No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Effect of Calf-Raise Exercise on Gastrocnemius Muscle Based on Other Type of Supports
Abstract
Purpose : The purpose of this study was to perform the calf-raise exercise on the stable support surface and unstable support surface for comparing deference of the gastrocnemius thickness changes that measured by ultrasonography. Method : Subjects stand on unstable support surface and a stable support surface with both feet. Keeping calf-raise position in the 3 seconds, and then had to return back to the starting position. Total of 3 sets of 15 repetitions performed and give a 30-second rest between each set. In this way, exercise performed 3 times a week, performed a total of 6 weeks. Result : 1. gastrocnemius muscle thickness before and after exercise in experimental group A was significantly different(p
... Reid et al. [21] conducted a study where subjects with and without Achilles tendonopathy performed eccentric calf muscle exercises and through the use of electromyography, results had shown that those without Achilles tendonopathy displayed a greater increase in muscle activation compared with those with Achilles tendonopathy. A study by Lee et al. [22] compared the gastrocnemius muscle thickness through ultrasonography during calf-raise exercises performed on various support surfaces and had found a significant increase in gastrocnemius muscle thickness when performed on all support surfaces. These findings can be related to the results of this study, where all of the normal, healthy subjects had shown improvement in gastrocnemius muscle strength after the performance of heel-drop exercises compared with pre-exercise conditions. ...
Objective: Generally, it is known that there is a correlation between excessive calcaneus eversion and a patient with low back pain and it also affects pelvic alignment. However, there are not enough studies that show calcaneal eversion having an effect on the alignment of the trunk. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A 3-dimensional motion analysis system was used to assess the lower limbs, pelvic alignment, and trunk alignment with increased unilateral and bilateral calcaneal eversion in twenty-one subjects. All subjects were asked to maintain a static posture for seven seconds on a wedge three times per posture for measurement and analysis purposes. The wedge used in the process was a lateral wedge with a 10-degree tilt to the lateral direction. To unify all of the subjects` foot position, the front and inner side of the wedge were marked. The height of the tilted wedge`s inner side and flat wedge were balanced equally in order to be able to maintain the lateral part of the foot to the same height when producing an increased calcaneal eversion. Results: Comparing the changes in trunk and pelvic alignment in accordance to calcaneal eversion for each posture, there was a significant different in the X and Y-axis for each posture, but not in the Z-axis (p
... Reid et al. [21] conducted a study where subjects with and without Achilles tendonopathy performed eccentric calf muscle exercises and through the use of electromyography, results had shown that those without Achilles tendonopathy displayed a greater increase in muscle activation compared with those with Achilles tendonopathy. A study by Lee et al. [22] compared the gastrocnemius muscle thickness through ultrasonography during calf-raise exercises performed on various support surfaces and had found a significant increase in gastrocnemius muscle thickness when performed on all support surfaces. These findings can be related to the results of this study, where all of the normal, healthy subjects had shown improvement in gastrocnemius muscle strength after the performance of heel-drop exercises compared with pre-exercise conditions. ...
Objective: This study was aimed to compare the thickness and pennation angle of gastrocnemius through ultrasonography during the heel-drop exercise on ankle dorsiflexion angle. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Nineteen normal adults in their 20s had voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects performed the ankle heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to , , and : heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to was executed on floor-level, heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to on a wooden-block of 2.3 cm in height, and heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to on a wooden-block of 5.5 cm in height. In each regimen, the subjects completed a session of 100 heel-drop exercises (10 repetitions10 sets; with 30 seconds rest following each set; with 24 hours rest following each exercise). Before and immediately after each heel-drop exercise, the thickness and pennation angle of gastrocnemius were measured using an ultrasonography. Results: After the performance of the heel drop exercises with ankle dorsiflexed to , , and , the thickness of the gastrocnemius was significantly higher than pre-exercise (p was significantly higher than exercise with the ankle dorsiflexed to (p, , and is effective on the strengthening of the gastrocnemius. Furthermore, the heel-drop exercise with the ankle dorsiflexed to is more effective than with the ankle dorsiflexed to .
Balance training is widely used in the rehabilitation after an ankle sprain and is thought to have a decreasing effect on postural sway. The present study investigated whether a 5.5-week balance training programme leads to a decreased postural sway showing in a reduced range of centre of pressure excursion.
Thirty university students participated in this study. Twenty-two untrained subjects were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=11) or a control group (n=11). The remaining eight subjects were participants in an organized volleyball competition and were assigned to an additional volleyball group (n=8). All subjects of the intervention group and the volleyball group received a 5.5-week balance training programme, while subjects of the control group received no training. Centre of pressure of the ground reaction force was measured as a proxy measure of postural sway, using a force platform. Measurements took place before and after the 5.5-week training programme for standing on one leg (both for right and for left leg) of single leg stance, both for the eyes-open and eyes-closed situation. From these measurements centre of pressure excursion in the anterior-posterior and the medial-lateral direction was calculated. A linear regression analysis was performed to check for differences in centre of pressure excursion between any of the groups over the training period.
