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Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak, Malaysia

January 2005
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 13:175-208

Authors:

Smithsonian Institution

An annotated checklist of the fishes recorded from the Rajang basin in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, from its headwaters to the brackish waters near its mouth, is presented. At least 164 species are recorded, collected mainly by several recent expeditions to Belaga and the Balui River, Kapit and the Baleh River, and around Sibu. Sixty-four fish species are recorded for the first time in the Rajang basin, two of which (Pangio piperata and Macrognathus circumcinctus) are new records for Borneo. The list should be treated as preliminary as many areas in the Rajang system have not been sampled. The list fills a critical gap in our knowledge of the fishes of Sarawak and includes the first report on fishes of the Batang Balui, a headwater tributary of the Rajang.

The Rajang Basin, Sarawak - its major tributaries and major towns—and location in Borneo (inset).

…

Logging operation in the Rajang near Kapit, July, 1991.

…

Mud-bottomed tributary stream of the Baleh River (field station LRP91-7).

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The Rajang River at Belaga, July 1991.

…

Mud and gravel-bottomed, with outcrop, tributary stream of the Batang Balui (field station LRP91-28).

…

Figures - uploaded by Lynne R Parenti

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Lynne R Parenti

Content may be subject to copyright.

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005 Supplement No. 13: 175-208

FISHES OF THE RAJANG BASIN, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

Lynne R. Parenti

Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0159, U.S.A.

Email: parenti.lynne@nmnh.si.edu

Kelvin K. P. Lim

The Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences,

The National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260

Email: dbslimkp@nus.edu.sg

ABSTRACT. – An annotated checklist of the fishes recorded from the Rajang basin in Sarawak, Malaysian

Borneo, from its headwaters to the brackish waters near its mouth, is presented. At least 164 species are

recorded, collected mainly by several recent expeditions to Belaga and the Balui River, Kapit and the Baleh

River, and around Sibu. Sixty-four fish species are recorded for the first time in the Rajang basin, two of

which (Pangio piperata and Macrognathus circumcinctus) are new records for Borneo. The list should be

treated as preliminary as many areas in the Rajang system have not been sampled. The list fills a critical

gap in our knowledge of the fishes of Sarawak and includes the first report on fishes of the Batang Balui,

a headwater tributary of the Rajang.

KEY WORDS. – Fish diversity, species checklist, new records, Rajang basin, Sarawak, Borneo.

INTRODUCTION

Borneo is the world’s third largest island with some 743,107

km2 of land area. Owing to “…difficulties of access to the

tropical rainforest of much of the interior, a lack of reliable

dating of igneous rocks, poorly fossiliferous sedimentary

rocks and an absence of a coherent stratigraphic scheme for

many parts of the island” (Hall & Nichols, 2002: 5) the

geology of Borneo is particularly poorly known. Knowledge

of the Bornean fish fauna is similarly fragmentary as surveys

of its major rivers such as the Barito, Kapuas, Mahakam and

Rajang, are incomplete. The freshwater fish fauna of Sarawak

and Brunei was reviewed briefly by Kottelat & Lim (1995),

but the Sarawak ichthyofauna has been largely neglected in

contrast to the other political divisions of Borneo for which

detailed reviews and checklists have been prepared: Sabah

(Inger & Chin, 1962, 1990; Lim & Wong, 1994; Kottelat,

2005, present volume; Martin-Smith & Tan, 1998),

Kalimantan Barat (Roberts, 1989), Kalimantan Timur

(Kottelat, 1994), and Brunei (Choy & Chin, 1994; Parenti &

Meisner, 2003). An expedition from the Royal Ontario

Museum (ROM) made extensive collections throughout the

Baram River and compiled a preliminary checklist of 97 fish

species from that system (Watson & Balon, 1984; E. J.

Crossman, pers. comm., in 1991).

The Rajang (or Rejang) is the largest river in Malaysian

Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah) with a drainage basin about

50,000 km2 in area covering about 40% of the land area of

the state of Sarawak and about 7% of that of Borneo (Liechti,

1960; Staub et al., 2000). Headwaters in the central highlands

drain the northern slopes of the Kapuas Hulu Range and

western slopes of the Hose and Iran mountains (Fig. 1). From

its headwaters, the main Rajang channel flows north and then

southwest through 563 km (350 mi) of mountain ranges,

through steep, rugged gorges and rapids, hilly countryside,

and a large, complex delta through which it empties into the

South China Sea (Liechti, 1960: 8-9; Staub et al., 2000). The

watershed drains the Sarawak districts of Belaga, Kapit, Song,

Julau, Kanowit, Sibu, Matu Daro, Binatang and Sarikei. The

Rajang is tidal as far upstream as the town of Kanowit, 120

km upriver, and navigable by small steamers as far as the

town of Kapit, 241 km (150 mi) upriver (Liechti, 1960:9;

Staub et al., 2000).

Freshwater habitats of the Rajang include partially shaded

forest streams with a bottom of mud or sand, leaf litter, and

fallen branches (Fig. 3), the main river channel (Fig. 4), and

rocky hill streams in the mountainous interior (Fig. 5). The

delta plain covers some 6,500 km2 in area and is marked by

dense peat deposits up to 15 m thick, forming blackwater

peat swamps around the towns of Sarikei, Sibu and Daro

(Staub et al., 2000: Fig. 1). Material is reported on herein

from peat swamps in and around Sibu with a pH as low as

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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

4.5 (see Appendix 1). Peat swamps were traditionally thought

to have poor fish faunas owing to their low dissolved oxygen

and high acidity, but their diversity has been underestimated

(Ng et al. 1994). Caves are another habitat in Southeast Asia

that has been poorly studied for fishes. The first cave-

dwelling catfish from Southeast Asia was described from

Thailand by Ng & Kottelat (1998). Sarawak has a renowned

cave system, best represented by the Mulu and Niah caves

(Wilford, 1964). The extensive limestone cave system that

characterizes much of coastal Sarawak is limited in the Rajang

region, however (Wilford, 1964: Figs. 17, 70).

The complex pattern and process of the modern (= Cenozoic,

last 60 Ma) formation of Borneo and other islands in the Indo-

Australian archipelago is at the heart of current

palaeogeographic research in Southeast Asia (Hall, 1996; Hall

& Nichols, 2002). Borneo was formed via accretion of

ophiolites, island arc crust and microcontinental fragments

(Hamilton, 1979; Hutchison, 1996; Moss & Wilson, 1998;

Hall & Nichols, 2002). At the end of the Cretaceous period

(65 Ma), modern Borneo had not yet been assembled/accreted

(Metcalfe, 1996). The Schwaner Mountains of southwestern

Borneo and the Meratus Mountains of southeastern Borneo

had been accreted on to the southeastern tip of Eurasia by

this time, whereas much of the area now recognised as

northwestern Borneo was oceanic crust and/or marginal crust

(see Metcalfe, 1996; Wilson & Moss, 1999: Fig. 2). During

the end of the Late Cretaceous/beginning of the Cenozoic,

deepwater marine deposits were laid down upon the oceanic/

marginal crust. Sediment for these turbidite deposits most

likely originated in the west/northwest (mainland Southeast

Asia) (see Hutchison, 1996; Moss, 1998; Hall & Nichols,

2002).

By the end of the Oligocene (~25 Ma), parts of central Borneo

started to be uplifted, volcanism was common across the

island, and large amounts of sediment were being eroded from

Fig. 1. The Rajang Basin, Sarawak - its major tributaries and major towns—and location in Borneo (inset).

the centre of the island and redeposited in deltas fringing the

island (for example the Baram, Mahakam, Tarakan). It is

approximately at this time that the modern Rajang River

started to be formed (S. Moss, pers. comm., in 1999).

Outcrops of turbiditic rocks of the Late Cretaceous-Early

Cenozoic Rajang Group are typical along the upper reaches

of the modern Rajang River basin (Fig. 5).

Our goal is to provide the first comprehensive summary of

the fish fauna of the Rajang basin from its headwaters to the

brackish waters near its mouth. We were prompted by several

recent expeditions that amassed large collections of fishes

from near the Rajang headwaters to the coastal peat swamps.

Such a comprehensive review of the fish fauna is long overdue

and particularly timely as development and management of

the river increases. The Rajang is of particular economic

importance to Sarawak and the rest of Malaysia. Logging is

a major source of income for Sarawak, and is the main activity

along the Rajang that serves as the principal means of

transportation (Fig. 2; Khoo et al., 1992: 180-181). Travel

between Kapit and Belaga is mainly by speedboat or longboat

through the Pelagus rapids, and above Belaga by longboat

through the Bakun rapids to the Batang Balui, a major

tributary (Lelek, 1983a: Fig. 1). An introduction to the Balui

region, including geology, and a history of the founding of

Belaga are provided by Maxwell (1987a, b). The Bakun

Hydroelectric Project includes plans for a hydroelectric dam

to be built across the river above Belaga which, when

completed, will supply electrical power not only to Sarawak,

but also to Peninsular Malaysia. It will also flood a large

portion of the Rajang headwaters, including the Batang Balui.

As far as we can determine, this is the first report on the fish

fauna of the Batang Balui. Flooding of small streams in the

headwaters following construction of the Bakun dam is

expected to have a devastating effect on the ichthyofauna.

Knowledge of the Rajang ichthyofauna has come from

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

Fig. 2. Logging operation in the Rajang near Kapit, July, 1991.

Fig. 3. Mud-bottomed tributary stream of the Baleh River (field

station LRP91-7).

isolated studies. Physical water parameters of the Rajang

were summarised by Lelek (1983a) who also made

recommendations for possible fishery development (Lelek,

1983b). Some fish species collected from the Rajang estuary

were recorded by Blaber et al. (1997). The Lanjak-Entimau

Wildlife Sanctuary is drained by tributaries of the Katibas

River, one of the principal named tributaries of the Rajang

that enters the main channel of the river at Song (Fig. 1). An

unpublished list of fishes recorded from the Ulu Katibas

within the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary was compiled

by Leh et al. (1997). A list of 18 freshwater fish species

indigenous to Sarawak with aquaculture potential was

compiled by Chang (1997), and most of these species are

known from the Rajang basin. Gastromyzontine loaches were

reviewed from a collection made in the Baleh River, a Rajang

tributary near Kapit, from which Gastromyzon fasciatus, G.

punctulatus and G. (now Neogastromyzon) pauciradiatus

were described as new species (Inger & Chin, 1962). Fish

species described recently from the Rajang basin include:

Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts (1982a), Chonerhinos silus

Roberts (1982b), Parosphromenus allani Brown (1987), Betta

brownorum Witte & Schmidt (1992), Osteochilus

sarawakensis Karnasuta (1993), Carinotetraodon salivator

Kottelat & Lim (1995), Rasbora kottelati Lim (1995),

Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja

(1998), Clarias planiceps Ng (1999a), Hemibagrus chrysops

Ng & Dodson (1999), Kryptopterus platypogon Ng (2004)

and Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat (2004b). Taxa awaiting

description include new species in the genera Gastromyzon,

Protomyzon, Pangasius, and Nagaichthys (M. Kottelat, H.

