No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Partitioned Shopping Carts: Assortment Allocation Cues That Increase Fruit and Vegetable Purchases Partitioned Shopping Carts: Assortment Allocation Cues That Increase Fruit and Vegetable Purchases
Abstract
Building on the notion of implied social norms, we propose that partitioning a shopping
... A similar phenomenon can be applied in a grocery store. Researchers taped a yellow line in grocery carts designating the area for only fruits and vegetables (Wansink, Soman, Herbst, & Payne, 2012). The result: an increase in the purchases of fruits and vegetables. ...
... Thaler and Sunstein [51] report that employees asked to allocate retirement investments prefer to do it evenly over various categorical options, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, when these separate categories are made identifiable. Wansink et al. [55] showed that partitioning of online order forms could alter the mix of products a person chooses to purchase. Tannenbaum et al. [48] found that partitioning of menu items affects the way individuals spend "attentional" resources towards them. ...
Cognitive load is a significant challenge to users for being deliberative. Interface design has been used to mitigate this cognitive state. This paper surveys literature on the anchoring effect, partitioning effect and point-of-choice effect, based on which we propose three interface nudges, namely, the word-count anchor, partitioning text fields, and reply choice prompt. We then conducted a 2*2*2 factorial experiment with 80 participants (10 for each condition), testing how these nudges affect deliberativeness. The results showed a significant positive impact of the word-count anchor. There was also a significant positive impact of the partitioning text fields on the word count of response. The reply choice prompt showed a surprisingly negative affect on the quantity of response, hinting at the possibility that the reply choice prompt induces a fear of evaluation, which could in turn dampen the willingness to reply.
... Vereinfachter Zugang zu Bike-Sharing-Systemen ( Lathia, Ahmed, & Capra, 2012) ✓ ✓ ✓ UK Internetplattformen für Fahrgemeinschaften zur Arbeit ( Abrahamse & Keall, 2012) ✓ ✓ ✓ NZL Reduktion von privater PKW-Nutzung durch soziale Normen ( Kormos, Gifford, & Brown, 2014) ✓ ✓ ✓ CAN Bewusste Mobilitätsplanung ( Fujii & Taniguchi, 2005) ✓ ✓ ✓ JPN Smartphone-App für spritsparendes Fahren ( Tulusan, Staake, & Fleisch, 2012) ✓ ✓ ✓ CH Positionierung auf Speisekarten ( Dayan & Bar-Hillel, 2011) ✓ ✓ ✓ ISR Unterteilte Einkaufswagen ( Wansink, Soman, Herbst, & Payne, 2014) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CAN Eigene Kasse für gesunde Lebensmittel ( Hanks, Just, Smith, & Wansink, 2012) ✓ ✓ ✓ USA Anordnung der Lebensmittelauslage ( Wansink & Hanks, 2013 ...
Im vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben wird das Potential von Nudges für den Bereich des nachhaltigen Konsums mit Schwerpunkt auf ökologischen Konsum untersucht. Nudges sind politische Instrumente und können als „Anstupser“ verstanden werden, die auf psychologischen und verhaltensökonomischen Erkenntnissen beruhen und Verhaltensänderungen bei den Steuerungsadressaten hervorrufen sollen. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird das Konzept zuerst definiert und hergeleitet. Danach werden Nudges in die ökologische Verbraucherpolitik eingeordnet. Anschließend werden in einer systemati- schen Literaturrecherche Anwendungsbeispiele dargestellt. Es folgt eine kriterienbasierte, schrittwei- se Auswahl von Nudges zum Zweck einer tieferen Analyse und potentiellen Anwendung. Selektionskri- terien sind hierbei das Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis der Maßnahme, die rechtliche Zulässigkeit in Deutschland, sowie die Akzeptanz bei Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern. Die schließlich fünf iden- tifizierten Good Practices entstammen den Konsumbereichen „Bauen und Wohnen“, „Mobilität“ und „Ernährung“. Auf der Grundlage von Diskussionen im Rahmen eines Multi-Stakeholder-Workshops werden diese verfeinert. Abschließend werden konkrete Umsetzungsszenarien vorgeschlagen und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Politik und Forschung abgeleitet.
