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In vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Lichen (Parmelia perlata) against different Pathogenic Microbes
Abstract
Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. (Charila) is lichen (i.e., symbiotic combination of algae and fungi), a member of the family Parmeliaceae, which is primarily used for its medicinal properties, especially in Asian countries. Present study, was focused to evaluate and validate the pharmacological use of Parmelia perlata as antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic G +ve strains, i.e., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae G -ve strains, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae and two species of fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). In-vitro, antimicrobial test was performed by disc diffusion method in order to analyze the percentage zone of inhibition. Parmelia perlata showed the good antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus respectively. Modified agar well diffusion method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC values lies within the range of 75 to 150 μg /ml for the Gram +ve strains while 75 to 600 μg /ml for G -ve.
... Further, methanolic extract was observed to have significant antibacterial effect against some Gram positive food borne bacteria 33 . Aqueous-methanolic extract was also effective against B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus, E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and K. pneumonia in agar well diffusion method 40 . Two new isolated terpenes i.e. lanoset-2-en type triterpene and labdane type diterpenoid also showed good antibacterial potential against S. aureus and E. coli 14 . ...
... The constituent II was more active against F. oxysporum and R. nigricans 15,34 . Further aqueous methanolic extract also showed significant action against Candida albicans and A. niger in agar well diffusion method 40 . ...
Parmelia Perlata (Huds.) Ach. belonging to Parmeliaceae family is a lichen (a close symbiotic association between algae and fungi), commonly called 'Stone Flower' and 'Charila' in India. It is widely distributed in hilly areas of Indian subcontinent. The lichen was found to contain several unique chemical constituents like usnic acid, lecaronic acid, salazinic acid, atronin etc and has been traditionally prescribed in bronchitis, excessive salivation, vomiting, toothache, boils, inflammations etc. It has also been indicated in seminal weakness, nocturnal emission, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, dyspepsia, calculi, blood and heart diseases, stomach disorders, enlarged spleen, bleeding piles, scabies, leprosy, general pains etc. It tones up the urinary tract and suppresses calculi formation. It has been used as traditional food by Rai and Limbu communities of East Nepal and also as light brown dye for wool as well as bio-indicator of air pollution due to heavy metals. Although it has already been substantiated for antimicrobial, antiurolithiatic, anticancer, antidiabetic potentials etc. yet not fully explored for therapeutic effects and thus remained pharmaceutically unexploited. It is probably due to difficulties in identification, bulk collection and lack of updated scientific reports on lichens. The present manuscript is mainly focused to explain various updated aspects like synonyms, common names, taxonomy, botanical descriptions, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities etc. of P. perlata, and is the first such scientific compilation that can be an important tool for researchers interested in studying this lichen.
... Antimicrobials of plants origin have enormous therapeutic potential. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials [6]. ...
... Two types of extracts were prepared by adopting the triple maceration process [6,26]. One is DsWp.Cr; methanolic extract of whole plant (pods, leaves, stem bark, root bark), other is DsL.Cr; methanolic extract of the leaves of Dalbergia sisso. ...
... Antimicrobials of plants origin have enormous therapeutic potential. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials [6]. ...
... Two types of extracts were prepared by adopting the triple maceration process [6,26]. One is DsWp.Cr; methanolic extract of whole plant (pods, leaves, stem bark, root bark), other is DsL.Cr; methanolic extract of the leaves of Dalbergia sisso. ...
ABSTRACT In this study, Dalbergia sisso (Family: Fabaceae), was evaluated for its antibacterial potential against eight human pathogenic bacterial strains. Triple maceration method was adopted for the methanolic extraction of whole plant (pods, leaves, stem bark, root bark) and leaves. In-vitro, antimicrobial test was performed by disc diffusion method in order to analyze the percentage zone of inhibition. Whole plant's extract showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus same microbes. Modified agar well diffusion method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC values of the whole plant extract lies within the range of 75 to 300 μg /ml for the G +ve strains while 75 to 600 μg /ml for G -ve. Due to presence of tannins and flavonoids, it inhibits the growth of bacteria on most regulatory levels such as peptidoglycan, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.
... Because of their distinctive colour, they are used as dyes for more than a century; lichen secondary metabolites have been studied for their pharmacological, biological, and environmental potential. There are several reports of small molecules for biological activities like antimicrobial [5] and analgesic [6,7], anti-HIV, anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, and cytotoxic actions [8][9][10][11]. The secondary metabolites derived from the genus Parmotrema including the P. tinctorum and P. stuppeum extracts were purified using column chromatography, and the compounds like orsellinic acid, atranorin, lecanoric acid, and, methyl orsellinate are identified first [12,13]. ...
