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Characterization of Malassezia Furfur and its control by using plant extracts
Abstract and Figures
Malassezia furfur, a lipophilic, dimorphic and yeast-like fungus, occurring in human skin as an opportunistic pathogen, causes diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolar, seborrheic dermatitis, etc. Suitable media for culturing the organism were standardized. A modified medium for the culturing of M. furfur has been proposed. Growth of the fungus was also determined in the presence of different carbon sources under the influence of different temperature, pH and salinity. Plant extracts of 19 species were screened against the growth of the fungus by using disc diffusion method and the results are discussed.
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... Regarding tolerance of temperature, pH, salt, urea and UV light the comparability as per available literature was varied. Leeminget al 14 found that at 34 0 C, M. furfur yielded high growth although they noted reports of optimal development of colonies at 35 37 0 C. Vijayakumar et al 15 This study reiterated the need to develop an efficient, economic, easily availed, minimally complex media for cultivation of M. furfur and observed the comparability of mDA and CMA towards the same. Though the sizes of the colonies were smaller, CMA proved to be a good substitute to mDA. ...
... Imidazole derivatives, ketoconazole, salicylic acid, selenium sulphide, tar derivatives and zinc pyrithione are the key ingredients of these formulations. [24] Application of the synthetic formulations was unable to prevent reoccurrence of dandruff and showed various side effects. [25] Utilization of antidandruff herbal preparations is safe. ...
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is a perennial herb and its leaves are used to treat anemia, asthma, allergy, arthritis,
baldness, bronchitis, chicken pox, colds, dandruff, diabetes, diarrhoea, eczema, flu, gingivitis, excess menstrual
flow, nettle rash, piles, rheumatism, sinusitis, sprains, tendonitis, ulcers and wounds. This study was intended to
isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the leaves of Urtica dioica and to evaluate their antidandruff
activity. The leaf powder of U. dioica was extracted exhaustively with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The
concentrated methanolic extract was dissolved in ethanol (95%) and fractionated by partitioning the solution with
petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff
activity against the growth of Malassezia furfur. It was adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for the preparation
of a slurry. The dried slurry was chromatographed over a silica gel column. The column was eluted with
petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, successively, in order of increasing polarity to isolate 2,6,7-
trihydroxynaphthalene (6,7– dihydroxy-β-naphthol, 1), ellagic acid (2) and rutin (quercetin- 3- O- rutinoside) (3).
Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
Dandruff is a skin disorder caused by a fungus Malassezia furfur. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of the leaves of U. dioica against Malassezia furfur at
concentration of 10 mg/ml each showed zone of inhibition between 6.81 – 22.13 mm. Among all the testing
portions the chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity. The zone of inhibition in mm was in order
of 22.13> 16.47> 12.0> 7.53> 6.81 for chloroform, aqueous, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts,
respectively.
... Imidazole derivatives, ketoconazole, salicylic acid, selenium sulphide, tar derivatives and zinc pyrithione are the key ingredients of these formulations. [24] Application of the synthetic formulations was unable to prevent reoccurrence of dandruff and showed various side effects. [25] Utilization of antidandruff herbal preparations is safe. ...
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is a perennial herb and its leaves are used to treat anemia, asthma, allergy, arthritis, baldness, bronchitis, chicken pox, colds, dandruff, diabetes, diarrhoea, eczema, flu, gingivitis, excess menstrual flow, nettle rash, piles, rheumatism, sinusitis, sprains, tendonitis, ulcers and wounds. This study was intended to isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the leaves of Urtica dioica and to evaluate their antidandruff activity. The leaf powder of U. dioica was extracted exhaustively with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanolic extract was dissolved in ethanol (95%) and fractionated by partitioning the solution with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity against the growth of Malassezia furfur. It was adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for the preparation of a slurry. The dried slurry was chromatographed over a silica gel column. The column was eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, successively, in order of increasing polarity to isolate 2,6,7-trihydroxynaphthalene (6,7– dihydroxy-β-naphthol, 1), ellagic acid (2) and rutin (quercetin- 3- O- rutinoside) (3). Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions. Dandruff is a skin disorder caused by a fungus Malassezia furfur. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of the leaves of U. dioica against Malassezia furfur at concentration of 10 mg/ml each showed zone of inhibition between 6.81 – 22.13 mm. Among all the testing portions the chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity. The zone of inhibition in mm was in order of 22.13> 16.47> 12.0> 7.53> 6.81 for chloroform, aqueous, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts, respectively.
... Dextrose medium without added fatty substances was maintained as the control. After 7 days, M. furfur grew well in butter, followed by corn oil, olive oil, coconut oil, oleic acid, and castor oil [7]. Dextrose medium without added fatty substances demonstrated poor Malassezia growth. ...
... Candida albicans growth was reduced by a prepared aloe vera gel formulation (Rezazadeh et al., 2016). Study results revealed that other species were less advantageous than aloe vera (Vijayakumar et al., 2006). Aloe vera pulp's capacity to inhibit the development of Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum coccodes mycelium led to a slower rate of colony expansion (De Rodrýguez et al., 2005). ...