This research project analyses the potential of nudges in the area of sustainable consumption focusing on ecological consumption. Nudges are regulatory instruments based on insights from psychology and behavioral economics and are applied to achieve behavior change. In the present report, the concept is defined first. Then, nudges are contextualized in ecological consumer policy. Subsequently, examples are derived from a systematic literature review. This is followed by a criteria-based, stepwise selection of nudges aiming at a deeper analysis and potential application. The selection criteria are the cost- benefit ratio of the measure, the legal transferability to Germany, and the acceptance with consumers. The final five good practices belong to the application areas "building and living", "mobility", and "nutrition". Based on discussions at a multi-stakeholder workshop, these nudges are further refined. Fi- nally, concrete implementation scenarios are proposed and suggestions for further action for politics and research are derived.
Purpose
The wide literature about healthy behaviours posits that a high level of self-control is required in order to make healthy choices. This work intends to demonstrate that retailers, through the management of in-store marketing levers, can influence shopping behaviour, no matter which is the individual tendency to engage in cognitive behaviours. For this specific purpose, we have considered participants' “Need for Cognition” as a proxy of self-control.
Design/methodology/approach
With reference to a specific category (cookies), we created a new display based on benefits (healthy eating) rather than products' attributes. A pre-test was conducted before the main experiment in order to assess the potential ability of the new nutritional display to help customers selecting healthier products, by testing participants' awareness and comprehension of the stimuli proposed. Then, an online between-subjects experiment was conducted by simulating the shoppers' expedition in the cookies' aisle inside a store with the aim to demonstrate that healthy choices can be also made on impulse.
Findings
Our findings showed that when both communication and visual cues are provided, people low in need for cognition (NFC) are more willing to select healthy products from the shelf, compared with people high in NFC.
Originality/value
While there is a wide literature explaining the mechanisms supporting healthy choices, fewer are the contributions about the role of retailers in promoting healthy eating through in-store marketing levers. More important, there is no contribution about how to promote health among people with low level of self-control.
The way a choice is presented influences what a decision-maker chooses. This paper outlines the tools available to choice architects, that is anyone who present people with choices. We divide these tools into two categories: those used in structuring the choice task and those used in describing the choice options. Tools for structuring the choice task address the idea of what to present to decision-makers, and tools for describing the choice options address the idea of how to present it. We discuss implementation issues in using choice architecture tools, including individual differences and errors in evaluation of choice outcomes. Finally, this paper presents a few applications that illustrate the positive effect choice architecture can have on real-world decisions.
Evidence suggests that some consumers react to promotion signals without considering relative price information. We adopt Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to explain this behavior in terms of the ELM's peripheral route to pursuasion in which the promotion signal is taken as a cue for a price cut. Experimental results show that low need for cognition individuals react to the simple presence of a promotion signal whether or not the price of the promoted brand is reduced, but that high need for cognition individuals react to a promotion signal only when it is accompanied by a substantive price reduction. Copyright 1990 by the University of Chicago.
Recent research has revealed a pattern of choice characterized as
diversification bias: If people make combined choices of quantities of goods for future consumption, they choose more variety than if they make separate choices immediately preceding consumption. This phenomenon is explored in a series of experiments in which the researchers first eliminated several hypotheses that held that the discrepancy between combined and separate choice can be explained by traditional accounts of utility maximization. On the basis of results of further experiments, it was concluded that the diversification bias is largely attributable to 2 mechanisms:
time contraction, which is the tendency to compress time intervals and treat long intervals as if they were short, and
choice bracketing, which is the tendency to treat choices that are framed together differently from those that are framed apart. The researchers describe how the findings can be applied in the domains of marketing and consumer education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Against common intuition, we find that variety in an assortment reduces its perceived quantity. Two studies show that people provide larger quantity estimates when shown random patterns of identical colored dots or geometric shapes than when those patterns contain variety. The difference in perceived quantity does not grow as the number of different types increases beyond two, and it disappears if the overall area occupied by the set is made salient through context. We attribute the results to the natural consolidation of identical items into a single Gestalt whole that makes the set seem larger. Two additional studies show that this perceptual influence also causes people to pour more when using varied items to match a sample of food. The article closes with a discussion of the potential implications of these findings for variety research and portion control.