Parmotrema perlatum lichen is traditionally used as a spice in Indian households and also to treat diseases such as eczema, respiratory diseases, pulmonary diseases, and arthritis. This study emphasizes the extraction of secondary metabolites from foliose lichen P. perlatum with antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The secondary metabolites extracted from P. perlatum using hexane, chloroform, and methanol were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) shows that P. perlatum extracts possess 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-methyl ester, 1,4-benzenediol, atraric acid, orcinol, benzoic acid, 2,5-dimethyl- resorcylic acid, and savinin, tetrahydroterotri-L- glutamate, primidolol, ustiloxin, mallotinic acid, and mecambrine. The efficacy of three solvent extracts of lichen against Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Gram-positive Lactobacillus plantarum was tested. The methanol extract of P. perlatum has the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria at a concentration of 10 µg/ml as compared with the other two solvent extracts. The antioxidant potential of P. perlatum was determined using ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and nitric oxide scavenging activity assays, which exhibit that all extracts showed radical scavenging potential.
Graphical Abstract
... In ancient folklore it has been used in cosmetic and has been reported to have medicinal value. It was used for the treatment of dysentery, wound healing, diarrhea, and dyspepsia [14,15]. ...
Objective: H. pylori have acquired resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to their use in many anaerobic and parasitic infections leading to treatment failure of various gastroduodenal diseases associated with H. pylori infection. Our aim was to test the efficacy of Parmelia perlata which is traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, and dyspepsia against antibiotic resistant gastric pathogen H. pylori.
Methods: The antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic and methanolic extract of P. perlata against drug-resistant H. pylori isolates from North India in vitro was carried out by determining the Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) using disk diffusion method and microdilution method.
Results: Two H. pylori isolates were included in this study. One was resistant to both metronidazole (MIC of 64 µg/ml) and clarithromycin (MIC of 4 µg/ml) and another one was resistant to metronidazole only having a MIC of 64 µg/ml. Methanolic and ethanolic extract of P. perlata showed its effectiveness in inhibiting drug resistant H. pylori isolates with maximum inhibition at 500 × 103 µg/ml concentration of P. perlata.
Conclusion: Prevalence of metronidazole resistant ranges between 50–90% in developing countries including India with the emergence of dual-drug resistance was reported in many studies. This study suggests that P. perlata used commonly as a spice in food has a potential for the treatment of drug-resistant H. pylori infection in a safe and effective manner.
... The species is colloquially called in varied forms, namely furrowed shield lichen, hammered shield lichen, powdered crottle, cracked-shield lichen, wax paper lichen, and powdered shield [40]. Researchers have also proved that these lichens exhibit astringent, analgesic, as well as antiemetic activity [41]. It is of great use in the treatment of various diseases as its smoke helps in curing headaches, increases the flow of menses, heals the wound, reduces the pain of the liver, stomach, and uterus [42]. ...
Parmelia belonging to Family Parmeliaceae is a foliose lichen with mutualism of one or two groups of fungi in Phylum ascomycota or basidiomycota and algae which might be green algae or blue green algae (cyanobacteria). It is generally called “Stone Flower,” “Charila,” “Pattharphool,” or “Shilaaapushpa” in India. Lichen, can be generally found growing on walls, old trees and spread largely across India especially in mountain area. It is a source of edible organisms for people residing in certain areas of Nepal and it is also cultivated in hill sides of Kashmir. It has been found that lichen contains a lot of distinctive chemical compounds such as evernic acid, Lecanoric acid, lobaric acid. norsticticetc acid, physodic acid and salazinic acid. Some species of this lichen are recommended traditionally for controlling diseases such as boils, bronchitis, inflammations, excessive salivation, toothache, vomiting etc. It has also applied as indicator for biomonitoring, astringent, carminative, demulcent, bitter, resolvent, emollient, laxative, sporofic, sedative, diuretic and considered to be used in treating sores, bronchitis, excessive salivation, vomiting, tooth-ache, boils, inflammations. It has been utilized for traditional food and acts as a bioindicator for air pollution and radiation. It shows antibacterial, antioxidant, antimycobacterial and antifungal activities including haemolytic, anaesthetic, spasmolytic and antispasmodic and antitumour activities. It also has several unique phytoconstituents that could be in charge of different therapeutic activities but majority of them are still unexplored. The review mainly focuses on various facets such as common names, synonyms, traditional uses, botanical descriptions, pharmacological activities of seven species of Parmelia.
... It was revealed that ethanol extract of P. perlata is active against B. cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Micrococcus luteus and S. aureus but inactive against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, C. albicans, Microsporum sp., Cypseum sp. and Trichophyton rubrum. However, it was found that ethanol extract of P. perlatum lichen did not show activity against S. aureus but it had activity on B. subtilis, P. vulgaris and C. albicans [31]. This might be arised from using maceration techniques in extracting extracts from the literature study and also collecting of lichen which is mentioned in the literature from Pakistan. ...
The inhibitory action of the extracts of Protoparmeliopsis muralis and Parmotrema perlatum lichens was evaluated by disc diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods. The obtained results revealed that extracts generally showed antimicrobial activity except for water extracts. P. muralis lichen possess higher antimicrobial activity when compared with P. perlatum lichen. Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of fungi is comparatively lower than MIC values of bacteria. Therefore, this work confirms the inhibitory effects of P. muralis and P. perlatum lichens as natural antimicrobials and suggests the possibility of utilizing them in pharmaceutical industry for curing of infectious diseases caused by test microorganisms.
