformation of societies.
... Household heads, FGDs, and local KIIs reported that support for children's essentials (foods, clothes, books, bathing buckets, etc.) was useful. It was a large and welcome shift in disaster management in coastal Bangladesh for relief goods to include items to address the specific needs of children, the elderly, disabled, and women, and these facilities were limited though (DPIs, Coirolo et al. 2013). However, the support for children made a very striking contribution. ...
Households’ links with NGOs are an important support for disaster resilience and recovery in Bangladesh. Previous studies have examined how social capital promotes disaster recovery. However, few explore the complexities of linking social networks and, in particular, the role of NGOs, after disasters. Through a case study of Cyclone Sidr— 2007 affected two coastal villages of Bangladesh, using household surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews, this study examines when these linking networks perform well and poorly. NGOs provide strong support through immediate relief (food, water, medicine, household utensils), shelter (building materials, new houses), and livelihood assistance (microcredit, cropping seeds, livestock, fishing boats, and nets). However, this catalyzes relief dependency also, NGOs generally favour households they lend to, some- times demand normal repayments continue even though a disaster has occurred, and often take bribes when they are distributing livelihood assistance to households. We suspect many Bangladeshi NGOs focus on relief activities rather than preparedness, because post- disaster relief provides significant opportunities for financial irregularities, as the cash flows (donor support) are relatively large. Instead, NGOs should increase their emphasis on disaster risk reduction, providing more robust housing and fostering alternative livelihood options rather relief centric activities, because households’ have a strong preference for empowerment and resilience, rather than relief dependency.
... O'Brien et al., 2018;World Bank, 2018). Likewise, they should be able to expand "horizontally" by covering non-regular recipients of social protection to account for new vulnerabilities created by climate change (Béné et al., 2018;Carter & Janzen, 2018;Coirolo, Commins, Haque, & Pierce, 2013;Conway & Schipper, 2011;Davies et al., 2008;Dulal & Shah, 2014;Godfrey-Wood & Flower, 2017;Hallegatte et al., 2016;Heltberg et al., 2009;Janzen, Jensen, & Mude, 2016;Nguyen & Wodon, 2015;C. O'Brien et al., 2018;Schwan & Yu, 2018;Siddiqi, 2011). ...
Policymakers are increasingly interested in how social protection is evolving in the context of climate change. This review assesses what the literature tells us about its role in facilitating adaptation in lower income countries. It also explores how far thinking on an integrated “adaptive social protection” (ASP) agenda considers transforming the socioeconomic and political contexts where vulnerability to climate change originates. The review finds that research to date focuses on how instruments such as cash or asset transfers can protect the poor from shocks and stresses, prevent households from falling into poverty as a result of climate change, and promote climate‐resilient livelihoods. However, it cautions that such interventions must go beyond helping households to cope against shocks over short time horizons; they should enable the adoption of forward‐looking strategies for long‐lasting adaptation. Much less attention in the literature is given to whether social protection measures might have transformational effects for recipients. This is despite the fact that the earliest proponents of ASP favored a rights‐based approach to social protection to address issues of inequality and marginalization which are at the root of poverty and vulnerability to climate change. Although the role of social protection should not be overstated, it holds promise as a tool for building adaptive capacity. However, the potential of ASP to be truly transformational for its recipients by tackling the structural causes of vulnerability to climate change is not yet harnessed by policymakers. This constitutes a missed opportunity for the agenda to deliver on the international community's promise to “leave no one behind.”
This article is categorized under: Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
... SP has been increasingly considered by scientists an essential strategic tool to address dangerous climate (Béné et al., 2014;Coirolo, Commins, Haque, & Pierce, 2013;Davies et al., 2013;Davies, Guenther, Leavy, Mitchell, & Tanner, 2008;Dulal & Shah, 2014;Heltberg, Siegel, & Jorgensen, 2009;Kuriakose et al., 2013;Schwan & Yu, 2018;Ulrichs, Slater, & Costella, 2019;Wood, 2011). At a policy level, core international frameworks for sustainable development affirm the essential role of SP in responding to extreme events. ...