... These are insects such as gall mites, bagworm, leaf minor, moth, aphids, flies, mosquitoes, earwig, grasshopper etc. they cause more damage to the plant. Instead of harmful insecticides we can use Eucalyptus oil which is a natural insecticide [6] . Eucalyptus oil can also be used to treat different kinds of disease such as: ...
... The leaves show presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloid, phenol compounds which mostly act as the antifungal compounds which can help in treating fungal infections can be favourable for some of the formulations topically. 6 Guava leaves shows antibacterial and antifungal activity on gram positive and gram negative bacteria [7] . ...
... The essential oil which is present in the different part is composed of various mixture of volatile organic compound such as hydrocarbon, alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, acids, ethers and esters. There is numerous component which are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in nature and these components are consist of two or more isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) units [9]. There is various concentration such as calcium, nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, manganese, zinc, boron and copper they all the present in the essential oil [5]. ...
In the ancient time Eucalyptus globulus used for the various purpose. It is a tall and an evergreen tree that can grow up to the height of 70m and its diameter is about 4 to7ft. which was first found on the island of Tasmania in 1792 which associate to the Myrtaceae family which is commonly called as Tasmanian Blue Gum, southern blue gum or blue gum are the different names of eucalyptus globulus grow in the various parts of India. The particular species of Eucalyptus globulus have been used for various purposes. It had been found that eucalyptus is a rich source of phytochemical constituent and also possesses medicinal use. The different part of the eucalyptus is very nutritionally and highly valuable therapeutically property because of the presence of some specific chemical composition as its essential oil contain esters, carboxylic acids, aldehyde etc. phytochemical analysis of this tree has revealed that their leaf oil contain 1.8 cineole, cryptophone etc., essential oil had been extracted from its buds. The aim of this review paper is compiling all the information about eucalyptus such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-nociceptive antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-oxidant agent of the nature.
Dandruff is a skin condition with symptoms includes flaking and sometimes mild itchiness cause to the scalp. They are many bacteria, fungus causing scalp infections which lead to further hair problems or skin issues. There is one of the common conditions candidiasis which is typically caused on the skin or mucus membrane caused by candida. Herbal extract of gauva leaves, amla and aloe found to be effective in treating Candidiasis. Guava leaves are rich in Vitamin B & C that helps in nourishing hair and also aids hair growth. Guava leaves shows antibacterial and antifungal activity on gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Vitamin C present in Amla which is 20 times more than that of orange; which prevents premature graying of hairs, it also providesluster to hairs and strengthen follicles. Gauva leaves extract was evaluated by Cup and plate method against the fungus C. albicans and bacteria S. aureus. Herbal Gel was formulated and evaluated by using Carbopol 934, triethanolamine etc. A polyherbal hair gel was found to be effective against candidiasis along with this it nourished the hair and prevent premature graying.
Background
Dandruff is a scalp malady affecting predominantly the male populace. Topical agents and synthetic drugs used for dandruff treatment have specific side effects including burning at the application site, depression, dizziness, headache, itching or skin rash, nausea, stomach pain, vision change, vomiting, discoloration of hair, dryness or oiliness of the scalp and increased loss of hair. Thus, essential oils and extracts from plants could be valuable in the treatment and prevention of dandruff.
Aim & Objective
This review aims to highlight current findings in dandruff occurrence, its etiology, promising plant essential oils/extracts, and novel treatment strategies. The main emphasis has been given on the anti-dandruff effect of essential oils and plant extracts to disrupt microbial growth. The proposed mechanism (s) of action, novel approaches used to perk up its biopharmaceutical properties, and topical application have been discussed.
Results
The literature survey was done, bibliographic sources and research papers were retrieved from different search engines and databases, including SciFinder, PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selection of papers was accomplished based on exclusion and inclusion criteria. The scalp of diverse populations revealed an association of dandruff with microbial symbiosis, including Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Malassezia, and Candida as the pathogens responsible for the cause of dandruff. Topical antifungals are considered as the first line of treatment for dandruff including azoles, with clotrimazole (1%), ketoconazole (2%), and miconazole (2%). Other commonly used therapies integrate benzoyl peroxide, coal tar, glycerin, zinc pyrithione, lithium succinate/gluconate, salicylic acid, selenium disulfide/sulfide, sodium sulfacetamide, etc. However, these medicaments and chemicals are known to cause specific side effects. Alternative therapies, including tea tree oil, thyme, Aloe vera, Mentha have been reported to demonstrate anti-dandruff activity by disrupting the microbial growth associated with dandruff formation.
Conclusion
Overall, this review explains the occurrence of dandruff, its etiology, and the potential applicability of promising plant essential oils/extracts, and their novel treatment strategies. Further studies based on pre-clinical and clinical research are essential before making any conclusion about its efficacy in humans.
The therapeutic efficacy of Cassia alata leaf extract against Pityriasis versicolor has been reported for the first time involving humans. For the collection of clinically effective antifungal compounds from the leaves of Cassia alata, a simple procedure has been devised. A 10-year human study indicates that the leaf extract can be reliably used as a herbal medicine to treat Pityriasis versicolor. The leaf extract has no side-effects.
Antipityosporum activity of a herbal drug combination of Wrighria tinctoria and Hibiscus rosasinensis was tested in vitro against the isolates of Pityrosporum ovale recovered from dandruff. The drug combination exhibited fungicidal activity at a concentration ranging between 500 to1000 pg/ml.
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