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The Protective Effects of a Polyphenol-Enriched Protein Powder on Exercise-Induced Susceptibility to Virus Infection
Abstract
Prolonged and intensive exercise induces transient immunosuppression and is associated with an increased risk and severity of infections. The goal of this study was to characterize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of the bioactive metabolites of a blueberry–green tea-polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC) in the serum of supplemented subjects during a 3-day intensified training period. Long-distance runners, randomly divided into two groups, ingested 40 g/day PSPC or placebo (soy protein and colorings) for 17 days, with a 3-day running period inserted at day 14. Blood serum samples were collected pre-14 days and post-14 days supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running. The post-exercise serum from both groups significantly promoted the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture by 20–70%, but returned to normal levels following recovery. Furthermore, the serum from subjects ingesting PSPC did not display antibacterial properties at any time point. In contrast, there was a significant difference in the ability of serum from PSPC-supplemented versus placebo-supplemented athletes to protect cells in culture from killing by vesicular stomatitis virus following strenuous exercise. In addition, the serum of subjects who ingested PSPC significantly delayed an exercise-induced increase in virus replication. These results indicate that polyphenol complexes containing blueberry and green tea have the potential to protect athletes from virus infections following rigorous exercise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Evidence from our team and others shows that gut microbialderived metabolites of dietary flavonoids are anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, can have greater bioactivity than their parent/precursor structures, and have additive or synergistic effects collectively (Ahmed et al., 2014;Amin et al., 2015;Duda-Chodak et al., 2015;Nieman et al., 2017Nieman et al., , 2018Warner et al., 2017). Indeed, daily consumption of anthocyanins in a dietinduced obese mouse model with either healthy or antibioticdisrupted gut microbiota resulted in reduced body weight gain and improved glucose metabolism, but only in mice with intact gut microbiota (Esposito et al., 2015). ...
... The substantial cognitive benefits observed with at least 150 min per week MVPA are further amplified when MVPA is increased to 300 min per week. Potential mechanisms for MVPA's positive impacts on cognition include changes in brain structures (Rovio et al., 2010;Devenney et al., 2017), increases in cerebral blood flow and oxygentation (Rooks et al., 2010;Tsubaki et al., 2021), enhanced immune function, reductions in inflammation including neuroinflammation, and/or increase neurotrophic factors (Nieman et al., 2013;Ahmed et al., 2014;Amin et al., 2015;Rehfeld et al., 2018;Minghui, 2019). Habitual walking in late adulthood has been correlated with higher gray matter volume, coincident with reduced risk of cognitive dysfunction (Erickson et al., 2010). ...
... Microbial metabolites were dramatically elevated once the workout commencedthe release of the metabolites into plasma was stimulated by physical exertion. Release of these microbial metabolites into circulation significantly countered the athletes' typical postexercise susceptibility to virus infection, by depressing ex vivo viral replication and attenuating virulence (Ahmed et al., 2014). ...
Age-related cognitive changes can be the first indication of the progression to dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease. These changes may be driven by a complex interaction of factors including diet, activity levels, genetics, and environment. Here we review the evidence supporting relationships between flavonoids, physical activity, and brain function. Recent in vivo experiments and human clinical trials have shown that flavonoid-rich foods can inhibit neuroinflammation and enhance cognitive performance. Improved cognition has also been correlated with a physically active lifestyle, and with the functionality and diversity of the gut microbiome. The great majority (+ 90%) of dietary flavonoids are biotransformed into phytoactive phenolic metabolites at the gut microbiome level prior to absorption, and these prebiotic flavonoids modulate microbiota profiles and diversity. Health-relevant outcomes from flavonoid ingestion may only be realized in the presence of a robust microbiome. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accelerates the catabolism and uptake of these gut-derived anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory metabolites into circulation. The gut microbiome exerts a profound influence on cognitive function; moderate exercise and flavonoid intake influence cognitive benefits; and exercise and flavonoid intake influence the microbiome. We conclude that there is a potential for combined impacts of flavonoid intake and physical exertion on cognitive function, as modulated by the gut microbiome, and that the combination of a flavonoid-rich diet and routine aerobic exercise may potentiate cognitive benefits and reduce cognitive decline in an aging population, via mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiome. Mechanistic animal studies and human clinical interventions are needed to further explore this hypothesis.
... As shown in Table 2, since 2005, 38 articles have reported the effects of flavonoidenriched extracts on sports performances [26,28,, mainly using cycling and running performances but, also, strength testing, vertical jump, taekwondo, and the climbing test. These 38 articles referred to 37 clinical trials, because the articles by Nieman et al. [97] and Ahmed et al. [98] used the same clinical trial. Eighteen clinical trials applied extracts containing flavanols, 13 applied anthocyanins, 4 used ellagitannins, and flavones and isoflavones were each used in one. ...
... A total of 19 articles [26,28,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]74,85,[94][95][96][97][98][99] referred to 18 clinical trials that applied extracts rich in flavanols as the intervention ( Table 2, flavanols section). Two of these 19 articles focused on the same clinical trial [97,98]. ...
... A total of 19 articles [26,28,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]74,85,[94][95][96][97][98][99] referred to 18 clinical trials that applied extracts rich in flavanols as the intervention ( Table 2, flavanols section). Two of these 19 articles focused on the same clinical trial [97,98]. Twelve clinical trials had a parallel design [64][65][66][67][70][71][72]94,[96][97][98][99], and the six remaining had a crossover design [26,28,69,74,85,95]. ...
Flavonoids are attracting increasing attention due to their antioxidant, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in exercise performance in association with immune function. This systematic review firstly aimed to shed light on the ergogenic potential of flavonoids. A search strategy was run using SCOPUS database. The returned studies were screened by prespecified eligibility criteria, including intervention lasting at least one week and performance objectively quantified, among others. Fifty-one studies (54 articles) met the inclusion criteria, involving 1288 human subjects, either physically untrained or trained. Secondly, we aimed to associate these studies with the immune system status. Seventeen of the selected studies (18 articles) assessed changes in the immune system. The overall percentage of studies reporting an improved exercise performance following flavonoid supplementation was 37%, the proportion being 25% when considering quercetin, 28% for flavanol-enriched extracts, and 54% for anthocyanins-enriched extracts. From the studies reporting an enhanced performance, only two, using anthocyanin supplements, focused on the immune system and found certain anti-inflammatory effects of these flavonoids. These results suggest that flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, may exert beneficial effects for athletes’ performances, although further studies are encouraged to establish the optimal dosage and to clarify their impact on immune status.
... Many of the earlier studies reported few discernable benefits of increased polyphenol intake for athletes, but research design deficiencies portrayed a misunderstanding of polyphenol bioavailability and metabolism, the appropriate outcome measures, and the most effective dosing protocols with a misplaced emphasis on a "pharma" approach and the use of large doses of flavonoid aglycones (Konrad et al. 2011). More recent exercise-based studies are focused on increased intake of plant extracts and fruit, with the complex and pleiotropic physiological outcomes captured using multi-omics approaches and ex vivo cell cultures with postsupplementation blood samples (Ahmed et al. 2014;Nieman et al. 2015aNieman et al. , 2018a. ...
... The gut-derived phenolics circulate throughout the body, exerting a variety of bioactive effects that are best captured using ex vivo cell cultures with human serum samples that contain the biotransformed phenolics (Kay et al. 2017). These types of studies support a variety of biological activities important to athletes including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidative, and immune cell signaling effects (Ahmed et al. 2014, Amin et al. 2015, di Gesso et al. 2015, Edwards et al. 2015, Kay 2015, Warner et al. 2017. As summarized in Figure 9, one study showed that ingestion of a high polyphenol supplement from blueberries and green tea compared to placebo during a three-day period of intense exercise training was associated with increased postexercise translocation of gut-derived phenolics (e.g., hippurate, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyhippurate) into the circulatory system, an adaptive mechanism that may support other endogenous anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immune defense systems in the athlete during the recovery process (Nieman et al. 2013a). ...
... As summarized in Figure 9, one study showed that ingestion of a high polyphenol supplement from blueberries and green tea compared to placebo during a three-day period of intense exercise training was associated with increased postexercise translocation of gut-derived phenolics (e.g., hippurate, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyhippurate) into the circulatory system, an adaptive mechanism that may support other endogenous anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immune defense systems in the athlete during the recovery process (Nieman et al. 2013a). In this same study, the serum of runners who ingested the high polyphenol supplement significantly attenuated the postexercise increase in virus replication, supporting the role of gut-derived phenolics derived from blueberries and green tea in protecting athletes from virus infections when they are most susceptible (Figure 9) (Ahmed et al. 2014). ...
Immunometabolism is an evolving field of scientific endeavor that merges immunology and metabolism and has provided valuable context when evaluating the influence of dietary interventions on exercise-induced immune dysfunction. Metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics provide a system-wide view of the metabolic response to exercise by simultaneously measuring and identifying a large number of small molecule metabolites, lipids, and proteins. Many of these are involved with immune function and regulation and are sensitive to dietary influences, especially acute carbohydrate ingestion from either sugar beverages or fruits such as bananas. Emerging evidence using large multi-omics data sets supports the combined intake of fruit sugars and phytochemicals by athletes during heavy exertion as an effective strategy to improve metabolic recovery, augment viral defense, and counter postexercise inflammation and immune dysfunction at the cell level. Multi-omics methodologies have given investigators new outcome targets to assess the efficacy of various dietary interventions for physiologically stressed athletes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology Volume 10 is March 25, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... Los polifenoles son unos micronutrientes abundantes en nuestra dieta contenidos en distintas cantidades en frutas, vegetales, cereales, chocolates y bebidas. Existen numerosos estudios que revelan efectos beneficiosos en la salud de estos micronutrientes como puede ser el poder antioxidante, anti-inflamatorio y una actividad anti-cancerígena 7 . ...
... Del total de los 13 artículos originales seleccionados, el 69% se tratan de estudios con un entrenamiento diseñado 6,7,15-21 . El 92% de los estudios incluidos han incluido un test de ejercicio físico para valorar parámetros [6][7][8][9][16][17][18][19][21][22][23] . ...
... El 100% de los ensayos clínicos, incluyeron participantes adultos suplementados con GT o sucedáneos. La mayoría de rango de edades (77%) oscila entre 20-40 años 6,7,[15][16][17][18][19][21][22][23] . Basándonos en la clasificación de la duración de los artículos 24 , encontramos que el 69% de los ensayos clínicos son de larga duración [6][7][8][15][16][17][18]21,22 . ...
Purposes:
assessing the magnitude of the effects of green tea in subjects that do exercise.
Methodology:
a search was been carried out with key words "green tea" AND "exercise" in four documentary databases: Pubmed, EBSCOHOST, OvidSP and Proquest.
Inclusion criteria:
adult age of the sample (18-65 years, based on WHO), and the consumption of a quantified amount of green tea or substitutes, along with doing physical exercise measurable in intensity, in clinical tests published between January 2010 and December 2014, whose source were indexed scientific journals.
