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Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of different leaves crude extracts of Omani Ficus carica against food borne pathogenic bacteria

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Abstract

Objective To prepare different polarities crude extract from the leaves of Ficus carica and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against food borne pathogenic bacterial strains. Methods The dried leaves were macerated in absolute ethanol for one week. The ethanol was evaporated and the crude extract was defatted with ethanol-water. The defatted hydro alcoholic crude extract was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant potential was determined against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of different crude extracts against selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by agar disc diffusion method. Results The total extraction yield was 2.2%. The highest extraction yield was in chloroform and the lowest in hexane. The antioxidant results were found in the order of hydro alcoholic>ethyl acetate>hexane>chloroform. Hydro alcoholic crude extract and its derived fractions display moderate antimicrobial potential against the selected bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escheichia coli and Pseudomonas, in the range of 0%–13%. Conclusions It is concluded that the hydro alcoholic and ethyl acetate crude extracts of Ficus carica possess very good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.
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Document heading doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60619-8 2015 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of different leaves
crude extracts of Omani Ficus carica against food borne pathogenic
bacteria
Afaf Mohammed Weli, Afaf Ali Mohammed Al-Blushi, Mohammad Amzad Hossain*
School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P. O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(1): 13-16
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtd
*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad A. Hossain, School of Pharmacy, College
of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P. O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa,
Sultanate of Oman.
Tel: +96892327578
Fax: +96892877745
E-mail: hossainabi@gmail.com
Foundation Project: Supported by University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
(Grant No. 507/SOP/OB/1/2013).
1. Introduction
Ficus carica (F. carica) is a medicinal plant constituting
one of the largest genera with about 750 species. It is a woody
plants, trees and shrubs. Primarily it is found in subtropical
and tropical regions throughout the world[1]. The genus is
remarkable for the large variation in the habits of its species.
It is commonly referred as fig. F. carica grows well up to a
height of 6.9-10 m, with smooth grey bark. It is well known for
its large and fragrant leaves. The leaves are 12-25 cm long and
10-18 cm across, and deeply lobed with three or five lobes[2-4].
The complex inflorescence of the common fig consists of a
hollow fleshy structure called the syconium, which is lined
with numerous unisexual flowers. The edible fig fruit is the
mature syconium on the outside and numerous one-seeded
fruits on the inside. The fruit is 3-5 cm long, with a green skin,
sometimes ripening towards purple or brown. F. carica has
milky sap. It is rich in vitamins, mineral elements, water, and
fats. Figs are one of the highest plant sources of calcium and
fiber[5]. The chemical constituents in the leaves of F. carica
PEE R REVIEW ABSTR ACT
KEYWORDS
Ficus carica, Al-Teen, Maceration method, DPPH, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial potential
Objective: To prepare different polarities crude extract from the leaves of Ficus carica and to
evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against food borne pathogenic bacterial
strains.
Methods: The dried leaves were macerated in absolute ethanol for one week. The ethanol
was evaporated and the crude extract was defatted with ethanol-water. The defatted hydro
alcoholic crude extract was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate.
The antioxidant potential was determined against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.
Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of different crude extracts against selected Gram positive
and Gram negative bacteria by agar disc diffusion method.
Results: The total extraction yield was 2.2%. The highest extraction yield was in chloroform and
the lowest in hexane. The antioxidant results were found in the order of hydro alcoholic>ethyl
acetate>hexane>chloroform. Hydro alcoholic crude extract and its derived fractions display
moderate antimicrobial potential against the selected bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus
aureus, Escheichia coli and Pseudomonas, in the range of 0%-13%.
Conclusions: It is concluded that the hydro alcoholic and ethyl acetate crude extracts of Ficus
carica possess very good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Peer reviewer
Prof. Dr. Huge Dougle, Institute of
Natural Products, University of Yale,
UK.
E-mail: hugedu@gmail.com
Comments
The present study on antioxidant
and antimicrobial activity of various
leaves crude extracts of F. carica is
giving the valuable brief and scientific
information about this plant.