... [14,15]. It has been reported to possess antioxidant, hypolipidemic and cytotoxic potential [16], antibacterial [17], hepatoprotective [18], antimicrobial [19,20], antidiabetic [21], antiulcer [22], and antiviral activity [23]. The objective of the study was to establish the potential of P. perlata for the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity. ...
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Parmelia perlata. Methods: The relative study is based on in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity using hydroalcoholic extract of P. perlata (HAEPP). The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides since the lichen species of P. perlata has the folklore claim of anti-inflammatory activity, thus it was studied by human red blood cells membrane stabilization method, and arthritic activity was carried using protein denaturation method using diclofenac as a standard.Results: The results showed eminent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in a dose-dependent manner. The membrane stabilization showed the maximum effect at 78.54% at the concentration of 1000 μg/, and the protein denaturation was also found maximum at 1000 μg/ml concentration at 79.43%. Thus, our research states the potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic effect in P. perlata. Conclusion: The HEAPP has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic activity. A further study has to be conducted to establish the pharmacological evidence behind the compound and the mechanism of action of the HAEPP on the inhibition of the inflammation process.
... [14,15]. It has been reported to possess antioxidant, hypolipidemic and cytotoxic potential [16], antibacterial [17], hepatoprotective [18], antimicrobial [19,20], antidiabetic [21], antiulcer [22], and antiviral activity [23]. The objective of the study was to establish the potential of P. perlata for the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity. ...
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Parmelia perlata. Methods: The relative study is based on in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity using hydroalcoholic extract of P. perlata (HAEPP). The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides since the lichen species of P. perlata has the folklore claim of anti-inflammatory activity, thus it was studied by human red blood cells membrane stabilization method, and arthritic activity was carried using protein denaturation method using diclofenac as a standard.Results: The results showed eminent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in a dose-dependent manner. The membrane stabilization showed the maximum effect at 78.54% at the concentration of 1000 μg/, and the protein denaturation was also found maximum at 1000 μg/ml concentration at 79.43%. Thus, our research states the potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic effect in P. perlata. Conclusion: The HEAPP has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic activity. A further study has to be conducted to establish the pharmacological evidence behind the compound and the mechanism of action of the HAEPP on the inhibition of the inflammation process.
... The glycoside and alkaloid fractions were tested for their antifungal activity against 2 fungal organisms wherein both the fractions showed a good zone of inhibition against the fungal organisms but comparatively glycoside fraction was found to show much better activity than the alkaloid fraction .The lichen crude extract also exhibited good antifungal activity but was found to be comparatively low than that of the individual purified fractions (Table 4). A study by Musaddique Hussain et al., 2014 has also reported the antifungal potential of lichen Parmelia perlata extracts against 2 pathogenic fungal organisms wherein the crude extract was found to have shown maximum inhibition against Candida albicans with inhibition zone around 14.25mm followed by Aspergillus niger with zone around 13.50mm respectively. ...
Lichens are composite algae having a symbiotic association with a fungal partner. They produce numerous secondary metabolites, which play an important role in pharmaceutical and in other industrial applications. The Secondary metabolites produced by lichens are found to be 80% more when compared to that produced by other organisms. Not much work has been carried out on lichens due to the difficulty in their cultivation but still it emerges as a potential source in developing therapeutically important drugs which are widely beneficial in all fields of application. The Present study was aimed to isolate, purify and determine the applications of secondary metabolites from Lichen Parmelia perlata. The presence of these compounds were detected and purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography using specific solvent systems. The purified fractions were then identified by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds were then subjected to application oriented studies such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activity. Not much work have been carried out on the isolation of a specific glycoside and alkaloid compound from Lichen Parmelia perlata, so this study was an attempt to explore the applications of these individual compounds which could prove beneficial to the mankind for different purposes.
... It is astringent and carminative in nature and generally used as a spice to improve taste and flavour (Khare, 2007;Nadkarni, 2002; The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2001). Scientifically P. perlata has been evaluated for antimicrobial (Abdur et al., 2013;Hussain et al., 2014;Thippeswamy et al., 2013Thippeswamy et al., , 2012Vidyalakshmi and Kruthika, 2012), antiviral (Charles et al., 2007), antioxidant (Paul et al., 2014), hypolipidemic (Rahman et al., 2014), antidiabetic (Jothi and Brindha, 2013;Patil et al., 2011), antiulcer (Lakshmi et al., 2013) and hepatoprotective potentials (Shailajan et al., 2014). Chemically, it contains lichen acids like lecanoric acid, atranorin and usnic acid (Khare, 2007;Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2001), terpenes (Abdullah et al., 2007), dibenzofuran (Sharma et al., 2014) and phenolic compounds. ...