Results:
260 articles were analyzed, of which 13 items were selected. 69% are studies with a designed workout, and 92% have included an exercise test to assess parameters. 77% fluctuate between 20-40 years and sample size between 9 and 36 subjects. 69% are long length. GTE has been the most used substitute (38%). 92% of studies have obtained some improvement and 92% of them, were significantly statistic. Interpretation of results: little homogeneity has been found in results in the analysis of results expression. Sample size is limited. There is a wide range of GTE substitutes and diversity of doses and exercise done. It cannot be possible to establish a dose, dosage and physical activity recommended.
Conclusions:
green tea gives us a wide variety of benefits in combination with physical exercise. There is a little evidence about quality. It cannot be possible to establish specific recommendations for obtaining benefits.
... Polyphenols play an active role in modulating Treg cells. 58,59) Folate Folate plays an active role in the protection of innate immunity, especially it helps protect NK cells. Besides, folate has many positive effects on human health. ...
... Food contributes to physical barriers in the natural immune system: the production and activity of antimicrobial proteins that function in the body; growth, differentiation, and motility of congenital cells are of great importance; phagocytic and lethal activities of neutrophils and macrophages such as oxidative explosion; and anti-inflammatory effects such as cytokine production and antioxidant activity. Nutrients also have functions in the adaptive immune system, including T-and B-lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, homeostasis, and controls the production of cytokines, B antibodies, and memory cells (Tables 1, 2 andFigure 1).17,24,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Therefore, immune function is negatively affected in the case of insufficient micronutrients and macronutrients, resulting in a potential decrease in the immunity against infections.21,[41][42][43] ...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide, causing many deaths, the number of which continues to increase. Global public health organizations and governments have advised on the adoption of various handwashing and hygiene guidelines, use of masks, and social distancing, along with isolation or lockdown protocols to prevent SARS-COV-2 spread. There are vaccines and drugs that are confirmed but still many human suffer from this disease. Important risk factors for SARS-COV-2 infection are similar to other viral infectious diseases as including influenza, hepatitis B, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other lung infections. These diseases might be related to poor nutritional support, affecting the patient outcomes against COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the nutritional therapies currently being investigated for infectious diseases. Studies have shown that nutrition has the potential to prevent and mitigate viral infections. Micronutrients (vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, and E, B9, and trace elements, such as iron, zinc, copper, selenium, magnesium, and polyphenols) and macronutrients (carbohydrates, prebiotics, probiotics, protein [amino acids], and lipids [fatty acids]) affect the whole body, including the immune system, preventing viral entry and modulating clinical symptoms. This review discusses the importance of nutrition as a strategy to understand food groups and key nutrients that may affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients during the ongoing pandemic. Scientists believe that the likelihood of another pandemic is imminent. COVID-19 remains important and scientists believe it will continue will in the future. We emphasize the lack of studies on the nutritional impact of COVID-19 in terms of nutrition, even though nutritional interventions has been shown to have many advantages during the treatment of viral infections.
... Natural killer cell counts are usually reduced after long durations of exercise, but in McAnulty et al. (2011) study, the blueberry group had high pre-exercise natural killer cell levels, which assisted in maintaining levels after exercise close to the control group prior to physical activity (MCANULTY et al., 2011). Similar effect of blueberry supplementation on immunological system was found after 3 days of intensified running training (AHMED et al., 2014) when blueberry-green tea-polyphenol soy protein complex for 17 days, with a 3-day running period inserted at day 14 (AHMED et al., 2014). ...
... Natural killer cell counts are usually reduced after long durations of exercise, but in McAnulty et al. (2011) study, the blueberry group had high pre-exercise natural killer cell levels, which assisted in maintaining levels after exercise close to the control group prior to physical activity (MCANULTY et al., 2011). Similar effect of blueberry supplementation on immunological system was found after 3 days of intensified running training (AHMED et al., 2014) when blueberry-green tea-polyphenol soy protein complex for 17 days, with a 3-day running period inserted at day 14 (AHMED et al., 2014). ...
A prevalent desire in the sports world is the acceleration of post-exercise recovery; therefore, many studies have examined the use of dietary supplements before, during, and after exercise to determine the positive effects on athletes as a catalyst for recovery. Overall, studies have found that adaptations to regular exercise promotes advantageous reactions in the body to boost the immune system, prevent dyslipidemia and muscle loss, and increase bone density. However, exercise at an increased intensity or duration usually performed under competitive settings can deplete glycogen stores, increase lactic acid, form an excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase tissue damage, and decrease immunologic function. This review incorporated studies that tested the use of fruits as a strategy to attenuate the period by which the body buffers the increase in acidity and inflammation, scavenge ROS and to regenerate muscle damage after high intensity exercise. Therefore, the effect of fruit intake rich in vitamins and those containing polyphenolic ring-based flavonoids and carbohydrates was discussed. Nutrient supplementation can enhance recovery after high intensity exercise, particularly fruits of red-blue color such as cherries and blueberries seem to decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage. In summary, each fruit has specific targets to offset body regeneration, avoid over training, and improve overall performance.
... Polyphenol metabolism is complex because nearly all that is ingested is poorly absorbed until bacterial degradation in the lower intestine produces smaller phenolics that can be reabsorbed into circulation after undergoing Phase 2 conjugation in the liver. These gut-derived phenolics circulate throughout the body, exerting bioactive effects (Ahmed et al., 2014;Amin et Although more human trials are needed, with stronger designs, limited and inconsistent data indicate that flavonoid supplementation may attenuate postexercise oxidative stress (Decroix et al., 2018;Myburgh, 2014;Sureda et al., 2014). A systematic review of 13 studies showed that cocoa flavanol supplementation reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress, but the effect on postexercise inflammation could not be determined (Decroix et al., 2018). ...
... The supplementation duration (2 weeks) was chosen because of the complex human pharmacokinetics of flavonoids due to the collective, interactive effects of xenobiotic metabolism, enterohepatic circulation, and adaptations by the gastrointestinal microbiota (Kalt et al., 2017;Williamson et al., 2018). We have demonstrated flavonoid-related bioactivity in human participants when incorporating the 2-week flavonoid supplementation period in similar studies (Ahmed et al., 2014;McAnulty et al., 2011;Nieman et al., 2009Nieman et al., , 2013Nieman et al., , 2018b. ...
This double-blinded, placebo controlled, randomized crossover trial investigated the influence of 2-week mixed flavonoid versus placebo supplementation on oxinflammation markers after a 75-km cycling time trial in 22 cyclists (42.3 ± 1.7 years). Blood samples were collected before and after the 2-week supplementation, and then 0 hr, 1.5 hr, and 21 hr post 75-km cycling (176 ± 5.4 min, 73.4 ±2.0% maximal oxygen consumption). The supplement provided 678-mg flavonoids with quercetin (200 mg), green tea catechins (368 mg, 180-mg epigallocatechin gallate), and anthocyanins (128 mg) from bilberry extract, with caffeine, vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids added as adjuvants. Blood samples were analyzed for blood leukocyte counts, oxinflammation biomarkers, including 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyls, and peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and glutathione peroxidase. Each of the blood biomarkers was elevated postexercise (time effects, all p s < .01), with lower plasma levels for 4-hydroxynonenal (at 21-hr postexercise) in flavonoid versus placebo (interaction effect, p = .008). Although elevated postexercise, no trial differences for the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio ( p = .539) or peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 ( p = .322) or glutathione peroxidase ( p = .839) were shown. Flavonoid supplementation prior to intensive exercise decreased plasma peroxidation and oxidative damage, as determined by 4-hydroxynonenal. Postexercise increases were similar between the flavonoid and placebo trials for peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 related gene glutathione peroxidase (NFE2L2). The data support the strategy of flavonoid supplementation to mitigate postexercise oxidative stress in endurance athletes.
... In a mice model, it was demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia [106]. Polyphenols appear to protect athletes from virus infections following rigorous exercise [107]. ...
... Therefore, CAM researchers argue that there is a need for additional methods, e.g., pragmatic studies, observational studies, a mix of qualitative and quantitative studies, and n=1 studies, in order to meet the complexity of CAM interventions [210]. In addition, a "reversed research strategy" for assessing CAM has been suggested, starting with studies of the context, paradigms, philosophical understanding, and utilization, then subsequently the safety status of the whole system, comparative effectiveness of the whole system, specific efficacy of components, and finally the underlying biological mechanisms [78,107]. A second barrier is that there is a lack of structural funding of research on CAM prevention and treatment strategies in many countries (although in China the research on TCM is increasingly structurally funded), with a sponsorship bias as a result [211]. ...
Aim:
The aim of this narrative review was to explore the potential contributions of CAM to reduce antibiotic use.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with a specific, limited set of search terms and collected input from a group of expert CAM researchers to answer the question: What is known about the contribution of CAM health and health promotion concepts, infection prevention, and infection treatment strategies to reduce antibiotic use? Results. The worldview-related CAM health concepts enable health promotion oriented infection prevention and treatment aimed at strengthening or supporting the self-regulating ability of the human organism to cope with diseases. There is some evidence that the CAM concepts of health (promotion) are in agreement with current conceptualization of health and that doctors who practice both CAM and conventional medicine prescribe less antibiotics, although selection bias of the presented studies cannot be ruled out. There is some evidence that prevention and some treatment strategies are effective and safe. Many CAM treatment strategies are promising but overall lack high quality evidence.
Conclusions:
CAM prevention and treatment strategies may contribute to reducing antibiotic use, but more rigorous research is necessary to provide high quality evidence of (cost-)effectiveness.
... Flavonoids comprise nearly 50% of all polyphenols, and are divided into simple and complex subclasses as summarized in Table 2 [57]. Improved assessment techniques have led to many recent publications that support a strong and impressive linkage between high dietary polyphenol intake and reduced risks for a wide spectrum of chronic health conditions, overall mortality, acute respiratory illness, and chronic inflammation [58][59][60][61][62]. Flavonoids modulate immunosurveillance outcomes in response to athletic endeavor including natural killer (NK) cell activities, regulatory T (Treg) cell properties, macrophage inflammatory responses, and serum anti-viral effects [63,64]. Polyphenols are compounds from plants and are classified as xenobiotics because they are not produced or synthesized by humans. ...
... Polyphenol-rich plant extracts or supplements have small but significant effects in increasing anti-oxidant capacity, but countermeasure effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysfunction using traditional measures have not been consistently measured [13,[17][18][19]. Compared to placebo, high blueberry and green tea flavonoid for 17 days (2136 mg/day gallic acid equivalents; equivalent to a daily combined consumption of three whole cups of fresh blueberries and 1 1 3 cups of brewed green tea) was linked to increased plasma levels of gut-derived phenolics and reduced ex vivo viral replication in blood samples from athletes after a three-day overreaching, running protocol [17,63]. As shown in Figure 4, the three-day period of exercise combined with 17 days of flavonoid supplementation augmented the appearance of gut-derived phenolics in circulation, apparently through exercise-induced increases in gut permeability [17]. ...