Details on Page 16
Article history:
Received 8 Apr 2014
Received in revised form 18 Apr, 2nd revised form 6 May, 3rd revised form 15 May 2014
Accepted 12 Jun 2014
Available online 11 Jul 2014
Afaf Mohammed Weli et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(1): 13-16
14
were protein (67.6%), fat (4.3%), fiber (1.7%), total ash (4.7%),
nitrogen free compounds (5.3%), pentoses (16.4%); carotene
(3.6%), bergaptene, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and tyrosine[6]. The
sap of the figs green parts is an irritant to human skin[5]. All
parts of this plant such as bark, leaves, tender shoots, fruits,
seeds, and latex are medicinally important[2]. The fig is a very
nourishing food and used in industrial products. The leaves
of this plant have anti-diabetic properties and reduce the
amount of insulin needed by diabetics. The leaves have also
the ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and to prevent
colon cancer[7]. Figs are a good source of potassium and it is
very important mineral to help control blood pressure[8]. The
fiber of figs also helps to reduce weight and is recommended
for obese people[8]. The ethanol crude extract of F. carica
at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg showed significant dose-
dependent reduction in normal body temperature and yeast
provoked elevated temperature. Its crude extracts showed
high acute toxicity with hemorrhagic enteritis. In addition,
the crude extracts showed a weak anthelmintic efficacy. The
plant crude extracts and their mixture decreased the level of
mutations induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
in viciafaba cells, demonstrating the ability to decrease the
genotoxicity of environmental mutagens[9]. The main objective
of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and
antimicrobial potential of different concentrations and different
polarities of leaves crude extracts of F. carica against selected
food borne pathogenic bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus
aureus (S. aureus), Escheichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
The chemicals such as ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
methanol and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were
obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company Limited. The
food borne pathogenic bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were obtained from
Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,
College of Arts and Sciences, Nizwa University, Sultanate of
Oman. Filter paper discs of diameter 5 mm were obtained from
Whatman Company. Nutrient agar and plastic Petri dishes were
purchased from Sharlau Chemie Company. Deionized water
was used throughout the experiment. Shimadzu1800 UV-visible
spectrophotometer was used for analysis.
2.2. Plant samples
The leaves of F. carica sample were collected from Izki on
23 October, 2012 in the afternoon at 4.00-6.00 pm. The collected
leaves samples were transported to the lab for processing.
2.3. Preparation of crude extracts
The whole leaves samples were separated from the affected
one and washed with water. The fresh leaves samples were
placed on newspapers and dried under shade. After complete
drying, the leaves were grinded using kitchen grinder. The
powdered leaves samples (349.31 g) were taken in a three
liter beaker and added 95% ethanol (1.5 L) for one week. After
the complete extraction, the solvent was decanted out and
filtered under vacuum using Buchner apparatus to give clear
solution. The ethanol was evaporated at low pressure using
rotary evaporator to obtain crude ethanol extract. The crude
extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with
hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate.
2.4. Radical scavenging potential by DPPH method
Free radical scavenging potential of different crude extracts
was estimated as described by Blois[10,11]. Four concentrations
(12.5, 25, 50, 100 µg/mL) were prepared from different crude
extracts such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hyrdo
alcoholic. Four milliliter of each concentration were placed in
the separate test tube. One milliliter of freshly prepared DPPH
solution was added and shaken vigorously. After that, all the
test tubes were placed at room temperature in dark place for 45
min. The control was prepared in the same way without adding
any crude extract. The absorption of the samples was measured
using UV spectroscopy at 517 nm. The inhibition percentage
was calculated using the formula:
% Inhibition = Acontrol - Aextract
Acontrol
100
2.5. Antibacterial assay
The evaluation of antibacterial test was carried out by
the agar disc diffusion method[12]. Four concentrations of
each extract was prepared using serial dilution method with
dimethyl sulphoxide to obtained 2 000, 1 000, 500, and 250 µg/
mL solution. Filter paper discs were macerated with each
concentration and placed on previously prepared agar gel
plate. All the plates were incubated with microorganism at
37 °C for 24 h. Amoxicillin was used as a positive control.
