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Technical Brief
Review of the Boston
Consulting Group’s report
to the Minister for
Communications
Briefing for the CWU on Australia Post’s
operations
Technical Brief No. 32
July 2014
ISSN 1836-9014
Mick Peel
About TAI
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1
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Introduction
Australia post made a profit before tax of $402.8 million in 2012-13. In the last 4 years its
combined profits were more than $1.25 billion.
Australia Post is experiencing a trend decline in the volume of letters it delivers and a trend
increase in the volume of small parcels it delivers. As described above, its overall profitability
is growing. The trend decline in the volume of letters is a worldwide phenomenon which is
explained by a growing reliance on electronic communication, however, while there is little
doubt about the decline in the volume of mail, estimates of the rate of decline vary
significantly and assertions that the trend decline will continue for a decade or more are
based on no empirical evidence.
While the costs of maintaining a delivery network for letters is large it is important to note that
the costs of this network underpins not just the delivery of letters but of small parcels as well.
While Australia Post and the Boston Consulting Group have recently argued that the delivery
of letters is placing an ‘unsustainable’ financial burden on Australia Post, in fact the delivery
network used for letters is actually the foundation on which the rapidly growing, and highly
profitable, small parcel delivery business is based.
The way that Australia Post is presenting its financial accounts conceals the relationship
between the ‘losses’ made delivering letters and the ‘profits’ made delivering small parcels.
In turn, any proposal to reform the letter delivery business of Australia Post needs to be
based on a detailed analysis of the inter-relationship between different Australia Post
business units rather than a simple analysis of the costs and revenues of a particular
administrative ‘silo’.
That said, based on the publicly available information provided in the Australia Post annual
report, the largest financial losses relate to the delivery of international mail. If Australia Post
or other analysts are interested in reforming the organisation it would seem that international
mail delivery, rather than the domestic mail delivery service, would appear to be the most
important place to start.
This brief provides an overview of the current financial position of Australia Post and provides
a critique of a recent report into Australia Post by Boston Consulting which was
commissioned by the Abbott Government. Our critique finds that the Boston Consulting
report largely ignores the strong financial position of Australia Post and that its narrow focus
on the cots and revenues allocated to the letter delivery services of Australia Post paints an
unduly negative picture as it largely ignores the rapid growth in the highly profitable small
parcel business which relies on many of the network services provided by the letter delivery
network.
2
Financial performance of Australia Post
Australia Post is a large, profitable and growing enterprise. It has recorded profits of more
than $1.5 billion in the last five years and paid dividends to the Commonwealth of almost $1
billion. It is currently engaged in a substantial capital investment campaign, including the
acquisition of rival parcel delivery businesses. Such a strategy clearly suggests that the
management of Australia Post have significant confidence in both the current and future
financial position of the organisation.
While there is little doubt that the management of Australia Post would like the ability to lower
the quality and frequency of their mail delivery service below the existing legislated
standards, there is also no doubt that the current management have obligations to invest
their shareholders funds prudently. In turn, if they did not believe that Australia Post was in a
strong financial position, and that their recent acquisition of StarTrack Express (see below)
would not strengthen that position further, then they would be remiss in their Directors duties
to have approved the transaction.
As Figure 1 and the following quotations show, the management of Australia post are upbeat
about the financial performance of their organisation.
Figure 1 5-year financials for Total Australia Post Group
Source: Australia Post Annual Report 2012-13
1
In relation to the Parcel & Express segment, the latest Australia Post Annual Report states:
Our Parcel and Express Services business grew from strength to strength this year
returning a profit of $354.8 million (up 29.1 per cent this year, or 13.1 per cent
excluding StarTrack). Underpinning this result was growth in domestic parcel volumes
of 9.3 per cent…
And Retail:
1
Australia Post: http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2013/index.html
3
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Retail Services business achieved revenue uplift of 2.0 per cent and a profit of $200.6
million. This is a positive outcome given the pressure on Australia’s retail sector
resulting from waning consumer confidence and the growth in ecommerce…
And the ‘Reserved’ Mail Service:
While our parcel and retail businesses performed well this year, this was offset by the
structural challenges facing our reserved mail business, which returned a trading loss
of $147.4 million (up $33.0 million on last year).