This review describes effective and ineffective immunonutrition support strategies for the athlete, with a focus on the benefits of carbohydrates and polyphenols as determined from metabolomics-based procedures. Athletes experience regular cycles of physiological stress accompanied by transient inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune perturbations, and there are increasing data indicating that these are sensitive to nutritional influences. The most effective nutritional countermeasures, especially when considered from a metabolomics perspective, include acute and chronic increases in dietary carbohydrate and polyphenols. Carbohydrate supplementation reduces post-exercise stress hormone levels, inflammation, and fatty acid mobilization and oxidation. Ingestion of fruits high in carbohydrates, polyphenols, and metabolites effectively supports performance, with added benefits including enhancement of oxidative and anti-viral capacity through fruit metabolites, and increased plasma levels of gut-derived phenolics. Metabolomics and lipidomics data indicate that intensive and prolonged exercise is associated with extensive lipid mobilization and oxidation, including many components of the linoleic acid conversion pathway and related oxidized derivatives called oxylipins. Many of the oxylipins are elevated with increased adiposity, and although low in resting athletes, rise to high levels during recovery. Future targeted lipidomics-based studies will help discover whether n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3-PUFA) supplementation enhances inflammation resolution in athletes post-exercise.
... Many flavonoids exhibit strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-pathogenic, and immuno-regulatory properties when studied using in vitro procedures (1,128,241,413). Most flavonoids are poorly absorbed in the human small intestine and undergo extensive biotransformation after ingestion. ...
... Intense and prolonged exertion has been related to an enhanced translocation of gut-derived phenolics into the circulation during a 17-day period of polyphenol supplementation (282) (Figure 1). Elevated blood and tissue gut-derived phenolics from chronic, high polyphenol intake over several months may result in subtle but important bioactive effects that translate to improved recovery and ability to train intensively, with reduced rates of illness (1,241,281,282). This is a complex relationship that demands a multi-omics, long-term approach. ...
In this consensus statement on immunonutrition and exercise, a panel of knowledgeable contributors from across the globe provides a consensus of updated science, including the background, the aspects for which a consensus actually exists, the controversies and, when possible, suggested directions for future research.
... The Q-mix supplement contained multiple flavonoids including quercetin, isoquercetin, EGCG, and other green tea catechins. Quercetin and EGCG have independent effects on improved viral response [33]. In cell culture, quercetin has been found to inhibit viral replication of hepatitis B virus and several respiratory viruses [33], and to stimulate apoptosis of the Epstein-Barr virus [34]. ...
... Quercetin and EGCG have independent effects on improved viral response [33]. In cell culture, quercetin has been found to inhibit viral replication of hepatitis B virus and several respiratory viruses [33], and to stimulate apoptosis of the Epstein-Barr virus [34]. Quercetin supplementation has also been associated with reduction in the duration and incidence of URTI [8,21]. ...
Flavonoids and fish oils have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating influences. The purpose of this study was to determine if a mixed flavonoid-fish oil supplement (Q-Mix; 1000 mg quercetin, 400 mg isoquercetin, 120 mg epigallocatechin (EGCG) from green tea extract, 400 mg n3-PUFAs (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) (220 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 180 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) from fish oil, 1000 mg vitamin C, 40 mg niacinamide, and 800 µg folic acid) would reduce complications associated with obesity; that is, reduce inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and alter genomic profiles in overweight women. Overweight and obese women (n = 48; age = 40–70 years) were assigned to Q-Mix or placebo groups using randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled procedures. Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at 0 and 10 weeks and analyzed for cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), F2-isoprostanes, and whole-blood-derived mRNA, which was assessed using Affymetrix HuGene-1_1 ST arrays. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA models for blood analytes and gene expression and pathway and network enrichment methods for gene expression. Plasma levels increased with Q-Mix supplementation by 388% for quercetin, 95% for EPA, 18% for DHA, and 20% for docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Q-Mix did not alter plasma levels for CRP (p = 0.268), F2-isoprostanes (p = 0.273), and cytokines (p > 0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed upregulation of pathways in Q-Mix vs. placebo related to interferon-induced antiviral mechanism (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.001). Overrepresentation analysis further disclosed an inhibition of phagocytosis-related inflammatory pathways in Q-Mix vs. placebo. Thus, a 10-week Q-Mix supplementation elicited a significant rise in plasma quercetin, EPA, DHA, and DPA, as well as stimulated an antiviral and inflammation whole-blood transcriptomic response in overweight women.
... Because of this, we have developed in vitro assays to evaluate the ability of serum from supplemented individuals to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and the replication and cytopathic effects (CPE) associated with virus infections, ex vivo. Our previous studies using these techniques have yielded consistent and reproducible results allowing us to carry out human studies safely and non-invasively (13). In this study, we determined that Rhodiola rosea suppresses an exercise-induced increase in virus replication, but has no effect on the growth of the bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. ...
... In fact, marathon running stimulated the growth of E. coli in both placebo and Rhodiola rosea groups. These results are similar to our recent findings in which serum from athletes ingesting a blueberry-green tea-polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC) promoted the growth of both E. coli and S. aureus similarly to the placebo group following a 3-day intensified training period (13). Interestingly, polyphenolic tea catechins are effective in decreasing expression of bacterial virulence factors, such as those responsible for biofilm formation and motility (24). ...
Rhodiola rosea, a medicinal plant with demonstrated adaptogenic properties, has recently been reported to contain active compounds with antimicrobial activity. The goal of this study was to measure the antiviral and antibacterial properties of the bioactive metabolites of Rhodiola rosea in the serum of experienced marathon runners following supplementation. Marathon runners, randomly divided into two groups, ingested 600 mg/day of Rhodiola rosea (n = 24, 6 female, 18 male) or placebo (n = 24, 7 females, 17 males) for 30 days prior to, the day of, and 7 days post-marathon. Blood serum samples were collected the day before, 15 min post-, and 1.5 h post-marathon. Serum from Rhodiola rosea-supplemented runners collected after marathon running did not attenuate the marathon-induced susceptibility of HeLa cells to killing by vesicular stomatitis virus. However, the use of Rhodiola rosea induced antiviral activity at early times post-infection by delaying an exercise-dependent increase in virus replication (P = 0.013 compared to placebo). Serum from both groups collected 15 min post-marathon significantly promoted the growth of Escherichia coli in culture as compared to serum collected the day before the marathon (P = 0.003, all subjects). Furthermore, the serum from subjects ingesting Rhodiola rosea did not display antibacterial properties at any time point as indicated by a lack of group differences immediately (P = 0.785) or 1.5 h (P = 0.633) post-marathon. These results indicate that bioactive compounds in the serum of subjects ingesting Rhodiola rosea may exert protective effects against virus replication following intense and prolonged exercise by inducing antiviral activity.
... Its combination with green tea also seems to be an interesting strategy. Indeed, it has already been reported that a 17-day supplementation can significantly reduce the risk of influenza infection after strenuous training [274] and increase ketogenesis in runners during recovery [275]. In addition, the daily supplementation with 250 mL of lemonade made from blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, and strawberry fruits and raspberry seeds was reported to be capable to attenuate eccentric-induced impairments in muscle function and improve muscle soreness in sedentary college-aged men [276]. ...
In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
... 50 Consistent with these observations, a human clinical trial with high-performance athletes supplemented for 2 weeks with a soy protein−blueberry/tea polyphenol complexed intervention (prepared as a beverage) revealed that, following physical exertion, supplemented participants exhibited a surge of gut-derived phenolic metabolites into circulation and enhanced ex vivo antiviral immunity. 59,75 The influence of reciprocal interactions between polyphenols and proteins in bound protein−polyphenol aggregate particles deserves attention because they may profoundly influence bioactivity, bioavailability, and ultimate health benefits. Delivery and bioaccessibility of polyphenols in model systems is typically heightened when administered in the form of bound protein polyphenol particles, most likely as a result of the protective effect of the protein carrier, which allows intact molecules to reach the colonic microbiota for subsequent catabolism. ...
... [137] In the other hand, Ahmed et al. had indicated that the intake of 40 g/day polyphenol-enriched protein powder for 17 days prevents virus replication in 19-45 years old athletes and eventually decreases the vesicular stomatitis virus (in the family of Rhabdoviridae) infection incidence. [138] Pinnock et al. had investigated the effect of zero to 11 glasses of milk consuming per day for 10 days in rhinovirus-2 infected patients (adults 18-35 years old). They observed that low dairy intake worsens the infection symptoms like cough and congestion. ...
Recently emerged coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19 is considered as a serious threat for human health. Due to unavailable specific drugs for this virus, there is an urgent need for supportive cares. Epigenetic immune boosting approaches and developing anti-inflammatory agents by gut-associated bioactive macronutrients can be plausible protective cares for COVID-19. Suitable intake of bioactive macronutrients including prebiotics, fatty acids, proteins and branched-chain amino acids may result in anti-viral responses through modulating macrophages and dendritic cells via Toll-like receptors, decreasing viral load, inactivating the enveloped viruses, increasing the anti-inflammatory metabolites and inhibiting the proliferation of microbial organisms. Bioactive macronutrients may help in promotion of immunological responses and recovery acceleration against Covid-19. This review focuses on the mechanisms of bioactive macronutrients and related clinical trials on enveloped viruses with emphasis on gut-microbiome-immune axis. Macronutrients and this axis may be conducive strategies to protect host against the viral infection.
... Although our study is the first investigation of resveratrol as it relates to anti-VSV properties, a previous study has implied the potential use of berry-derived polyphenols in VSV infection. Instead of a single, pure compound, Ahmed et al. [45] exploited an in vitro model to show the cell protection effects of blueberry green tea polyphenol soy protein complexes against VSV infection. In addition to the direct cell death caused by VSV, the neurovirulence aspect of VSV is another major concern [46]. ...
Numerous natural phytochemicals such as resveratrol are acknowledged as potent botanical agents in regulating immune responses. However, it is less understood whether such immunomodulatory phytochemicals are appropriate for use as direct treatments in veterinary viral diseases. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of resveratrol in suppressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Outbreaks of VSV can cause massive economic loss in poultry and livestock husbandry farming, and VSV treatment is in need of therapeutic development. We utilized a recombinant VSV that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) to measure viral replication in cells treated with resveratrol. Our findings revealed that resveratrol treatment affords a protective effect, shown by increased viability and reduced viral replication, as indicated by a reduction in fluorescent signals. Additionally, we found that resveratrol inhibition of VSV infection occurs via suppression of the caspase cascade. Structural analysis also indicated that resveratrol potentially interacts with the active sites of caspase-3 and -7, facilitating antiviral activity. The potential effect of resveratrol on reducing VSV infection in vitro suggests that resveratrol should be further investigated as a potential veterinary therapeutic or prophylactic agent.
... This finding is consistent with a formerly conducted transcriptomic analysis following a 4-week, 1L/day blueberry-apple juice dietary intervention, whereby the researchers also found gene expression changes in immune-response pathways alongside signalling pathways for apoptosis, cell adhesion and lipid metabolism [69]. This further relates to previous research indicating that blueberries can have immunomodulatory effects and reduce oxidative stress in adults with MetS [70], and that a blueberry green tea polyphenol soy complex could have a potential protective role against viral infections in athletes [71]. Moreover, a randomized controlled trial of 38 g/day BBP for 6 weeks resulted in a significant increase in natural killer cells, a type of peripheral lymphocyte playing a key role in the immune response [72]. ...
Background
Blueberries contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds with high in vitro antioxidant capacities. Their consumption has been associated with improved vascular and metabolic health.
Purpose
The objective was to examine the effects of blueberry supplement consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters and potential underlying mechanisms of action.