H. Tan and C. Vidthayanon, pers. comm. in 2004).

Our annotated list of the fish diversity recorded from the

Rajang is far from complete as there are only preliminary

records of the riverine fish fauna from brackish waters in tidal

areas, and we list species that were collected from a few,

select areas around Sibu (lower Rajang), Kapit and the Batang

Baleh (middle Rajang), and Belaga and the Batang Balui

(upper Rajang). Nonetheless, of the 164 species of fish listed

here, 64 species are reported for the first time from the Rajang

basin. The spiny eel, Macrognathus circumcinctus, and the

eel-loach, Pangio piperata, appear to be first records for

Borneo. These fill a critical omission in our knowledge of

the fishes of Sarawak. A good, working knowledge of the

native and introduced fishes of the Rajang is a necessary

prerequisite to a conservation and development plan and will

be of use to all who are interested in the natural history of

Sarawak.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fish were collected using a variety of standard methods (see

Baldwin et al., 1996, for a comprehensive review of fish

Fig. 4. The Rajang River at Belaga, July 1991.

Fig. 5. Mud and gravel-bottomed, with outcrop, tributary stream

of the Batang Balui (field station LRP91-28).

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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

collecting methods), including seining, dip-netting, push-

netting, electroshocking and an ichthyocide. Specimens were

also purchased in local markets (Fig. 6) or obtained from local

fishermen who used gillnets, castnets or hook-and-line. We

report herein new material from five expeditions, listed

chronologically and including a description of field stations

(Appendix 1). We also include historical records of fishes

from the Rajang basin in the Sarawak Museum and Field

Museum of Natural History.

Material reported here is deposited in the following

institutions and collections: BMNH - The Natural History

Museum, London, United Kingdom; CAS - California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.; CMK -

Collection of Maurice Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland; FMNH

- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; ITTO -

International Timber Trade Organisation, Kuching, Sarawak,

Malaysia; SFD - The Fisheries Department of Sarawak,

Sarawak, Malaysia; SM - Sarawak Museum, Kuching,

Sarawak, Malaysia; SMF - Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt,

Germany; SU – Stanford University collection, now at

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.;

USNM - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.; ZRC - Zoological

Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity

Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ZSM

- Zoologische Staatsammlung, München, Germany.

A significant collection of fishes from the Balui branch of

the Rajang at the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak made in the

early 1990s as part of an environmental impact assessment

prior to the building of the Bakun Dam has not yet been

reported upon. As we have not examined any material from

this collection, it is not discussed here. The checklist largely

follows the systematic order adopted by Nelson (1994) and

Eschmeyer (1998) and contains all fish species found in both

freshwater and brackish-water. Species recorded for the first

time from the Rajang basin are indicated by a *. ** indicates

species recorded for the first time in Borneo. A list of species

is given in Appendix 2.

Fig. 6. Fish from the Rajang River on sale at the market in Kapit

town.

FISH FAUNA OF THE RAJANG BASIN

CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII

DIVISION TELEOSTEI

ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES

FAMILY OSTEOGLOSSIDAE

Scleropages formosus (Schlegel & Müller, in Müller &

Schlegel, 1844) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (BMNH 1906.10.29.3), Rajang.

Remarks. – The 500 mm SL specimen at BMNH was

obtained by Charles Hose sometime before 1906. There

appear to be no further records from the Rajang basin.

Authority of the species follows Eschmeyer (1998). Pouyaud

et al. (2003) reviewed the Asian arowanas and described three

species that appear to have restricted distributions in Borneo

and Sumatra: Scleropages legendrei in the Lake Sentarum

area of the Upper Kapuas basin, S. macrocephalus in the

Kapuas and Barito basins, and S. aureus in central Sumatra.

Scleropages formosus is widespread and seems to live in

sympatry with the other three species. Pouyard et al. (2003)

overlooked the Rajang specimen that is likely to be

Scleropages formosus, the most widespread of the four

species.

FAMILY NOTOPTERIDAE

Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (USNM 320968), LRP91-18.

Remarks. – The two USNM specimens measure 535 mm and

560 mm in SL. They have a uniform pale golden background

colour, with small black spots on the caudal fin and the

posterior portion of the body and the anal fin, and a black

spot behind the pectoral-fin base. These specimens were

purchased in the Belaga market and appear to have been taken

on hook-and-line.

ORDER CLUPEIFORMES

FAMILY CLUPEIDAE

Sundasalanx microps Roberts, 1981 *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 322199), LRP91-12.

Remarks. – In placing Sundasalanx in Clupeiformes rather

than Salmoniformes, as in the original description, we follow

the most recent treatment of its relationships by Siebert

(1997). Apparently this is the first record of the genus

Sundasalanx for Sarawak.

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1847)

Tenualosa toli - Blaber et al., 1996: 225-242 (Batang Lassa); 1997:

203 (Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – Blaber et al. (1996: 225-226, 1997: 203) consider

the “terubok” to be “the most commercially and culturally

important estuarine fish in Sarawak”.

FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE

Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker, 1851b)

Lycothrissa - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Setipinna breviceps (Cantor, 1849)

Setipinna breviceps - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper

Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1848)

Setipinna taty - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1848)

Setipinna tenuifilis - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper

Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg, 1933

Stolephorus baganensis - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Coilia spp.

Coilia - Blaber et al., 1997: 204 (Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – Blaber et al. (1997: 204) note that the larvae of

six species of Coilia were collected “mainly from the Lupar

and Lassa estuaries”. They do not list the species that were

obtained from the Lassa drainage, however. Although we

have not seen material from the Rajang, the species that are

likely to occur include Coilia borneensis Bleeker (1852a),

C. coomansi Hardenberg (1934), C. macrognathos Bleeker

(1852b), C. neglecta Whitehead (1967), and C. rebentischii

Bleeker (1858a).

ORDER CYPRINIFORMES

FAMILY CYPRINIDAE

Barbonymus collingwoodii (Günther, 1868) *

Puntius collingwoodi - Chang, 1997: 37 (Rejang); Leh et al., 1997:

26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68314), RFI 6.8.56; 17 ex.

(FMNH 68316), RFI 12.8.56; 39 ex. (FMNH 68911), FWK

15.12.62; 30 ex. (FMNH 68897), IGK 27.9.62; 140 ex. (FMNH

68313), RFI 5.8.56; 10 ex. (FMNH 68884), IGK 21.9.62; 205 ex.

(FMNH 68315), RFI 8.8.56; 6 ex. (FMNH 103623), LRP91, no

specified locality; 6 ex. (USNM 323843), LRP91-25; 11 ex. (USNM

323844), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 323845), LRP91-27; 4 ex.

(USNM 323846), LRP91-28; 5 ex. (USNM 323847), LRP91-27; 1

ex. (USNM 323856), LRP91-7; 8 ex. (USNM 323857), LRP91-8;

1 ex. (USNM 323860), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (USNM 323861), LRP91-

21; 2 ex. (USNM 323865), LRP91-16; 2 ex. (USNM 323866),

LRP91-10; 3 ex. (USNM 323867), LRP91-26; 12 ex. (USNM

323850), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483;

1 ex, (ZRC 37822), RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC 45893) Lanjak-Entimau

Wildlife Sanctuary: Sg. Begua.

Remarks. – This and the next two species were previously

classified in the genus Barbodes (see Kottelat, 1999: 594).

Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 45845), THH9803/4.

Remarks. – This common aquaculture species, known in

English as the silver barb, appears to have been introduced

in the Rajang river system. The natural distribution of B.

gonionotus is discontinuous, being found in Southeast Asia

and western Indonesia, and absent from peninsular Malaysia,

north Sumatra and Borneo (McConnell, 2004: 665).

Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853a)

Puntius schwanenfeldii - Chang, 1997: 11-12 (Rejang).

Barbodes schwanenfeldii - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 68305), RFI 10.8.56; 9 ex.

(FMNH 103624), LRP91-31; 4 ex. (USNM 323840), LRP91-34; 1

ex. (USNM 323848), LRP91-27; 15 ex. (USNM 323849), LRP91-

7; 11 ex. (USNM 323851), LRP91-25; 10 ex. (USNM 323852),

LRP91-31; 5 ex. (USNM 323853), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM

323854), LRP91-30; 15 ex. (USNM 323855), LRP91-8; 5 ex.

(USNM 323858), LRP91-10; 11 ex. (USNM 323859), LRP91-12;

8 ex. (USNM 323862), LRP91-9; 26 ex. (USNM 323863), LRP91-

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35; 1 ex. (USNM 323864), LRP91-33; 2 ex. (USNM 323868),

LRP91-29; 1 ex. (ZRC 45788), GYY048; 11 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/

Remarks. – Distinguished from Barbonymus collingwoodii

in having 35 to 36 scales pierced by lateral line; eight scales

between dorsal fin origin and lateral line; 13 predorsal scales;

and red caudal, pelvic and dorsal fin (Kottelat et al., 1993:

33). Many of the USNM specimens, however, have a lower

lateral line scale count of 32 or 33, and some have just seven

scales between the dorsal origin and lateral line. Because

their colour pattern - strongly defined black submarginal

stripes on the caudal fin lobes, and red fins - conforms to that

of B. schwanenfeldii, we regard them as that species.

Cosmochilus falcifer Regan, 1906

Cosmochilus falcifer - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916: 142 (Rajang);

Roberts, 1989: 32 (Rejang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 229 (Rajang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SM-E 16 16.1), Rajang River, pres: C.

Hose, i.1905.

Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes,1842)

Cyclocheilichthys apogon - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 12 ex. (FMNH 68253), RFI 12.8.56; 3 ex.

(FMNH 68895), IGK 22.9.62; 8 ex. (USNM 323838), LRP91-19;

1 ex. (USNM 323837), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (USNM 323839), LRP91-

22; 2 ex. (USNM 325392), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-

21.

Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes,1842)

Cyclocheilichthys armatus - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 69863), NSH 8.56; 8 ex.

(FMNH 68252), RFI 7.8.56; 5 ex. (FMNH 68907), IGK 27.9.62;

16 ex. (FMNH 68251), RFI 5.8.56.

Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker, 1853b) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68271), RFI 5.8.56; 23 ex.

(FMNH 68273), RFI 11.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68272), RFI 8.8.56; 1

ex. (USNM 323870), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 323841), LRP91-

30; 2 ex. (USNM 323869), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 323871),

LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 323872), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (ZRC),

THH9807; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.

Garra borneensis (Vaillant, 1902)

Garra bornensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Hampala bimaculata (Popta, 1905)

(Fig. 7a)

Hampala bimaculata - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68511), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68510), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69859), NSH 8.56; 3

ex. (FMNH 69860), NSH 8.56; 5 ex. (FMNH 68918), FWK

15.12.62; 7 ex. (FMNH 68890), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68883),

IGK 21.9.62; 26 ex. (FMNH 68508), RFI 5.8.56; 55 ex. (FMNH

68899), IGK 27.9.62; 76 ex. (FMNH 68509), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex.