Australia Post’s recent investment in small parcels
In November 2012, Australia Post acquired 100 per cent of Star Track Express Holdings
(comprising StarTrack Couriers, and all incorporated subsidiaries) via its transaction to
purchase AUX Investments Pty Ltd.
2
The Australia Post financial statements show a large
increase in capital commitments to the Parcel and Express segment in the most recent year.
This is a familiar path for national postal services. While Germany’s Deutsche Telekom and
Postbank were privatised in the 1990s, Deutsche Post remained in government ownership.
With financial backing from the German government, Deutsche Post embarked on an
aggressive global acquisition strategy. In 1998 it began acquiring the parcels operator DHL,
gaining majority ownership in 2001. The German government gradually sold off its shares in
Deutsche Post, and by 2005 the majority were in private hands. Today, the German
government holds approximately 30 per cent of the company.
The parcel business is truly global, but it is dominated by a small number of large
multinational companies including DHL (Germany), Fedex (USA), UPS (USA) and DPD
(France). Nationally owed operators do not play a major role in the global industry.
The privatisation and deregulation of the global postal and parcel delivery industry is actively
promoted by a number of major consulting firms. Price Waterhouse Coppers, for example,
state:
2
As part of the deal, Australia Post divested its Joint Venture stake in air freight company Australian
air Express to Qantas Ltd.
4
Analysis of Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report
Australia Post has provided advice to the Australian Government about their desired reform
options. In turn, the Australian Government sought advice from BCG on the Australia Post
report. Intriguingly, while the original Australia Post report to the Government is not yet
public, the BCG analysis of the Australia Post report is. The following sections highlight some
of the weaknesses in the analysis and interpretation of the BCG report.
The key themes in the BCG report are clearly designed to deliver the ultimate goal of
outsourcing and privatising the mail delivery business in Australia. This is highlighted by dire
warnings for the ‘weak-link’ of mail delivery, and the need to ‘set free’ the profitable-with-
strong-outlook-but-competitively-pressured courier and retail businesses. The impacts of
volumetric costs and pricing are only mentioned in dismissing their consideration.
3
Of greater
concern, however, is that a forecast horizon out 2023 is chosen. While projecting straight
lines out for 10 years helps to make for some alarming reading, it is the lack of evidence on
which such long run projections are made that should truly alarm readers of the BCG report.
Specific problems with the BCG report
The observed decline in mail volumes in Australia has been an average of just 5 percent
each year historically over the last four years, and an estimated 4 percent for this year. The
BCG report determines a comparison with a selection of other countries in its report,
whereby average annual declines in mail volumes are: over 10 percent in Denmark, more
than 6 percent in the UK and New Zealand, and 5 percent in the Netherlands over a similar
time-period. BCG then extrapolates from these examples – in its econometric forecasts – a
non-linear trend which compounds the rate of decline over time (out to the year 2023). As
discussed below the Boston Consulting Group’s range of forecast annual decline in letter
volumes of 8-11% is much too pessimistic.
3
For instance, the Australian air Express air-freight mail distributed to regions is based on contracts
for consignment where letters and parcels are mixed in together on a single volumetric rate.
5
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Boston Consulting Group polling and advocacy: BCG has been a long term advocate of
deregulating the postal industry in order to allow lower levels of customer service. In 2011,
for example, they published The Postman Always Brings Twice: Receiver-driven
Transformation of the Mail Business Model.
4
The executive summary of which includes:
Consistent with their long term international strategy, the Boston Consulting Group recently
advised the Australian Government that the Australian postal system should be deregulated
to allow lower quality and frequency mail delivery. Their report to the Australian Government,
which is analysed below, includes dire warnings about the ‘weak-link’ of mail delivery, and
the need to ‘set free’ the courier and retail businesses.
The high ‘fixed cost’ base of the mail delivery system assumed in BCG’s estimation of 80%
is opaque and at odds with standard economic analysis. As the BCG report is not
transparent about its estimates, it is likely that it exaggerates the level of fixed costs to the
segment.
The Australia Competition and Consumer Commission, in its February 2014 price notification
decision for Australia Post’s ‘ordinary letter’ service, states that it had not been able to form a
4
BCG (2011) The Postman Always Brings Twice: Receiver-driven Transformation of the Mail
Business Model
http://www.bcg.com/expertise_impact/Industries/Transportation_Travel_Tourism/PublicationDetails.as
px?id=tcm:12-133493&mid=
6
view on the efficiency of Australia Post’s cost base. The ACCC’s sensitivity analysis
demonstrated that even using different assumption metrics regarding appropriate
contribution of shared costs to reserved services and the rate of return within the
organisation, Australia Post is unlikely to recover more than an efficient level of costs and
return.