Individuals often use several different strategies such as the expected value rule, conjunctive rule, and elimination-by-aspects, to make decisions. It has been hypothesized that strategy selection is, in part, a function of (1) the ability of a strategy to produce an accurate response and (2) the strategy's demand for mental resources or effort. We examine effort and accuracy and their role in strategy selection. Several strategies that may be used to make choices under risk are simulated using a production system framework. This framework allows the estimation of the effort required to use the strategy in a choice environment, while simultaneously measuring its accuracy relative to a normative model. A series of Monte-Carlo studies varied several aspects of the choice environments, including the complexity of the task and the presence or absence of dominated alternatives. These simulations identify strategies which approximate the accuracy of normative procedures while requiring substantially less effort. These results, however, are highly contingent upon characteristics of the task environment. The potential of production system models in understanding task effects in decisions is stressed.
How do consumers decide how many units to buy? Whereas prior research on individual consumers' purchases has focused primarily on purchase incidence and brand choice, the authors focus on the psychological process behind the purchase quantity decision. The authors propose that a simple anchoring and adjustment model describes how consumers make purchase quantity decisions and suggests how point-of-purchase promotions can increase sales. Two field experiments and two lab studies show that anchor-based promotions-presented as multiple-unit prices, purchase quantity limits, and suggestive selling-can increase purchase quantities. The final study shows that consumers who retrieve internal anchors can counter these anchor-based promotions effectively. Firms might receive net benefits from anchor-based promotions depending on whether increases in unit sales reflect increased category consumption, brand switching, variety switching, store switching, or stockpiling.
The purpose of this article is to describe shopping trip behavior empirically using shopping trip data. A better understanding of this aspect of the purchase process can assist in generating testable hypotheses as to how the shopping trip decision may influence other choice decisions.
A new theory of eating regulation is presented to account for the over-responsiveness of restrained eaters to external food-relevant cues. According to this theory, the food intake of restrained eaters is characterized by a conflict between two chronically accessible incentives or goals: eating enjoyment and weight control. Their difficulty in weight control is due to their behavioral sensitivity to eating enjoyment and its incompatibility with the eating control goal. Accordingly, exposure to food-relevant stimuli primes the goal of eating enjoyment in restrained (but not unrestrained) eaters, resulting in an inhibition of weight control thoughts. Three studies are reported that support these assumptions. Study 1 demonstrates a substantial relation between Eating Restraint and measures of ambivalence towards eating. Studies 2 and 3 show that priming eating enjoyment decreases the accessibility of eating control concepts. The results are discussed in the context of current research on the psychology of obesity and restrained eating.
This research examines how the body type of consumers affects the food consumption of other consumers around them. We find that consumers anchor on the quantities others around them select but that these portions are adjusted according to the body type of the other consumer. We find that people choose a larger portion following another consumer who first selects a large quantity but that this portion is significantly smaller if the other is obese than if she is thin. We also find that the adjustment is more pronounced for consumers who are low in appearance self-esteem and that it is attenuated under cognitive load. (c) 2009 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..
Although one in three American households shops on a budget, it remains unclear whether and how shoppers track their in-store spending to stay within budget. A pilot study shows that budget-constrained grocery shoppers predominantly use mental computation strategies to track their in-store spending. Two lab experiments demonstrate that shoppers adapt their mental computation strategy to the dominant range of price endings in the basket and their motivation to be accurate based on cost-benefit analyses. A final field study demonstrates that shoppers underestimating the total basket price are more likely to spend more than their budget, which negatively influences store satisfaction
Accurate measurement of household food purchase behavior (HFPB) is important for understanding its association with household characteristics, individual dietary intake and neighborhood food retail outlets. However, little research has been done to develop measures of HFPB. The main objective of this paper is to describe the development of a measure of HFPB using annotated food purchase receipts.
Households collected and annotated food purchase receipts for a four-week period as part of the baseline assessment of a household nutrition intervention. Receipts were collected from all food sources, including grocery stores and restaurants. Households (n = 90) were recruited from the community as part of an obesity prevention intervention conducted in 2007-2008 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Household primary shoppers were trained to follow a standardized receipt collection and annotation protocol. Annotated receipts were mailed weekly to research staff. Staff coded the receipt data and entered it into a database. Total food dollars, proportion of food dollars, and ounces of food purchased were examined for different food sources and food categories. Descriptive statistics and correlations are presented.
A total of 2,483 receipts were returned by 90 households. Home sources comprised 45% of receipts and eating-out sources 55%. Eating-out entrees were proportionally the largest single food category based on counts (16.6%) and dollars ($106 per month). Two-week expenditures were highly correlated (r = 0.83) with four-week expenditures.
Receipt data provided important quantitative information about HFPB from a wide range of sources and food categories. Two weeks may be adequate to reliably characterize HFPB using annotated receipts.