(USNM 323385), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 323373), LRP91-22; 2

ex. (USNM 323378), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM 323381), LRP91-

10; 6 ex. (USNM 323382), LRP91-21; 3 ex. (USNM 323387),

LRP91-25; 1 ex. (USNM 323390), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM

323391), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323395), LRP91-31; 2 ex.

(USNM 323476), LRP91-35; 5 ex. (USNM 323666), LRP91-36; 1

ex. (ZRC), GYY026.

Hampala macrolepidota (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

Hampala macrolepidota - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 105334), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex.

(USNM 323379), LRP91-8; 5 ex. (USNM 323380), LRP91-10; 5

ex. (USNM 323383), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (USNM 323384), LRP91-

13; 5 ex. (USNM 323386), LRP91-27; 2 ex. (USNM 323388),

LRP91-7; 3 ex. (USNM 323389), LRP91-19; 9 ex. (USNM 323392),

LRP91-9; 8 ex. (USNM 323393), LRP91-22; 7 ex. (USNM 323394),

LRP91-31; 45 ex. (USNM 323396), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM

323397), LRP91-32; 2 ex. (USNM 323398), LRP91-21; 3 ex. (ZRC),

GYY0483; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex.

(ZRC), THH9809; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus - Roberts, 1993a: 328.

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 323730), LRP91-30; 2 ex.

(USNM 323731), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (USNM 323732), LRP91-31; 1

ex. (USNM 323735), LRP91-12; 1 ex. (USNM 323737), LRP91-

Remarks. – Roberts (1993a: 328) observed that the Rajang

material has faint brown submarginal stripes on the caudal

fin lobes, and more scales in lateral series 41-46 versus the

33-44 (modally 38) of Labiobarbus leptocheilus from

elsewhere. He suspects they may represent an undescribed

taxon.

Leptobarbus melanotaenia Boulenger, 1894 *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (USNM 323682), LRP91-21; 5 ex.

(USNM 323683), LRP91-35; 7 ex. (USNM 323686), LRP91-19; 3

ex. (USNM 324996), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325024), LRP91-

26; 1 ex. (USNM 323681), LRP91-23; 1 ex. (USNM 323684),

LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 323685), LRP91-24.

Remarks. – The dark brown, mid-lateral stripe that runs along

181

THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

Fig. 7. a. Hampala bimaculata, 116.5 mm SL, USNM 323666; b. Luciosoma setigerum, 79.5 mm SL, USNM 320743; c. Syncrossus

hymenophysa, 135.0 mm SL, USNM 323668; d. Mastacembelus unicolor, 260 mm SL, USNM 323670; e. Eleotris melanosoma, 91 mm

SL, USNM 321251; f. Osphronemus septemfasciatus, 83 mm SL, USNM 323669; g. Auriglobus silus, 45 mm SL, USNM 323667; h.

Carinotetraodon salivator, 40.5 mm SL, USNM 323665.

182

Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

the edges of the scales from the opercle to the mid caudal

base immediately above and over the lateral line is distinct

in specimens under 75 mm SL. In fish beyond that size, the

stripe is faint, but still discernible.

Lobocheilos cf. bo (Popta, 1904)

Lobocheilus bo - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 4 ex. (FMNH 69847), NSH 8.56; 3 ex.

(FMNH 69846), NSH 8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68529), RFI 12.8.56; 11

ex. (FMNH 69845), NSH 8.56; 215 ex. (FMNH 68528), RFI 8.8.56;

4 ex. (FMNH 68527), RFI 6.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68872), RFI 3.8.56;

1 ex. (FMNH 68887), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68885), IGK

21.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68916), FWK 15.12.62; 154 ex. (FMNH

68526), RFI 5.8.56; 71 ex. (FMNH 69848), NSH 8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH

103618), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM 325042), LRP91-7; 11 ex.

(USNM 325342), LRP91-22; 13 ex. (USNM 325344), LRP91-31;

1 ex. (USNM 325345), LRP91-20; 1 ex. (USNM 325346), LRP91-

13; 5 ex. (USNM 325347), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325348),

LRP91-36; 1 ex. (USNM 325349), LRP91-25; 10 ex. (USNM

325350), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM 325351), LRP91-32; 1 ex.

(USNM 325352), LRP91-14; 2 ex. (USNM 325353), LRP91-8; 2

ex. (USNM 325354), LRP91-10; 18 ex. (USNM 325355), LRP91-

27; 6 ex. (USNM 325356), LRP91-12; 14 ex. (USNM 325418),

LRP91-28; 7 ex. (USNM 325419), LRP91-34; 2 ex. (USNM

325420), LRP91-17; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP 91-35; 1 ex. (ZRC

37827), RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 4 ex. (ZRC), GYY026.

Remarks. – Lobocheilos bo is characterised by having one

pair of barbels, 16 circumpeduncular scales, and the pectoral

fin at least as long as the head (Kottelat et al., 1993). The

colour pattern of Lobocheilos material from the Rajang agrees

with that described by Inger & Chin (1962: 84) for their

specimens from Sabah. There is a blackish, round spot on

the caudal peduncle that varies in intensity from solid black

to almost indistinct. The fins are unmarked and each scale

above the lateral line has a blackish margin. The photograph

of Lobocheilos bo from the Kapuas in Roberts (1989: 42,

Fig. 24, below) shows, and the diagnosis in Kottelat et al.

(1993: 37) indicates, a distinct midlateral stripe which is not

mentioned by Inger & Chin, nor present on our Rajang

material. Maurice Kottelat and Heok Hui Tan (pers. comm.

in 2004) have identified the Rajang material as an undescribed

species.

Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842) *

Material examined. – 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.

Remarks. – Our specimens key out to Lobocheilos falcifer

following Kottelat et al. (1993: 37), and are distinguished

from Lobocheilos bo in having two pairs of barbels. There

are five-and-one-half scales between the dorsal origin and

the lateral line, and the head length is slightly less than the

body depth.

Lobocheilos cf. kajanensis (Popta, 1904)

Lobocheilus cf. kajanensis - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Luciosoma setigerum (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes,1842) *

(Fig. 7b)

Material examined. – 4 ex. (FMNH 68215), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex.

(FMNH 68408), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68409), RFI 10.8.56; 1

ex. (FMNH 68216), RFI 12.8.56; 10 ex. (FMNH 68407), RFI 3.8.56;

10 ex. (FMNH 103619), LRP91-32; 7 ex. (USNM 320751), LRP91-

7; 18 ex. (USNM 320743), LRP91-8; 5 ex. (USNM 320744),

LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 320746), LRP91-10; 31 ex. (USNM

320749), LRP91-14; 12 ex. (USNM 320745), LRP91-16; 10 ex.

(USNM 320739), LRP91-19; 14 ex. (USNM 320747), LRP91-20;

5 ex. (USNM 320742), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 320740), LRP91-

23; 27 ex. (USNM 320752), LRP91-24; 63 ex. (USNM 323374),

LRP91-25; 32 ex. (USNM 320738), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM

324979), LRP91-27; 57 ex. (USNM 320748), LRP91-27; 18 ex.

(USNM 320972), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 320971), LRP91-29; 2

ex. (USNM 324997), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325398), LRP91-

31; 40 ex. (USNM 320750), LRP91-31; 30 ex. (USNM 320737),

LRP91-32; 9 ex. (USNM 323673), LRP91-35; 111 ex. (USNM

320736), LRP91-35; 19 ex. (USNM 320735), LRP91-36.

Remarks. – This is one of the most common species of fish

in the middle and upper Rajang basin, taken at 20 of the 32

stations in the July/August 1991 collection, including both

the Rajang at Kapit and from the cooler waters above Belaga.

Luciosoma spilopleura Bleeker, 1855

Luciosoma spilopleura - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916: 89 (Kapit);

Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 230 (Kapit).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – Weber & de Beaufort’s (1916: 89) record from

Kapit needs to be checked for correct identification.

Luciosoma spilopleura differs from L. setigerum in being

smaller (to 82 mm SL), having a tuberculate snout and

mandible, a pelvic fin that does not reach anal-in origin, and

a caudal fin with blackish middle rays and a black submarginal

stripe on each caudal lobe. It is also known from the Kapuas

basin in Borneo and Sumatra.

Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier

& Valencienes,1844) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC 47268), Kapit market.

Nematabramis steindachneri Popta, 1905 *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 323675), LRP91-36; 1 ex.

(USNM 323676), LRP91-6; 5 ex. (USNM 323677), LRP91-22; 4

ex. (USNM 323678), LRP91-19; 5 ex. (USNM 323679), LRP91-

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

26; 10 ex. (USNM 323680), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 325032),

LRP91-35; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 25 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

Osteochilus enneaporos (Bleeker, 1852c) *

Material examined. – 8 ex. (FMNH 103621), LRP91-20; 9 ex.

(USNM 325372), LRP91-25; 2 ex. (USNM 325373), LRP91-24; 7

ex. (USNM 325374), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 325375), LRP91-

34; 4 ex. (USNM 325376), LRP91-33; 8 ex. (USNM 325377),

LRP91-32; 12 ex. (USNM 325378), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM

325379), LRP91-36; 5 ex. (USNM 325380), LRP91-27; 26 ex.

(USNM 325381), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325382), LRP91-10; 7

ex. (USNM 325383), LRP91-21; 5 ex. (USNM 325412), LRP91-

28; 8 ex. (USNM 325413), LRP91-20; 10 ex. (USNM 325414),

LRP91-27; 1 ex. (ZRC 45791), GYY048; 4 ex. (ZRC 47266) Kapit

market.

Remarks. – This common Rajang Osteochilus species is

characterised by a dusky mid-lateral stripe of varying intensity

from behind the opercle to the caudal base which does not

extend onto the caudal fin, and three (in some specimens four)

whitish tubercles on the snout. The largest (182 mm SL)

specimen seen by us (ZRC) has bluish scales and lacks a mid-

lateral stripe.

Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes,1842)

Osteochilus hasselti - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Osteochilus intermedius Weber & de Beaufort, 1916

Osteochilus intermedius - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas in

Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary).

Material examined. – None.

Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker, 1857)

Osteochilus kahajensis [sic.] - Chang, 1997: 31 (upper Rejang,

Kapit).

Osteochilus kajanensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 323842), LRP91-28; 1 ex.

(USNM 323873), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 325415), LRP91-22; 1

ex. (ZRC 45790), GYY048.

Remarks. – This species is distinct among Rajang Osteochilus

in having two whitish tubercles on the snout and a large round,

blackish blotch on the caudal peduncle.

Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1852b)

Osteochilus melanopleura - Chang, 1997: 21 (Rejang).

Material examined. – None.

Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

Osteochilus vittatus (not of Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1842, in part?) - Chang, 1997: 35 (Rejang).