The objectives of the present study are to optimize the extraction protocol for preparing a hydro-ethanolic extract of Parmelia perlata, to investigate the extract for its protective effects against calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and oxalate-induced injury in NRK-52E cells. The full factorial design of experiment was used to optimize the extraction process. Three extraction variables (i.e. extraction time, temperature and drug-solvent ratio) were studied at two levels and one central point was included. A total of nine experimental runs were set by randomization. A polynomial mathematical equation was obtained by regression analysis using JMP software for predicting the experimental model. The response (yield of extract) was found to be significantly affected by two factors i.e. time and temperature. The optimized P. perlata extract (PPE) so prepared was screened by HPTLC, evaluated for its inhibitory effects on CaOx crystallization by turbidimetric assay and on oxalate-induced injury in NRK-52E cells. PPE significantly (p. <. 0.05) inhibited the CaOx crystallization in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, the oxalates injured the NRK-52E cells, promoted the cellular damage, increased LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release and decreased the cell viability to approximately 46.01%. PPE significantly (p. <. 0.05) prevented this cellular injury, reduced the LDH release and improved the cell viability to 92.45%. PPE showed antiurolithiatic effects, probably by inhibiting the crystallization of CaOx and preventing the tubular retention of crystals by protecting the renal epithelial cells against oxalate-induced injury. Such experimental substantiation of PPE for antiurolithiatic potential has not been previously carried out and this is the first scientific report.
... In ancient folklore it has been used in cosmetic and has been reported to have medicinal value. It was used for the treatment of dysentery, wound healing, diarrhea, and dyspepsia [14,15]. ...
Objective: H. pylori have acquired resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to their use in many anaerobic and parasitic infections leading to treatment failure of various gastroduodenal diseases associated with H. pylori infection. Our aim was to test the efficacy ofParmelia perlata which is traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, and dyspepsia against antibiotic resistant gastric pathogen H. pylori. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic and methanolic extract of P. perlata against drug-resistant H. pylori isolates from North India in vitro was carried out by determining the Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) using disk diffusion method and microdilution method. Results: Two H. pylori isolates were included in this study. One was resistant to both metronidazole (MIC of 64 µg/ml) and clarithromycin (MIC of 4 µg/ml) and another one was resistant to metronidazole only having a MIC of 64 µg/ml. Methanolic and ethanolic extract of P. perlata showed its effectiveness in inhibiting drug resistant H. pylori isolates with maximum inhibition at 500 × 103 µg/ml concentration of P. perlata. Conclusion: Prevalence of metronidazole resistant ranges between 50–90% in developing countries including India with the emergence of dual-drug resistance was reported in many studies. This study suggests that P. perlata used commonly as a spice in food has a potential for the treatment of drug-resistant H. pylori infection in a safe and effective manner. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd.
... In-vitro antimicrobial assay was performed by adopting the standard disc diffusion method [23,24]. Three different types of discs (diameter of 6 mm) were used, i.e., standard discs (gentamicin; inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis, flucloxacillin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin; inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis; levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, inhibiting the DNA synthesis) as positive control, methanolic crude extract discs (sample discs), and discs containing the DMSO (negative control). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Fagonia schweifurthii (Zygophyllaceae) against human pathogenic bacterial strains. In vitro antibacterial tests were performed by disc diffusion method on nutrient agar, in order to analyze the percentage zone of inhibition. Methanolic crude extract of F. schweifurthii (MCE.Fs) showed the significant zone of inhibition (mm), against Staphylococcus aureus (17.00), Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.50), Bacillus cereus (15.90), Bacillus pumilus (15.45), Escherichia coli (18.00), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.20) and Citrobacter freundii (14.00), with relative percentages of inhibition of 76.90, 71.60, 57.40, 56.85, 70.40, 69.90, 61.05 and 54.30 respectively. Modified agar well diffusion method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC values lies within the range of 75 to 300 μg /mL for the G +ve strains while 75 to 600 μg /mL for G -ve. Plant extract was found to be safe up to 5 g/kg which is greater than normal therapeutic dose. It can be inferred that due to presence of tannins and flavonoids, it inhibited the growth of bacteria on most regulatory levels such as peptidoglycan, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.
... Extracts solution preparation and fractionation: Methanol crude extract of O. ramose (0.3 g) was dissolved in 0.1 mL of 100% dimethyl sulphoxide (biologically inactive) and volume was made up to 1 mL with distill water to prepare stock solutions (300 mg/mL) (Hussain et al., 2014a). The stock solutions were subjected to series of dilutions to make 30 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL on the day of experiment. ...