The calculation of antibacterial activity was determined by
measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition against the
tested food borne pathogenic bacterial strains.
3. Results
3.1. Crude extracts from the leaves of F. carica
The powdered leaves samples were extracted with ethanol for
one week. The ethanol was evaporated at low pressure using
rotary evaporator to obtain crude ethanol extract. The crude
extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with
hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The total yield was 2.7%.
The highest extraction yield was in chloroform and the lowest
in hexane and the order was chloroform>ethyl acetate>hydro
alcoholic>hexane.
3.2. Antioxidant potential
The antioxidant potential was determined by agar gel
diffusion method. The results of antioxidant potential for
Afaf Mohammed Weli et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(1): 13-16 15
hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydro alcoholic extract
against DPPH radical are shown in Figure 1. All crude extracts
from F. carica inhibited the DPPH radical. Hydro alcoholic
crude extract showed radical scavenging of more than 90%
at all concentrations. The lowest inhibition was shown by
chloroform.
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
12.5 25 50 100 200
Hexane Chloroform Ethyl acetate Hydro alcholic
Figure 1. Antioxidant potential of different crude extracts against DPPH.
%
inhibition
Concentration (µg/mL)
3.3. Antimicrobial potential
The determination of antibacterial potential of hexane, ethyl
acetate, chloroform, hydro alcoholic crude extracts of F. carica
against three food borne pathogenic bacterial strains were
calculated the presence or absence of inhibition zones. The
exhibition of antibacterial potential of four crude extracts of F.
carica were shown against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa
bacterial strains at the concentrations of 2 000, 1 000, 500 and
250 µg/mL with dimethyl sulphoxide. Almost all crude extracts
of F. carica were showed moderate potential of antibacterial
activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria at
the concentrations of 2 000, 1 000, 500 and 250 µg/mL (Figure 2).
Amoxicillin was used as a positive control.
2000 1000
Hexane
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Chloroform Ethyl acetate Hydro alcoholic
Concentration (µg/mL)
E. coli S. aureus P. aeroginosa C. albicans
1000 1000 10002000 2000 2000
500 500 500 500 250250 250
Figure 2. Antimicrobial potential of different leaves crude extracts of F.
carica against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeroginosa.
Inhibition zones (mm)
4. Discussion
The powdered leaves samples were extracted with ethanol
and defatted with water and extracted successively with
hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The total extraction yield
was 2.7%. The highest yield was obtained from chloroform and
lowest from hexane. This result indicated that the chloroform
crude extract contained high percentage of non and semi
polar organic compounds. The antioxidant potential was
determined by well established DPPH method. The principle
of DPPH method based on production of free radical[13]. The
hydro alcoholic crude extracts produced more free radical and
chloroform crude extracts produced less free radical. Therefore,
the highest antioxidant potential was obtained hydro alcoholic
crude extract among the other crude extracts and the lowest
was chloroform. The antioxidant results was found in the order
of hydro alcoholic>ethyl acetate>hexane>chloroform (Figure 1).
The hydro alcoholic extract showed highest potential and the
ethyl acetate also showed high potential compared to hexane
and chloroform crude extracts. The variation of antioxidant
potential might be poly phenolic chemical compounds in
the crude extracts[14,15]. It was observed to have the highest
antioxidant potential in DPPH assay, which is in agreement with
previous study[11].