Osteochilus microcephalus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Osteochilus sarawakensis Karnasuta, 1993

Osteochilus sarawakensis Karnasuta, 1993: 55 (Baleh: type series

in FMNH); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 231 (Baleh).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 325000), LRP91-13; 5 ex.

(USNM 325362), LRP91-21; 8 ex. (USNM 325363), LRP91-19; 2

ex. (USNM 325364), LRP91-32; 20 ex. (USNM 325365), LRP91-

31; 5 ex. (USNM 325366), LRP91-22; 11 ex. (USNM 325367),

LRP91-26; 5 ex. (USNM 325368), LRP91-27; 4 ex. (USNM

325369), LRP91-36; 1 ex. (USNM 325384), LRP91-20; 6 ex. (ZRC),

GYY026.

Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker, 1851c) *

Material examined. – 5 ex. (ZRC 37839), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC

37854), MK94-7,25; 1 ex. (ZRC 37962), MK94-55.

Oxygaster anomalura van Hasselt, 1823

Oxygaster anomalura - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 12 ex. (FMNH 68191), RFI 5.8.56; 3 ex.

(FMNH 68190), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69862), NSH 8.56; 1

ex. (FMNH 68274), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95203), RFI 8.8.56;

47 ex. (FMNH 68189), RFI 8.8.56; 3 ex. (USNM 323672), LRP91-

14; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.

Paracrossochilus acerus Inger & Chin, 1962

Paracrossochilus acerus Inger & Chin, 1962: 100 (Baleh: type series

in FMNH and SM); Roberts, 1989: 57 (Baleh River); Leh et al.,

1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 4 ex. (FMNH 95196), GIK 27.9.62; 1 ex.

(FMNH 95192), GIK 27.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68879), IGK 21.9.62;

1 ex. (FMNH 69857), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 323882), LRP91-

31; 4 ex. (USNM 323883), LRP91-27; 3 ex. (USNM 323884),

LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 323885), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (USNM

325002), LRP91-35; 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 7 ex. (ZRC), GYY026;

2 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 17 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

Paracrossochilus vittatus (Boulenger, 1894)

Paracrossochilus vittatus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 68546), RFI 6.8.56; 4 ex.

(FMNH 69858), NSH 8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH 68901), GIK 27.9.62; 1

ex. (FMNH 95193), IGK 22.9.62; 15 ex. (FMNH 68547), RFI 8.8.56;

69 ex. (FMNH 68545), RFI 5.8.56; 19 ex. (FMNH 68547), RFI

8.8.56.

184

Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

Puntioplites bulu (Bleeker, 1851d)

Puntius bulu - Chin, 1990: 10, Fig. S9 (Ulu Belaga); Chang, 1997:

15 (Rejang).

Material examined. – 12 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker, 1850)

Rasbora vaillanti (not of Popta, 1905) - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916:

63 (Kapit); Herre, 1940: 29 (Rejang).

Rasbora argyrotaenia - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 233 (Kapit); Leh et

al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 52 ex. (FMNH 68888), IGK 22.9.62; 219 ex.

(FMNH 68900), IGK 27.9.62; 116 ex. (FMNH 68919), FWK

15.12.62; 6 ex. (FMNH 69829), NSH 8.56; 7 ex. (FMNH 69830),

NSH 8.56; 42 ex. (FMNH 68337), RFI 5.8.56; 130 ex. (FMNH

68338), RFI 8.8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68339), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH

69831), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95199), FWK 15.12.62; 1 ex.

(USNM 325028), LRP91-8; 6 ex. (USNM 325003), LRP91-21; 6

ex. (USNM 325005), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 325004), LRP91-

35; 3 ex. (USNM 325339), LRP91-24; 7 ex. (USNM 325041),

LRP91-26; 5 ex. (USNM 325338), LRP91-23; 1 ex. (SM uncat.),

LRP 91-23; 3 ex. (USNM 325025), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (USNM

325035), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 325019), LRP91-25; 1 ex.

(USNM 325030), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (SM-E 16.17 6), Kapit, iv.1904;

5 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.

Rasbora bankanensis (Bleeker, 1853c) *

Material examined. – 9 ex. (ZRC 37942), MK94-26.

Rasbora borneensis Bleeker, 1860

Rasbora bornensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Rasbora caudimaculata Volz, 1903

Rasbora caudimaculata - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b)

Rasbora dusonensis - Roberts, 1989: 73 (Rejang).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (FMNH 68342), RFI 10.8.56; 10 ex.

(USNM 325394), LRP91-21; 45 ex. (USNM 325410), LRP91-21;

11 ex. (USNM 324990), LRP91-14; 26 ex. (USNM 325340),

LRP91-31; 12 ex. (USNM 325396), LRP91-27; 9 ex. (USNM

325037), LRP91-21; 4 ex. (USNM 325023), LRP91-33; 2 ex.

(USNM 325001), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 325020), LRP91-34; 4

ex. (USNM 325029), LRP91-22; 11 ex. (USNM 325393), LRP91-

35; 7 ex. (USNM 325040), LRP91-19; 3 ex. (USNM 324994),

LRP91-12; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-12; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/

Remarks. – There are two scales between the lateral-line

scales and pelvic-fin origin, and a stripe of concentrated

melanophores below the lead-coloured stripe on the

specimens we examined. The side of the abdomen is strongly

reticulated but these reticulations do not extend above the

lead-coloured stripe. The distal margin of the caudal fin is

distinctly dark brown. One of the largest species in its genus,

a specimen (in FMNH 68342) from the Ulu Baleh measures

191 mm SL.

Rasbora cf. dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b) *

(Fig. 8)

Material examined. – 7 ex. (FMNH 68341), RFI 3.8.56; 4 ex.

(FMNH 68341), RFI 3.8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 103625), LRP91-8; 1

ex. (USNM 324981), LRP91-14; 5 ex. (USNM 324988), LRP91-

12; 6 ex. (USNM 325036), LRP91-8; 3 ex. (USNM 324992),

LRP91-13; 3 ex. (USNM 324985), LRP91-10; 2 ex. (USNM

324983), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 324662), LRP91-7; 1 ex. (USNM

324971), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-8.

Remarks. – This form is distinguished from the

aforementioned species in having one scale between the

lateral-line scales and pelvic-fin origin, and a distinct broad

stripe of melanophores running over and below the lead-

coloured stripe. The side of the abdomen is plain white

without reticulations, and the distal margin of the caudal fin

is not distinctly dusky.

Fig. 8. Rasbora cf. dusonensis, 82.5 mm SL, USNM 324985.

Rasbora ennealepis Roberts, 1989

Rasbora cf. ennealepis - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Rasbora kottelati Lim, 1995

Rasbora kottelati Lim, 1995: 66 (Sibu: type series in ZRC).

Material examined. – 4 ex. (ZRC 37841), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC

37848), MK94-6; 10 ex. (ZRC 37949), MK94-27; 3 ex. (ZRC

37856), MK94-7,25; 7 ex. (ZRC 37961), MK94-55; 3 ex. (ZRC

37969), MK94-56.

Rasbora pauciperforata Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 *

Material examined. – 6 ex. (ZRC 37965), MK94-55.

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

Rasbora sarawakensis Brittan, 1951

Rasbora sarawakensis - Brittan, 1954: 99 (Rejang: 3 ex. CAS-SU

33593); Roberts, 1989: 75 (Rejang).

Material examined. – 36 ex. (FMNH 69833), NSH 8.56.

Rasbora cf. sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852c) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (USNM 324973), LRP91-8; 1 ex.

(USNM 324976), LRP91-25; 6 ex. (USNM 324980), LRP91-32; 2

ex. (USNM 324984), LRP91-22; 2 ex. (USNM 324987), LRP91-

36; 4 ex. (USNM 324993), LRP91-10; 2 ex. (USNM 324995),

LRP91-7; 3 ex. (USNM 324999), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325022),

LRP91-6; 9 ex. (USNM 325038), LRP91-23; 56 ex. (USNM

325043), LRP91-19; 14 ex. (USNM 325395), LRP91-26; 2 ex. (of

USNM 325396), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (of USNM 325037), LRP91-21;

4 ex. (ZRC 37943), MK94-26; 4 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex. (ZRC),

THH9807; 15 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 18 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

Remarks. – The specimens we refer to have 12

circumpeduncular scales and about 26 scales pierced by the

lateral line. The body has distinct reticulations above and

below the axial streak, and a bold, dusky stripe above anal-

fin base. The caudal fin has a distinctly dusky distal margin.

Rasbora tornieri Ahl, 1922

Rasbora dusonensis (not of Bleeker, 1851b) - Brittan, 1954: 122

(Rejang: 1 ex. CAS-Stanford 33594); Roberts, 1989: 73 (Rejang:

numerous ex. in SMF).

Rasbora tornieri - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 234.

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 3 ex. (ZRC),

THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9810; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9811; 4 ex.

(ZRC 47267), Kapit market.

Remarks. – The largest of the genus Rasbora in the Rajang.

The largest specimen seen by us is 163.0 mm SL (from ZRC

47267).

Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1870 *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37944), MK94-26.

Rasbora volzii Popta, 1905

Rasbora voltzii [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 23 ex. (FMNH 68891), IGK 22.9.62; 12 ex.

(FMNH 68902), IGK 27.9.62; 5 ex. (FMNH 68376), RFI 12.8.56;

25 ex. (FMNH 68374), RFI 3.8.56; 23 ex. (FMNH 69837), NSH

8.56; 29 ex. (FMNH 68375), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex. (of USNM 324980),

LRP91-32; 2 ex. (of USNM 325038), LRP91-23; 3 ex. (USNM

324982), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 324998), LRP91-20; 1 ex. (ZRC

37819), RS1; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.

Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert &

Tjakrawidjaja, 1998

Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998:

104, Fig. 6 (confluence of Batang Balui & Batang Kerumo).

Material examined. – Holotype (USNM 325389), LRP91-28.

Paratypes – 12 ex. (USNM 346637), LRP91-28.

Others - 2 ex. (USNM 325391), LRP91-6; 2 ex. (USNM 324978),

LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 325359), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325387),

LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 325388), LRP91-34; 18 ex. (USNM

325390), LRP91-27; 28 ex. (USNM 325411), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (SM

uncat.), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (ZRC 37823), RS3.

Sundadanio axelrodi (Brittan, 1976) *

Material examined. – 5 ex. (ZRC 37966), MK94-55; 6 ex. (ZRC

37970), MK94-56; 30 ex. (ZRC 37865), MK94-7,25.

Remarks. – Formerly in the genus Rasbora, but unique in

being sexually dimorphic, the males having brighter colours,

a more slender shape, and tubercles on the head (see Kottelat

& Witte, 1999). This fish lives in peat swamp drainages in

the vicinity of Sibu.

Systomus banksi (Herre, 1940)

Puntius bansi [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 30 ex. (FMNH 68283), RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex.