Climate extremes and slow onset events undermine the efforts of developing countries to eradicate poverty and promote social equity. Social protection presents an opportunity to develop inclusive comprehensive risk management strategies to address loss and damage from climate change. However, research and policy on climate change and social protection remain limited in scope. This paper aims to address this gap by presenting a number of conceptual arguments that can provide a basis for a wider discussion on what principles and considerations should be embedded in the design of national climate-responsive SP strategies and plans. It is argued that future efforts should be geared to develop climate-responsive social protection policies that consider a broad range of issues including urbanization and migration, impact of green policies on the poor, access to essential health care and risks to socially marginalized groups. The article concludes with a discussion on implications for policy and future research.
... Some other studies have identified concerns and issues which may reduce the effectiveness of national adaptation practices. For instance, Coirolo et al. (2013) identify that the objectives of the existing social protection programs designed to support affected community members has not been sufficiently realized due to information gaps between community members and government officials, and the embedded corruption within the administration. Information gaps also remain in adaption planning processes which, despite requiring participatory and inclusive approaches, often suffer from vague and inadequate community representation due to elite capture (Ayers 2011). ...
In this paper, we present the results of a systematic literature review of climate change vulnerability-related research conducted in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2017 in order to identify trends and knowledge gaps. Our results identify interesting evolutions in the temporal and spatial scales of study and the nature of spatial and thematic associations, suggesting important knowledge gaps in the existing literature that likely limit understandings of scale-sensitive climate change impacts. We also observed a temporal mismatch between the published studies and policy-making processes focused on adaptation and mitigation and a bias towards the economic aspects of climate change, with less focus on social and environmental issues. Thematically, the climate change-related scholarship in Bangladesh would benefit from more integrative, cross-theme, and transdisciplinary studies, potentially drawing on the different theoretical constructs of vulnerability and adaptation. Such studies will be needed to better support evidence-based public policy and also to more accurately reflect the diversity of knowledge gaps and challenges concerning climatic stresses in Bangladesh at different scales and in different contexts.
... In addition, food security is strongly influenced by natural disasters including flood, drought, cyclones, and riverbank erosion, which will likely increase with climate change (Karim et al. 1990;Brammer 1999). Natural disasters can make areas vulnerable to reduced production, can cause damage to infrastructure and communication networks and can lead to a displacement of people (Islam and Sumon 2013;Coirolo et al. 2013). In Bangladesh, floods influence the food distribution system through their impact on roads and transport networks. ...
Food security globally depends primarily on three components: food availability, food access, and food utilization. Regional variations of these components may affect food security via spatial differences in natural, social or economic conditions and the interaction of these in a complex environmental system. It is important to understand the regional variation of food security, particularly where and under what natural and socio-economic circumstances people become vulnerable to low food security in a country. This article provides an overview of food security in Bangladesh in terms of the three main components, identifies knowledge gaps in present food security research, reviews possible impacts of climate change on food security, and sourced a wide range of spatio-temporal data relevant for food security. The study highlights potentials and indicates different processes to develop spatially informed food policies in a country, particularly focuses on Bangladesh. This will contribute to improved food security by considering regional food security conditions, region-specific deficits, climate change, other future risks, and devises actions related to the respective components. The study concludes that different processes can provide a foundation for policy development and these will advance research-policy linkage to improved food security.
... The first PCA component contributing to this vulnerability dimension is composed of indicators related to social security and citizen's socio-economic opportunity that decrease vulnerability to natural hazards. People who have better jobs, better access to safe drinking water, better housing can recover earlier from cyclone impact than those that do not have such opportunities [66][67][68]. Higher education level increases the level of understanding to warning signals and the opportunity to get jobs that leads to lower vulnerability [53]. All these indicators load significantly on the first PC which summarizes 19.5% of the dataset variance among coastal unions. ...
