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973
BIOTECHNOL. & BIOTECHNOL. EQ. 22/2008/4
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS
ARTIClES B&E
Keywords: Hildenbrandia rivularis, Rhodophyta, algae,
freshwater, Serbia
Introduction
Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebm.) J. Ag. 1851 belongs to
phyllum Rhodophyta, class Florideophyceae. It represents red
algae occurring in fresh inland waters.
According to Vouk (35) the rst occurrence of this alga
in the Balkan Peninsula has been noted in the 19th century in
streams in Slovenia (14) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (13).
In the 20th century this alga has been recorded in Bosnia and
Herzegovina in streams (22, 23) and in spring (35), and in
Croatia (11), Bulgaria (18,19,20), Greece (2) in stream and
rivers, as well as in Macedonia in springs (4, 21). New stands
of Hildenbrandia rivularis have been recorded in spring,
rivulet and rivers from mountainous areas in Bulgaria (33, 34).
The occurrence of Hildenbrandia rivularis has also been noted
in standing waters, within the littoral zone of Ohridsko lake in
Macedonia (5).
Up to now on the territory of Serbia species from 6 genera
have been recorded (Bangia Lyngbye., Chantransia (Dc) Fries.,
Batrachospermum Roth, Lemanea Bory, Paralemanea Vis and
Sheath, and Thorea Bory (6, 28, 29, 30). Species from the
genera Hildenbradia Nardo have not been found in Serbia.
Materials and Methods
Submerged stones with red spots were examined and collected
in the Dragovištica River at the village Radičevci (Bosilegrad)
(N 420 27׳ 858״, E 220 29׳ 377״), on 722 m a.s.l. on 28 June
2008. Mapping of the localities was made by GP Garmin 12.
The stone–crusts have been scarped in the laboratory
and examined alive on microscope Amplival–Jena with
magnication up to 800 x. All photos were taken directly from
living material. Algological samples were xed in 4% formalin.
Fixed algological material was stored in the collection of the
Institute of Biology and Ecology in Kragujevac.
On the sampling site several parameters were measured
including the temperature (0C), water speed (m/s), pH of
water, oxygen concentration (mg/l), saturation of oxygen (%),
phosphate and nitrate concentration (mg/l) and conductivity
on temperature at 250C (measured by digital conductometer
type of HANA instruments EP–3 and expressed in µS/cm).
Chemical analyses were performed by standard methods (1).
Results and Discussion
The thalli Hildenbrandia rivularis lying on stone in Dragovištica
River were observed with the naked eye (Fig. 2a). Plants
colored in bright crimson, forming nearly regularly circular
discs and attaining a diameter of about 2.5 cm were visualized
and neighboring discs not fusing into extensive crusts were
also seen (Fig. 2b). The area coverd was less than 2%.
Fig. 1. The countries of the Balkan Peninsula where the presence of the species
Hildenbrandia rivularis was recorded; + know records, * new record (Serbia)
In regard to its morphological traits, the thallus of the alga
was close to the traits of the given species described in the
literature (1 5 ). The disc was composed of a basal layer and
erect laments. The basal layer was prostrate, lacking rhizoids
and composed of branched laments consisting of cells densely
NEW FINDING OF SPECIES HILDENBRANDIA RIVULARIS (LIEBMANN) J.
AGARDH 1851 (RHODOPHYTA) IN SERBIA
S. Simić
University of Kragujevac, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
Corespondence to: Snezana Simic
e-mail: snezasi@kg.ac.yu
ABSTRACT
The paper presents the rst record of freshwater red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebm.) J. Ag. in Serbia and a new nding of
this rare species on the Balkan Peninsula. Hildenbrandia rivularis has been included in the red lists of rare and threatened algae
in some Europe countries.