No differences in changes of centre of pressure excursion were found between any of the groups over the 5.5-week training period.
Balance training does not lead to a reduction in centre of pressure excursion in a general population consisting of non-injured and previously injured subjects.
Real-time ultrasound imaging is currently used extensively in medicine. It provides a safe, cost-effective and readily accessible method of examination of various organs and tissues. Furthermore, real-time ultrasound imaging has the potential to be of considerable benefit in rehabilitation. Possible applications in physiotherapy practice and research relate to measurement of muscle size and observation and monitoring of muscle contraction while it actually occurs. This may be useful for muscle rehabilitation and re-education, especially in the case of deep muscles, which are often difficult to assess.
Prior research revealed activation differences between the medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius when performing heel raise exercise with neutral (N), internally-rotated (IR) and externally-rotated (ER) foot positions. Studying underlying biomechanics may help explain activation differences. The purpose was to compare ankle (AN), knee (KN), and hip (HI) contributions (initial joint angles) to attaining each initial foot position, ankle flexion-extension range of motion, ankle mechanical energy expenditure, repetition time, and percent cycle concentric-eccentric transition between N, IR, and ER foot positions. Twenty healthy subjects (11 male, 9 female) with resistance training experience performed twelve repetitions of free-weight (135% body mass) heel raise exercise using N, IR and ER foot positions in a counterbalanced order. Forefeet were elevated .05m onto separate forceplates. Electromagnetic sensors secured along dominant lower limb recorded kinematic data. Dependent variables were averaged across five selected repetitions. No significant differences existed for repetition time (P=.209), percent cycle concentric-eccentric transition (P=.668), ankle mechanical energy expenditure (P=.590), and ankle flexion-extension range of motion (P=.129) between foot positions. Post hoc comparison of a significant joint by foot position interaction (P<.001) demonstrated IR>N>ER for the initial HI and KN angles, whereas for AN, ER>IR and N. Between joints: AN<KN and HI for N and AN<KN<HI for IR. Although it was expected the IR/ER/N positions would induce large start AN angle changes, our results reveal the greatest changes at the HI followed by the KN. Small AN differences may be explained by beginning dorsiflexed (close-packed position). Further research is needed to explain the MG and LG activation differences previously reported.
The soleus, one of the triceps surae muscles, greatly contributes to standing and walking. Strength training focused on the soleus could be important to prevent age-related deterioration in these functions. We therefore investigated the effects of regular heel-raise training focused on the soleus for the elderly. Forty-nine healthy women aged 60 to 79 years trained for at least 40 days in a period of two months. Training consisted of a set of 100 repetitions per day of heel-raise with both legs in a standing position. The training effect was evaluated by changes in each muscle thickness of the soleus and gastrocnemius medialis, which was measured using an ultrasound scanner, as well as plantar flexor strength. The subjects' ability to perform the training and their subjective opinions of its effects were assessed by a questionnaire survey. Plantar flexor strength and thicknesses of the soleus and gastrocnemius medialis were increased significantly by the training. The percentage increase in thickness was significantly greater for the soleus than for the gastrocnemius medialis (12.7% vs. 6.6%). These improvements did not significantly correlate with age. The questionnaire results suggested that the elderly were able to safely and easily perform the heel-raise training at home. This study demonstrated that regular heel-raise training is an effective muscle training method for the elderly, focused on the soleus.
Nineteen ruptures of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muslce are described. These were caused by sudden overstretching of the muscle though concomitant ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension. Surgical exploration in 12 patients verified rupture of the musculotendinous junction. A 2-year follow-up showed that the surgical approach with suture of the muscle gave better results than conservative treatment, especially in the younger and athletic patients.
Seventeen volunteers performed unilateral strength-training of the quadriceps with high-resistance, low-repetition, dynamic exercise, thrice weekly for an average of 5 weeks. Both before and after the training period, bilateral measurements were made of isometric quadriceps strength, quadriceps cross-sectional area (by ultrasound scanning), and thigh circumference.
There were no significant changes in the untrained thighs. The trained quadriceps increased their isometric strength by more than they changed their cross-sectional area (mean increments = 15% and 6% respectively). Quadriceps hypertrophy was underestimated by measurements of thigh circumference and could not be predicted from them.
We conclude that studies of localized muscle growth require direct measurements of the size of the muscle(s) concerned. Nevertheless, these may still underestimate the improvements in strength produced by high-resistance training.