As a disaster prone country, Bangladesh is regularly hit by natural hazards, including devastating cyclones, such as in 1970, 1991 and 2007. Although the number of cyclones’ fatalities reduced from 0.3 million in 1970 to a few thousand or fewer in recent events, loss of lives and impact on livelihoods remains a concern. It depends on the meteorological characteristics of cyclone and the general vulnerability and capacity of the exposed population. In that perspective, a spatially explicit risk assessment is an essential step towards targeted disaster risk reduction. This study aims at analyzing the spatial variation of the different factors contributing to the risk for coastal communities at regional scale, including the distribution of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and capacity. An exploratory factor analysis method is used to map vulnerability contrasts between local administrative units. Indexing and ranking using geospatial techniques are used to produce maps of exposure, hazard, vulnerability, capacities and risk. Results show that vulnerable populations and exposed areas are distributed along the land sea boundary, islands and major inland rivers. The hazard, assessed from the density of historical cyclone paths, is highest in the southwestern part of the coast. Whereas cyclones shelters are shown to properly serve the most vulnerable populations as priority evacuation centers, the overall pattern of capacity accounting for building quality and road network shows a more complex pattern. Resultant risk maps also provide a reasonable basis from which to take further structural measures to minimize loss of lives in the upcoming cyclones.
... Sea level rise due to climate change is increasing soil and water salinity in the south and reducing the availability of arable land. Climate projections suggest Bangladesh will experience significant increases in average temperature and extreme weather events (e.g., heat waves), which will threaten crop and livestock production (Coirolo et al. 2013). ...
... Household heads, FGDs, and local KIIs reported that support for children's essentials (foods, clothes, books, bathing buckets, etc.) was useful. It was a large and welcome shift in disaster management in coastal Bangladesh for relief goods to include items to address the specific needs of children, the elderly, disabled, and women, and these facilities were limited though (DPIs, Coirolo et al. 2013). However, the support for children made a very striking contribution. ...
... In terms of mainstreaming climate change into planning processes, the need to address underlying drivers of vulnerability would entail a shift beyond short-term, reactive coping to include support for adaptive transformation of livelihoods in line with changing climate conditions over longer timescales. This could involve extension of current safety net programmes to address the medium-term effects of disasters, taking account of differential impacts across social and livelihood groups (Coirolo, Commins, Haque, & Pierce, 2013). It would also require more coherent integration of policy areas that aim to reduce vulnerability, including climate change adaptation, DRR and social protection, into an adaptive social protection framework (Arnall, Oswald, Davies, Mitchell, & Coirolo, 2010;Davies et al., 2013;Davies, Guenther, Leavy, Mitchell, & Tanner, 2008). ...
This article draws on research findings from fieldwork undertaken in Gaibandha District of Northwest Bangladesh from 2009 to 2010 to analyse the influence of power-related factors on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in two rural communities. The principal aim of the research was to explore the factors that shape differentiated vulnerability and adaptive capacity within the two communities, with a focus on extremely poor community members. Findings indicate that climate-related vulnerability is differentiated at the sub-community level, both among different socio-economic, livelihood and social groups, as well as within them. Some of the central factors highlighted by respondents as underpinning differentiation had clear power and inequality dimensions. These include political ties and corruption; community and family networks; and the capability to enforce one's own rights, for example to land, in lieu of access to impartial law enforcement and justice institutions. The article concludes with implications of these findings for supporting adaptive capacity and mainstreaming climate change into planning processes at different levels. In particular, interventions focused on assets may be less important than those directed at power relations, networks and the security dimensions of extreme poverty.
In this article, we examine how households from disadvantaged social groups in India adapt through migration to climate-related shocks. We examine the relative importance of factors like social networks and public intervention in enabling adaptation to slow-onset climate change. We use household- and village-level data from two consecutive waves of the Indian Human Development Survey and gridded weather data from CRU at the University of East Anglia for our analysis. Our results indicate that, in India, major changes in dryness significantly increase migration, but disadvantaged social groups facing climate change are less likely to migrate. Social networks do not play any significant role in the migration behaviour of disadvantaged groups facing these changes. Efficient implementation of poverty alleviation programmes does improve the probability of migration among these groups.