Crude extract of Oligochaeta ramose and its fractions were studied to rationalize its traditional use in GIT disturbance. In spontaneous contracting jejunum preparation, O. ramose (0.01-1.0 mg/mL) caused a transient spasmogenic effect followed by the spasmolytic effect at higher doses (3.0-10.0 mg/mL). In atropinized jejunum preparation, O. ramose inhibit the spontaneous and K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction at the similar doses (0.01-1.0 mg/mL), suggesting calcium channel blocking effect. The calcium channel blocking effect was confirmed when pretreatment of tissue with O. ramose produced a dose-dependent shift in Ca+2 dose- response curve to the right, similar to that produced by the verapamil. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic effect is concentrated in the dichloromethane fraction while, aqueous fraction contains both spasmogenic and spasmolytic constituents. This study validate the presence of both spasmogenic and spasmolytic components mediated through muscarinic receptor activation and calcium channel blockade respectively, which may explain its traditional uses in constipation and diarrhea.
... Electrical grinder was used to crush the adulterant free plant material into coarse powder. The procedure of Triple maceration was adopted for the extraction purpose of coarse powdered material by soaking with 10% aqueous-methanol in air tight amber glass bottles at 25 °C, with occasional shaking thrice a day for one week (Hussain et al., 2014). After maceration, the soaked coarse powdered material was passed through muslin cloth (double layered), in order to remove vegetative debris and the obtained filtrate was subsequently filtered through a Whatman-1 filter paper. ...
The Qualitative analysis is very essential to identify the phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants. The medicinal value of plants is due to the presence of particular bioactive constituents. In present study qualitative analysis of seven medicinally important plants, namely Carica papaya (Papaya), Cichorium intybus (Cichory), Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel), Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco), Rosa damascena (Red rose), Solanum nigrum (Makao) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) was done. Saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, starch, total sugar, free reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, phenols, flavoniods and glycosoides were analyzed qualitatively by following the standard protocols. Rosa damascena and Foeniculum vulgare contained all tested constituents. Terpenoids and starch were present in all plant species except Nicotiana tobaccum. Saponins were present in all plants instead of Cichorium intybus.
... Antimicrobials of plants origin have enormous therapeutic potential; recently much attention has been paid to biologically active compounds isolated from plant species used in herbal medicine. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials [7]. ...
Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of field of interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The present study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the antimicrobial spectrum of various extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, DCM and aqueous) of whole plant and root’s bark of Delonix regia against different pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi, by adopting the disc diffusion method. Among all studied extracts, methanolic extract of whole plant (seeds, leaves and stem) showed the significant inhibitory response against S. aureus (91.84%), P. aeruginosa (91.05%), B. pumilus (85.75%) and E. coli (78.71 %). The descending sequences of antimicrobial activity of various extracts of whole plant of Delonix regia (seeds, leaves and stem) against studied microorganisms were as follows: methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, DCM extract, and aqueous extract. The results of the present study indicate that methanolic extract of the studied plant is a potentially good candidate for the therapy of antibacterial-resistant bacteria and would therefore require further study
... Antimicrobials of plants origin have enormous therapeutic potential; recently much attention has been paid to biologically active compounds isolated from plant species used in herbal medicine. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials [7]. ...
te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f P Ph ha ar rm ma a S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s Vol. 4, No. 5 (2014): 736-741 Research Article Open Access I IS SS SN N: : 2 23 32 20 0--6 68 81 10 0 In vitro comparative study of antimicrobial activity of whole plant and root's bark of Delonix regia (Bojer Ex. ABSTRACT Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of field of interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The present study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the antimicrobial spectrum of various extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, DCM and aqueous) of whole plant and root's bark of Delonix regia against different pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi, by adopting the disc diffusion method. Among all studied extracts, methanolic extract of whole plant (seeds, leaves and stem) showed the significant inhibitory response against S. aureus (91.84%), P. aeruginosa (91.05%), B. pumilus (85.75%) and E. coli (78.71 %). The descending sequences of antimicrobial activity of various extracts of whole plant of Delonix regia (seeds, leaves and stem) against studied microorganisms were as follows: methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, DCM extract, and aqueous extract. The results of the present study indicate that methanolic extract of the studied plant is a potentially good candidate for the therapy of antibacterial-resistant bacteria and would therefore require further study.
ow back pain is common problem in factory worker. However there is a lack of evidence related to work related to LBP in factory workers in Pakistan. This study is conducted to identify the prevalence of Low back pain in factory workers and identify the need for awareness in workers about the working postures and safety measures in Nishat mills limited, Sheikhupura. A survey was conducted with sample size of 170 subjects, collected through non probability sampling technique. Nordic questionnaire (part 1) was used with addition of some questions related to research topic. Self-reported questionnaire Performa was filled. Study population included only male workers aged between 20-45 years with career duration of one or more than one year and working duration of 8 hours. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 17.00. According to results 75 out of 170 workers reported low back trouble. The intensity of the low back ache varied from mild to severe. 21 (28%) workers reported mild category of pain, 40 (53.3%) had moderate pain and 14 (18.7%) were having severe pain. Majority (77.3%) workers felt pain for 1-7days during last 12 months. The results showed that there is statistically significant (p<0.05) association between Low back pain and type of work. The workers who do job related to Weight lifting were suffering more frequently from backache comparatively to the workers of manufacturing department. No statistically significant (p>0.05) association between Low back pain and working Posture was found. It was concluded from the study that prevalence of LBP was higher in weight lifting workers. And low back pain was also prevalent in those workers who are engaged with static work like in prolong standing; LBP founds to affect their work activity and reduces the work efficiency.