Thirteen hemiplegic patients who had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in the anterior cerebral circulation were subjected to training on a moving platform. Each session consisted of a 5 min stance on the platform while they moved along an anteroposterior axis, and a 5min stance during transverse movement. Movement amplitude of the platform was adjusted once every three training sessions to the largest that the patients could sustain without using their hands for support. An electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of each patient during training and at stance on the floor. In addition, the distribution of body weight on the feet was measured in each case before the training program began and at its termination after three weeks (15 training sessions). A matched group of 11 hemiplegic patients served as controls. The maximal movement amplitude that each patient in the control group could sustain was determined twice, once at the beginning of the study and again after three weeks. Ten patients in the experimental group showed more than a two-fold increase in the maximal movement amplitude (MMA) that they could sustain. The patients most impaired initially showed the greatest increase in MMA--five- to seven-fold. In the control group, only one patient had an MMA increase greater than two-fold. A significant improvement in weight distribution on the feet during stance on the floor was found in the experimental patients, but not in the controls. EMG records indicated that improvement in stance did not result from increased TA activation in the hindered leg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
To establish and compare the relationship between standing balance and walking performance, eight children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) and 16 non-disabled, age- and sex-matched children were studied. The results showed that the children with CP had worse static balance stability in various sensory environments and dynamic balance (rhythmic shifting ability) than the non-disabled children. Moreover, the children with CP walked at a slower speed but at a greater physiological cost than the non-disabled children. In the children with CP, dynamic balance significantly correlated with walking function. It is suggested that rhythmic weight-shift training should be encouraged to improve the walking performance of children with CP.
Skeletal muscle architecture is the structural property of whole muscles that dominates their function. This review describes the basic architectural properties of human upper and lower extremity muscles. The designs of various muscle groups in humans and other species are analyzed from the point of view of optimizing function. Muscle fiber arrangement and motor unit arrangement is discussed in terms of the control of movement. Finally, the ability of muscles to change their architecture in response to immobilization, eccentric exercise, and surgical tendon transfer is reviewed. Future integrative physiological studies will provide insights into the mechanisms by which such adaptations occur. It is likely that muscle fibers transduce both stress and strain and respond by modifying sarcomere number in a way more suited to the new biomechanical environment.
To quantify changes in balance parameters and ranges of postural control at the ankle after isokinetic fatigue.
Before-after trials, with a 5 x 6 repeated-measures design.
General community.
Twenty-four men (age, 24.9 +/- 3.92y; height, 177.79 +/- 6.36cm; weight, 80.78 +/- 13.22kg) without ankle trauma within 2 years.
Fatigue of the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors was induced by isokinetic contractions. Balance was assessed by using a unilateral test (15-s quiet stance, 10-s lean test) on a force platform immediately before and at 0 (T0), 10 (T10), 20 (T20), and 30 (T30) minutes postfatigue.
Mediolateral (ML) and fore-aft (FA) sway as well as ML and FA displacement were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures for time (alpha =.05).
In quiet stance, ML sway was greater at T0, whereas total sway increased at all time points postfatigue (P < .05). For the lean test, FA sway increased at T0 and T10, and total sway increased at all time points (P < .05). Both ML and FA displacement significantly differed at T0 (P < .05). All sway parameters returned to baseline within 20 minutes.
Isokinetic fatigue of ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors significantly influences sway parameters and ranges of postural control in healthy young men. These perturbations are transient, and recovery occurs within 20 minutes.
Traditionally, balance training has been used to rehabilitate ankle injuries and postural deficits. Prospective studies have shown preventive effects with respect to ankle and knee joint injuries. Presently, balance training is not only applied for rehabilitation and prevention but also for improving motor performance, especially muscle power. The recent application of noninvasive electrophysiological and brain imaging techniques revealed insights into the central control of posture and the adaptations induced by balance training. This information is important for our understanding of the basic control and adaptation mechanisms and to conceptualize appropriate training programmes for athletes, elderly people and patients. The present review presents neurophysiological adaptations induced by balance training and their influence on motor behaviour. It emphasizes the plasticity of the sensorimotor system, particularly the spinal and supraspinal structures. The relevance of balance training is highlighted with respect to athletic performance, postural control within elderly people as well as injury prevention and rehabilitation.
- 만성 뇌졸중
- 환자에 대한
- 지지
- 안정 지지면에서의 운동 효과 비교
- 석사학위 을지대 학교
- 논문
이지연(2009). 만성 뇌졸중 환자에 대한 불안정 지지
면과 안정 지지면에서의 운동 효과 비교. 을지대
학교, 석사학위 논문.
The effect of high-resistance training on the strength and cross-sectional area of the human quadriceps
- A Young
- M Stokes
- Jm Round
Young A, Stokes M, Round JM et al (1983). The
effect of high-resistance training on the strength
and cross-sectional area of the human quadriceps.