(FMNH 68285), RFI 12.8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH 68284), RFI 8.8.56;

137 ex. (FMNH 69855), NSH 8.56; 977 ex. (FMNH 69856), NSH

8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 103622), LRP91-23; 18 ex. (USNM 323470),

LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 323471), LRP91-7; 5 ex. (USNM 323472),

LRP91-22; 10 ex. (USNM 323473), LRP91-36; 27 ex. (USNM

323474), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 323475), LRP91-25; 10 ex.

(USNM 323477), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323478), LRP91-21;

10 ex. (USNM 323479), LRP91-26; 2 ex. (USNM 323480), LRP91-

20; 1 ex. (USNM 323481), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-

19; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 14 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.

Systomus johorensis (Duncker, 1904) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), 25.8 mm SL, THH9811.

Systomus kuchingensis (Herre, 1940)

Puntius kuchingensis - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 233 (Sarikei); Leh et

al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (FMNH 68909), IGK 9.10.62; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68321), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68319), RFI 5.8.56; 4

ex. (FMNH 68320), RFI 8.8.56; 6 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 5 ex.

(ZRC), THH9808; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

186

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Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), 90.0 mm SL, THH9803/4.

Systomus pentazona (Boulenger, 1894)

Puntius pentazona pentazona - Alfred, 1963: 138 (Sibu).

Puntius pentazona - Roberts, 1989: 65 (Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:

233 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 12 ex. (ZRC 37840), MK94-5,24; 3 ex. (ZRC

37971), MK94-56; 3 ex. (ZRC 37948), MK94-27; 4 ex. (ZRC

37963), MK94-55; 8 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9810.

Remarks. – This species appears to be endemic to

northwestern Borneo, and has a distribution similar to that of

Rasbora kottelati. In the Kuching area, southwest of the

Rajang basin, it is replaced by Systomus hexazona (Weber &

de Beaufort, 1912) that lacks the black spot under the posterior

base of the dorsal fin that is consistently present on its

presumed close relative.

Tor tambra (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1842)

Tor douronensis - Chang, 1997: 3 (Rejang).

Tor tambra - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 11 ex. (FMNH 68905), IGK 27.9.62; 10 ex.

(FMNH 68559), NSH 8.56; 15 ex. (FMNH 68903), IGK 27.9.62;

6 ex. (FMNH 68896), IGK 22.9.62; 11 ex. (FMNH 69842), NSH

8.56; 6 ex. (FMNH 69840), NSH 8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 69839), NSH

8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68558), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69841), NSH

8.56; 151 ex. (FMNH 68557), RFI 8.8.56; 648 ex. (FMNH 68556),

RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 69843),

NSH 8.56; 20 ex. (FMNH 69844), NSH 8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68561),

RFI 3.8.56; 44 ex. (FMNH 68562), RFI 5.8.56; 43 ex. (FMNH

68560), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95197), FWK 15.12.62; 2 ex.

(FMNH 95123), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68915), FWK 15.12.62;

5 ex. (USNM 323689), LRP91-27; 12 ex. (USNM 323690), LRP91-

28; 10 ex. (USNM 323691), LRP91-36; 3 ex. (USNM 323692),

LRP91-35; 6 ex. (USNM 323693), LRP91-25; 11 ex. (USNM

323694), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 323695), LRP91-23; 3 ex.

(USNM 323696), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM 323698), LRP91-31; 1

ex. (USNM 323700), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 324986), LRP91-

25; 1 ex. (USNM 325343), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM 325358),

LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 325399), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (ZRC 37826),

RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026.

Remarks. – Tor douronensis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842) is considered a junior synonym (Roberts,

1993b: 22). See under Tor tambroides for additional remarks.

According to Chang (1997: 3), the local peoples in Sarawak

distinguish this species (Ikan Semah) from Tor tambroides

(Ikan Empurau). Both are esteemed food fishes that fetch

high prices in the market. Depending on the locality, they

can cost RM40 or more per kilogramme. The Ikan Semah

has been named the state fish of Sarawak.

Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854a)

Tor tambroides - Chang, 1997: 6 (Rejang); Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu

Katibas).

Material examined. – 20 ex. (FMNH 69844), NSH 8.56; 3 ex.

(FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2

ex. (FMNH 69843), NSH 8.56; 43 ex. (FMNH 68560), RFI 8.8.56;

44 ex. (FMNH 68562), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 323688), LRP91-

20; 1 ex. (USNM 323697), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323699),

LRP91-28.

Remarks. – The taxonomy of the Sundanian Tor spp. is

confused. The length of the fleshy median lobe under the

lower jaw distinguishes the two forms in the Rajang basin.

Tor tambra has a short, rounded snout and a short, truncate

median lobe that is restricted to the upper one-third of the

lower lip. Tor tambroides has a relatively long, pointed snout

and a longer lobe that extends onto the posterior half of the

lower lip. Both species live syntopically in the Rajang basin.

Apart from the shape of the snout and length of the median

lobe, there does not seem to be any other external

morphological character to differentiate the forms. The

differences may be due to sexual dimorphism within a single

species. All Tor under 30 mm SL examined by us resemble

T. tambra and are here treated as that species. The elongate

median lobe of T. tambroides, however, is present on

specimens as small as 55 mm SL (from FMNH 68560).

Several of the juveniles we examined have a round, black

blotch on the caudal base, not present in adults. Some freshly

caught Tor from the Baleh River at Long Singut are pictured

in Chin (1990: 14, Fig. S13A). In Sarawak, Tor tambroides

is known as Ikan Empurau, and is distinguished from the

similar Ikan Semah, Tor tambra, not only by the long median

lobe under the lower jaw, but also by its larger size and

golden-yellow colour. The local peoples along the Rajang

recognise three types of Ikan Empurau: Empurau Burak,

Empurau Merah, and Empurau Chelum (Chang, 1997: 6).

Undescribed genus and species *

Material examined. – 9 ex. (ZRC 37853), MK94-7,25; 35 ex. (ZRC),

THH9812.

Remarks. – These specimens represent a diminutive, pelagic

danionine fish and do not exceed 12 mm SL. It is found

largely in blackwater streams draining coastal peat swamp

forests. Kai-Erik Witte (pers. comm.) is preparing the

description of this genus that also lives in Peninsular Malaysia

and Sumatra.

FAMILY COBITIDAE

Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991

Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991: 108 (Baleh: 3 ex., FMNH

68156); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 237 (Baleh).

Material examined. – None.

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Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)

Pangio anguilaris [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim, 1993 **

(Fig. 9)

Material examined. – 26 ex. (ZRC) THH9809; 25 ex. (ZRC)

THH9807; 1 ex. (USNM 321604), LRP91-7; 6 ex. (USNM 321605),

LRP91-31; 2 ex. (USNM 321606), LRP91-19; 8 ex. (USNM

321608), LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 321609), LRP91-10; 1 ex. (USNM

321882), LRP91-8.

Remarks. – Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim (1993: 236) was

described from Peninsular Malaysia, and is also known from

Sumatra. The present specimens represent a new record for

Borneo.

Fig. 9. Pangio piperata, 33.4 & 35.9 mm SL, ZRC uncat. from

THH 9807.

FAMILY BALITORIDAE

Gastromyzon fasciatus Inger & Chin, 1961

Gastromyzon fasciatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 173 (Baleh: type series

in FMNH); Roberts, 1982a: 507 (Baleh); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:

235 (Baleh); Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – holotype (FMNH 68119), RFI 8.8.56; 22

paratypes (FMNH 68115), RFI 8.8.56. Others – 8 ex. (FMNH

68936), RFI 27.9.62; 17 ex. (FMNH 68937), RFI 3.10.62; 5 ex.

(FMNH 68946), RFI 10.9.62.

Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts, 1982a

Gastromyzon borneensis (in part) - Inger & Chin, 1961: 176 (Baleh).

Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts, 1982a: 510 (Baleh: type series in

FMNH).

Gastromyzon borneensis (in part), Gastromyzon megalepis - Kottelat

& Lim, 1995: 235 (Baleh).

Material examined. – holotype (FMNH 68126), RFI 5.8.56; 5

paratypes (FMNH 94593), RFI 5.8.56. Others – 1 ex. (ZRC 37818),

RS1; 1 ex. (ZRC 27824), RS3.

Gastromyzon punctulatus Inger & Chin, 1961

Gastromyzon punctulatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 173 (Baleh: type

series in FMNH); Roberts, 1982a: 515 (Baleh); Kottelat & Lim,

1995: 235 (Baleh).

Material examined. – holotype (FMNH 68116), RFI 8.8.56; 7

paratypes (FMNH 68117), RFI 8.8.56. Others – 1 ex. (USNM

323723), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 323687), LRP 91-27; 2 ex. (ZRC

37825), RS3; 62 ex. (FMNH 68938), IGK 3.10.62; 1 ex. (FMNH

68154), NSH 8.56; 4 ex. (FMNH 68945), RFI 10.9.62.

Gastromyzon sp.

Gastromyzon embalohensis nomen nudum (not of Rachmatika,

1998) - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 47019), Lanjak Entimau Wildlife

Sanctuary: Sg. Begua; 4 ex. (ZRC 47020), Ulu Katibas; 2 ex. (ZRC

37825), Ulu Katibas: Sg. Melinau.

Remarks. – This species is differentiated from its congeners

in the Rajang by having red dorsal, caudal and anal fins as

in Gastromyzon embalohensis Rachmatika (1998) from the

upper Kapuas basin. It is morphologically distinct from that

species, however, and will be described as a new taxon (H.

H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2004).

Glaniopsis cf. hanitschi Boulenger, 1899

Baleh Glaniopsis - Roberts, 1982a: 522 (Baleh: 24 ex. FMNH 68137,

68151-68153, 69868).

Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940)

Acanthophthalmus kuhlii (not of Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1846) - Burridge, 1992: 174, 181 (Rajang).

Material examined. – 22 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.

Syncrossus hymenophysa (Bleeker,1852c) *

(Fig.7c)

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 322213), LRP91-28; 1 ex.

(USNM 323668), LRP91-27.

Remarks. – Syncrossus hymenophysa, known as a lowland

species, was reported by Roberts (1989:103), as Botia

hymenophysa, to be replaced by S. reversa in upland areas

on the southern slopes of the Kapuas Hulu Range. Our

specimens of S. hymenophysa were collected in upland areas.

Syncrossus reversa has not been found in the Rajang and

perhaps does not live there. It is distinguished from S.

hymenophysa by having 9 to 11 (versus 12 to 13) branched

rays and no (versus presence of a) blackish blotch on the

dorsal fin. We follow Kottelat (2004a) in classifying this

species in the genus Syncrossus.

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Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 97442), IGK 27.9.62; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68151), NSH 8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68137), RFI 3.8.56; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68152), NSH 8.56; 18 ex. (FMNH 68153), NSH 8.56; 2

ex. (FMNH 69868), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 87077), RFI 5.8.56;

2 ex. (USNM 323881), LRP91-31.