JEL Codes: O15, Q54
Like other coastal countries, Bangladesh is also facing the numerous adversities raised from natural disasters and climate change hazards. The present study examines the implementation challenges in disaster affected areas and identifies the possible ways to make the social safety-nets (SSNs) more effective in coastal Bangladesh. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected from Raruli and Vobanipur villages at Paikgaccha Upazilla in Khulna district through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KII) and observation. This study found that Bangladesh provides these (SSNs; e.g. VGF, GR, TR, CoDRH, FFW/FW and EGPP) in the coastal areas during the religious festivals and normal and emergency period as well to alleviate poverty, decrease food crisis, reduce disaster risks and climate vulnerabilities. Additionally, the traditional 'top down' approach for selecting beneficiaries and the existing distribution process creates obstacles to find out the actual targeted people. Findings show there are some challenges (e.g. faulty beneficiary targeting process, complex selection criteria, excessive political interference, mal-functioning of local committee, location of the support distribution center etc.) especially during the implementation phases. This study argues that as a good initiative of the government, the local people do not get the utmost benefits from the SSNPs and there is discrimination in the community in selecting beneficiaries. The study suggests that, to achieve the ultimate goals of SSNPs, such as reducing corruption and political interference, the local beneficiary selection committee should function properly.
This paper aims to understand the impact of salinity on women in coastal areas of Bangladesh. While there is ample information on the impact of climate change on coastal areas in Bangladesh, the literature shows that there is hardly any information on the impact of climate-induced salinity on women. This study is an attempt to fill this gap. An in-depth interview method was applied to collect primary data from a salinity prone coastal region in Satkhira District of Bangladesh. The study shows that salinity affects the women and girls in many ways. The impacts of salinity on women include the unattractiveness of women and girls due to the loss of hair and skin color, the increased burden of work due to water collection far from homes, unable to attend school by girls, the sufferings of women from various diseases, health and hygiene problem, and early child marriage. The consequences of the impacts of salinity on women lead to domestic violence, increased rate of divorce, increased number of female-headed households, and increased poverty due to limited sources of livelihoods. Overall, the adverse impacts of salinity on women make them more vulnerable socially and financially. The policy implications of this study may include the increased awareness of males about the impacts of salinity on women, appropriate institutional arrangements by the government including the adoption of policies and plans incorporating the issues faced by the women due to increasing salinity. It is expected that this study will not only be useful to policymakers in Bangladesh but also to other countries with similar contexts.
Among the basic needs of each person, food security and adequate nutrition are the most significant elements. In recent years, Bangladesh has achieved some remarkable progress in food security, but there remain several challenges to ensure it for all. This paper explores the significant agendas regarding food security in Bangladesh and the present scenario of the country’s food security. The present study tries to identify some sustainable strategies to ensure food security in Bangladesh, a disaster-prone country due to its geographical location where people frequently visit droughts, cyclones, and many other natural calamities. This paper also focuses on the government’s different food programs and several initiatives taken by the respective authorities to ensure food security at the national level, one of the main goals of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Bangladesh’s efforts to achieve food security are discussed here, and the National Food Security Act is also outlined. Finally, this study explains the institutional actions that can be taken to implement a policy plan to ensure food security and improved nutrition for all as a part of the National Food Security policy.