974 BIOTECHNOL. & BIOTECHNOL. EQ. 22/2008/4
a
b
c
d
e
f
Fig. 2. a - f. Hildenbrandia rivularis: a, b - thalli on the stone (macroscopic); c - part of thallus growing in different directions (magnication 200x); d - thallus
seen from the top (magnication 320x); e, f - part of thalli in vertical section (e-magnication 320x, f-magnication 800x)
975
BIOTECHNOL. & BIOTECHNOL. EQ. 22/2008/4
aggregated laterally (Fig. 2c-d). Cells were producing an erect
lament upwards. The erect laments densely aggregated,
simple or more rarely dichotomously branched and usually
composed of 7-11 cells (Fig. 2 e-f). The breadth of cells
measured approximately from 6 to 10µm, and the length was
from 4 to 12µm. The proportions of length to breadth of the
cells in different parts of creating thalli threads were variable
(Fig. 2f).
The thalli Hildenbrandia rivularis in Dragovištica river is
found on part of the river where the width is from 5-15m and
depth from 0.5-1m. Thali were always found on stones, at a
depth of a few centimeters. The parametres measured were as
follows: water temperature was 16.30C, velocity-0.6 m/s, pH-
8.13, concentration of oxygen-8.22 mg/l, saturation-94.4%,
with small concentration of nutrients (nitrates 0.3 mg/l and
phosphates 0.62 mg/l). Electro conductivity was 228µS/cm.
The place is partially shaded. In community of macroalgae
on the same locality, on limestone substrate, thalli of species
Nostoc sp. were recorded.
Data about the distribution of Hildenbrandia rivularis
indicates that this species is found on relatively small number
of localities of Europe (15).
Starmach (31, 32) studied the physical and chemical
conditions in the places of occurrence of H. rivularis in
Poland, such as pH ranging 6-8, water temperature 0-150C and
velocity 0.3 m/s. Markowski (17) has announced, that this alga
occurred in water owing with a speed of 25-100cm/s. Żelazna-
Wieczorek and Ziułkiewicy (36) noted that in the springs’
niche of this alga the water was soft and lightly alkaline. Water
temperature did not exceed 100C and had characteristic small
annual amplitude and velocity oscillating from 6 to 29.5cm/s
(34). In Poland as well as in Macedonia (5) this alga was found
in standing waters, within the littoral zone of lakes (3, 10, 17).
Stoyneva et al. (33, 34) has recorded, that this alga in
Bulgaria, occurred in summer (May, June and July), in
karsts spring, rivulet and river on stones and pebbles, in
water with temperature of 14-180C, pH 7.6-7.8. Stoyneva et
al. (34) presented data of the rst records of Hildenbrandia-
Heribaudiella association in Bulgaria, represented by
freshwater red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis (Liebm.) J. Ag.
and freshwater brown alga Heribaudiella uviatilis (Aresch.)
Sved.
This taxa was noted in German rivers with water hardness
(0.2-4.4 mmol/l), conductivity (56-2335µS/cm), pH (7.0-8.3),
and tolerated higher amounts of NO3-N (up to 12.5 mg/l), but
was more sensitive to P enrichment (below TP 0.5 mg/l) (12).
Gutowski et al. (12) has classied H. rivularis to a category of
less sensitive species, more widely distributed and indicator of
good quality conditions.
According to Eloranta and Kwadrans (9) the ecological
classication of Hildenbrandia rivularis in relation to water
hardness, saprobity, and ecological type of water was as
follows: living in hard waters (7, 8), alkaline waters (25) and
xeno-to oligosaprobic (26).
Hildenbrandia rivularis is situated on the Red List of
threatened algae in Slovakia as an endangered plant (EN) (16),
in Poland as vulnerable plant (V) (27) and only in Finland
as near threatened (NT) (24). The alga is known to be found
seldom at stands with very small quantities, and is under
species law protection.
Conclusions
Stenovalence of this species in relation to substrate, temperature
and speed of water, as well as quality of water, is the reason for
the small number of habitats of this species, both in Serbia and
Europe. Because of that, any inuences, direct and indirect, by
human that lead to changes in physical or chemical parameters,
as well as to deterioration of water quality in the habitat and in
its immediate vicinity, are potentially unfavourable.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by Ministry of Science and
Environment Protection of the Republic of Serbia (Project No.
143023).
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