Methods
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial was conducted in adults at risk of developing MetS. Participants consumed 50 g daily of either a freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder (BBP) or a placebo powder for 8 weeks ( n = 49). MetS phenotypes were assessed at weeks 0, 4 and 8. Fasting blood gene expression profiles and plasma metabolomic profiles were examined at baseline and week 8 to assess metabolic changes occurring in response to the BBP. A per-protocol analysis was used.
Results
A significant treatment effect was observed for plasma triglyceride levels that was no longer significant after further adjustments for age, sex, BMI and baseline values. In addition, the treatment*time interactions were non-significant therefore suggesting that compared with the placebo, BBP had no statistically significant effect on body weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma lipid, insulin and glucose levels, insulin resistance (or sensitivity) or glycated hemoglobin concentrations. There were significant changes in the expression of 49 genes and in the abundance of 35 metabolites following BBP consumption. Differentially regulated genes were clustered in immune-related pathways.
Conclusion
An 8-week BBP intervention did not significantly improve traditional markers of cardiometabolic health in adults at risk of developing MetS. However, changes in gene expression and metabolite abundance suggest that clinically significant cardiometabolic changes could take longer than 8 weeks to present and/or could result from whole blueberry consumption or a higher dosage. BBP may also have an effect on factors such as immunity even within a shorter 8-week timeframe.
Clinical trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03266055 , 2017
... This nding is consistent with a formerly conducted transcriptomic analysis following a 4-week 1L/day blueberryapple juice dietary intervention, whereby the researchers also found gene expression changes in immune response pathways alongside signalling pathways for apoptosis, cell adhesion and lipid metabolism (68). This further relates to previous research indicating that blueberries can have immunomodulatory effects and reduce oxidative stress in adults with MetS (69), and that a blueberry green tea polyphenol soy complex could have a potential protective role against viral infections in athletes (70). Moreover, a randomized controlled trial of 38 g/day BBP for 6 weeks resulted in a signi cant increase in natural killer cells, a type of peripheral lymphocyte playing a key role in the immune response (71). ...
Background: Blueberries contain high level of polyphenolic compounds with high in vitro antioxidant capacities. Their consumption has been associated with improved vascular and metabolic health.
Purpose: The objective was to examine the effects of blueberry supplement consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters and potential underlying mechanisms of action.
Methods: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial was conducted in adults at risk of developing MetS. Participants consumed 50g daily of either a freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder (BBP) or a placebo powder for 8 weeks (n=49). MetS phenotypes were assessed at week 0, 4 and 8. Fasting blood gene expression profiles and plasma metabolomic profiles were examined at baseline and week 8 to assess metabolic changes occurring in response to the BBP. A per-protocol analysis was used.
Results: Interaction effects were non-significant demonstrating that compared to the placebo, BBP had no statistically significant effect on body weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma lipid, insulin and glucose levels, insulin resistance (or sensitivity) and on glycated hemoglobin concentrations. However, there were significant within- and between-group differences including increased insulin resistance in the placebo group only, greater TG at week 4 in the BBP compared to placebo group and increased fasting insulin from week 4 to 8 in both groups. Moreover, there were significant changes in the expression of 49 genes and 35 metabolites following BBP consumption. Differentially regulated genes were clustered in immune-related pathways.
Conclusion: An 8-week BBP intervention did not significantly improve traditional markers of cardiometabolic health in adults at risk of developing MetS. However, metabolically relevant changes in gene expression and metabolites suggest that clinically significant cardiometabolic changes could take longer than 8 weeks to present and/or could result from whole blueberry consumption or a higher dosage. BBP may also have an effect on factors such as immunity even within a shorter 8-week timeframe.
Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03266055, 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03266055?term=blueberry+vohl&draw=2&rank=1
... The formation of proteinpolyphenol conjugates may alter the chemical, structural, and functional properties of protein (Rawel et al. 2002, Ali et al. 2013, Gan et al. 2016, Jia et al. 2016, Cao and Xiong 2017, Abd El-Maksoud et al. 2018, Ali et al. 2018. Moreover, recent studies reported that the polyphenols and proteins behave in a synergistic manner when combined together, increasing bio-efficacy, and bioactivity the polyphenols of cinnamon, blueberry, and cranberry (Grace et al. 2013, Ahmed et al. 2014. ...
Although, the covalent modification of proteins with phenolic compounds has currently found great efforts, applications of these
proteins are rare. Therefore, this study was planned to characterize the whey protein isolate (WP) modified with chlorogenic acid (CA)
and rosmarinic acid (RA), at pH 9 in the presence of air and at room temperature. The modified protein was evaluated as antioxidant and
antiviral agent to inhibit Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on infected tomato plants. The WP proteins were characterized using the change
in the intensity of tryptophan fluorescence and UV-Vis spectra of proteins, RP-HPLC, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) and TEAC assay. The
results showed that the maximal tryptophan fluorescence intensity of modified proteins, WP-CA and WP-RA, were significantly
decreased by 54.71 % and 82.61%, respectively. Data of ESI-MS illustrated that one or more molecules of CA and RA covalently bound
to WP. Moreover, the WP modified with RA showed better antioxidant activity when compared with the unmodified WP and WP
modified with CA. The antiviral results indicated that plants treated with WP, WP-CA and WP-RA had a decreased number of local
lesions and virus concentration over the controls. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of defense
related genes, PR1 and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly increased in treated tomato plants compared to the
control. These results indicate that the modified proteins could be used to design a wide range of food products and at the same time
improve the antiviral activity against TMV, which seriously harms the tomato crop and thus the manufacture of its products.
... The majority of ingested flavonoids pass into the large intestine where they undergo extensive microbial catabolism followed by fecal excretion or reentry into the circulatory system as biotransformed phenolic metabolites [7]. Some studies indicate that following flavonoid supplementation, serum samples containing a mixture of conjugated flavonoid metabolites and colon-derived phenolics exert anti-pathogenic effects [12,15]. ...
Background: Flavonoids have been shown to exert anti-pathogenic potential, but few studies have investigated their effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infectivity. We hypothesized that a flavonoid mixture would have a favorable influence on cell death and the resolution of Mtb infection in THP-1 macrophages and in granulomas derived from both healthy participants and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: THP-1 macrophages, and in vitro granulomas from healthy participants (N = 8) and individuals with T2DM (N = 5) were infected with Mtb. A mixed flavonoid supplement (MFS) at a concentration of 0.69 mg per ml was added as treatment to Mtb infected THP-1 macrophages and granulomas for 8 to 15 days. RESULTS: MFS treatment significantly reduced the intracellular Mtb survival, increased cell density, aggregation, and granuloma formation, and increased glutathione (GSH) levels. IL-12 and IFN-γ levels tended to be higher and IL-10 lower when Mtb infected THP-1 macrophages and granulomas obtained from healthy subjects were treated with MFS compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: MFS treatment exerted a strong influence against Mtb infectivity in THP-1 macrophages and in granulomas including antimycobacterial effects, GSH enrichment, cytokine regulation, and augmented granuloma formation. Our data support the strategy of increased flavonoid intake for managing tuberculosis.
... Flavonoid supplementation and the related transient surge in gut-derived phenolics from either walking or intensive running may over time lead to multiple health benefits (over and beyond the direct effects of exercise alone). There is increasing evidence that gut-derived phenolics have wide-ranging bioactive effects on multiple enzyme systems, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and immune cell signaling influences, with enhancement of endothelial health and function in the intestine and vasculature [1,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Our data indicate that gut-derived phenolics circulate at higher levels throughout the body following flavonoid supplementation and exercise, potentially improving long-term health and reducing the risk for chronic diseases. ...
Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, this investigation determined if the combination of two weeks of flavonoid supplementation (329 mg/day, quercetin, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols mixture) and a 45-minute walking bout (62.2 ± 0.9% VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption rate)) enhanced the translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation in a group of walkers (n = 77). The walkers (flavonoid, placebo groups) were randomized to either sit or walk briskly on treadmills for 45 min (thus, four groups: placebo–sit, placebo–walk, flavonoid–sit, flavonoid–walk). A comparator group of runners (n = 19) ingested a double flavonoid dose for two weeks (658 mg/day) and ran for 2.5 h (69.2 ± 1.2% VO2max). Four blood samples were collected (pre- and post-supplementation, immediately post- and 24 h post-exercise/rest). Of the 76 metabolites detected in this targeted analysis, 15 increased after the 2.5 h run, and when grouped were also elevated post-exercise (versus placebo–sit) for the placebo– and flavonoid–walking groups (p < 0.05). A secondary analysis showed that pre-study plasma concentrations of gut-derived phenolics in the runners were 40% higher compared to walkers (p = 0.031). These data indicate that acute exercise bouts (brisk walking, intensive running) are linked to an increased translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation, an effect that is amplified when combined with a two-week period of increased flavonoid intake or chronic training as a runner.
... Flavonoid supplementation and the related transient surge in gut-derived phenolics from either walking or intensive running may over time lead to multiple health benefits (over and beyond the direct effects of exercise alone). There is increasing evidence that gut-derived phenolics have wide-ranging bioactive effects on multiple enzyme systems, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and immune cell signaling influences, with enhancement of endothelial health and function in the intestine and vasculature [1,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Our data indicate that gut-derived phenolics circulate at higher levels throughout the body following flavonoid supplementation and exercise, potentially improving long-term health and reducing the risk for chronic diseases. ...
Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, this investigation determined if the combination of 2-weeks flavonoid supplementation (329 mg/day, quercetin, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols mixture) and a 45-minute walking bout (62.2±0.9% VO2max) enhanced the translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation in a group of walkers (N = 77). The walkers (flavonoid, placebo groups) were randomized to either sit or walk briskly on treadmills for 45 minutes (thus four groups: placebo-sit, placebo-walk, flavonoid-sit, flavonoid-walk). A comparator group of runners (N = 19) ingested a double flavonoid dose for 2 weeks (658 mg/day) and ran for 2.5 h (69.2±1.2% VO2max). Four blood samples were collected (pre- and post-supplementation, immediately-post- and 24-h post-exercise/rest). Of the 76 metabolites detected in this targeted analysis, 15 increased after the 2.5-h run, and when grouped were also elevated post-exercise (versus placebo-sit) for the placebo- and flavonoid-walking groups (P < 0.05). A secondary analysis showed that pre-study plasma concentrations of gut-derived phenolics in the runners were 40% higher compared to walkers (P = 0.031). These data indicate that acute exercise bouts (brisk walking, intensive running) are linked to an increased translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation, an effect that is amplified when combined with a 2-week period of increased flavonoid intake or chronic training as a runner.
... In future studies, we have to focus on the polyphenol subclasses (e.g. high amounts of quercetin in combination with epigallocatechin 3-gallate, naturally occurring polyphenols in blueberry-green tea or non-alcoholic beer) where we have evidence that the supplementation attenuates exercise-induced inflammation (1,25,32). Glycosylated forms of polyphenols (e.g., rutoside is the glycoside of quercetin) may be poorly absorbed by the bloodstream and might not act systemically to exert effects on exercise-induced inflammation; therefore, future work could investigate alternate forms of polyphenols (2). Additional research is needed to formulate the optimal polyphenol-nutrient mixture that will reduce URI incidence during the post-marathon period when athletes are transiently immune-suppressed and susceptible to virus infections. ...