Two field experiments examined the effectiveness of signs requesting hotel guests' participation in an environmental conservation program. Appeals employing descriptive norms (e.g., "the majority of guests reuse their towels") proved superior to a traditional appeal widely used by hotels that focused solely on environmental protection. Moreover, normative appeals were most effective when describing group behavior that occurred in the setting that most closely matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances (e.g., "the majority of guests in this room reuse their towels"), which we refer to as provincial norms. Theoretical and practical implications for managing proenvironmental efforts are discussed. (c) 2008 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..
The authors review the effect of the presence of others on food intake. In social facilitation studies, people tend to eat more in groups than when alone. In modeling studies, the presence of others may facilitate or inhibit intake, depending on how much these other people eat. Studies of impression management demonstrate that people tend to eat less in the presence of others than when alone. The authors attempt to reconcile these divergent literatures by reference to a model of inhibitory norms that govern eating. In the presence of palatable food, and in the absence of clear signals of satiety, people look outward to cues from the environment to determine when to stop eating. Socially derived inhibitory norms can account for either increased or decreased intake in the presence of others, depending on how much the others eat and the extent to which one is eager to impress them.
The authors argue that people's tendency to diversify their allocations of money and consumption choices over alternatives gives rise to decisions that vary systematically with the subjective grouping of available options. These subjective groupings are influenced by subtle variations in the presentation of options or elicitation of preferences. Studies 1-4 demonstrate such "partition dependence" in allocations of money to beneficiaries, consumption experiences to future time periods, and choices to a menu of consumption options. Study 5 documents weaker partition dependence among individuals with greater relevant experience discriminating among options, and Study 6 shows that the effect is attenuated among participants with stronger or more accessible intrinsic preferences.
Many firms divide a product's price into two mandatory parts, such as the base price of a mail-order shirt and the surcharge for shipping and handling, rather than charging a combined, all-inclusive price. The authors call this strategy partitioned pricing. Although firms presumably use partitioned pricing to increase demand and profits, there is little clear empirical support that these prices increase demand or any theoretical explanation for why this should occur. The authors test hypotheses of how consumers process partitioned prices and how partitioned pricing affects consumers’ processing and recall of total costs and their purchase intentions and certain types of demand. The results suggest that partitioned prices decrease consumers’ recalled total costs and increase their demand. The manner in which the surcharge is presented and consumers’ affect for the brand name also influence how they react to partitioned prices.
Two consumer strategies for the purchase of multiple items from a product class are contrasted. In one strategy (simultaneous choices/sequential consumption), the consumer buys several items on one shopping trip and consumes the items over several consumption occasions. In the other strategy (sequential choices/sequential consumption), the consumer buys one item at a time, just before each consumption occasion. The first strategy is posited to yield more variety seeking than the second. The greater variety seeking is attributed to forces operating in the simultaneous choices/sequential consumption strategy, including uncertainty about future preferences and a desire to simplify the decision. Evidence from three studies, two involving real products and choices, is consistent with these conjectures. The implications and limitations of the results are discussed.
How do consumers decide how many units to buy? Whereas prior research on individual consumers' purchases has focused primarily on purchase incidence and brand choice, the authors focus on the psychological process behind the purchase quantity decision. The authors propose that a simple anchoring and adjustment model describes how consumers make purchase quantity decisions and suggests how point-of-purchase promotions can increase sales. Two field experiments and two lab studies show that anchor-based promotions-presented as multiple-unit prices, purchase quantity limits, and suggestive selling-can increase purchase quantities. The final study shows that consumers who retrieve internal anchors can counter these anchor-based promotions effectively. Firms might receive net benefits from anchor-based promotions depending on whether increases in unit sales reflect increased category consumption, brand switching, variety switching, store switching, or stockpiling.
Two consumer strategies for the purchase of multiple items from a product class are contrasted. In one strategy (simultaneous choices/sequential consumption), the consumer buys several items on one shopping trip and consumes the items over several consumption occasions. In the other strategy (sequential choices/sequential consumption), the consumer buys one item at a time, just before each consumption occasion. The first strategy is posited to yield more variety seeking than the second. The greater variety seeking is attributed to forces operating in the simultaneous choices/sequential consumption strategy, including uncertainty about future preferences and a desire to simplify the decision. Evidence from three studies, two involving real products and choices, is consistent with these conjectures. The implications and limitations of the results are discussed.
