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Study on Biological Activities of Extracts for Cosmeceutical Development from Lagerstroemia indica L. Branch
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the cosmetic and biological activity of Lagerstroemia indica L. and it is possible that can be used as a cosmetic ingredient for application of cosmetic industries. Lagerstroemia indica L. branch was extracted with 70% acetone in water. In the result of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging radical activity, acetone extract of Lagerstroemia indica L. branch were higher than 73% at the 50 ppm concentration. ABTS radical cation decolorization activity by acetone extract were higher than 78% at the 50 ppm. Both examine of DPPH and ABTS showed high antioxidative activities at the 50 ppm. In the result of nitrite scavenging ability, acetone extract were higher than 63% at the 50 ppm. Collagenase inhibition activity by extract were higher than 85% at the 50 ppm. Extract is showed high collagenase inhibition more than comparison group EGCG at all concentration. These results suggest that Lagerstroemia indica L. has a great potential as a cosmeceutical raw material as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory and collagenase inhibition activity.
... One of these plants, Lagerstroemia indica L., is a tall shrub that sheds its leaves in winter or one of the most widely used ornamental plants in coastal areas with a round crown that can grow up to 6-7 m (Al-Snafi, 2019). It is known that the Lagerstroemia indica is good for dysentery, eczema, boils, carbuncles, scabies, liver cirrhosis ascites, mastitis, and urinary tract in eastern medicine and folk medicine, and all of them are used as medicine (Lee et al., 2014). Research results suggest that L.indica has great potential as a cosmeceutical raw material as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagenase inhibition activity (Lee et al., 2014). ...
... It is known that the Lagerstroemia indica is good for dysentery, eczema, boils, carbuncles, scabies, liver cirrhosis ascites, mastitis, and urinary tract in eastern medicine and folk medicine, and all of them are used as medicine (Lee et al., 2014). Research results suggest that L.indica has great potential as a cosmeceutical raw material as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagenase inhibition activity (Lee et al., 2014). ...
Cosmetotextiles are emerging as a highly promising part of contemporary consumer lifestyle. This study aims to prepare and characterize new generation cosmetic textile face masks from herbal extracts with cosmetic raw material potential using innovative modern technologies. Lagerstroemia indica L. leaf extract-loaded liposome formulations were prepared by double solvent displacement (DSD)-based technique (Sala et al., 2017). Non-woven cotton fabrics were coated with the previously developed liposomal nanoparticles containing L. indica leaf extract by the LbL method. The existence of the deposited nanolayers was examined using attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The CUPRAC assay was used to measure the antioxidant effectiveness of coated fabrics containing liposomal L. indica leaf extract. We successfully incorporated L. indica leaf extracts exhibiting strong antioxidant properties into liposome form. The characterization analyses performed supported our results. Moreover, antioxidant properties have been gained through innovative methods applied to the developed masks. Based on the in vitro application of the CUPPRAC assay, we determined the antioxidant capacity of the masks as 25.42 ɥmol TE/g-fabric at the end of the 240 th min. The present investigation demonstrated that the techniques we employed yielded compelling outcomes, indicating their suitability for manufacturing masks intended for cosmetic use.
... Exposure of the skin to environmental contaminants or ultraviolet rays results in the depletion of its antioxidant defenses, including enzymes like Vitamin C and E, as well as compounds such as glutathione. This decrease in antioxidants gives rise to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive entities [3]. ROS are known to cause photoaging as they promote melanin production and lead to the formation of wrinkles [4]. ...
... A total of twenty-five types of phenolics were isolated from Lagerstroemia indica L. leaf extract [9,12]. The fruit is a multi-layered cyst, and the ethanol extract prepared from it has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic -antipyretic or stabilizing effects [9,[13][14][15]. So, from the given data, it can be seen that all parts of Lagerstroemia indica L. are widely used for various purposes all over the world. ...
The article talks about the widespread use in medicine and veterinary medicine of many herbal preparations that affect the immune systemAn organism experiencing the effects of adverse factors needs support and protection from the harmful effects of the environment. Therefore, the problem of developing and using various productivity stimulants and general reinforcements is still relevant. Practice has shown that many tools that relieve or prevent stress and immune deficiency conditions simultaneously improve health and increase body activity. It is known that plant raw materials and biologically active substances obtained from them are widely used in almost all sectors of the national economy. Based on this, naturalization of consumed food and medicinal products is one of today’s requirements. This requires increasing the raw materials of food, medicinal and aromatic plants and developing natural medicines and new types of food products from them.
... Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in mice. impaired levels of norepinephrine, acetylcholine esterase, dopamine, and serotonin in the results of treatment with leaf extract found a significant improvement in morbidity in rats caused by AD [16]. ...
LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA L. has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, n-Undekan, Pelargonaldehyde, n-Dodekan, 1,1-Dibutoxibutane, Triacetylglycerin, 4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2 (4H) –on, tsis-Pinan, neophytadiene, chlorpyrifos, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones / dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic glycosides. This article discusses the chemical composition, components, and pharmacological effects of Indian lagerstroemia indica L
... 그러나 과도한 멜라닌 생성은 흑색증, 염증 후 색소 침착, 주근깨 또는 종자와 같은 상태에서 상당한 문제를 일으킬 수 있다 [10]. 기능 성화장품 개발 관련 연구에서는 피부 미백과 주름 개선 효능이 있는 다양한 소재 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으며 특히 웰빙 트렌드 확산으로 안전하고 우수한 효능을 함유한 천연 소재 개 발에 초점을 맞추고 있다 [11,12]. ...
... branch were higher than 73% at the 50 ppm. ABTS radical cation decolorization activity of acetone extract were higher than 78% at the 50 ppm (52) . ...
Lagerstroemia indica contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones/ dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic glycosides (strosides A-C). Lagerstroemia indica showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lagerstroemia indica.
... (Jeon & Kang, 2009 (Scharffetter-Kochanek et al., 2000;Lee et al., 2014b). 콜라겐의 분해와 관련된 다양한 메커니즘 중 하나 는 전사인자인 activating protein-1 (AP-1)에 의한 것으로, AP-1에 의해 유도되는 기질 금속 단백질 분해 효소(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)에 의해서 세포외 기질과 프로콜 라겐 및 콜라겐으로 분해된다 (Scharffetter-Kochanek et al., 2000;Yoo et al., 2010). ...
This study was conducted to provide basic data for the development of processed rice foods by adding Orostachys japonica (Maxim.) A. Berge powder to jeungpyeon. O. japonica powder was added at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% compared to non-glutinous rice flour. As the amounts of powder added increased, the moisture contents decreased, and the pH increased. The pH of jeungpyeon after steaming increased slightly compared to the measured value immediately after the second fermentation. The specific volume and expansion ratio tended to decrease as the amounts of O. japonica powder added increased. As the amounts of O. japonica powder added increased, the L value decreased and the a and b values increased. Hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness increased, and cohesiveness decreased. As the amounts of O. japonica powder added increased, the number of pores decreased, and the pore size increased. Total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents increased as the amounts of O. japonica powder added increased, and the DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, and reducing power also increased. As a result of the sensory evaluation, the group with 4% O. japonica powder added had a high acceptance, so it is judged that adding 4% O. japonica powder to jeungpyeon can improve the quality and make it a processed rice food with excellent antioxidant activity.
This study was designed to determine the biological activities of Chionanthus retusus flower extracts. Water and 90% ethanol extracts of C. retusus flower were prepared. The inhibitory activities of water and ethanol extracts with a phenolic content of 200 μg/mL against xanthine oxidase were 25.60% and 15.92%, respectively. Further, the water extract did not show any inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase whereas the ethanol extract showed 100.00% inhibition of α-glucosidase. The inhibitory activities of the extracts against tyrosinase were 17.27% (water extract) and 36.13% (ethanol extract), which suggest that the extracts may have a whitening effect. The water extract did not inhibit elastase activity but showed a collagenase-inhibitory activity of 20.21%. On the contrary, the ethanol extract showed 96.26% and 35.93% inhibition of collagenase and elastase, respectively. These findings suggest that the extracts may have an anti-wrinkle effect. Lastly, the extracts showed a hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of 36.96% (water extract) and 88.70% (ethanol extract), suggesting that they may have an anti-inflammatory effect. The results indicate that C. retusus flower extracts containing phenolic compounds can be used as functional resources because they have anti-gout, carbohydrate degradation-inhibitory, whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory effects. © The Korean Society of Food Preservation. All rights reserved.