Remarks. – Roberts (1982a: 522) recognises this possibly

undescribed species as resembling Glaniopsis hanitschi but

specimens differing ‘in their much smaller size, shorter

barbels, ... seven instead of only six branched dorsal-fin rays,

fewer scales, and other minor differences’. Members of the

Borneo endemic genus Glaniopsis are found mainly in small

mountain streams with clear, cool water.

Homaloptera nebulosa Alfred, 1969

Homaloptera cf. nebulosa - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 323874), LRP91-35; 1 ex.

(USNM 323876), LRP91-8; 4 ex. (USNM 323877), LRP91-35; 1

ex. (USNM 323880), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex.

(ZRC), GYY026; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 30 ex. (ZRC), THH9806;

2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 14 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 18 ex. (ZRC),

THH9805.

Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, 1902 *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68944), RFI 10.9.62; 3 ex.

(FMNH 68941), RFI 3.10.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68155), NSH 8.56; 2

ex. (ZRC), THH9806.

Homaloptera wassinkii Bleeker, 1853d *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 97441), IGK 3.10.62; 2 ex.

(FMNH 68140), RFI 8.8.56; 2 ex. (USNM 323875), LRP91-36; 1

ex. (USNM 323878), LRP 91-22; 2 ex. (USNM 323879), LRP 91-

26.

Homaloptera cf. stephensoni Hora, 1932

Homaloptera cf. stephensoni - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Homaloptera sp. *

(Fig. 10)

Material examined. – 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9806; 4 ex. (ZRC),

THH9809.

Remarks. – A small species (largest specimen obtained was

29 mm SL) that resembles Homaloptera nebulosa, but differs

in lacking the large dark-brown blotches over the dorsum.

Its specific status awaits verification.

Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat, 2004

Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat, 2004b: 303, fig. 2 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – holotype (ZRC 49631), RS3; 4 paratypes

(ZRC 49287), GYY026.

Remarks. – Katibasia insidiosa is distinguished from all other

species of balitorids in Borneo, mainly in having its upper

lip fused with the rostral cap anteriorly, between the rostral

barbels (Kottelat, 2004b: 302).

Nemacheilus kapuasensis Kottelat, 1984

Noemacheilus kapuasensis Kottelat, 1984: 244 (Baleh: non-type ex.

FMNH).

Nemacheilus kapuasensis - Roberts, 1989: 107 (Rejang); Kottelat

& Lim, 1995: 236 (Baleh).

Nemacheilus cf. kapuaensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (USNM 320387), LRP91-26; 2 ex.

(USNM 320388), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (USNM 320389), LRP91-25; 6

ex. (USNM 320390), LRP91-10; 4 ex. (USNM 320391), LRP91-

27; 14 ex. (USNM 320392), LRP91-31; 8 ex. (USNM 320393),

LRP91-21; 7 ex. (USNM 320394), LRP91-32; 27 ex. (USNM

320395), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 320396), LRP91-13; 14 ex.

(USNM 320397), LRP91-7; 15 ex. (USNM 320398), LRP91-19;

30 ex. (USNM 320399), LRP91-9; 3 ex. (USNM 320400), LRP91-

35; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9809.

Remarks. – Nemacheilus kapuasensis is sometimes syntopic

with N. spiniferus in the Rajang basin.

Nemacheilus saravacensis Boulenger, 1894

Nemacheilus saravacensis - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Nemacheilus spiniferus Kottelat, 1984

Noemacheilus spiniferus Kottelat, 1984: 250 (Belaga: 15 ex. SMF

17012).

Nemacheilus spiniferus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Rejang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (of USNM 320396), LRP91-13; 6 ex.

(ZRC), THH9807.

Fig. 10. Homaloptera sp., 28.1 mm SL, ZRC uncat. from THH

9806.

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Neogastromyzon cf. nieuwenhuisii Popta, 1905

Gastromyzon nieuwenhuisi - Inger & Chin, 1961: 175 (Rajang).

Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisi - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Rajang);

Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 68947), RFI 10.9.62; 126 ex.

(FMNH 68131), RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC),

GYY026.

Remarks. – The Rajang population of Neogastromyzon

nieuwenhuisii is distinct from that from the type locality

(Kayan basin in Kalimantan), and represents an undescribed

species (H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2004). It is tentatively

recognised as N. nieuwenhuisii because it has a post-oral

pouch, which is absent on N. pauciradiatus.

Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus (Inger & Chin, 1961)

Gastromyzon pauciradiatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 174 (Baleh: type

series in FMNH).

Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Baleh).

Material examined. – holotype (FMNH 68121), RFI 5.8.56; 21

paratypes (FMNH 68122), RFI 5.8.56. Others – 3 ex. (FMNH

68939), RFI 3.10.62; 4 ex. (FMNH 68935), RFI 27.9.62.

Remarks. – Both Neogastromyzon spp. are syntopic in the

Rajang basin.

Parhomaloptera microstoma (Boulenger, 1899)

Parhomaloptera microstoma - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 68942), IGK 3.10.62; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68943), RFI 10.9.62; 5 ex. (FMNH 68130), RFI 8.8.56; 5

ex. (FMNH 68934), RFI 27.9.62; 4 ex. (FMNH 68134), RFI 3.8.56.

Protomyzon griswoldi (Hora & Jayaram, 1952)

Protomyzon griswoldi - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

ORDER SILURIFORMES

FAMILY BAGRIDAE

Bagrichthys macracanthus (Bleeker, 1854a) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC 47271),

Kapit market.

Bagroides melapterus Bleeker, 1851d

Bagroides melapterus - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 116 (Rajang);

Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Rajang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.

Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1839) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 68924), IGK 19.9.62; 9 ex.

(FMNH 68058), RFI 11.8.56; 8 ex. (USNM 324566), LRP91-21;

10 ex. (USNM 324989), LRP91-7; 1 ex. (USNM 324991), LRP91-

34; 1 ex. (USNM 325033), LRP91-25; 18 ex. (USNM 325039),

LRP91-25; 3 ex. (USNM 325323), LRP91-36; 52 ex. (USNM

325324), LRP91-35; 3 ex. (USNM 325325), LRP91-24; 33 ex.

(USNM 325326), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-31; 10 ex.

(FMNH 103620), LRP91-31; 2 ex. (USNM 325327), LRP91-15; 1

ex. (USNM 325386), LRP91-32; 2 ex. (USNM 325397), LRP91-

13; 1 ex. (USNM 325401), LRP91-20; 3 ex. (USNM 325403),

LRP91-26; 2 ex. (USNM 325404), LRP91-23; 18 ex. (USNM

325405), LRP91-19; 158 ex. (USNM 325406), LRP91-9; 10 ex.

(USNM 325407), LRP91-10; 18 ex. (USNM 325408), LRP91-8; 2

ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC),

THH9806; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY.

Remarks. – Hemibagrus nemurus is distributed widely

throughout Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, as well

as Borneo (Roberts, 1989:122). This bagrid is one of the

most common species in the middle and upper Rajang basin,

taken at 18 of the 32 stations in the 1991 collection, including

both the middle Rajang at Kapit and upper Rajang, above

Belaga.

Hemibagrus bongan (Popta, 1904)

Mystus cf. planiceps - Roberts, 1989: 123 (Rejang, FMNH 68092).

Hemibagrus planiceps - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Rejang).

Hemibagrus cf. bongan - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Hemibagrus bongan - Ng & Rachmatika, 1999: 173 (Rajang basin).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68064), NSH 8.56; 4 ex.

(FMNH 68084), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68411), NSH 8.56; 17

ex. (FMNH 68920), FWK 15.12.62; 18 ex. (FMNH 68925), GIK

22.9.62; 7 ex. (FMNH 68063), NSH 8.56; 13 ex. (FMNH 68092),

RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 324567), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (ZRC 40496),

Kapit River, C. Leh, no date. See Ng & Rachmatika (1999: 173) for

additional material from the Rajang.

Hemibagrus chrysops Ng & Dodson, 1999

Hemibagrus chrysops Ng & Dodson, 1999 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 7 paratypes (ZRC 23008-23014), Sibu.

Remarks. – Hemibagrus chrysops resembles H. nemurus but

differs from it in lacking a blackish mid-lateral stripe and by

having a long, narrow head (head width 53.4 to 62.5 % in

head length). Live or freshly dead examples are a bright

golden-yellow. Hemibagrus chrysops lives mainly in the tidal

reaches of the Rajang, around the Sibu area.

Hemibagrus fortis (Popta, 1904)

? Hemibagrus cf. nemurus - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

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Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37709), Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife

Sanctuary.

Remarks. – According to H. H. Ng (pers. comm. in 2004),

Hemigabrus fortis is distinguished from H. nemurus and H.

chrysops in having a long and low (versus a short and tall)

adipose fin, a round (versus jagged) dorsal fin distal margin,

and males with a relatively slender (versus thick) genital

papilla.

Hemibagrus wyckii (Bleeker, 1858b) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68058), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex.

(USNM 325409), LRP91-33; 1 ex. (USNM 325328), LRP91-30; 1

ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY.

Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker, 1852d)

Liocassis hosii Regan, 1906: 67 (Sibu: type series in BMNH).

Leiocassis hosii - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 360 (Sibu).

Leiocassis (Leiocassis) hosii - Jayaram, 1968: 351 (Sibu).

Leiocassis micropogon (in part) - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 2 of 6 syntypes of Liocassis hosii (BMNH

1906.10.29.18-22). Others – 3 ex. (FMNH 68004), RFI 8.8.56; 1

ex. (ZRC 37861), MK94-7,25.

Remarks. – Just dead specimens of this catfish have a distinct

bright golden-yellow sheen over the body that fades after

about a month in formalin. Roberts (1993: 27) tentatively

synonymised Leiocassis hosii under L. poecilopterus

(Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840a), but these

are distinct taxa. As seen from radiographs, L. hosii has the

post-cranial process and pre-dorsal plate separated by a wide

gap, which is characteristic of L. micropogon. These bones

meet in L. poecilopterus.

Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002

Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002: 165 (Rejang).

Material examined. – None.

Mystus singaringan (Bleeker, 1846) *

Material examined. – 3 ex. (USNM 324972), LRP91-25; 9 ex.

(USNM 324974), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 324975), LRP91-9; 1

ex. (USNM 325421), LRP91-30; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

Remarks. – This species was previously recorded as Mystus

nigriceps (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840a)

or M. macronema (Bleeker, 1846) (see Roberts, 1994a: 252).

Pseudomystus fuscus (Popta, 1904) *

Material examined. – 3 ex. (ZRC 37860), MK94-7,25.

Pseudomystus inornatus (Boulenger, 1894) *

Leiocassis sp. 1 - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SM), Lanjak-Entimau: Ulu Katibas.

Remarks. – This catfish is apparently endemic to western

Borneo.

Pseudomystus stenomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840a) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SM), Kapit.

FAMILY SILURIDAE

Ceratoglanis scleronema (Bleeker, 1862)

Ceratoglanis scleronema - Ng, 1999b: 387 (Kapit).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 42739), THH9803/4; 5 ex. (ZRC),

THH.