Assessed the extent of planning that occurred prior to entering a grocery store, in terms of product category and specific brand intent for toilet paper and coffee. Of 542 shoppers in 3 grocery stores approached during the study, 227 completed a personal interview and a self-administered questionnaire. The frequency of impulse purchasing for both toilet paper and coffee was very low (11.3 and 13.2%, respectively). The best predictors of the degree of planning were task-related factors such as frequency of purchase, strength of product preference, search time, and package examination. Brand loyalty had the greatest overall influence. Price also was a strong predictor, and it was especially influential for partial planners (those with category but no brand intent). Compared to impulse and planned purchasers, partial purchasers rated the brand decision as less important and had less attitudinal and behavioral commitment to the chosen brand. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Proposed a general model of assortment for describing consumer decision making among assortments or menus of options from which a single option will be chosen at a later time. The model captured both the utility of the items within the assortments and the flexibility the items offered as a group. The model was supported empirically with 2 laboratory experiments. In Exp 1, 41 undergraduates tested the underlying assumptions, and in Exp 2, 12 7th-grade girls and 31 Master of Business Administration students compared the predictive validity of the model with that provided by other models (e.g., a nested logit model by D. McFadden, 1986). In Exp 1, empirical support was found for the assumptions of the model, and in Exp 2, the model performed significantly better than several simpler models in more than half the cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Many firms divide a product's price into two mandatory parts, such as the base price of a mail-order shirt and the surcharge for shipping and handling, rather than charging a combined, all-inclusive price. The authors call this strategy partitioned pricing. Although firms presumably use partitioned pricing to increase demand and profits, there is little clear empirical support that these prices increase demand or any theoretical explanation for why this should occur. The authors test hypotheses of how consumers process partitioned prices and how partitioned pricing affects consumers' processing and recall of total costs and their purchase intentions and certain types of demands. The results suggest that partitioned prices decrease consumers' recalled total costs and increase their demands. The manner in which the surcharge is presented and consumers' affect for the brand name also influence how they react to partitioned prices.
The present study explored the phenomenon of counterregulatory eating in chronic dieters by manipulating taste and caloric-information cues of a preload and taste of subsequent ad libfood. The results replicated the restraint breaking phenomenon reported by Herman and Mack (1975) and supported the hypothesis that this behavioral pattern is cognitively mediated. In addition, sensitivity to taste was found in restrained subjects when their chronic restraints were bypassed. These results were related to previous eating research, and their implications for self-control and dieting were examined.
In order to establish the generalizability or cultural specificity of the factors that influence the ad libitum eating patterns of free-living humans, the eating behaviors of 26 French, 140 American, and 50 Dutch university students were measured with a diet diary technique. Marked cultural differences were present in the amounts, composition, diurnal rhythm, and pattern of intake. In comparison to the French and the Americans, the Dutch ate considerably more overall and ingested a large number of small meals separated by relatively short intervals. They ate with more other people present, for a longer duration at a slower rate, with larger deprivation ratios and smaller satiety ratios, and had more food remaining in their stomachs at the beginning of the meal. Even with these differences the univariate or multivariate correlations between meal size or the aftermeal interval with the time of day, the number of people present, the subjective state of hunger, the stomach contents, and the premeal interval were quite similar between nationalities. These relationships varied in magnitude especially when hunger self-ratings, the time of day, or the aftermeal interval were involved, but, the directions of the relationships were in all cases the same. These results suggest that, although cultural effects permeate the eating pattern, many of the social, psychological and physical variables that influence intake are similar across cultures.
In a cross-over study, participants (n=59) were randomly assigned to receive either 100 kcal packs or standard size packages of snacks for 1 week. After a minimum of a 1-week washout period, participants received the other form of the snack for 1 week. Snack consumption was recorded by participants in a diary. Participants consumed an average of 186.9 fewer grams of snacks per week when receiving 100 kcal snack packs compared to standard size packages of snacks. Post hoc comparisons revealed the effect of package size depended on both randomization order and study week. Total grams of snacks consumed in week 1 differed significantly between the two randomized groups. In week 2, however, grams of snacks did not differ significantly between the two groups. This interaction was primarily due to a significantly lower consumption of snacks from standard size packages in the week following the portion-controlled packages. The results suggest that portion-controlled packaging reduce total intake from the provided snacks. Further, initial exposure to portion-controlled packages might have increased awareness of portion size such that less was consumed when larger packages were available.