Potentilla supina (Rosaceae) has traditionally been used to treat disorders of hemostasis, dysentery, malaria, bloody discharge and arthritis, and it has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the antiinflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of P. supina using the ethanolic extract of P. supina and its sub-fractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of P. supina, we examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 cells. Our results indicated that ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO, iNOS and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. This result showed that ethyl acetate fraction of P. supina is expected to be a good candidate for development into a source of anti-inflammatory agents.
This study examined the beauty food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Tetragonia tetragonioides. Content of phenolic compounds extracted with water and 50% ethanol extracts were 3.29 mg/g and 4.14 mg/g, respectively. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts were 98.45% and 91.20%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical decolorization activity was 97.28% for water extracts and 97.83% for ethanol extracts at 100 μg/mL of phenolics. Antioxidant protection factor (PF) was 1.77 PF for water and ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of water and ethanol extracts were 94.77% and 95.64%, respectively, at 100 μg/mL of phenolics. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which is related to skin-whitening, was confirmed to be 34.96% for ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Elastase inhibitory activity and anti-wrinkle effect of 50% ethanol extracts were 78.9% at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Collagenase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts was 61.29% at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Astringent effect was not detected in water extracts but was 7.82% for 50% ethanol extracts at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as a measure of anti-inflammation was confirmed to be 81.04% for water extracts at 200 μg/mL of phenolics. Based on these results, Tetragonia tetragonioides extracts can be used as a functional material and functional beauty food with antioxidant effects. © 2016, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All Rights Reserved.
In this study, we investigated the applicability of functional materials by examining a variety of physiological activities with the extract of Cleyera japonica leaf. Cleyera japonica extract showed a low cytotoxicity against murine melanoma B16F10 cells. In little or no cytotoxicity at concentrations, we showed that the treatment with Cleyera japonica extract resulted in a significant increase in the DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 22.90 ?/L), similar to ascorbic acid (IC50, 18.65 ?/L) and anti-microbial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. In particular, anti-microbial activities against Gram-positive bacteria was high. These results suggest that Cleyera japonica extract could be used as a natural preservative. Additionally, Cleyera japonica extract showed the inhibition of tyrosinase activity (IC50, 178.90 ?/L), similar to kojic acid (IC50, 89.13 ?/L) and decreased melanin content (IC50, 101.90 ?/L) higher than the control arbutin level (IC50, 100.65 ?/L), especially. Therefore, these results indicate that Cleyera japonica extract may be an effective material for functional cosmetics such as skin whitening materials.
Oriental herbal liquor (Yakju) is a type of Korean traditional alcoholic beverage that uses Nuruk and oriental herbs for fermentation. The purpose of this study was to develop cosmetic ingredients using Jubak, which is a by-product of alcoholic fermentation of oriental herbal liquor. To investigate antioxidant, whitening, and anti-aging effects of Jubak, we prepared extract of Jubak and its solvent fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction (KSD E4-3) showed the most prominent free radical [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)] scavenging activity (SC50: 0.75 mg/mL). KSD E4-3 significantly inhibited in vitro mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50: 0.82 mg/mL) and reduced the melanin contents in mouse melanoma melanocyte, B16F10 cells. KSD E4-3 down-regulated protein expression of tyrosinase related proteins (TRP)-1, -2, which play key roles in melanogenesis. For anti-aging effects, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression was evaluated using human keratinocyte, HaCaT cells. Treatment of HaCaT cells with KSD E4-3 reduced expression of MMP-1, -2, -9 and inhibited proteolytic activities of MMP-2, -9. These results suggest that KSD E4-3 induces down-regulation of cellular melanogenesis and protects against photoaging induced by UVB-induced damage. Thus KSD E4-3 could potentially be a valuable cosmetic ingredient. © 2014, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights received.
Smilacina japonica is a localized common rhizomatous flowering plant, This plant is often used in Korean traditional systems of medicine as a remedy for migrain, diplegia, physical impurity, blood circulation, abscess and contusion. Generally drugs that are used for arthritis have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the anti-inflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of S. japonica using the ethanolic extract and its subfractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects, we examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results indicated that hexane fraction significantly inhibited the LPS induced NO and PGE2 production in the cells. The hexane fractions inhibitory activity for NO tests with IC50 values showed in 53.3 μg/ml and PGE2 tests with IC50 values showed at 32.5 μg/ml. Theseis result suggest a potential role of hexane fraction from S. japonica as source of anti-inflammatory agent.