There are several studies of antimicrobial potential of
F. carica leaves crude extracts. Jung reported that the
methanol crude extract from the leaves of F. carica exhibited
strong potential against E. coli but weak potential against
S. aureus[14]. Another good study demonstrated that the
variation of antimicrobial potential was due to some flavonoid
compounds in the leaves of F. carica[15]. Ahmad et al. reported
that antimicrobial potential of methanol leaves crude extract
of F. carica against five bacterial strain Bacillus cereus,
Enterobacter aerogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis at different concentrations
was found in the following decreasing order Staphylococcus
epidermidis>Klebsiella pneumoniae>Bacillus subtilis>Bacillus
cereus>Enterobacter aerogens[16]. The antibacterial potential by
agar disc diffusion assay showed that methanol crude extract
of F. carica exhibited potential against pathogenic as well as
non-pathogenic test bacteria. The authors also mentioned that
significant effect on growth inhibition of Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria[16].
In this present study, highest strong potential was obtained
from ethyl acetate against E. coli and P. aeroginosa at all
applied concentration but exhibited moderate potential against
S. aureus at the concentration 2 000 and 1 000 µg/mL (Figure
2). However, the concentration at 500 and 250 µg/mL did not
show any microbial potential against S. aureus. Chloroform
crude extracts showed moderate potential against E. coli at
all applied concentration but the other pathogenic bacterial
strains showed moderate potential only at the concentrations of
2 000 and 1 000 µg/mL. However, 500 and 250 µg/mL did not show
any activity against S. aureus and P. aeroginosa. Hexane crude
extract showed moderate potential against all applied bacteria
at the concentration of 2 000, 1 000, and 500 µg/mL. Hydro
alcoholic extract also showed potential against all pathogenic
bacteria at concentration 2 000 and 1 000 µg/mL.
In conclusion, the leaves of F. carica were found to possess
strong antioxidant and moderate antimicrobial activity. Gram
negative bacteria were found to be more susceptible than
Gram positive bacteria indicating that active ingredients
in the studied extracts are inhibiting growth of bacteria via
unusual mechanism. It will be thus interesting to isolate
these compounds and further investigated their antimicrobial
properties. Antioxidant compounds are known to possess both
anticancer and neuro protective characteristics. Hence, it is
suggested to extend phytochemical investigation of F. carica
Afaf Mohammed Weli et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2015; 5(1): 13-16
16
from Oman in order to evaluate further its pharmacological
potentials.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Nafsiah Binti Shamsudin,
Dean, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa,
Sultanate of Oman for her continuous encouragement during
the work and all laboratory facilities. The authors are also
grateful to University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
for providing all chemicals and other expenses from their
internal fund to carry out this project (Grant No. 507/SOP/
OB/1/2013). Thanks also go to Qasim Al-Riyami, Assistant
Dean, Training, School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa for
his continuous encouragement and Khaloud Ali Said Al-Alawi
and Ahlam Rashed Alabri, Lab Technicians, Natural Product
Lab, University of Nizwa for their continuous help during the
experiment. The authors wish to express sincere gratitude to
the Central Instrument Laboratory, College of Agriculture and
Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
where the tests were confirmed.
Comments
Background
F. carica plant is a medicinal plant constituting one of the
largest genera with about 750 species. All parts of this plant
such as bark, leaves, tender shoots, fruits, seeds, and latex are
medicinally important. The fig is a very nourishing food and
used in industrial products. The leaves of this plant have anti-
diabetic properties and reduce the amount of insulin needed
by diabetics.
Research frontiers
The aim of this study is to prepare various crude extracts
using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively
evaluate antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of F.
carica collected from Izki, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Related reports
According to the literature search, no work has been done
on Omani F. carica by the researcher. The other parameters of
this plant have been done by other researchers.
Innovations & breakthroughs
Although the experimental work done by the author is routine
work, it gives the new information and data to the scientific
community.
Applications
This plant is used worldwide as a traditional herbal
medicine. According to the paper, there are so many bioactive
compounds that can be used to prepare medicine.
Peer review
The present study on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of
various leaves crude extracts of F. carica is giving the valuable
brief and scientific information about this plant.