The ACCC’s sensitivity testing indicated Australia Post’s reserved services costs to be over-
stated by around $44 million in 2013-14 and 2014-15.
The forecasting analysis used as the basis for projected increasing losses in Australia
Post’s profit-before-tax, at 2023 of $1.28 billion, flies in the face of the Lucas Critique in
economics, defined as:
[The] criticism of econometric policy evaluation procedures that fail to recognize that
optimal decision rules of economic agents vary systematically with changes in policy.
In particular, it criticizes using estimated statistical relationships from past data
to forecast the effects of adopting a new policy, because the estimated regression
coefficients are not invariant but will change along with agents’ decision rules in
response to a new policy.
5
The BCG analysis uses a ‘regression model’ that comprises ‘coefficients’ that are estimated
from the averaging of ‘past data’ (i.e. trends in previous years).
A forecast of the postal services & telecommunications industry out to 2023 is quite a
novelty. In addition, the way that the report provides a cumulative summation of the trend
numbers to make them seem larger is an unnecessary presentational trick presumably
designed to further alarm the reader.
In submission to a price notification decision by the Australia Competition and Consumer
Commission (ACCC) Economic Insights presented similar projections to those contained in
the BCG report, of which the ACCC notes:
…while the Economic Insights report contains a convincing argument regarding how
the ACCC should not calculate cost forecasts, it does not offer clear guidance as to
how the ACCC should forecast costs. In particular, the report does not provide all the
information necessary to make appropriate cost forecasts. The key pieces of
information provided by the report are the elasticities of costs to seven types of
output. But the report does not provide forecasts of these seven types of output,
which the ACCC would need if it were to estimate the effect of changes in these
outputs on future costs.
6
The international comparison used by BCG is selective in that it contains three
Anglosphere and two Northern European countries: the UK, Canada, New Zealand, the
Netherlands and Denmark, each with particular experience of deregulated postal services.
The European Commission’s Internal Market Branch has shown that over the period 2007 to
2011 the EU countries selected by BCG were those Western Europe countries with the
largest percentage decline in domestic and inbound letter volumes. As mentioned above,
BCG’s comparison of Australian postal services with examples from these specific countries
5
New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: Lucas Critique
http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_L000159&q=lucas%20critique&topicid=&re
sult_number=1
6
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2014) Australia Post ‘ordinary letter’ pricing
notification decision p. 21 https://www.accc.gov.au/regulated-infrastructure/postal-services/australia-
post-letter-pricing-2014/notification-lodged
7
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
has the effect of exaggerating the projected rate of decline in mail volumes in the BCG
forecasts.
Overall, the BCG report insists heavily on its emphasises for:
Reduced delivery speeds;
Further centralisation and automation;
Aversion to price increases on postage; and
Outsourcing.
BCG’s assumptions and construction of cost allocation to reserved mail
In attempting to replicate the $2,360 million figure cited by BCG as the 2012-13 Operating
Expenses of the CMS segment, it is apparent that ‘bottom up’ data cannot be constructed
from the information available. However, Note 28 to the Australia Post financial statements
(page 93) provides revenue and profit data by segment that can be reverse-engineered to
approximate the BCG estimate. The financial data of the Annual Report is constructed so as
to omit Expenses pertaining to each segment:
2012
2013
Mail revenue ($m)
2,312.1
2,207.8
Mail result ($m)
(114.4)
(147.4)
Mail expenses ($m)
(2,426.5)
(2,355.2)
A number of arbitrary assumptions were used by BCG to arrive at estimates for several
variables within their analysis. For instance, in terms of items for Household Expenditure on
reserved postal services the calculated annual expenditure (Pre-sort & Ordinary letters) is
taken to be only 3% to 7% of the total volume, divided by 8.0 million households at a $0.55
postage rate.
7
This gives a figure of $8.00 to $19.00 per household in annual expenditure on
reserved mail, which is separated from the $68.00 per household recorded in the ABS
Household Expenditure Survey 2009-10 for “Postal Services”. Wholly excluded from these
figures are estimates for Print Post (newspapers, catalogues, and magazines), which BCG
has indicated makes up 7% of the segment’s volumes.