The skin is increasingly exposed to ambient UV-irradiation thus increasing its risk for photooxidative damage with longterm detrimental effects like photoaging, which is characterized by wrinkles, loss of skin tone, and resilience. Photoaged skin displays prominent alterations in the cellular component and the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue with an accumulation of disorganized elastin and its microfibrillar component fibrillin in the deep dermis and a severe loss of interstitial collagens, the major structural proteins of the dermal connective tissue. The unifying pathogenic agents for these changes are UV-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) that deplete and damage non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of the skin. As well as causing permanent genetic changes, ROS activate cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways in resident fibroblasts that are related to growth, differentiation, senescence, and connective tissue degradation. This review focuses on the role of UV-induced ROS in the photodamage of the skin resulting in biochemical and clinical characteristics of photoaging. In addition, the relationship of photoaging to intrinsic aging of the skin will be discussed. A decrease in the overall ROS load by efficient sunscreens or other protective agents may represent promising strategies to prevent or at least minimize ROS induced photoaging.
The degradation of nitrite and the inhibition towards formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines by melanoidins, produced from the glucose-glycine system were investigated at various conditions. The degradation of nitrite was highest at pH 1.2 (29%), when the ratio of melanoidins to nitrite was 1: 3. The inhibition towards formation of nitrosamines by melanoidins had the same tendency as the degradation of nitrite, the inhibition also being highest at pH 1.2 (99%). In addition, melanoidins after nitrite treatment exhibited a little higher mutagenicity and much stronger desmutagenicity than those of the original melanoidins. The change of the structure of melanoidins after treating with nitrite was also investigated by HPLC and CP-MAS NMR.
This research was performed to investigate the possibilities of industrial usage of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) by examining the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract with different sections. Content of total phenolics, DPPH radical scavenging activities and antibacterial activity of young leaf, mature leaf, flower bud, flower, bark, and seed of camellia were compared in vitro experimental models. Total phenolics was contained the higher in young leaf (74.62 mg), flower bud (65.02 mg) and flower (62.42 mg) but less than 20.95 mg per 100 g of dry weight in other parts of Camellia japonica L. And effects of antioxidant measured by DPPH radical scavenger activity (, reduce concentration 50%), was shown higher in methanol extract of young leaf, flower bud and flower than of BHT as a chemical oxidant. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Camellia japonica L. extracts determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogen and food spoilage bacteria, the young leaves extracts showed the most active antimicrobial activity against 7 kinds of harmful microorganisms. Flower bud extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. C1036. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of young leaf extract against B. subtillis,S. fradiae,S. aureus,E. coli,P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. C1036, and S. typhimurium were revealed 1 to 15 . As a result, antimicrobial activity of camellia extracts was shown higher gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes. One of causes may be the nonenzymatic glycation followed formation of browning products called advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), an irreversible cross-linked protein. The accumulation of glycated collagen cross-linked in skin inhibits the formation and function of skin tightening agents such as collagen and elastin. To development for anti-wrinkle ingredients from edible plants, MeOH and hot-water extracts were prepared and evaluated for their inhibitory effects of AGEs formation. The activities of both extracts from bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureirii), clove (Eugenia caryophyllate), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis), savory (Satureja hortensis) and star anis (Illicium verum) of western spices, and blackberry (Rubus coreanus), dayflower (Commelina communis), Epimedium koreamun (whole), termunalia frutus (Terminalia chebula) and turkestan rose (Rosa rugosa) of medicinal plants were higher than the others. Of Korean vegetables, however, MeOH and hot-water extract from only Asters caber and green tea showed higher activities, and no activity in Korean marine plants (seaweeds).