Introduction:
Vigorous and prolonged exercise such as marathon running increases inflammatory markers and the risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in athletes. Nutritional supplements are being tested as countermeasures of exercise-induced inflammation and immune dysfunction.
Methods:
In this prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I trial, healthy male runners (N = 138, age 42 ± 11 y) were supplemented with rutoside (600-1200 mg/day) and hydrolytic enzymes (540-1,080 mg/day bromelain, 288-576 mg/day trypsin) (WOB) or placebo (PL) for one week before and two weeks after the Munich Marathon 2013. Blood samples were collected 5 weeks pre-race, and immediately, 24-h, and 72-h post-race, and analyzed for inflammation biomarkers (interleukin-6 and 10, hs-CRP, leukocytes). URI rates, assessed by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-24), were compared between the study groups during the 2-week period after the marathon race. URI was defined if the WURSS-24 score was equal or greater than seven, representing either one severe symptom or seven mild symptoms.
Results:
Immediately post-race, the increase of IL-6 was not significantly different between WOB and PL group (median [IQR]: WOB: 33.8 [22.5-58.8] ng/L and PL: 35.6 [24.8-61.29] ng/L, p=0.758). No significant group differences were observed for increases of IL-10, hs-CRP or leukocytes pre-to post race (all P > 0.05). From race day until 2 weeks after the marathon race, the percentage of individuals with at least one URI did not significantly differ between the groups (WOB: 50.0 %, PL: 51.5 %, p = 0.859).
Conclusion:
Supplementation with rutoside and hydrolytic enzymes before and after a marathon race did not attenuate post-race inflammation or decrease URI incidence in non-elite male marathon runners.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01916408).
... Fruit polyphenols were stabilized and protected by complexation to protein-rich food matrices during transit through a simulated digestive tract (Ribnicky et al. 2014) and in vivo, where they significantly lowered blood glucose in obese and hyperglycemic mice . Clinical administration of the polyphenolenriched protein matrices to athletes resulted in enhanced ketogenesis during recovery from 3 days heavy exertion (Nieman et al. 2013), and significant protection from exercise-induced susceptibility to virus infections (Ahmed et al. 2014). The same technology was also adopted as a strategy to combat malnutrition in rural village communities in Zambia, by stabilizing perishable, seasonal fruits into protein flour matrices . ...
Blackcurrant, blueberry, and muscadine grape juices were efficiently sorbed, concentrated, and stabilized into dry granular ingredient matrices which combined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant fruit polyphenols with sweet potato functional constituents (carotenoids, vitamins, polyphenols, fibers). Total phenolics were highest in blackcurrant-orange sweet potato ingredient matrices (34.03 mg/g), and lowest in muscadine grape-yellow sweet potato matrices (10.56 mg/g). Similarly, anthocyanins were most concentrated in blackcurrant-fortified orange and yellow sweet potato matrices (5.40 and 6.54 mg/g, respectively). Alternatively, other protein-rich edible matrices (defatted soy flour, light roasted peanut flour, and rice protein concentrate) efficiently captured polyphenols (6.09–9.46 mg/g) and anthocyanins (0.77–1.27 mg/g) from purple-fleshed sweet potato juice, with comparable efficiency. Antioxidant activity correlated well with total phenolic content. All formulated ingredient matrices stabilized and preserved polyphenols for up to 24 weeks, even when stored at 37°C. Complexation with juice-derived polyphenols did not significantly alter protein or carbohydrate profiles of the matrices. Sensory evaluation of the ingredient matrices suggested potential uses for a wide range of functional food products.
Endurance running training can lead to gradual accumulation of inflammation and soreness ultimately resulting in overuse injuries. Management of soreness and inflammation with pharmaceuticals (i.e. non-prescription pain relievers) during long-term training is not a suitable solution due to known side effects (e.g. gastrointestinal complications, etc.). Dietary polyphenols (i.e. curcumin, pomegranate, etc.) have been purported to reduce inflammation and muscle soreness, without these negative side effects making them ideal for use in an exercise model. The purpose of the present feasibility study was to explore the combined effect of optimized curcumin and pomegranate extract supplementation prior to (PRE) and after (4H and 24H) an organized half-marathon race on blood inflammatory proteins and inflammation-associated RNA. Daily supplementation (1000 mg/d) started 26 days before a half-marathon which doubled on days 27-31. Data were analyzed with R software and Welch t-test, significance set at p < 0.05. At both 4H and 24H, supplementation was associated with alterations in protein (IL-10, IL-13, IL-4, ITAC, MIP-1alpha, MIP-3alpha, BDNF, sIL-2Ralpha, and TNF-alpha; p < 0.05) and RNA (CCL22, GUSB, IL-6, LINC00305, NKILA, PTGES, THRIL, TRAF6, ARG2, CD1A, CD55, CFI, CSF2, CXC3CL1, CX3CR1, EDNRB, GATA3, LILRB5, THY1, CD3D, MRC1, GPR183, HAMP, MBL2, CASP3, B2M, KLRF2, PDCD1LG2, IL-10, PTGS2, TLR2, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-7R, MASP1, MYD88, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, and TIRAP; p < 0.05) biomarkers compared to control. Pathway classification of these biomarkers indicated supplementation may be associated with a more favorable muscle recovery profile. Our findings support the notion that combined curcumin and pomegranate supplementation may represent a useful addition to a comprehensive exercise training plan.
Background and aims
Balanced nutrition which can help in maintaining immunity is essential for prevention and management of viral infections. While data regarding nutrition in coronavirus infection (COVID-19) are not available, in this review, we aimed to evaluated evidence from previous clinical trials that evaluated nutrition-based interventions for viral diseases (with special emphasis on respiratory infections), and summaries our observations.
Methods
A systematic search strategy was employed using keywords to search the literature in 3 key medical databases: PubMed®, Web of Science® and SciVerse Scopus®. Studies were considered eligible if they were controlled trials in humans, measuring immunological parameters, on viral and respiratory infections. Clinical trials on vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals and probiotics were included.
Results
total of 640 records were identified initially and 22 studies were included from other sources. After excluding duplicates and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 43 studies were obtained (vitamins: 13; minerals: 8; nutraceuticals: 18 and probiotics: 4). Among vitamins, A and D showed a potential benefit, especially in deficient populations. Among trace elements, selenium and zinc have also shown favourable immune-modulatory effects in viral respiratory infections. Several nutraceuticals and probiotics may have some role in enhancing immune functions. Micronutrients may be beneficial in nutritionally depleted elderly population.
Conclusions
We summaries possible benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and and probiotics. Nutrition principles based on these data could be useful in possible prevention and management of COVID-19
Objective:
The study aimed to develop and validate a percentage body fat (%BF) prediction equation using SFT for Sri Lankan adults.
Methods:
Healthy adults (≥18 years) were randomly selected and SFT was measured in five areas (triceps, biceps, calf, suprailliac and subscapular). Body composition analysis was evaluated by Deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. Prediction equation for %BF was derived by linear-regression-analysis.
Results:
Study population included 170 adults (Males: 32.9%; age: 43.2 ± 12.6 years). Final equation for %BF (r = 0.715, p < 0.001) correlated significantly D2O dilution derived %BF.
Conclusions:
The equation is suitable for estimation of %BF in Sri Lankan adults and is possibly appropriate for other South-Asian populations.
This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators: (1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, (2) clinical benefits of the exercise–immune relationship, (3) nutritional influences on the immune response to exercise, and (4) the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive time periods: 1900–1980, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic immune cell counts and function; 1980–1990, during which seminal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient immune dysfunction, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990–2010, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise immunology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in mass spectrometry allowed system biology approaches (i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and microbiome characterization) to be applied to exercise immunology studies. The future of exercise immunology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with application down to the personalized level. Additionally, these methodologies will improve mechanistic understanding of how exercise-induced immune perturbations reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.
This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid-rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted metabolomics procedures. Participants (N=103, 18-65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid (F) or placebo (P) groups for 12 weeks, with blood and 24-h urine samples collected pre-study, 4- and 12-weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets, and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. At 4-weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in F versus P, with similar changes at 12-weeks (interaction effect, P=0.041). Groups did not differ in markers of inflammation (IL-6, MCP-1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 biochemicals in F versus P, with 70% of from the lipid and xenobiotics super pathways. The largest fold changes in F were measured for three gut-derived phenolics including 3-methoxycatechol sulfate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p≤0.050). This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12-weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid-nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut-derived phenolic metabolites.
u>Introduction: Stress is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. We investigated if the mechanism involves immunomodulation of dendritic cells and whether this can be inhibited by a polyphenol-rich diet. Methods: Blood samples were taken from a total of 100 male endurance athletes at five time points around a marathon run: four weeks before, during one week before, and immediately, 24hours and 72hours after. Participants were randomized into two double blinded groups. One group received a polyphenol rich beverage during a three week training phase before marathon while the other group received a placebo beverage. Flow cytometric analysis of dendritic cell (DC) counts and subpopulation counts (myeloid, plasmocytoid DCs) was performed. Levels of viral antigen presenting Toll-like-receptor (TLR) 7 mRNA was measured by rt-PCR. Results: Marathon running induced a significant increase of circulating myeloid DCs (0.2 vs. 0.33% of whole blood leukocytes [wbl]; p<0.01) and a significant decrease of plasmozytoid DCs (0.12 vs. 0.03% of wbl; p<0.01) and TLR7 expression (decline of 60%; p<0.01). Polyphenol supplementation did not significantly affect mobilization of dendritic cells but showed beneficial effects on regeneration of TLR7 expression in whole blood leukocytes three days post marathon (decline of 40% vs. increase of 1000%; p<0.05). Conclusion: Physical stress affects circulating dendritic cells, with an increase of myeloid and a decrease of plasmozytoid DCs. This may partially explain the susceptibility to viral infections after strenuous exercise. These detrimental effects are not attenuated by polyphenol supplementation. However, polyphenols support regeneration of viral antigen presenting TLR7 after strenuous exercise.
Influenza is a widespread disease caused by infection with the influenza virus. Vaccination is considered to be the main countermeasure against influenza. A split vaccine is widely used to avoid severe adverse events, and it induces strong humoral immunity. However, the split vaccine alone cannot elicit mucosal immunity, including IgA production, and its preventative effects are limited. Here, we show that the green tea cultivar ‘Benifuuki’ extract enhanced the effect of a split vaccine on mucosal immunity. The frequency of IgA+ cells was increased in lung and Peyer’s patch that received Benifuuki diet. Secretion of hemagglutinin-specific mucosal IgA, which is closely linked to the prevention of viral infection, was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of split vaccine-immunized BALB/c mice that were administered green tea Benifuuki extract. Our findings suggest that Benifuuki intake enhanced the effects of the split vaccine on mucosal immunity.
Polyphenol supplementation was tested as a countermeasure to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by 3-d intensified training.
Water soluble polyphenols from blueberry and green tea extracts were captured onto a polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC). Subjects were recruited, and included 38 long-distance runners ages 19-45 years who regularly competed in road races. Runners successfully completing orientation and baseline testing (N = 35) were randomized to 40 g/d PSPC (N = 17) (2,136 mg/d gallic acid equivalents) or placebo (N = 18) for 17 d using double-blinded methods and a parallel group design, with a 3-d running period inserted at day 14 (2.5 h/d, 70% VO2max). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-14 d supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running in subjects completing all aspects of the study (N = 16 PSPC, N = 15 placebo), and analyzed using a metabolomics platform with GC-MS and LC-MS.