I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f P Ph ha ar rm ma a S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s ABSTRACT In this study, Dalbergia sisso (Family: Fabaceae), was evaluated for its antibacterial potential against eight human pathogenic bacterial strains. Triple maceration method was adopted for the methanolic extraction of whole plant (pods, leaves, stem bark, root bark) and leaves. In-vitro, antimicrobial test was performed by disc diffusion method in order to analyze the percentage zone of inhibition. Whole plant's extract showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus same microbes. Modified agar well diffusion method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC values of the whole plant extract lies within the range of 75 to 300 μg /ml for the G +ve strains while 75 to 600 μg /ml for G -ve. Due to presence of tannins and flavonoids, it inhibits the growth of bacteria on most regulatory levels such as peptidoglycan, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.
3/ijps546-553.pdf 546 I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f P Ph ha ar rm ma a S Sc ci ie en nc ce es s ABSTRACT Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of great interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The present study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the antimicrobial spectrum of the fresh extract, diluted latex, fresh juice and various extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, DCM and aqueous) of Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia against different pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi, in order to know the potent plant (sample), by adopting the disc diffusion method. 14 various samples and extracts of both plants were studied, among them fresh latex of Euphorbia hirta showed the excellent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus pumilus (24..16 respectively. The descending sequences of antimicrobial activity of various samples and extracts of Euphorbia hirta against studied microorganisms were as follow: fresh latex, fresh juice, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, DCM extract, aqueous extract and diluted latex extract (no activity), whereas same descending sequence was also followed by the Euphorbia thymifolia against same studied microorganisms but Euphorbia thymifolia showed the less potent antimicrobial response as compared to Euphorbia hirta. The results of the present study indicate that the antimicrobial activity varies with the species of the plants and the plant material used and it also indicate that the fresh latex of the Euphorbia hirta is a potentially good candidate for the therapy of antibacterial-resistant bacteria and would therefore require further study.
The leaf and bark extracts of Salix subserrata showed promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antialgal activities. The bio-guided study of the chemical constituents of the bark and leaves of Salix subserrata (Salicaceae) has resulted in the isolation and characterization of eight compounds. These six compounds were identified as (+) catechin (1), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester (2), saligenin (3), methyl 1-hydroxy-6-oxocyclohex-2-enecarboxylate (4), catechol (5), propyl acetate (6), β-sitosterol (7), and β-sitosterol glucopyranoside (8), were isolated for the first time from Salix subserrata. The above compounds were individually identified by spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with reported data. Preliminary studies indicated that compound 1, mixture of compounds 3/4, and 7 showed good antibacterial, fungicidal, and algicidal properties.
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has made many microorganisms develop resistance to them. This has created immense clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases. Non-antibiotic approaches to the treatment and prevention of infection includes the application of honey and milk. Milk naturally contains an array of bioactivities due to lysozyme, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, growth factors, and hormones, which are secreted in their active form by the mammary gland. The combination of milk and honey may prove to be important source of nutrition and for protection against microbial infection. In this review article we discuss the importance of honey, milk and their combination in providing protection from infection.
The spectrum of inhibitory bacterial products includes antibiotics, metabolic products, lytic agents, enzymes, defective bacteriophages and bacteriocins. A precise definition of bacteriocins is not yet available. Bacteriocins, unlike bacteriophage, do not carry the genetic determinant necessary for self replication. The conditions to yield maximum production of bacteriocins are described. Some bacteria produce bacteriocin inhibitors and inactivators and thus escape the lethal action of their own bacteriocin. The known bacteriocins of Gram positive bacteria are tabulated together with their main physiochemical physicochemical The spectrum of activity has been studied and led to the establishment of bacteriocin typing procedures. It appears that bacteriocin, after adsorption to the bacterial envelope, acts as a lethal agent by a single hit process ('quantal' killing). There is a possibility that inhibitory organisms of low disease potential may eventually be used to control infections due to high pathogenicity organisms which would be a more specific method than the use of antibiotics. Finally, the bacteriocins of various Gram positive genera are briefly described. (Csonka - London)
In this paper we discuss some examples of ethnopharmacological research as it has been conducted during the last two centuries and look at the current role of this discipline in drug discovery (especially with respect to the American and European markets) and the further development of these phytotherapeutical resources for local use in the countries of origin (ethnopharmacology). Examples from 19th century research on curare (Humboldt and Bernard), from the 20th century on hallucinogenic mushrooms (Wasson), on Mexican Indian indigenous plants (our own research) and of current industry based research are used to illustrate the development of this discipline and to highlight the challenges for the future.