References
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[7] Herre EA, Jandér KC, Machado CA. Evolutionary ecology of figs and
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[12] Ahlam AA, Hazaa AM, Afaf W, Sadri S, Amzad H, Sohail A. In vitro
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[13] Hossain MA, Rahman SM. Total phenolics, flavonoids and
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[14] Jung EK. Antimicrobial activity of extract and fractions from Dryaria
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The genus Ficus is one of the largest genera of the mulberry family (Moraceae) consisting of about 800 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines and climbers collectively known as ‘figs’ occurring in most tropical and subtropical forests worldwide. Fig plants are known for their ethnopharmacological, therapeutic and commercial importance and have been used in traditional medicines as a cure against malaria, diabetes, cancer, diarrhea, pyretic, ulcer, as well as gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. Therefore, the present review aims to offer an updated compendium of documents sourced from recent publications regarding ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities of nine selected African Ficus species with the aim to open new prospects and strategies for further pharmacological research as a remedy for various ailments and for drug development.
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One of the important benefits of fig leaves is their ability as a natural antioxidant. However, further research is needed to comprehensively assess the antioxidant potential of fig leaf extract. The present research aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and the fraction of five varieties of Ficus carica leaves grown in West Sumatra Indonesia; Panache Tiger (PT), Red Palestine (RP), Green Jordan (GJ), LSU Gold (LG), and Bajihong (BJ). The extraction process uses the Ultrasound-assisted extraction method and the fractionation process uses a separating funnel. Sample solutions were prepared in five concentrations: 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 µg/ml. Antioxidant testing was carried out using the DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometry measured the absorbance in each sample solution. The IC50 values of ethanol extract F. carica leaves PT, RP, GJ, LG, and BJ varieties were 19.4132; 19.0150; 17.5623; 19.7136; 22.8838 µg/mL, hexane fraction were 84.6393; 84.5263; 83.8990; 85.3026; 87.7560 µg/mL, ethyl acetate fraction were 20.3750; 18.7451; 18,1990; 22.5833; 27.8047 µg/ml and water fraction were 19.7137; 18.2529; 15.9352; 20.6544; 22.9029 µg/ml. The antioxidant activity of the five varieties of F. carica in this study in hydro-alcoholic fraction, ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate fraction was classified into a very strong category, while the hexane fraction was in a strong category. It can be concluded that the F. carica leaves in this study have the potential as antioxidants whereas the Green Jordan variety in hydro-alcoholic fraction has a higher.
Article
In keeping with Hippocrates’ philosophy ‘let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food’, we focused on the nutraceutical potential of an agriculture by-product: Ficus carica cultivar Zidi leaves. The nutritional profiling of dried fig leaf at post-harvest stage was investigated, showing that it is a good source of carbohydrates (39.66 ± 0.50%), proteins (25.49 ± 0.27%), crude fiber (13.3 ± 0.01%), iron (14.63 ± 0.01 mg/100 g DW), manganese (52.55 ± 0.14 mg/100 g DW), zinc (0.57 ± 0.01 mg/100 g DW), and copper (0.34 ± 0.0047 mg/100 g DW). GC–MS fatty acid analysis revealed that linolenic acid (48.76%) is the major component, followed by palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids, resulting in a good oil quality according to lipid quality indices. Among the different extraction procedures applied to recover phenolic compounds from leaves collected at pre-ripening (S1) and post-harvest (S2) stages, ethanol–water sonication stage 1 has the best total phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins contents values (53.95 ± 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW), 17.64 ± 0.48 mg catechin equivalent/g DW, and 28.42 ± 2.17 mg catechin equivalent/g DW, respectively). Aqueous extracts of stage 1 have the strongest 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.47 mg/mL); and ethanol–water sonication stage 1 and ethanol–water maceration stage 2 extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activities against DNA strand breaks. The assessment of the antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method showed that ethanol–water maceration extract of stage 2 exhibits the best bacteria inhibition activity. The highest inhibition diameter was 17 mm, against L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and B. cereus ATCC 11778.
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Medicinal plants exerted their antibacterial effects through many mechanisms included inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of cell membrane synthesis, disruption of cytoplasmic membrane, inhibition of bacterial proteins synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of energy metabolism, as well as inhibition of bacterial virulence factors. The current review highlighted the medicinal plants with antibacterial activity with their spectrum of action.