7
The Basic Postage Rate (BPR) has been $0.60 since 2010, having risen from $0.55 in 2009. This is
indicated on page 131 of Australia Post’s 2012-13 Annual Report.
8
Given that the BCG report and Australia Post 2012-13 Annual Report lists the CMS
segment’s operating expenses as ~$2,360 million for that year, BCG has attributed a ‘fixed
cost’ level of 80% or $1,888 million for 2012-13 to the “cost bucket” analysis for the CMS
segment (‘Exhibit 7’ on page 18 of the BCG report – reproduced below).
9
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Page 17 of the BCG report describes their estimate of fixed costs in the letters business as
“based on an outside-in consideration of network economics across each step of the value
chain”. This is a dubious and opaque justification.
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission’s assessment
The ACCC, in its February 2014 price notification decision on ‘ordinary letter’ service, applies
a “building block” model in conducting its assessment of Australia Post’s forecast costs. The
cost components of the building block methodology are:
8
non-capital costs, representing operating costs;
return of capital, representing depreciation costs; and
return on capital, representing the required rate of return on the capital base.
Australia Post’s submitted ‘reserved services operating costs’ account for over 90 per cent of
Australia Post’s reserved services cost base, and thus constitute the key component of
Australia Post’s maximum allowable revenue (MAR).
Australia Post also submitted to the ACCC that it faces ‘fixed operating costs imposed by the
existing regulatory framework’. Australia Post contended that its CSO-related standards
effectively impose fixed costs on the letters sorting and delivery network.
8
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2014) Australia Post ‘ordinary letter’ pricing
notification decision p. 14 https://www.accc.gov.au/regulated-infrastructure/postal-services/australia-
post-letter-pricing-2014/notification-lodged
10
In 2009 the ACCC undertook a review primarily focussed on Australia Post’s allocation of
direct costs to reserved services. The ACCC’s recent February 2014 review of Australia
Post’s cost allocation methodology (CAM) has mainly focused on Australia Post’s allocation
of non-operational (indirect costs) to reserved services.
Australia Post forecast that in 2013-14 its non-operational costs will total around $1.4 billion,
which represents around 23 per cent of Australia Post’s total costs. The allocation of non-
operational costs to reserved services will total $440 million. Overall, the ACCC’s
assessment, on the basis of the information provided by Australia Post about its non-
operational costs, was:
9
Australia Post appears to effectively use the same approach to cost allocation for
some direct and indirect activities. If the nature of cost incurrence is similar for
both direct and indirect activities, such a practice may be appropriate. However,
cost incurrence between direct and indirect activities is more likely to be different
and therefore such a practice may not be cost reflective.
For some of Australia Post’s indirect activities, Australia Post currently allocates
costs to reserved and non-reserved services based on the relative number of
‘transactions’ undertaken. However, if the time taken to perform each transaction
is very different, an allocation based on the relative frequency of transactions may
not be reflective of the actual costs that are attributable to reserved and non-
reserved services.
The ACCC’s sensitivity testing based on improvements in Australia Post’s cost allocation
method (in particular, use of cost drivers may lead to a 10 per cent reduction in allocation of
non-operational costs to reserved services) indicated Australia Post’s reserved services
costs to be over-stated by around $44 million in 2013-14 and 2014-15.
Long-range forecasting
A forecast of the postal services & telecommunications industry out to 2023 is quite a
novelty. The macro-economic assumptions are provided by Euromonitor and many of the
operational assumptions are taken from past averages or seemingly were invented from
scratch.
A submission to the ACCC’s price notification decision by Economic Insights presented
similar projections to those contained in the BCG report, of which the ACCC notes:
…while the Economic Insights report contains a convincing argument regarding how
the ACCC should not calculate cost forecasts, it does not offer clear guidance as to
how the ACCC should forecast costs. In particular, the report does not provide all the
information necessary to make appropriate cost forecasts. The key pieces of
information provided by the report are the elasticities of costs to seven types of
output. But the report does not provide forecasts of these seven types of output,
which the ACCC would need if it were to estimate the effect of changes in these
outputs on future costs.