We evaluated the interaction between Punica granatum (pomegranate) methanolic extract (PGME) and antibiotics against 30 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Susceptibility testing of the isolates to PGME and antibiotics was performed by the broth dilution method. Synergic activity was detected between PGME and the 5 antibiotics tested, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin, ranging from 38% to 73%. For some isolates, PGME did not interfere with the action of any of the antibiotics tested. The bactericidal activity of PGME (0.1 x MIC) in combination with ampicillin (0.5 x MIC) was assessed using chosen isolates by time-kill assays, and they confirmed the synergic activity. Using this combination, cell viability was reduced by 99.9% and 72.5% in MSSA and MRSA populations, respectively. PGME increased the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of ampicillin from 3 to 7 h. In addition, PGME demonstrated the potential to either inhibit the efflux pump NorA or to enhance the influx of the drug. The detection of in vitro variant colonies of S. aureus resistant to PGME was low and they did not survive. In conclusion, PGME dramatically enhanced the activity of all antibiotics tested, and thus, offers an alternative for the extension of the useful lifetime of these antibiotics.
Lichens are used as traditional food by Rai and Limbu communities of East Nepal. Lichens are cooked mixed with various foods. These lichens are locally called as Yangben. Three lichen species belonging to Yangben: Parmelia nepalensis, Ramalina farinacea, and R. conduplicans were chemically analyzed to assess their food value. The lichens were found rich in carbohydrate, fat, crude fibre, and minerals. Their carbohydrate and protein contents were comparable to that of rice. If cooked mixed with other food, these lichens will provide various minerals in sufficient amount and add carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fibre.
Jasminum officinale Linn. (Chameli / Yasmine; Oleaceae), is native to temperate region and cultivated in France, Italy, China, India and Pakistan. Plant is documented to possess beneficial effect in impotence, menstrual disorder, mental depression, analgesic, antispasmodic galactogogue, antiseptic and skin disease etc,. Although, previous studies have documented the antimicrobial study of this plant, while, this work is designated to evaluate and compare the specific antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts (methanol, DCM) of the flowers and whole plant (leaves, barks and roots), in order to know the best extract and plant part having the beneficial activity against specific microorganisms. In-vitro, antimicrobial tests were performed by adopting disc diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria species of both G +ve strains, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, G -ve strains, i.e., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae and two species of fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger), on nutrient agar and sabouraud dextrose agar respectively, to analyze the percentage zone of inhibition at the concentration range of 100 mg/ml of the extract by comparing with various standard antibiotic discs (10 μg/disc). Whole plant extract (methanol) showed significant antimicrobial activity with relative percentage of inhibition of 83.60 (G +ve), 70.25 (G-ve) and 61.15 (fungi) while flowers extract (methanol) showed 64.30, 51.88 and 51.97 relative percentage of inhibition against G +ve, G -ve and fungi respectively. Whereas, DCM extract of flowers and whole plant showed the moderate antimicrobial activity as compared with methanolic extract of flowers and whole plant respectively. Modified agar well diffusion method was adopted to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration. From the present study, it can be inferred that the antimicrobial activity varies from part to part of plant and solvent used, so whole plant extract can be further investigated to discover antibacterial agent for developing new pharmaceuticals to control studied human pathogenic bacteria for the severe illness.
Accepted Date: 25 January 2014 pomoea nil (Linn) Roth, (morning glory / kaladanah; Convolvulaceae), is frequently grown in gardens and lawns for its ornamental flowers and often runs wild in hedges and wastelands. Plant is documented to possess beneficial effect in erectile dysfunction, impotence and also have antispasmodic, bronchodilator, blood purifier, diuretics, astringent, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective etc. In this study, disc diffusion method was adopted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and organic (DCM, ethanol, methanol) extracts of the seeds and whole plant (leaves, flower and bark) of Ipomoea nil, in order to know the best extract and plant part having the beneficial activity against pathogenic bacteria species of both G +ve strains, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, G -ve strains, i.e., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae and two species of fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). Methanolic and ethanolic extract of the seeds of the Ipomoea nil showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (G +ve) having the relative percentage of inhibition of 89.88 % and 85.67 % respectively, while methanolic extract of the whole plant also have relative percentage of inhibition of 83.96%, whereas ethanolic extract of the whole plant have good antibacterial activity. Aqueous and DCM extract of seeds and whole plant showed weak inhibitory response. Modified agar well diffusion method was adopted to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC values for G +ve, lies within the range of 30 to 60 μg /ml (seeds), 60 to 90 μg /ml (whole plant) and for the Gram –ve, it lies within the range of 90 to 250 μg /ml (seeds), 180 to 500 μg /ml (whole plant) and for the fungi, it varies from 500 to 2000 μg /ml. Present study clearly indicate that the antimicrobial activity varies from part to part and the plant material used and it also indicate that the methanolic extract of Ipomoea nil is a potentially good candidate for the therapy of antibacterial-resistant bacteria and would therefore require further study.