Flexible pavements on weak soil are prone to longitudinal cracking and rut formation on the surface. Geocell-reinforced granular layers offer enhanced load distribution and restrict settlement on the pavement under regular vehicular traffic. An intensive parametric study was done to assess the degree of impact of various factors on the time-dependent behavior of flexible pavement with a geocell-reinforced granular base. Parameters analyzed include stiffness and aspect ratio of geocell, frictional characteristics of the granular layer, and subgrade shear strength. The independent effect of each influential parameter on the mechanism of load transfer was analyzed using three-dimensional modeling incorporating the actual honeycomb shape of the geocell. The load transfer mechanism in a geocell is most affected by the tensile stiffness of geosynthetic material and the aspect ratio of the cellular pocket. While the effect of the wide slab mechanism is affected by the strength characteristics of all pavement layers, including fill friction, subgrade cohesion, and geosynthetic stiffness, the membrane effect is dependent purely on the strength and aspect ratio of the geocell. The aspect ratio close to unity is desirable for efficient and uniform stress transfer through Geocell walls.KeywordsGeocellHoneycomb shapeRepetitive loadingParametric studyLoad transfer mechanism
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. Construction and Structural Mechanics
. Building Materials
. Concrete, Steel and Timber Structures
. Geotechnical Engineering
. Earthquake Engineering
. Coastal Engineering
. Ocean and Offshore Engineering; Ships and Floating Structures
. Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
. Environmental Engineering and Sustainability
. Structural Health and Monitoring
. Surveying and Geographical Information Systems
. Indoor Environments
. Transportation and Traffic
. Risk Analysis
. Safety and Security
Social protection has emerged as a strategy to minimize climate change impacts by building the resilience of vulnerable communities. It is increasingly being used in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This study reviews the role of social protection in the scientific literature through bibliometric and thematic analysis. Web of Science database was used to retrieve the articles using selected keywords. Historical growth, citations, keywords, and country analyses were used to perform the bibliometric review. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes pertaining to social protection, disaster risk reduction, and climate change adaptation. Publications have increased over the past decade, and 142 texts from various disciplines were retrieved. The co-occurrence of keywords revealed that resilience, adaptation, and vulnerability are used in the scientific literature. The shortlisted themes investigated the role of social protection and its interventions for supporting livelihoods, assisting in food security, and disaster recovery. Social protection is emphasized as a tool for vulnerability reduction and building resilience. Literature confirms the crosscutting and multidisciplinary implications of social protection in the domains of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
As the consequences of climate change become better understood, there is growing agreement among development practitioners and academics on the need for mainstreaming climate adaptation into social protection. This review paper assesses the progress in mainstreaming efforts, revealing that there has been considerable progress made to date. However, a number of critical issues relating to the challenges of such mainstreaming in the context of developing countries and the conceptual framework needed to assess the outcomes of such developmental programmes are yet to be addressed. These issues are examined in this paper.
As the consequences of climate change become better understood, there is growing agreement among development practitioners and academics on the need for mainstreaming climate adaptation into social protection. This review paper assesses the progress in mainstreaming efforts, revealing that there has been considerable progress made to date. However, a number of critical issues relating to the challenges of such mainstreaming in the context of developing countries and the conceptual framework needed to assess the outcomes of such developmental programmes are yet to be addressed. These issues are examined in this paper.
Bangladesh is confronting terrible impacts of climate change on agriculture across the country, especially in the low-lying area like- Haor , coastal region, and islands. This behavioral study (N = 320) examines the perception and knowledge of farmers on climate-induced events and experiences, and explores the adaptation practices they adopt to protect crop production and livestock farming from the impact of climate change in the Northeastern Haor area of the country. Using triangulation method, it is detected that farmers of the study area have erroneous idea on climate change and the causes of frequent climate extremes. Study results show that respondents’ perception and experiences on climate-induced event are verified positively with the historical trend and time-series analysis of climate indicators as well as with the findings of researchers using PRA tools and techniques. This study explores the traditional and systematic adaptation approaches of farmers which are practiced in individual or community level. The rationale of each of the approach from respondents’ side is also analyzed in the study. It is statistically tested using chi-square that some of the scientific and systematic adaptation options for crop production is predominantly influenced by the educational qualifications of the respondents. The study reveals that lack of proper information prevents subsistence farmers to find the most effective adaptation pathways.
We examine the directly observable determinants of sub-national (central to local) public spending allocations for disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation in Bangladesh, a country with a very high exposure to weather risk. We use a comprehensive dataset for the 483 sub-districts (Upazilas) in Bangladesh, tracking disaster risk reduction and adaptation funding provided to each sub-district by the central government during fiscal years’ 2010–11 to 2013–14, disaggregated by the various types of social protection programs. We assess to what extent the primary determinants of such funding flows—such as current hazard risk, socio-economic vulnerability, and political economy considerations—contribute to these funding allocation decisions. We find that flood hazard risk and socio-economic vulnerability are both positively correlated with the sub-district fiscal allocations. We find that political factors do not seem to significantly correlate with these allocations and neither does proximity to the centres of Dhaka and Chittagong. Public spending for adaptive disaster risk reduction, as investigated here, can be a useful complementary intervention tool to other DRR programs, such as insurance or broader social transfers, provided that it is allocated rationally. Broadly, this appears to be the case in Bangladesh. We leave the measuring of the relative efficacy and efficiency of each financing tool for future work.