Hemisilurus heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1853a) *

Material examined. – 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840a) *

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.

Kryptopterus cryptopterus (Bleeker, 1851c) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 322196), LRP91-10; 1 ex.

(USNM 322200), LRP91-8; 10 ex. (USNM 323362), LRP91-15; 8

ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC),

GYY0483; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

Remarks. – Two examples (one from GYY0483, the other

from THH9803/4) have a relatively more tapered head, and

more convex dorsal head profile than the others among the

material examined by us.

Kryptopterus hexapterus (Bleeker, 1851d) *

Material examined. – 8 ex. (ZRC 45833), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC),

THH9813.

Kryptopterus limpok (Bleeker, 1852c) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68023), RFI 11.8.56; 3 ex.

(USNM 323361), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (USNM 325357), LRP91-35.

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Kryptopterus macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1858b)

Kryptopterus macrocephalus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 240 (Sibu,

Daro).

Material examined. – 5 ex. (ZRC 37960), MK94-55; 2 ex. (ZRC

37862), MK94-7,25.

Kryptopterus platypogon Ng, 2004

Kryptopterus platypogon - Ng, 2004: 2 (Sibu).

Material examined. – holotype (ZRC 45838), THH9813.

Micronema apogon (Bleeker, 1851e) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH; 12

ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC 45840), THH9803/4.

Remarks. – The generic placement of this species follows

Rainboth (1996: 148).

Ompok jaynei Fowler, 1905

Ompok jaynei - Tan & Ng, 1996: 535 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC.38354), MK94-55; 1 ex.

(ZRC.38355), MK94-55.

Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker, 1851a)

Silurichthys phaiosoma - Ng & Ng, 1998: 312.

Material examined. – 4 ex. (ZRC 37847), 3 ex. (CMK 10871),

MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC 37855), 1 ex. (CMK 10884), MK94-7,25;

1 ex. (ZRC 37958), MK94-55.

Remarks. – Silurichthys marmoratus Ng & Ng (1998: 310),

described from southwestern Sarawak and also reported from

Brunei (Parenti & Meisner, 2003), is likely to live in the

Rajang basin. Silurichthys marmoratus is distinguished by

its relatively short, emarginate caudal fin with upper lobe 1.1-

1.2 times longer than the lower lobe, whereas S. phaiosoma

has a long and forked caudal fin, the upper lobe 1.4-1.6 times

longer than the lower.

Wallago leerii Bleeker, 1851a

Wallago maculatus (not of Inger & Chin, 1959) - Chang, 1997: 25

(Rejang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), 530.0 mm SL, THH.

Remarks. – This is possibly the largest freshwater fish in

Sarawak, with individuals occasionally reaching a length of

two metres and weighing over 50 kilogrammes. Julau in the

Rajang basin is one of the well-known spawning grounds of

this esteemed food fish (Chang, 1997: 25).

FAMILY PANGASIIDAE

Pangasius micronemus Bleeker, 1847

Pangasius micronema - Roberts & Vidthayanon, 1991: 131

(Rejang).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY; 2 ex. (ZRC 47270), Kapit

market.

Pangasius polyuranodon Bleeker, 1852c

Pangasius polyuranodon - Roberts & Vidthayanon, 1991: 137

(Rejang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 325650), LRP91-15; 1 ex.

(ZRC), THH.

Pangasius nasutus Bleeker , 1863

Pangasius nieuwenhuisi (not of Popta, 1904) - Chang, 1997: 28-29

(Sg. Baleh, Kapit market).

Material examined. – 5 ex. (USNM 325416), LRP91-11 [purchased

at the Kapit Town market, said to have been taken in the Pelagus

rapids by cast net]; 1 ex. (USNM 322216), LRP91-15; 2 ex. (ZRC),

GYY.

Pangasius sp. *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 325417), LRP91-11.

Remarks. – This appears to be an undescribed species

(Chavalit Vidthayanon, pers. comm. in 1993).

FAMILY SISORIDAE

Glyptothorax major (Boulenger, 1894)

Glyptothorax major - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 14 ex. (FMNH 68013), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68922), RFI 1.10.62; 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex. (ZRC),

GYY026; 6 ex. (ZRC), THH9805; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.

Glyptothorax platypogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840b)

Glyptothorax platypogon - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 264

(Rajang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 242 (Rajang).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37821), RS3.

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FAMILY AKYSIDAE

Acrochordonichthys rugosus (Bleeker, 1847)

Acrochordonichthys rugosus - Ng & Ng, 2001: 411 (near Kanowit).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang near Kanowit.

FAMILY CLARIIDAE

Clarias leiacanthus Bleeker, 1851a*

Material examined. – 2 ex. (USNM 323726), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (ZRC

37820), RS2; 1 ex. (ZRC 37842), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC 37950),

MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

Remarks. – The name Clarias teijsmanni Bleeker (1857),

used widely for this species, is considered a synonym of

Clarias leiacanthus (see Ng, 1999a).

Clarias planiceps Ng, 1999a

Clarias planiceps Ng, 1999a: 22 (Kapit: type series in ZRC, FMNH

and USNM).

Material examined. – paratypes - 1 ex. (USNM 323727), LRP91-

19; 1 ex. (USNM 323728), LRP91-36; 2 ex. (USNM 323729),

LRP91-20; 2 ex. (USNM 323733), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM

323734), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 323736), LRP91-32; 1 ex.

(USNM 323738), LRP91-8. Others – 22 ex. (FMNH 68103), RFI

5.8.56; 26 ex. (FMNH 68932), GIK 27.9.62; 8 ex. (FMNH 68105),

RFI 8.8.56. See Ng (1999a: 22) for additional material from the

Rajang basin.

Remarks. – According to Ng (1999a), Clarias planiceps is

distinguished from Clarias leiacanthus by its light purplish-

brown colouration and small, pale yellow or whitish spots

on the sides of the body; a relatively flat head (head depth

59-63.8% head width), and relatively large and distinct

serrations on the anterior edge of the pectoral spine. It is

also known from the Kapuas and Kayan rivers in Kalimantan.

Encheloclarias baculum Ng & Lim, 1993

Encheloclarias baculum - Ng & Tan, 2000: 538 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC 44215), Sibu: Sg. Kemayan.

FAMILY ARIIDAE

Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), 121.5 mm SL, THH9813.

ORDER ATHERINIFORMES

FAMILY PHALLOSTETHIDAE

Phenacostethus smithi Myers, 1928 *

Material examined. – 11 ex. (USNM 325048), LRP91-14; 5 ex.

(USNM 325049), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 3 ex. (ZRC),

THH9807.

Remarks. – The distribution and systematics of this and other

phallostethid species in northwestern Borneo were discussed

by Parenti (1986, 1996).

ORDER BELONIFORMES

FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE

Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali Steindachner, 1901

Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus (not of Bleeker, 1853c) - Brown

& Brown, 1987: 158 (Sibu).

Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali - Anderson & Collette, 1991:165

(Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 244 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (USNM 320499), LRP91-10; 1 ex.

(USNM 320503), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (USNM 321607), LRP91-7; 6

ex. (ZRC 37843), MK94-5,24; 4 ex. (ZRC 37945), MK94-26; 4 ex.

(ZRC 37930), MK94-23; 8 ex. (ZRC 37864), MK94-7,25; 1 ex.

(ZRC), GYY049; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES

FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE

Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68417), RFI 11.8.56; 5 ex.

(ZRC), THH9809; 19 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.

ORDER SYNBRANCHIFORMES

FAMILY CHAUDHURIIDAE

Nagaichthys sp.*

Nagaichthys sp. - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 250 (Sibu).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – Nagaichthys has been considered monotypic,

containing solely N. filipes Kottelat & Lim, in Kottelat (1991),

described from the Kapuas basin in Kalimantan Barat.

Specimens from the Sibu area differ in having a distinctly

forked caudal fin, and will be described as a new species (M.

Kottelat, pers. comm. in 2004).

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Fig. 11. Macrognathus circumcinctus, 90.6 mm SL, ZRC uncat.

from THH 9805 (right side reversed).

FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE

Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786)

Macrognathus aculeatus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924) **

(Fig. 11)

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68497), NSH 8.56; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68495), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68927), RFI 22.9.62; 1

ex. (FMNH 68928), RFI 27.9.62; 2 ex. (USNM 323674), LRP91-

23; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806; 1 ex. (ZRC),

THH9805.

Remarks. – This species has not been previously reported

from Borneo. One exceptionally large specimen (FMNH

68495) measures 220 mm TL. Macrognathus circumcinctus

also lives in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.

Remarks. – Roberts (1994b: 289) confirms the presence of

this species from the Chao Phraya and Mekong basins on

continental Southeast Asia, Sumatra and the Kapuas,

Mentaya, Barito and Kahajan basins of Borneo. He doubted

a record from the Baram River without explanation.

FAMILY DATNIOIDIDAE

Datnioides quadrifasciatus (Sevastianof, 1809) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9813.

Remarks. – Nomenclature follows Kottelat (2000: 93).

FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE

Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936

Polynemus hornadayi - Motomura et al., 2002: 309 (Kapit).

Material examined. – 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC 46032),

THH9803/4.

Remarks. – This species is known only from western Borneo

(Motomura et al., 2002: 309).

Polynemus melanochir melanochir (Valenciennes, in

Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) *

Material examined. – 6 ex. (ZRC), THH9813.

Remarks. – This river-dwelling threadfin is easily

distinguished from its sympatric congener in the Rajang in

having black pectoral fins. It is often sold in the markets of

Sibu and Serian as a food fish. Polynemus borneensis

Bleeker, 1857 and P. hilleri (Fowler, 1905) are considered

junior synonyms (Motomura & Sabaj, 2002: 181, 184).

FAMILY NANDIDAE

Nandus nebulosus (Gray, 1835)

Nandus nebulosus - Ng et al., 1996: 18 (Sg. Tebu, Sibu).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37951), MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC

37959), MK94-55.

FAMILY PRISTOLEPIDAE

Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker, 1852d) *

Material examined. – About five individuals up to 15 cm TL were

identified, but not collected, at the fish market in Kapit in June 2002

(H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).

Macrognathus keithi (Herre, 1940)

Macrognathus keithi - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Mastacembelus unicolor Cuvier, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes,1832

(Fig. 7d)

Mastacembelus unicolor - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 29 ex. (FMNH 68484), RFI 5.8.56; 30 ex.

(FMNH 68485), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68486), RFI 11.8.56; 1

ex. (FMNH 68929), RFI 27.9.62; 2 ex. (USNM 323670), LRP91-

36; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 5 ex. (ZRC),

THH9806; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.

ORDER PERCIFORMES

FAMILY CHANDIDAE

Parambassis wolffii (Bleeker, 1851b) *

Material examined. – 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.

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FAMILY ELEOTRIDAE

Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852e *

(Fig. 7e)

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 321249), LRP91-9; 11 ex.