Metabolites characteristic of gut bacteria metabolism of polyphenols were increased with PSPC and 3 d running (e.g., hippurate, 4-hydroxyhippurate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, 1.8-, 1.9-, 2.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05), an effect which persisted for 14-h post-exercise. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were induced by exercise in both groups, with more ketones at 14-h post-exercise in PSPC (3-hydroxybutyrate, 1.8-fold, P<0.05). Established biomarkers for inflammation (CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyls) did not differ between groups.
PSPC supplementation over a 17-d period did not alter established biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress but was linked to an enhanced gut-derived phenolic signature and ketogenesis in runners during recovery from 3-d heavy exertion.
ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier: NCT01775384.
The present study demonstrated that defatted soybean flour (DSF) can sorb polyphenols from blueberry and cranberry juices while separating them from sugars. Depending on DSF concentration and juice dilution, the concentration of blueberry anthocyanins and total polyphenols sorbed to DSF ranged from 2 - 22 mg/g and 10 - 95 mg/g, respectively while the concentration of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF ranged from 2.5 - 17 mg/g and 21 - 101 mg/g, respectively. Blueberry polyphenols present in one serving of fresh blueberries (73g) were delivered in just 1.4 g of blueberry polyphenol-enriched DSF. Similarly, one gram of cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF delivered the amount of proanthocyanidins available in three 240 ml servings of cranberry juice cocktail. The concentration of blueberry anthocyanins and total polyphenols eluted from DSF remained constant after 22 weeks of incubation at 37°C, demonstrating the high stability of the polyphenol-DSF matrix. LC-MS analysis of eluates confirmed DSF retained major cranberry and blueberry polyphenols remained intact. Blueberry polyphenol-enriched DSF exhibited significant hypoglycemic activities in C57bl/6J mice, and cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF showed anti-microbial and anti-UTI activities in vitro, confirming its efficacy. The described sorption process provides a means to create protein-rich food ingredients containing concentrated plant bioactives without excess sugars, fats and water that can be incorporated in a variety of scientifically validated functional foods and dietary supplements.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in normal cellular function and physiology. However, oxidative stress resulting from an accumulation of ROS has a detrimental impact on cellular function, and ROS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. This review provides a summary of the impact of ROS on cardiovascular health and diseases, highlighting the therapeutic use of antioxidants. In addition, this review summarizes the health benefits of polyphenols, and the recent progress on understanding the cellular and physiological actions by which polyphenols may impart their beneficial properties on cardiovascular health.
Polyphenols are a versatile class of compounds that represent secondary metabolites from higher plants and which are abundantly present in the human diet. Epidemiological data suggest protective effects of polyhenols in relation to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases and age-related conditions. HIV/AIDS remains prevalent in many parts of the world as acute infection and as anti-retroviral drug (ARV)-managed chronic disease. Due to the nature of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and an increased use of ARVs many drug-resistant HIV strains have emerged and continue to do so. This makes it impossible to rely on one standard drug treatment regime. This review summarizes anti-HIV activities of polyphenols. It highlights the diversity of modes of action by which polyphenols - according to their respective compound classes - exert their activities. Additionally, this review discusses polyphenols as multi-target anti-HIV agents and provides the context of in-vivo and clinical data. Based on the presented data, a three-pronged approach for further anti-HIV drug discovery is suggested applying methods of combinatorial medicinal chemistry on the diverse and sometimes unique scaffolds of polyphenols. The latter being selected according to the approach of 'reverse pharmacology' as a creative way to place safety and other clinical consideration at the beginning of the drug discovery- and development process.
Abstract Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
Polyphenols are important constituents of food products of plant origin. Fruits, vegetables, and beverages are the main sources of phenolic compounds in the human diet. These compounds are directly related to sensory characteristics of foods such as flavor, astringency and color. Polyphenols are extensively metabolized both in tissues and by the colonic microbiota. Normally, the circulating polyphenols are glucuronidated and/or sulphated and no free aglycones are found in plasma. The presence of phenolic compounds in the diet is beneficial to health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating properties. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and their bioavailability. Moreover, polyphenols are able to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Some dietary polyphenols may have significant effects on the colonic flora providing a type of prebiotic effect. The anti-nutrient properties of polyphenols are also discussed in this paper. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, and prebiotic properties of polyphenols make them potential functional foods.
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an animal virus that based on electron microscopy and its dependence on acidic cellular
compartments for infection is thought to enter its host cells in a clathrin-dependent manner. The exact cellular mechanism,
however, is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the entry kinetics of VSV and elucidated viral requirements for
host cell factors during infection in HeLa cells. We found that endocytosis of VSV was a fast process with a half time of
2.5 to 3 min and that acid activation occurred within 1 to 2 min after internalization in early endosomes. The majority of
viral particles were endocytosed in a clathrin-based, dynamin-2-dependent manner. Although associated with some of the surface-bound
viruses, the classical adaptor protein complex AP-2 was not required for infection. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that the
virus either entered preformed clathrin-coated pits or induced de novo formation of pits. Dynamin-2 was recruited to plasma
membrane-confined virus particles. Thus, VSV can induce productive internalization by exploiting a specific combination of
the clathrin-associated proteins and cellular functions.
The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
An epidemiologic study of Los Angeles Marathon (LAM) applicants was conducted to investigate the relationship between self-reported infectious episodes (IE), training data, and LAM participation. Eight days before the LAM, 4926 of 12,200 applicants were randomly selected, and sent a pilot-tested four page questionnaire, which was received 7 days after the LAM. The 2311 respondents were found to be 2.0 yr older and 7.6 min faster than other LAM finishers (p less than .01). Univariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were conducted to test the relationship between IE and km/wk of running (6 total categories). The final model tested controlled for age, marital status, reported sickness in other members of the runner's home, perceived feelings of stress in response to personal training regimens, and the suppressive effect of sickness on regular training. In runners training greater than or equal to 97 vs less than 32 km/wk, the odds ratio (OR) for IE during the 2 month period prior to the LAM was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.4). A test for trend showed an increase in OR with increase in km/wk category (p = .04) which was largely explained by the increased odds of reported sickness in the greater than or equal to 97 km/wk category. Of the 1828 LAM participants without IE before the LAM, 236 (12.9%) reported IE during the week following the LAM vs 3 of 134 (2.2%) similarly experienced runners who did not participate, OR = 5.9 (95% CI 1.9-18.8). These data suggest that runners may experience increased odds for IE during heavy training or following a marathon race.
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection depends on the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, which is mediated by virus spike glycoprotein G at the acidic environment of the endosomal compartment. VSV G protein does not contain a hydrophobic amino acid sequence similar to the fusion peptides found among other viral glycoproteins, suggesting that membrane recognition occurs through an alternative mechanism. Here we studied the interaction between VSV G protein and liposomes of different phospholipid composition by force spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and fluorescence spectroscopy. Force spectroscopy experiments revealed the requirement for negatively charged phospholipids for VSV binding to membranes, suggesting that this interaction is electrostatic in nature. In addition, ITC experiments showed that VSV binding to liposomes is an enthalpically driven process. Fluorescence data also showed the lack of VSV interaction with the vesicles as well as inhibition of VSV-induced membrane fusion at high ionic strength. Intrinsic fluorescence measurements showed that the extent of G protein conformational changes depends on the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the target membrane. Although the increase in PS content did not change the binding profile, the rate of the fusion reaction was remarkably increased when the PS content was increased from 25 to 75%. On the basis of these data, we suggest that G protein binding to the target membrane essentially depends on electrostatic interactions, probably between positive charges on the protein surface and negatively charged phospholipids in the cellular membrane. In addition, the fusion is exothermic, indicating no entropic constraints to this process.
Moderate exercise training is associated with a decreased risk for upper respiratory tract infection in human and animal studies, but the mechanisms have not been elucidated. Lung macrophages play an important role in resistance to respiratory infection, and moderate exercise can enhance macrophage antiviral resistance, but no studies have directly tested the role of lung macrophages in this response. This study tested the effect of lung macrophage depletion on susceptibility to infection following short-term moderate exercise training. Mice were assigned to one of four groups: exercise (Ex) and resting controls (Con) with and without clodronate encapsulated liposomes (CL(2)MDP-lip). Ex mice ran for 1 h on a treadmill for 6 days at 36 m/min, 8% grade. Fifteen minutes following exercise or rest on the last day of training, mice were intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of herpes simplex virus type 1. Clodronate (Ex-CL(2)MDP-lip and Con-CL(2)MDP-lip) or PBS liposomes (Ex-PBS-lip and Con-PBS-lip) (100 microl) were intranasally administered following exercise or rest on the 4th day of training and again on the 4th day postinfection. Morbidity, mortality, and symptom severity were monitored for 21 days. Exercise decreased morbidity by 36%, mortality by 61%, and symptom severity score on days 5-7 (P < 0.05). Depletion of lung macrophages negated the beneficial effects of moderate exercise. This was indicated by no differences between Ex-CL(2)MDP-lip and Con-PBS-lip in morbidity (89 vs. 95%), mortality (79 vs. 95%), or symptom severity. Results indicate that lung macrophages play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of moderate exercise on susceptibility to respiratory infection.
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2'-trihydroxy-5'-methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.
Host protein synthesis is inhibited in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). It has been proposed that viral mRNAs are subjected to the same inhibition but are predominantly translated because of their abundance. To compare translation efficiencies of viral and host mRNAs during infection, we used an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter expressed from a recombinant virus or from the host nucleus in stably transfected cells. Translation efficiency of host-derived EGFP mRNA was reduced more than threefold at eight hours postinfection, while viral-derived mRNA was translated around sevenfold more efficiently than host-derived EGFP mRNA in VSV-infected cells. To test whether mRNAs transcribed in the cytoplasm are resistant to shutoff of translation during VSV infection, HeLa cells were infected with a recombinant simian virus 5 (rSV5) that expressed GFP. Cells were then superinfected with VSV or mock superinfected. GFP mRNA transcribed by rSV5 was not resistant to translation inhibition during superinfection with VSV, indicating that transcription in the cytoplasm is not sufficient for preventing translation inhibition. To determine if cis-acting sequences in untranslated regions (UTRs) were involved in preferential translation of VSV mRNAs, we constructed EGFP reporters with VSV or control UTRs and measured the translation efficiency in mock-infected and VSV-infected cells. The presence of VSV UTRs did not affect mRNA translation efficiency in mock- or VSV-infected cells, indicating that VSV mRNAs do not contain cis-acting sequences that influence translation. However, we found that when EGFP mRNAs transcribed by VSV or by the host were translated in vitro, VSV-derived EGFP mRNA was translated 22 times more efficiently than host-derived EGFP mRNA. This indicated that VSV mRNAs do contain cis-acting structural elements (that are not sequence based), which enhance translation efficiency of viral mRNAs.