10
11
9
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2014) Australia Post ‘ordinary letter’ pricing
notification decision p. 12 https://www.accc.gov.au/regulated-infrastructure/postal-services/australia-
post-letter-pricing-2014/notification-lodged
10
Ibid. p. 21
11
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Based on BCG’s modelling assumptions for the CMS segment:
After the end of the plan period in FY17, it is assumed retail costs grow at 3% and
margin reduces to 2%; MyPost Digital Mailbox grows at 3% with constant margins;
PES grows at FY14-17 trend.
There is no discussion of how or why this is going to occur and no explanation of the factors
that will bring this scenario about.
Selective inclusion of international examples in the BCG report
The international comparison is selective. It contains three Anglosphere and two Northern
European countries: the UK, Canada, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Denmark; of which
the European Commission’s Internal Market Branch shows that over the period 2007 to 2011
the EU countries selected by BCG were those Western Europe countries with the largest
percentage decline in domestic and inbound letter volumes.
12
Source: European Commission (2014) Main Developments in the Postal Sector (2010-2013)
11
The Lucas critique is, in essence, a negative result. It tells economists, primarily, how not to do
economic analysis.
12
European Commission (2014) Main Developments in the Postal Sector (2010-2013)
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/post/doc/studies/20130821_wik_md2013-final-report_en.pdf
12
The first privatised national postal operator in the world – and the only fully privatised one –
is the Dutch postal service, whose transition to a private entity is a complicated story. The
then-joint Dutch Post and Telecom Service (called KPN) was floated on the stock market in
1994; in 1996, it bought the private Australian integrator TNT in a friendly takeover. The
service was then separated into post and telecoms in 1998. Post was still majority-owned by
the Dutch government; it was renamed TPG in 1998, then re-branded as TNT in 2005 and
fully privatised in 2006.
But despite its early mover advantage, the postal business was not a success for TNT. Its
shareholders first decided to sell the parcels unit, and then split the remaining company into
TNT (international express) and NLPost (national mail service) in 2011. This extended
privatising process has been a disaster. The Dutch have been forced to accept numerous
concessions in the provision of postal outlets, frequency of delivery and more in order to
have a national postal service at all.
13
So why was the recent privatisation of Royal Mail such a success for investors? Like any
long-established postal operator, 500-year old Royal Mail owns a great deal of real estate in
prime city centre locations. Assets like these can easily be sold off when there is a
manufactured perception that the mail business is declining and that local customers rarely
visit a post office.
Irregularities in Australia Post financial statements
14
This section highlights the complexity of the way in which Australia Post is reporting its
financial position. The issues included below are included to highlight to readers that simple
stories about Australia Post needing to reduce the frequency and quality of their mail delivery
service are just that, simple stories.
Australia post is a large, complex, profitable and growing enterprise. While the removal of
legislative quality levels would likely increase the profitability of the firm, it would do so by
reducing the quality of the service Australians rely on.
While parliamentarians may wish to reduce the quality of the mail service, they should not
believe that, uncles they do so, Australia Post will be unable to y of the firm, it would do so
Cross-subsidization for loss-making ‘regulated mail’, but not for CSO
commitments of reserved mail
The separation of ‘regulated mail services’ (international letters and small parcels) from
‘reserved mail’ (domestic letters) in the 2012-13 Annual Report, effectively isolates the letter
delivery segment as a loss-making entity, while the international letters component is then
cross-subsidised by the lucrative parcel segment. The 2012-13 Annual Report (page 92)
details the internal restructuring of business segments within the organisation as follows:
Certain products have been realigned to different segments in the current period to
better reflect the way the business unit results are analysed internally. The primary
change has been to reclassify regulated international inbound letters and packets
(<2kg) from the “Mail” segment to the “Parcel & Express” segment.
13
Finger, M. 12 November 2013. No money in post, so why was Royal Mail a good buy?
http://theconversation.com/no-money-in-post-so-why-was-royal-mail-a-good-buy-20110
14
There is a structural purpose for these items that would warrant further detailed investigation.
13
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
Where trends in volume information has resulted in a change to cost allocations, the
prior year information has been restated to enable like for like comparison.