A method for determining different types of reducing activity in aqueous leaf extracts of various edible herb species [watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.)] was developed. This method, based on kinetics of the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), was employed to study the correlation between leaf senescence rates under darkness and their relative reducing capacity in aqueous extracts, which represents an oxidative defense mechanism. Evidence is presented showing that the total reducing capacity is negatively correlated with the relative senescence rate of these four herb species and thereby provides a means to predict their storage potential. Also, the initiation of senescence processes was associated with a weakening of the oxidative defense systems. Exogenous application of active reducing agents (morin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, and glutathione) inhibited significantly chlorophyll degradation of detached parsley leaves to an extent related to their in vitro effectiveness of reducing activity. The results further emphasize the correlation between decreasing senescence rate and increasing reducing activity, thereby confirming the possible involvement of reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various edible senescing leaves.
The extracellular connective tissue matrix of the skin is a complex aggregate of distinct collagenous and non-collagenous components. Optimal quantities and delicate interactions of these components are necessary to maintain normal physiologic properties of skin. This overview summarizes the progress made in understanding the normal biology and biochemistry of the extracellular matrix, and will highlight cutaneous diseases with underlying molecular defects in the structure and expression of extracellular matrix components.
Skin from early and late stages of scleroderma has been shown to contain large amounts of thin (30-40 nm diameter) collagen fibrils that may be present in bundles or intermingled with large diameter fibrils (90-120 nm). The nature of these fibrils is unknown. Skin biopsies were obtained from involved areas of nine patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), one case of generalized morphea, one case of morphea, and six normal controls. Intact skin was analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), while extracts were subjected to sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western immunoblotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fine fibrils 20-40 nm in diameter in the mid to lower dermis of scleroderma skin were labeled with antibodies directed against the aminopropeptide (AP) of type III procollagen. Antibodies directed against the AP of type I procollagen labelled fine fibrils in the lower dermis. Larger fibrils (80-120 nm) did not label. pN alpha 1 (III) was found to be present in both normal and scleroderma skin. Extracts of scleroderma skin contained 2.5 times the amount of pN (III) collagen and 3.0 times the amount of fibronectin as did extracts of normal skin. The data indicate that the increase in thin fibrils in scleroderma skin is most likely due to an increase in type III collagen, which retains the AP at its surface.
A relationship between ascorbic acid intake and N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) excretion in humans on a controlled diet was established. Seven healthy males were placed on a low nitrate, low ascorbic acid diet for 12 consecutive days. On days 3-12, a 5.24 mmol oral dose of sodium nitrate was administered in mid-afternoon, at least 2 h after the subject's last meal. On days 4-12, a 4.35 mmol oral dose of L-proline was administered 30 min after the nitrate dose. Ascorbic acid was given in amounts which increased daily from day 5 to day 10 (0.01-5.68 mmol; 1.76-1000 mg) with the proline. Total 24 h urines were assayed for nitrate, NPRO and total ascorbic acid. Nitrate balance was monitored using [15N]nitrate. Average endogenous nitrate synthesis was 1.28 +/- 0.43 mmol/day/person. NPRO excretion was reduced by 6 nmol/day when 0.05 mmol of ascorbic acid was administered. However, as much as 5.68 mmol ascorbic acid did not return NPRO excretion to levels observed before the nitrate and proline were administered. More than 10 times the ascorbic acid required to completely inhibit NPRO formation in vitro did not return NPRO excretion to baseline levels. These data indicate that endogenous nitrosation may be more facile than predicted by the in vitro chemistry.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
The skin is increasingly exposed to ambient UV-irradiation thus increasing risks for photooxidative damage with long-term detrimental effects like photoaging, characterized by wrinkles, loss of skin tone and resilience. Photoaged skin displays alterations in the cellular component and extracellular matrix with accumulation of disorganized elastin and its microfibrillar component fibrillin in the deep dermis and a severe loss of interstitial collagens, the major structural proteins of the dermal connective tissue. The unifying pathogenic agents for these changes are UV-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) which deplete and damage non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of the skin. As well as causing permanent genetic changes, ROS activate cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways in resident fibroblasts that are related to growth, differentiation, senescence and connective tissue degradation. This review focuses on the role of UV-induced ROS in the photodamage of the skin resulting in clinical and biochemical characteristics of photoaging. In addition, the relationship of photoaging to intrinsic aging of the skin will be briefly discussed. A decrease in the overall ROS load by efficient sunscreens or other protective agents may represent promising strategies to prevent or at least minimize ROS-induced photoaging.
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