Edible berries, a potential source of natural anthocyanin antioxidants, have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biomedical functions. These include cardiovascular disorders, advancing age-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and diverse degenerative diseases. Berry anthocyanins also improve neuronal and cognitive brain functions, ocular health as well as protect genomic DNA integrity. This chapter demonstrates the beneficial effects of wild blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seeds, and strawberry in human health and disease prevention. Furthermore, this chapter will discuss the pharmacological benefits of a novel combination of selected berry extracts known as OptiBerry, a combination of wild blueberry, wild bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seeds, and strawberry, and its potential benefit over individual berries. Recent studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that OptiBerry exhibits high antioxidant efficacy as shown by its high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values, novel antiangiogenic and antiatherosclerotic activities, and potential cytotoxicity towards Helicobacter pylori, a noxious pathogen responsible for various gastrointestinal disorders including duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, as compared to individual berry extracts. OptiBerry also significantly inhibited basal MCP-1 and inducible NF-kappabeta transcriptions as well as the inflammatory biomarker IL-8, and significantly reduced the ability to form hemangioma and markedly decreased EOMA cell-induced tumor growth in an in vivo model. Overall, berry anthocyanins trigger genetic signaling in promoting human health and disease prevention.
Exhaustive exercise has been associated with an increased risk for upper respiratory tract infections in mice and humans. We have previously shown (Brown AS, Davis JM, Murphy AE, Carmichael MD, Ghaffer A, Mayer EP. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1290-1295, 2004) that female mice are better protected from the lethal effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, both at rest and following exercise stress, but little is known about possible mechanisms. This study tested the effects of estrogen on HSV-1 infection and macrophage antiviral resistance following repeated exhaustive exercise. Female mice were assigned to either exercise (Ex) or control (C): intact female (I-C or I-Ex), ovariectomized female (O-C or O-Ex), or ovariectomized estrogen-supplemented female (E-C or E-Ex). Exercise consisted of treadmill running to volitional fatigue ( approximately 125 min) for 3 consecutive days. Intact female mice had a later time to death than O and E (P < 0.05) and fewer deaths than both O and E (P < 0.05). Exercise stress was associated with increased time to sickness (P < 0.05) and symptom severity at days 6 and 12-21 postinfection (P < 0.05) and decreased macrophage antiviral resistance (P < 0.001) in all groups. E had increased symptom severity at days 6 and 13-21 postinfection (P < 0.05). Results indicate that intact female mice are better protected from the lethal effects of HSV-1 infection and that exercise stress had a similar negative impact in all groups. This protective effect was lost in ovariectomized mice, but it was not reinstated by 17beta-estradiol replacement. This indicates that other ovarian factors, alone or in combination with estrogen, are responsible for the protective effects in females.
The population is aging. Over the coming years, the incidence of age-related chronic diseases such as cancer is expected to continue to increase. Phytochemicals, which are non-nutritive chemicals found in plants and food, have emerged as modulators of key cellular signaling pathways exerting proven anticancer effects. The challenge now is to develop personalized supplements comprised of specific phytochemicals for each clinical situation. This will be possible once a better understanding is gained of the molecular basis explaining the impact of phytochemicals on human health. The aim of the present literature review is to summarize current knowledge of the dietary phytochemicals with proven antitumor activity, with a special emphasis placed on their molecular targets. Also discussed are the limits of existing research strategies and the future directions of this field.
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), one of the major flavonoid components of green tea, is known to have a broad antiviral activity against several enveloped viruses, including the influenza virus. However, its mode of action and the mechanism that allows it to target influenza virus molecules have not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the molecular mechanism by which EGCG suppresses influenza virus infections. EGCG was found to block an early step in the influenza viral life cycle, but it did not affect viral adsorption to target cells or viral RNA replication. However, EGCG inhibited hemifusion events between virus particles and the cellular membrane by reducing the viral membrane integrity, thereby resulting in the loss of the cell penetration capacity of the influenza virus. EGCG also marginally suppressed the viral and nonviral neuraminidase (NA) activity in an enzyme-based assay system. In conclusion, it is suggested that the anti-influenza viral efficacy of EGCG is attributable to damage to the physical properties of the viral envelope and partial inhibition of the NA surface glycoprotein. These results may facilitate future investigations of the antiviral activity of EGCG against other enveloped viruses as well as influenza virus.
Exhaustive exercise has been associated with an increased risk for URTI. Oat beta-glucan is a mild immune system enhancer and may offset immune suppression associated with exercise stress. Purpose: To test the effects of oat beta-glucan (ObetaG) on respiratory infection, macrophage antiviral resistance, and NK cytotoxicity. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Ex-H2O, Ex-ObetaG, Con-H2O, or Con-ObetaG. ObetaG was fed in the drinking water for 10 d before intranasal inoculation of HSV-1 or sacrifice. Exercise consisted of treadmill running to volitional fatigue (similar to140 min) for three consecutive days. Fifteen minutes after the last bout of exercise or rest, mice (N = 24) were intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of HSV-1. Mice were monitored twice daily for morbidity and mortality. Additional mice were sacrificed after exercise, peritoneal macrophages were obtained via i.p. lavage and assayed for antiviral resistance to HSV-1 (N = 18), and spleens were harvested and assayed for NK cell cytotoxicity (N = 12). Results: Exercise stress was associated with a 28% increase in morbidity (P = 0.036) and 18% increase in mortality (P = 0.15). Ingestion of ObetaG before infection prevented this increase in morbidity (P = 0.048) and mortality (P = 0.05). Exercise stress was associated with a decrease in macrophage antiviral resistance (P = 0.007), which was blocked by ingestion of ObetaG (P < 0.001). There were no effects of exercise or ObetaG on NK cytotoxicity. Conclusion: These data suggest that daily ingestion of ObetaG may offset the increased risk of URTI associated with exercise stress, which may be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in macrophage antiviral resistance.
The binding of a natural anthocyanin to influenza neuraminidase has been studied employing mass spectrometry and molecular docking. Derived from a black elderberry extract, cyanidin-3-sambubiocide has been found to be a potent inhibitor of sialidase activity. This study reveals the molecular basis for its activity for the first time. The anthocyanin is shown by parallel experimental and computational approaches to bind in the so-called 430-cavity in the vicinity of neuraminidase residues 356-364 and 395-432. Since this antiviral compound binds remote from Asp 151 and Glu 119, two residues known to regulate neuraminidase resistance, it provides the potential for the development of a new class of antivirals against the influenza virus without this susceptibility.
Food-borne viruses such as human Noroviruses (NoVs), hepatitis A virus (HAV), Rotaviruses (RoVs) are a public health concern worldwide. Biochemical substances, which occur naturally in plants, animals or microorganisms, might possess considerable antimicrobial properties. In this study, the reported effects of biochemical substances on food-borne viruses are reviewed. The biochemical substances are grouped into several categories including (i) polyphenols and proanthocyanins, (ii) saponin, (iii) polysaccharides, (iv) organic acids, (v) proteins and polypeptides, (vi) essential oils. Although not fully understood, the mechanism of action for the antiviral activity of the natural compounds is presented. Generally, it is thought to be the prevention of the viral attachment to host cells, either by causing damage on the viral capsids or change of the receptors on the cell membranes. It is recommended that further studies are undertaken not only on the wide-range screening for novel antiviral substances, but also on the mechanism in-depth as well as the exploration for their potential application in controlling virus contamination in foods or food processing.
Consumption of green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been shown to cause many physiological and pharmacological health benefits. In the past two decades several studies reported that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea, has anti-infective properties. Antiviral activities of EGCG with different modes of action were described for viruses from diverse families like Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Flaviviridae and including important human pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and the hepatitis C virus. Furthermore, the molecule interferes with the replication cycle of DNA viruses like hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus and adenovirus. Most of these reports demonstrated antiviral properties within physiological concentrations of EGCG in vitro. In contrast, the minimum inhibitory concentrations against bacteria were 10 to 100 fold higher. Nevertheless, antibacterial effects of EGCG alone and in combination with different antibiotics were intensively analyzed against a number of bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Furthermore, the catechin EGCG has antifungal activity against human pathogenic yeasts like Candida albicans. Although the mechanistic effects of EGCG are not fully understood, there are hints indicating EGCG binds to lipid membranes and has influence on the folic acid metabolism of bacteria and fungi by inhibiting the cytoplasmic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future perspectives about the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects of the green tea substance EGCG.
Unlabelled:
Here, we identify (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. EGCG is a flavonoid present in green tea extract belonging to the subclass of catechins, which has many properties. Particularly, EGCG possesses antiviral activity and impairs cellular lipid metabolism. Because of close links between HCV life cycle and lipid metabolism, we postulated that EGCG may interfere with HCV infection. We demonstrate that a concentration of 50 μM of EGCG inhibits HCV infectivity by more than 90% at an early step of the viral life cycle, most likely the entry step. This inhibition was not observed with other members of the Flaviviridae family tested. The antiviral activity of EGCG on HCV entry was confirmed with pseudoparticles expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 from six different genotypes. In addition, using binding assays at 4°C, we demonstrate that EGCG prevents attachment of the virus to the cell surface, probably by acting directly on the particle. We also show that EGCG has no effect on viral replication and virion secretion. By inhibiting cell-free virus transmission using agarose or neutralizing antibodies, we show that EGCG inhibits HCV cell-to-cell spread. Finally, by successive inoculation of naïve cells with supernatant of HCV-infected cells in the presence of EGCG, we observed that EGCG leads to undetectable levels of infection after four passages.
Conclusion:
EGCG is a new, interesting anti-HCV molecule that could be used in combination with other direct-acting antivirals. Furthermore, it is a novel tool to further dissect the mechanisms of HCV entry into the hepatocyte.
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by higher plants, which play multiple essential roles in plant physiology and have potential healthy properties on human organism, mainly as antioxidants, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial agents. In the present review the antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities of the most active polyphenol classes are reported, highlighting, where investigated, the mechanisms of action and the structure-activity relationship. Moreover, considering that the microbial resistance has become an increasing global problem, and there is a compulsory need to find out new potent antimicrobial agents as accessories to antibiotic therapy, the synergistic effect of polyphenols in combination with conventional antimicrobial agents against clinical multidrug-resistant microorganisms is discussed.
Influenza virus infects the respiratory system of human and animals causing mild to severe illness which could lead to death. Although vaccines are available, there is still a great need for influenza antiviral drugs to reduce disease progression and virus transmission. Currently two classes (M2 channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors) of FDA-approved influenza antiviral drugs are available, but there are great concerns of emergence of viral resistance. Therefore, timely development of new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses is crucial. Plant-derived polyphenols have been studied for antioxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic, and cardio- and neuroprotective actions. Recently, some polyphenols, such as resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate, showed significant anti-influenza activity in vitro and/or in vivo. Therefore we investigated selected polyphenols for their antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses. Among the polyphenols we tested, isoquercetin inhibited the replication of both influenza A and B viruses at the lowest effective concentration. In a double treatment of isoquercetin and amantadine, synergistic effects were observed on the reduction of viral replication in vitro. The serial passages of virus in the presence of isoquercetin did not lead to the emergence of resistant virus, and the addition of isoquercetin to amantadine or oseltamivir treatment suppressed the emergence of amantadine- or oseltamivir-resistant virus. In a mouse model of influenza virus infection, isoquercetin administered intraperitoneally to mice inoculated with human influenza A virus significantly decreased the virus titers and pathological changes in the lung. Our results suggest that isoquercetin may have the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of influenza virus infection and for the suppression of resistance in combination therapy with existing drugs.