$400 million play on AUX Investments
On 13 November 2012, the corporation acquired the remaining 50% of the issued share
capital of AUX Investments Pty Ltd, which is the parent company of StarTrack Express and
StarTrack Couriers. Prior to this date the corporation owned a 50% share of AUX
Investments Pty Ltd and accounted for this as a joint venture entity. As part of the deal,
Australia Post divested itself of its 50% interest in Australian air Express to Qantas. On 7
May 2014, StarTrack was rebranded to include Australia Post ‘post horn’ in StarTrack blue
colours. StarTrack also took responsibility of Australia Posts "Messenger Post couriers"
under the StarTrack brand as "StarTrack Courier".
15
The fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities of AUX Investments Pty Ltd as at the date
of acquisition were:
15
Australia Post, 7 May 2014 ‘Rebranding of 'Messenger Post couriers' to 'StarTrack Courier'
http://auspost.com.au/about-us/rebrand-messenger-post-couriers.html
14
The acquisition included $493.6 million for ‘Goodwill’ and ‘Intangibles’ valued at $224.5
million. Page 113 of the 2012-13 Annual Report details this to include computer software
($38.2 million), customer relationships ($125.0 million) and brand names ($61.3 million).
Direct costs of $8.5 million relating to “the acquisition and integration of AUX Investments Pty
Ltd” are disclosed as part of ‘Supplier Expenses’ in the Operating Statement.
Capital transfers to Parcel & Express
Note 28 to the financial statements (page 93) include the valuation of assets by segment,
which shows the result of significant capital investment occurring in the Parcel & Express
segment over the last two years:
15
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
$800 million dollar increase in ‘Other commitments’ (contractors)
Note 2 to the Schedule of Commitments on page 57 of the 2012-13 Annual Report states:
The majority of these commitments relate to carriage and delivery of letters and
parcels by contractors. Commitments are recognised for these items when it is
considered probable that the outflow will occur.
Assets held for sale (valued at cost)
The Balance Sheet contains ‘Assets classified as held for sale’ of $48.8 million. During the
period to 30 June 2013, Australia Post committed to a plan for asset sales classified as land
and buildings. Australia Post’s efforts to sell the assets had commenced at the date of the
Annual Report, with sale of the full allocated items expected to occur during the current 12
month period.
16
Write-downs of assets & revenue
The notes to the 2012-13 Annual Report Financial Statements include a significant ‘write-
down’ of $29.7 million on investments, property plant & equipment, inventories & receivables,
and intangibles (including goodwill).
Interest-bearing liabilities
Significant irregular movements occurred in Australia Post’s holdings of bonds and other
debt instruments in the 2012-13 Financial Statements, indicated in Note 19 on page 85 of the
financial statements.
17
Briefing for CEPU on Australia Post operations
References
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2014) Australia Post ‘ordinary letter’
pricing notification decision https://www.accc.gov.au/regulated-infrastructure/postal-
services/australia-post-letter-pricing-2014/notification-lodged [Online: accessed 14 July 2014]
Australia Post (2013) 2012-13 Annual Report. Financial Statements
http://auspost.com.au/annualreport2013/assets/downloads/AusPost_AR13_Financial_statuto
ry_reports.pdf [Online: accessed 7 July 2014]
Australia Post (2012) 2011-12 Annual Report. Financial Statements
http://auspost.com.au/media/documents/australia-post-annual-report-2011-12.pdf [Online:
accessed 7 July 2014]
Australia Post (2014) ‘Rebranding of 'Messenger Post couriers' to 'StarTrack Courier', Media
release 7 May 2014 http://auspost.com.au/about-us/rebrand-messenger-post-couriers.html
[Online: accessed 14 July 2014]
Boston Consulting Group (2014) Australian and International Postal Services Overview:
Background Report.
http://www.communications.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/235550/BCG_Postal_Servic
es_Background_Report.pdf [Online: accessed 7 July 2014]
Boston Consulting Group (2011) The Postman Always Brings Twice: Receiver-driven
Transformation of the Mail Business Model.
http://www.bcg.com/expertise_impact/Industries/Transportation_Travel_Tourism/Publication
Details.aspx?id=tcm:12-133493&mid [Online: accessed 7 July 2014]
European Commission (2014) Main Developments in the Postal Sector (2010-2013)
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/post/doc/studies/20130821_wik_md2013-final-
report_en.pdf [Online: accessed 11 July 2014]
Finger, M. (2013) No money in post, so why was Royal Mail a good buy? The Conversation
12 November 2013 http://theconversation.com/no-money-in-post-so-why-was-royal-mail-a-
good-buy-20110 [Online: accessed 7 July 2014]