Article
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Medicinal plants exerted their antibacterial effects through many mechanisms included inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of cell membrane synthesis, disruption of cytoplasmic membrane, inhibition of bacterial proteins synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of energy metabolism, as well as inhibition of bacterial virulence factors. The current review highlighted the medicinal plants with antibacterial activity with their spectrum of action.
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Hyperpigmentation frequently occurs after inflammation from bacterial infection. Thus, the inhibition activity of tyrosinase, the key enzyme to catalyze the melanogenesis and/or inhibition of bacterial infection, could decrease melanin production. Hence, the potential inhibitors could be discovered from natural products. ω-Hydroxymoracin C (1), a new compound with two other 2-arylbenzofurans, i.e., moracin M (2) and moracin C (3), and two stilbenes, i.e., 3, 4, 3′, 5′-tetrahydroxybibenzyl (4) and piceatannol (5), were isolated from the wood of Streblus taxoides. Compound 4 showed a strong inhibitory activity against tyrosinase enzyme with an IC50 value of 35.65 µg/mL, followed by compound 2 with an IC50 value of 47.34 µg/mL. Conversely, compound 1, 3 and 5 showed moderate activity, with IC50 values of 109.64, 128.67 and 149.73 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compound 1 and 3 showed an antibacterial effect against some Staphylococcus spp. Thus, the isolated compounds exhibited potential antityrosine and antibacterial effects. Additionally, an in silico study was performed in order to predict theoretical molecular interactions between the obtained metabolites from S. taxoides and tyrosinase as an extended in vitro enzyme binding assay experiment.
Article
The problem of environmental plastic contamination is one of the most serious issues facing our world today. The majority of the packaging materials used to preserve food are made of plastic which is considered an environmental issue. Natural kaolinite clay (KC) and Ficus leaf extract (FLE) were combined with chitosan in this work to create a novel antioxidant and biodegradable food packaging film. Chitosan/KC/FLE film was compared to chitosan film, Chitosan/KC, and Chitosan/FLE films in terms of structural, physical, and functional aspects. The addition of FLE and/or KC significantly improved the light and moisture barrier characteristics, mechanical properties, and antioxidant capabilities of chitosan film. Moreover, KC addition had a remarkable impact on the water vapor permeability and the biodegradability of the chitosan film. Because of the synergistic action of FLE and KC, the Chitosan/KC/FLE film delivered strong barrier and antioxidant capabilities. Furthermore, Chitosan/KC/FLE film was tested as packaging material on fresh-cut apple slices and demonstrated good food preservation regarding the weight loss, browning index, and total phenolic content of the fruit. According to our findings, Chitosan/KC/FLE film might be employed as a possible food packaging material in the food industry.
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One of the traditional Korean medicine, Drynaria fortunei (D. fortunei) is one of candidates known to be effective for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and gynecological diseases such as osteoporosis and bone resorption. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol (MeOH) extract and n-butanol (n-BuOH), chloroform (CHCl3), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions of D. fortunei against oral bacteria. The n-BuOH and CHCl3 fractions (MICs, 0.0078 to 0.3125 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.019 to 0.625 mg/ml) were demonstrated as strong antibacterial activity than the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction. The combination effects of n-BuOH fraction with ampicillin or gentamicin were synergistic against some oral bacteria. We suggest that D. fortunei could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in oral care products.