In an ethnopharmacological screening of selected medicinal plants used in Nepal, methanol extracts from 21 plant species were assayed for activity against 8 strains of bacteria and 5 strains of fungi. Duplicate assays were conducted with and without exposure to UV-A radiation to test for light-activated or light-enhanced activity. All 21 of the extracts showed activity against at least 2 bacterial strains, and 20 showed activity against at least 2 fungi. Six extracts were active only when exposed to UV-A light, and the antibiotic or antifungal effect of 14 extracts was enhanced upon exposure to light.
Lichens, symbiontic organisms of fungi and algae, synthesize numerous metabolites, the "lichen substances," which comprise aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and terpenic compounds. Lichens and their metabolites have a manifold biological activity: antiviral, antibiotic, antitumor, allergenic, plant growth inhibitory, antiherbivore, and enzyme inhibitory. Usnic acid, a very active lichen substance is used in pharmaceutical preparations. Large amounts of Pseudevernia furfuracea and Evernia prunastri are processed in the perfume industry, and some lichens are sensitive reagents for the evaluation of air pollution.
Antibacterial activity of organic and aqueous extracts of 15 Palestinian medicinal plants were carried against eight different species of bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, two Escherichia coli species, Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant), two S. aureus (methicillin sensitive) species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus fecalis. Of the 15 plants tested, eight showed antibacterial activity. Each plant species has unique against different bacteria. The most active antibacterial plants against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were Thymus vulgaris and Thymus origanium. The organic and aqueous extract from the same plants showed different activities; the organic extract showed the same or greater activity than the aqueous extract. Finally, the hole-plate diffusion method showed larger activity than the disc diffusion method.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation, and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial that will prevent the growth of an organism after subculture on to antibiotic-free media. MICs are used by diagnostic laboratories mainly to confirm resistance, but most often as a research tool to determine the in vitro activity of new antimicrobials, and data from such studies have been used to determine MIC breakpoints. MBC determinations are undertaken less frequently and their major use has been reserved for isolates from the blood of patients with endocarditis. Standardized methods for determining MICs and MBCs are described in this paper. Like all standardized procedures, the method must be adhered to and may not be adapted by the user. The method gives information on the storage of standard antibiotic powder, preparation of stock antibiotic solutions, media, preparation of inocula, incubation conditions, and reading and interpretation of results. Tables giving expected MIC ranges for control NCTC and ATCC strains are also supplied.
Lichen metabolites exert a wide variety of biological actions including antibiotic, antimycobacterial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects. Even though these manifold activities of lichen metabolites have now been recognized, their therapeutic potential has not yet been fully explored and thus remains pharmaceutically unexploited. In this mini-review, particular attention is paid to the most common classes of small-molecule constituents of lichens, from both the chemical viewpoint and with regard to possible therapeutic implications. In particular, aliphatic acids, pulvinic acid derivatives, depsides and depsidones, dibenzofuans, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones as well as epidithiopiperazinediones are described. An improved access to these lichen substances in drug discovery high-throughput screening programs will provide impetus for identifying novel lead-compounds with therapeutic potential and poses new challenges for medicinal chemistry.
Fourteen extracts from Brazilian traditional medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases were used to look for potential antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria of medical importance. Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to extracts of Punica granatum and Tabebuia avellanedae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the total extracts and of additional fractions of these plants were determined by employing strains of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus, including isolates of the PFGE clone A, which is prevalent in Brazil and two ATCC reference strains. A mixture of ellagitannins isolated from P. granatum and two naphthoquinones isolated from T. avellanedae demonstrated antibacterial activity against all S. aureus strains tested. Semi-synthetic furanonaphthoquinones (FNQs) showed lower MICs than those exhibited by natural occurring naphthoquinones. The results indicate that these natural products can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat MRSA infections.
The spore-derived mycobionts of the lichen Pyrenula sp. were cultivated on a malt-yeast extract medium supplemented with 10% sucrose. The investigation of the metabolites resulted in isolation of four compounds, three isocoumarins 1-3 and a benzofuran 4. The spore-derived mycobionts of the lichen Pyrenula sp. were cultivated on a malt-yeast extract medium supplemented with 10% sucrose. The investigation of their metabolites resulted in isolation of four compounds, three isocoumarins and a biogenetically related benzofuran; their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods.
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a naturally occurring constituent of cruciferous vegetables. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of I3C and its mode of action. By using an NCCLS broth microdilution assay, the activity of I3C was evaluated against human pathogenic microorganisms including clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. The results indicated that I3C exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activities. To elucidate the physiological changes of the fungal cells induced by I3C, we performed a flow cytometric analysis for a cell cycle. The results showed that I3C arrested the cell cycle at the G(2)/M phase in Candida albicans. To understand the antifungal mode of action of I3C, the change in the membrane dynamics was monitored by using fluorescence changing experiments against C. albicans. The results suggest that I3C may exert antifungal activity by disrupting the structure of the cell membrane. The present study indicates that I3C has considerable antimicrobial activity, deserving further investigation for clinical applications.
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