Bangladesh is one of the country's most vulnerable to climate change which also has a very high population density. The combination of a high level of poverty, and a depleted ecological system increase the country's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, which threatens the development achievements over the last decades. The increasing risks from climate change, sea level rise, and natural and man-made hazards, such as cyclones, storm surge, flooding, land erosion, water logging, and salinity intrusion in soil and water, already have adversely affected livelihoods of people living in environmentally fragile areas. The objectives of this study are to identify the social and livelihood groups vulnerable to climate change or climate variability; understand capital asset transformation capability of the villagers in potential hotspots; recognize and categorize climate change related hazards facing people in those hotspots; identify a range of adaptation measures in practice; and understand villagers' aspirations and concerns regarding reduction of vulnerability and improvement of livelihoods.
Prevention is better then cure'-this simple affirmation is hinted in our everyday life. The effects of climate change on Bangladesh, one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, is just an "add salt into the sour". Bangladesh seems to be one of the worst victims of climate change (Sidr on 15 Nov. 2007). A recent study reveals that 11% of the people that sustained injuries during Sidr strike fall victim to permanent disability. And the cruel fact is that disabled people are virtually excluded from the country's greater disaster preparedness and response activities. This paper is prepared based on a study where some selected qualitative tools i.e. focus group discussion (FGD), case study and in-depth interviews, besides a questionnaire survey, were employed to understand the disability issue in relation to climate change, disaster preparedness and response activities including injury care. Study found that in pre-and post-Sidr situation no attention was paid to the disability issue.
Natural disasters have ahuge impact on social and economic welfare. Policies to manage them need to be integrated and well grounded to the specificities of natural hazards as well as local capacities in terms of fiscal, administrative and economic capabilities. A well designed natural disasters management strategy crucially depends on carefully assessing and planning responses before, during and after the disaster occurs. This policy note discusses the complementary role that Social Protection can play in the formation of an effective strategy for natural disasters management.
In this article we investigate the complex relationship between environmental risk, poverty, and vulnerability in a case study carried out in one of the poorest and most flood-prone countries in the world, focusing on household and community vulnerability and adaptive coping mechanisms. Based upon the steadily growing amount of literature in this field we develop and test our own analytical model. In a large-scale household survey carried out in southeast Bangladesh, we ask almost 700 floodplain residents living without any flood protection along the River Meghna about their flood risk exposure, flood problems, flood damage, and coping mechanisms. Novel in our study is the explicit testing of the effectiveness of adaptive coping strategies to reduce flood damage costs. We show that, households with lower income and less access to productive natural assets face higher exposure to risk of flooding. Disparity in income and asset distribution at community level furthermore tends to be higher at higher risk exposure levels, implying that individually vulnerable households are also collectively more vulnerable. Regarding the identification of coping mechanisms to deal with flood events, we look at both the ex ante household level preparedness for flood events and the ex post availability of community-level support and disaster relief. We find somewhat paradoxically that the people that face the highest risk of flooding are the least well prepared, both in terms of household-level ex ante preparedness and community-level ex post flood relief.
Complementing Natural Disasters Management: The role of social protection. Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0543 Understanding the Rainfall Climatology and Detection of Extreme Weather Events in SAARC Region: Part I-Bangladesh
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Climate Change and Livelihoods in Northwest Bangladesh: Vulnerability and adaptation among extremely poor people
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Improving Local Capacity to Adapt Safety Net Programs to Climate Change
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‘Estimating the Effects of Social Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh on Calorie Consumption of Poor Households’
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Programmes in Bangladesh on Calorie Consumption of Poor Households',
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‘Growth and Poverty Impacts of Flood and Sidr in 2007: Preliminary estimates from simulation results’
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