Prolonged intense exercise causes immunosuppression, whereas moderate-intensity exercise improves immune function and potentially reduces risk and severity of respiratory viral infections. Here, based on available evidence, we present a model whereby moderate exercise-induced increases in stress hormones reduce excessive local inflammation and skew the immune response away from a TH1 and toward a TH2 phenotype, thus improving outcomes after respiratory viral infections.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to the presence of clinical signs and symptoms arising from the genitourinary tract plus the presence of one or more micro-organisms in the urine exceeding a threshold value for significance (ranges from 102 to 103 colony-forming units/mL). Infections are localized to the bladder (cystitis), renal parenchyma (pyelonephritis) or prostate (acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis). Single UTI episodes are very common, especially in adult women where there is a 50-fold predominance compared with adult men. In addition, recurrent UTIs are also common, occurring in up to one-third of women after first-episode UTIs. Recurrences requiring intervention are usually defined as two or more episodes over 6 months or three or more episodes over 1 year (this definition applies only to young women with acute uncomplicated UTIs). A cornerstone of prevention of UTI recurrence has been the use of low-dose once-daily or post-coital antimicrobials; however, much interest has surrounded non-antimicrobial-based approaches undergoing investigation such as use of probiotics, vaccines, oligosaccharide inhibitors of bacterial adherence and colonization, and bacterial interference with immunoreactive extracts of Escherichia coli. Local (intravaginal) estrogen therapy has had mixed results to date. Cranberry products in a variety of formulations have also undergone extensive evaluation over several decades in the management of UTIs. At present, there is no evidence that cranberry can be used to treat UTIs. Hence, the focus has been on its use as a preventative strategy. Cranberry has been effective in vitro and in vivo in animals for the prevention of UTI. Cranberry appears to work by inhibiting the adhesion of type I and P-fimbriated uropathogens (e.g. uropathogenic E. coli) to the uroepithelium, thus impairing colonization and subsequent infection. The isolation of the component(s) of cranberry with this activity has been a daunting task, considering the hundreds of compounds found in the fruit and its juice derivatives. Reasonable evidence suggests that the anthocyanidin/proanthocyanidin moieties are potent antiadhesion compounds. However, problems still exist with standardization of cranberry products, which makes it extremely difficult to compare products or extrapolate results. Unfortunately, most clinical trials have had design deficiencies and none have evaluated specific key cranberry-derived compounds considered likely to be active moieties (e.g. proanthocyanidins). In general, the preventive efficacy of cranberry has been variable and modest at best. Meta-analyses have established that recurrence rates over 1 year are reduced approximately 35% in young to middle-aged women. The efficacy of cranberry in other groups (i.e. elderly, paediatric patients, those with neurogenic bladder, those with chronic indwelling urinary catheters) is questionable. Withdrawal rates have been quite high (up to 55%), suggesting that these products may not be acceptable over long periods. Adverse events include gastrointestinal intolerance, weight gain (due to the excessive calorie load) and drug-cranberry interactions (due to the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism). The findings of the Cochrane Collaboration support the potential use of cranberry products in the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs in young and middle-aged women. However, in light of the heterogeneity of clinical study designs and the lack of consensus regarding the dosage regimen and formulation to use, cranberry products cannot be recommended for the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs at this time.
Various researchers have implied that regular and moderate exercise training may improve the ability of the immune system to protect the host from infection. In contrast, acute, maximal, and exhaustive exercise may have negative effects of the immune system. This study compared the incidence of infectious episodes in 273 runners during a two month training period prior to a 5 K, 10 K, or half-marathon race. In addition, the effect of the race experience on infectious episodes was studied. Twenty-five percent of the runners training more than 15 miles per week reported at least one infectious episode as compared with 34.3% of runners training less than 15 miles per week (p = 0.09). Only 6.8% of the runners preparing for the half-marathon race reported becoming sick with the flu versus 17.9% of the 5 K and 10 K runners (p = 0.067). During the week following the roadrace, runners did not report an increase in infectious episodes as compared to the week prior to the race. These trends suggest that runners with a more serious commitment to regular exercise may experience less infectious episodes than recreational runners because of both direct and indirect affects on immunosurveillance. In addition, the stressful race experience does not appear to increase risk of acquiring an acute respiratory infection.
The relationship between exercise and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) may be modeled in the form of a "J" curve. Various epidemiological studies suggest that unusually heavy acute or chronic exercise is associated with an increased risk of URTI. The risk appears to be especially high during the one or 2-wk period following marathon-type race events. Among runners varying widely in training habits, the risk for URTI is slightly elevated for the highest distance runners, but only when several confounding factors are controlled for. Two randomized experimental trials using small numbers of subjects have provided important preliminary data in support of the viewpoint that moderate physical activity may reduce URTI symptomatology. Clinical data support the concept that heavy exertion increases the athlete's risk of URTI because of negative changes in immune function and elevation of the stress hormones, epinephrine, and cortisol. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that moderate amounts of exercise may decrease one's risk of URTI through favorable changes in immune function without the negative attending effects of the stress hormones.
The induction of apoptosis in host cells is a prominent cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. The viral matrix (M) protein is responsible for several important cytopathic effects, including the inhibition of host gene expression and the induction of cell rounding in VSV-infected cells. This raises the question of whether M protein is also involved in the induction of apoptosis. HeLa or BHK cells were transfected with M mRNA to determine whether M protein induces apoptosis when expressed in the absence of other viral components. Expression of M protein induced apoptotic morphological changes and activated caspase-3 in both cell types, indicating that M protein induces apoptosis in the absence of other viral components. An M protein containing a point mutation that renders it defective in the inhibition of host gene expression (M51R mutation) activated little, if any, caspase-3, while a deletion mutant lacking amino acids 4 to 21 that is defective in the virus assembly function but fully functional in the inhibition of host gene expression was as effective as wild-type (wt) M protein in activating caspase-3. To determine whether M protein influences the induction of apoptosis in the context of a virus infection, the M51R M protein mutation was incorporated onto a wt background by using a recombinant infectious cDNA clone (rM51R-M virus). The timing of the induction of apoptosis by rM51R-M virus was compared to that by the corresponding recombinant wt (rwt) virus and to that by tsO82 virus, the mutant virus in which the M51R mutation was originally identified. In HeLa cells, rwt virus induced apoptosis faster than did rM51R-M virus, demonstrating a role for M protein in the induction of apoptosis. In contrast to the results obtained with HeLa cells, rwt virus induced apoptosis more slowly than did rM51R-M virus in BHK cells. This indicates that a viral component other than M protein contributes to induction of apoptosis in BHK cells and that wt M protein acts to delay induction of apoptosis by the other viral component. tsO82 virus induced apoptosis more rapidly than did rM51R-M virus in both HeLa and BHK cells. These two viruses contain the same point mutation in their M proteins, suggesting that sequence differences in genes other than that for M protein affect their rates of induction of apoptosis.
To test the effects of oat beta-glucan (ObetaG) on respiratory infection, macrophage antiviral resistance, and NK cytotoxicity.
Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Ex-H2O, Ex-ObetaG, Con-H2O, or Con-ObetaG. ObetaG was fed in the drinking water for 10 d before intranasal inoculation of HSV-1 or sacrifice. Exercise consisted of treadmill running to volitional fatigue (approximately 140 min) for three consecutive days. Fifteen minutes after the last bout of exercise or rest, mice (N = 24) were intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of HSV-1. Mice were monitored twice daily for morbidity and mortality. Additional mice were sacrificed after exercise, peritoneal macrophages were obtained via i.p. lavage and assayed for antiviral resistance to HSV-1 (N = 18), and spleens were harvested and assayed for NK cell cytotoxicity (N = 12).
Exercise stress was associated with a 28% increase in morbidity (P = 0.036) and 18% increase in mortality (P = 0.15). Ingestion of ObetaG before infection prevented this increase in morbidity (P = 0.048) and mortality (P = 0.05). Exercise stress was associated with a decrease in macrophage antiviral resistance (P = 0.007), which was blocked by ingestion of ObetaG (P < 0.001). There were no effects of exercise or ObetaG on NK cytotoxicity.
These data suggest that daily ingestion of ObetaG may offset the increased risk of URTI associated with exercise stress, which may be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in macrophage antiviral resistance.
The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of self-reported infectious episodes (IE) during 3 weeks before (pre-IE) and 3 weeks after (post-IE) a marathon race and relate these figures to training status, running time, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Two questionnaires, including questions about important factors for IE incidence, were given to a representative cohort of 1694 runners (17% of all finishers) in the Stockholm Marathon 2000.
Pre-IE incidence in the cohort was 17% with no difference between women and men. Post-IE incidence in the whole cohort was 19% with no significant (P>0.05) difference between women and men. The post-IE incidence in runners without a pre-IE was 16% (P>0.05 to pre-IE incidence). In the group of runners with pre-IE, 33% experienced an IE after the race also (P<0.05 to Pre-IE incidence). A logistic regression analysis showed that younger age and pre race health status and, for men only, experienced nausea during and after the race were depended factors explaining post-IE incidence. Younger runners were more prone to experience IE both before and after the race. There was no relation between training volume 6 months before the race, finishing time and socioeconomic and demographic factors and pre-IE or post-IE.
This study does not support the theory of increased infection rate after exhaustive long-distance running (“The Open Window Theory”) in recreational runners, but suggests that the sometimes experienced increased rate of infections among athletes can be caused by strenuous exercise too soon after an infection.
Exercise stress is associated with an increased risk for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) while moderate exercise has been associated with a decreased risk. We have shown that exercise stress can increase susceptibility (morbidity, symptom severity and mortality) to HSV-1 respiratory infection, but there is little evidence on the effects of stressful exercise on susceptibility to the principal etiological agents of human respiratory infections, including influenza viruses. This study examined the effects of stressful exercise on susceptibility to influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1)). Mice were assigned to one of two groups: exercise (Ex) or control (Con). Exercise consisted of a treadmill run to volitional fatigue ( approximately 120 min) performed on three consecutive days. Fifteen minutes after the last bout of exercise or rest, mice (n=20-21/group) were intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of influenza virus (0.25 HAU). Mice were monitored daily for morbidity (time to sickness), symptom severity and mortality (time to death) for 21 days. Exercise stress was associated with an increase in susceptibility to infection (morbidity, mortality and symptom severity on days 6 and 7; P<0.05). These data from a controlled influenza virus challenge model add significantly to the growing body of evidence that severe exercise can increase susceptibility to URTI.
Influence of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in athletes: a randomized trial using a metabolomics approach Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production
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ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF A POLYPHENOL COMPLEX FOLLOWING EXERCISE Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. (2014) Nieman, DC, Gillitt, ND, Knab, AM, et al. 2013. Influence of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in athletes: a randomized trial using a metabolomics approach. PLoS One 8(8): e72215. Powers SK, Jackson MJ. 2008. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 88(4): 1243–76.
- Antiviral Effects
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ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF A POLYPHENOL COMPLEX FOLLOWING EXERCISE
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytother. Res. (2014)
Updated knowledge about polyphenols: functions, bioavailability, metabolism, and health
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