The impact of familiarity on consumer decision biases and heuristics is examined. Subjects at three different familiarity levels revealed interesting differences in perceptual category breadth, usage of functional and nonfunctional product dimensions, decision time, and confidence.
The present study examined the concept of restrained eating as measured by the Restraint Scale and the restrained eating section of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. The results showed that when answering questionnaires, subjects do not differentiate between items relating to attempts at dieting and actual restrictive behavior and that restrained eating can be conceptualized in terms of both successful and failed restraint. In addition, the results suggest that subjects who report high scores on both these measures of restraint represent a population of dieters prone to overeating behavior. The results are discussed in terms of the population selected by measures of restrained eating and in relation to the definition of restraint.
Hunger and satiety have conventionally provided the framework for understanding eating and overeating. We argue that hunger and satiety play a relatively small role in everyday eating. The normative control of food intake refers to the fact that our eating is largely governed by the motive to avoid eating excessively. Dieters impose a restrictive intake norm on themselves, but often violate the norm. Personal norms are individualized rules that people develop to help themselves decide how much is appropriate to eat in a given situation. Situational norms are derived from the eating situation itself; examples include portion size and social influence, which exert powerful effects on intake. We discuss the implications of a normative approach to the analysis of eating and overeating.
Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success in changing behavior in field contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical account of this inconsistency, we conducted a field experiment in which normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation. As predicted, a descriptive normative message detailing average neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesirable boomerang effect, depending on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals should be properly crafted.
Psychological and economic market models generally mainly concentrate on single individuals rather than taking their social interactions into account. This study targets social interaction in one specific domain: everyday food products. The aim is to find out whether these products are all low in involvement (as assumed before) and if social influence is a factor that contributes to the purchase decision. This study has found considerable differences in involvement among different food products. The authors also discovered differences in the susceptibility to informative social influence as well as in the size of different networks. Both findings have consequences for modeling: Firstly, when modeling the interactions among consumers one has to take the product into account. Secondly, if one can find different degrees of involvement, chances are that involvement is not the only variable that influences consumer–consumer interaction. The results suggest a need for further research on the visibility of products.
Trends in the United States: Consumer Attitudes and the Supermarket
- Food Marketing Institute
Food Marketing Institute (2005), Trends in the United States: Consumer Attitudes and the
Supermarket, Washington D.C.: Food Marketing Institute.
- Katherine M Curtin
- Flegal
Curtin, and Katherine M. Flegal (2004), "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
Among U.S. Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 1999-2002," Journal of the
American Medical Association, 291 (23), 2847-50.
Bias in Allocation Among Risky and Uncertain Prospects: Partition-Dependence, Unit-Dependence, and Procedure-Dependence
- Thomas Langer
- Craig R Fox
Langer, Thomas and Craig R. Fox (2005), "Bias in Allocation Among Risky and Uncertain
Prospects: Partition-Dependence, Unit-Dependence, and Procedure-Dependence,"
Working Paper, University of Muenster.
- Jessica M Nolan
- P Wesley Schultz
- Robert B Cialdini
- Noah J Goldstein
- Vladas Griskevicius
Nolan, Jessica M., P. Wesley Schultz, Robert. B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas
Griskevicius (2008), " Normative Social Influence is Underdetected, " Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (7), 913-23.
Simplified Nutrition Guidelines to Fight Obesity
- Jason Riis
- Rebecca Ratner
Riis, Jason and Rebecca Ratner (2010), "Simplified Nutrition Guidelines to Fight Obesity,"
In Leveraging Consumer Psychology for Effective Health Communications: The
Obesity Challenge, ed. Rajeev Batra, Punam Anand Keller, and Victor J. Strecher,
Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Inc.
- Jessica M Nolan
- P Wesley Schultz
- Robert B Cialdini
- Noah J Goldstein
- Vladas Griskevicius
Nolan, Jessica M., P. Wesley Schultz, Robert. B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas
Griskevicius (2008), "Normative Social Influence is Underdetected," Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (7), 913-23.
- P Schultz
- Jessica M Wesley
- Robert B Nolan
- Noah J Cialdini
- Vladas Goldstein
- Griskevicius
Schultz, P. Wesley, Jessica M. Nolan, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas
Griskevicius (2007), "The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of
Social Norms," Psychological Science, 18 (5), 429-34.