Article
The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem bark of Ficus sycomorus and Ficus platyphylla was carried out using standard biochemical methods. The antimicrobial activities (i.e. zonesof inhibition) of the ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem bark of Ficus sycomorus and Ficus platyphylla against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated under varying temperature, pH and storage duration of nine months. The zones of inhibition of the test plants extracts were evaluated using agar diffusion methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, anthraquinone, glycoside, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and reducing sugars. The effects of temperature and pH on the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the plants remained relatively unaffected at P>0.05. There were no significant (P>0.05) changes in the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against the test organisms throughout the nine months period of investigation. The implications of these findings in the use of these plants are discussed.© 2009 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved
Article
Antibacterial therapeutic failure due to emergence of resistant bacterial strain is a world wide phenomenon. The search for effective antibacterial substances from sources such as plants has become a necessity to overcome emergent of bacterial resistant in clinical practice. The dried leaves and stem barks of Ficus sycomorus and Ficus platyphylla were collected in Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria in July 2006 and extracted with 70% aqueous ethanol at room temperature. The antibacterial activities such as susceptibility, Minimum inhibitory concentrations (M.I.C.) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (M.B.C.) were determined using appropriate methods. Using the same concentration of the two test plants extracts, the zones of inhibition showed by F. sycomorus ranged between 11.5 -21.5 mm while that of F. platyphylla was from 17.0 -22.0 mm. The values of the M.I.C and M.B.C of F. sycomorus were 1.95, 31.3 and 3.91, 250 mg/ml, respectively. Similarly, F. platyphylla displayed 1.95 and 7.81 mg/ml M.I.C. values and 3.91 to 62.5 mg/ml M.B.C. values against the test organisms. The observed antibacterial activities in this study proved that the leaves and stem bark extracts of Ficus spp. obtained in Zaria support the forcloric claims of the use of Ficus plants in the treatment of ailment such as wound dressing.
Article
The antibacterial activities of methanol extract and systematic solvent fractions( -hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol) from Korean common type figs at different ripening stages were tested by the broth dilution method against 8 representative food-poisoning bacteria- : L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli, Y. enterocolitica, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. typhimurium. The methanol extracts of unripened I and II showed stronger activity than that of the ripened figs especially against L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, Y. parahaemolyticus and S. typhimurium in 10 mg/mL. The systematic solvent fractions showed stronger antibacterial activities than the methanol extract, even al the lower concentrations. The hexane fraction of ripened figs showed higher growth inhibition than those of unripened I and II against L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Y. enterocolitica and V. parahaemolyticus. The chloroform fraction showed strong antibacterial activity in all ripening stages against E. coli O157:H7 and V. parahaemolyticus. The butanol fraction showed better inhibition activity in unripened I and II than in the ripened figs. The hexane and chloroform fractions showed inhibition activity of more than against E. coli O157:H7, V. parahaemolyticus in 0.5 mg/mL. Each fraction showed a little different antibacterial activity according to the ripening stages of the fruits and the tested strains. Especially, figs in the unripened II stage revealed superior activity relatively and the hexane and chloroform fractions revealed the strongest activity, followed by the butanol fraction, while the ethylacetate and water fractions hardly showed any activity.
Article
This paper reviews the antimicrobial research undertaken on Ficus species. Antimicrobial methods [disc and well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bacterial concentration (MBC)] were used to evaluate the different extracts. The majority of published articles use MIC assays for antimicrobial determination. An overview is given on the activities; extracts, compounds or oils from the publication. Phytochemical screenings as well as some bioactive compounds are given with empirical data. Preliminary results of antimicrobial activity supported the traditional use of Ficus in folk medicine. These findings suggest a new pathway in elucidating a potent antimicrobial agent from Ficus species.
Article
Ficus carica L. (fig) belongs to the mulberry tree (Moraceae) which is one of the oldest fruits in the world. It is used in our traditional system of medicine for healing various diseases. In a continuous bid to explore new biocompatible antioxidant and antimicrobial with the least associated side-effects Ficus carica were tested against pathogenic microorganisms; S. epidermidis, K. Pneumoniae, B. Subtilis, E. aerogens, and B. cereus. The methanol extracts were prepared and screened for in-vitro antioxidant activities an antimicrobial activity using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar well diffusion method respectively. In addition, extract of Ficus carica prepared by soxlet apparatus and were partially purified by preparatory Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). In conclusion, the results indicate antimicrobial activity of the extract which could be further explored for purification of antioxidant compounds.
Article
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.