(USNM 321250), LRP91-10; 7 ex. (USNM 321255), LRP91-10; 5

ex. (FMNH 103628), LRP91-10; 12 ex. (USNM 321251), LRP91-

7; 10 ex. (USNM 321252), LRP91-8; 3 ex. (USNM 321253),

LRP91-13; 1 ex. (USNM 321254), LRP91-6; 2 ex. (ZRC 37946),

MK94-26; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.

Remarks. – This widespread Indo-Pacific species has not been

reported previously from Sarawak (Kottelat & Lim, 1995).

Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852b) *

Material examined. – About three specimens up to 30 cm TL were

identified, but not collected at the fish market in Kapit, in June 2002

(H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).

Oxyeleotris urophthalmoides (Bleeker, 1853b) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 47275), Kapit market.

Pogoneleotris heterolepis (Günther, 1869) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang near Kanowit.

Remarks. – Little is known of the habits and ecology of this

enigmatic, and seemingly rare species. It is apparently

endemic to the lower reaches of large rivers in Sarawak,

having been recorded from the Serian area, and here, from

the middle Rajang.

FAMILY GOBIIDAE

Eugnathogobius siamensis (Fowler, 1934) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (USNM 320753), LRP91-16; 1 ex.

(USNM 320756), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex. (ZRC),

THH9807.

Eugnathogobius sp. *

Material examined. – 6 ex. (ZRC 37849), MK94-6; 4 ex. (ZRC

37947), MK94-26; 1 ex. (ZRC 37859), MK94-7,25.

Remarks. – These specimens represent an undescribed

species characterised by striped cheeks and maroon pectoral

fins, the description of which is being prepared by Helen

Larson (pers. comm. in 2004; Larson, 2001: 66). It appears

to be a freshwater species found generally in coastal peat

swamps, and has also been collected in the area around

Kuching.

Glossogobius celebius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1837) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.

Remarks. – Glossogobius celebius may be endemic to

Sulawesi, and specimens referred to this taxon that live

elsewhere may represent several undescribed species

(Douglass Hoese, pers. comm. in 2002).

Parawaous megacephalus (Fowler, 1905) *

Material examined. – 4 ex. (FMNH 68451), RFI 5.8.56; 3 ex.

(FMNH 68452), RFI 8.8.56.

FAMILY ANABANTIDAE

Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) *

Material examined. – Numerous individuals of about 10 cm TL

were observed being sold alive from buckets in the fish market in

Kapit, in June 2002 (H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).

FAMILY OSPHRONEMIDAE

Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 *

Material examined. – 8 ex. (ZRC 37845), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC

37967), MK94-55; 1 ex. (ZRC 37972), MK94-56; 5 ex. (ZRC

37952), MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC 37929), MK94-23; 3 ex. (ZRC

37858), MK94-7,25; 10 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 2 ex. (ZRC),

THH9810; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.

Remarks. – This common fighting-fish has often been

referred to as Betta climacura Vierke (1988) which is

currently regarded as a junior synonym (Tan & Kottelat, 1998:

43). It inhabits small streams in the swamp-forest and in the

foothills.

Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992

Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992: 312 (Sibu: type series in

ZSM).

Betta brownorum - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Sibu).

Material examined. – None.

Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830)

Luciocephalus pulcher - Brown & Brown, 1987: 163 (Sibu); Kottelat

& Lim, 1995: 247 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (ZRC 37844), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC

37968), MK94-56; 3 ex. (ZRC 37956), MK94-55; 3 ex. (ZRC),

THH9810.

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005

Remarks. – Formerly in the Luciocephalidae, that family,

along with Belontiidae (containing the genera Betta,

Parosphromenus, Sphaerichthys and Trichogaster amongst

others) are classified in the Osphronemidae by Britz (1994)

and Britz et al. (1995).

Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 *

(Fig. 7f)

Material examined. – 2 ex. (FMNH 103627), LRP91-35; 1 ex.

(FMNH 68446), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68445), RFI 8.8.56; 7

ex. (FMNH 68444), RFI 5.8.56; 10 ex. (USNM 322198), LRP91-

35; 1 ex. (USNM 322204), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM 322205),

LRP91-25; 2 ex. (USNM 322208), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM

323669), LRP91-21; 5 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-35.

Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987

Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987: 34 (Sibu); Brown & Brown,

1987: 158 (Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 6 ex. (ZRC 37846), MK94-5,24; 17 ex. (ZRC

37863), MK94-7,25.

Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860

Sphaerichthys osphromenoides - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Daro).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC.37964), MK94-55.

Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37850), MK94-6.

Remarks. – Native to Thailand where it is an important food

fish in rice-growing areas, this species is introduced to many

parts of Southeast Asia. Elsewhere in Borneo, it was recorded

from Sabah by Inger & Chin (1962: 253), and observed in

Brunei by Kottelat & Lim (1995: 249).

Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)

Trichogaster trichopterus - Brown & Brown, 1987: 158 (Sibu);

Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 249 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (ZRC 37857), MK94-7,25.

FAMILY CHANNIDAE

Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68418), RFI 5.8.56; 4 ex. (ZRC

47274), Kapit market.

Channa lucius (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831)

Channa lucius - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – 1 ex. (FMNH 68421), RFI 12.8.56; 2 ex.

(FMNH 68420), RFI 8.8.56; 2 ex. (USNM 320741), LRP91-7; 1

ex. (USNM 322183), LRP91-10; 3 ex. (USNM 322185), LRP91-

21; 6 ex. (USNM 322194), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 322211),

LRP91-10; 1 ex. (USNM 322217), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (ZRC 37957),

MK94-55; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9811; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 9 ex.

(ZRC), THH9805; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.

ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES

FAMILY SOLEIDAE

Achiroides leucorhynchos Bleeker, 1851f *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.

Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker, 1851b) *

Material examined. – 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.

ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES

FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE

Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker, 1851b)

Chonerhinos modestus - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – According to Blaber et al. (1997: 205), Auriglobus

modestus is present in the Lassa drainage of the Rajang

estuary. As we have not seen specimens, we include it

tentatively. This species has the scales anterior and ventral

to the pectoral fin overlapping and projecting dorsally, as

illustrated by Roberts (1982b: 3, Fig. 1b). Following Kottelat

(1999: 597), Auriglobus is used in place of Chonerhinos.

Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts, 1982b)

Chonerhinos nefastus Roberts, 1982b: 10 (Baleh: 3 paratypes

FMNH); Roberts, 1989: 188 (Rejang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:

250 (Baleh); Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).

Material examined. – None.

Remarks. – Among the specimens of Auriglobus we

examined, none appears to have the scales anterior and ventral

to the pectoral fin uniformly projected dorso-posteriorly as

in the description of Auriglobus nefastus. We did not examine

the three paratypes from the Baleh River.

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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

Auriglobus silus (Roberts, 1982b)

(Fig. 7g)

Chonerhinos silus Roberts, 1982b: 12 (Baleh: type series in FMNH

and CAS); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 250 (Baleh).

? Chonerhinos remotus - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).

Material examined. – holotype (FMNH 68477), RFI 3.8.56; 36

paratypes (FMNH 94598), RFI 3.8.56. Others – 10 ex. (FMNH

103629), LRP91-14; 1ex. (USNM 322190), LRP91-5; 10 ex.

(USNM 322191), LRP91-7; 4 ex. (USNM 322202), LRP91-16; 2

ex. (USNM 322207), LRP91-12; 2 ex. (USNM 322209), LRP91-

9; 40 ex. (USNM 322212), LRP91-14; 2 ex. (USNM 322215),

LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 322192), LRP91-6; 15 ex. (USNM 322195),

LRP91-7; 2 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-7; 4 ex. (USNM 322197),

LRP91-12; 4 ex. (USNM 322210), LRP91-9; 46 ex. (USNM

323667), LRP91-14; 10 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-14; 11 ex. (USNM

322214), LRP91-16; 15 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.

Remarks. – Specimens in the USNM and ZRC conform to

the description of Auriglobus silus in that the spines anterior

and ventral to the pectoral fin do not overlap and appear to

project dorso-posteriorly and dorsally, as illustrated by

Roberts (1982b: 3, Fig. 1c). Blaber et al. (1997: 205) state

that juvenile Auriglobus modestus and A. remotus were found

in the Lassa estuary. The identification of A. remotus seems

doubtful as this species is considered to be endemic to the

Kinabatangan River in eastern Sabah (see Roberts, 1982b:

11). Likely candidates are A. silus or A. nefastus.

Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan, 1903)

Tetraodon lorteti - Dekkers, 1975: 99 (Sibu).

Carinotetraodon borneensis - Tan, 1999: 351 (Sibu).

Material examined. – 2 ex. (BMNH 1906.10.29:41-42), Sibu.

Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995

(Fig. 7h)

Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995: 360 (Baleh, Kapit);

Tan, 1999: 354 (Baleh, Kapit).

Material examined. – paratypes - 2 ex. (USNM 322184), LRP91-

8; 2 ex. (USNM 322186), LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 322187), LRP91-

14; 3 ex. (USNM 322188), LRP91-16; 1 ex. (USNM 323665),

LRP91-9; 2 ex. (ZRC 37831), MK94-7,25. Others – 1 ex. (FMNH

68478), RFI 3.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68479), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH

68921), RFI 21.9.62; 3 ex. (USNM 322189), LRP91-10; 1 ex. (SM

uncat.), LRP91-10.

Remarks. – The largest known specimen (FMNH 68921) is

57.3 mm SL, from Kapit.

DISCUSSION

We report at least 164 species of fish from the Rajang basin.

As for other freshwater habitats throughout Southeast Asia,

a significant proportion of the species, here more than one-

third (55 of 164, or 34%), are of the family Cyprinidae. All

ostariophysan fishes combined, 114 species, comprise the vast

majority (70%) of species collected. The luciosomine

cyprinid, Luciosoma setigerum, and the bagrid catfish,

Hemibagrus nemurus, were two of the most common species

collected by the 1991 expedition as judged by the large

number of specimens, large number of collecting stations,

and wide variety of habitats in which they were taken. The

clupeiform Sundasalanx microps was among the rarest taxa,

represented here by just one specimen collected at Kapit. It

is, however, premature to assess relative abundance or rarity

of species in the Rajang basin from this report as many

portions of the river were not sampled, or were not sampled

extensively. During July and August, 1991, Borneo was

experiencing one of the most severe droughts on record (see

also Kottelat, 1994). Rivers and streams were extremely low

and river travel in the highlands was restricted and highly

treacherous. Extensive collecting throughout the headwaters

is necessary to compile a more comprehensive list of the fish

species of the Rajang. Freshwater eels, family Anguillidae,

are expected from the headwaters, as they have been reported

from the Mahakam (Kottelat et al., 1993). Collecting

throughout the complex Rajang delta in and around Sibu is

expected also to add large numbers of taxa to our list,

especially fishes in the families Gobiidae (gobies and

gudgeons), Chandidae (glass-perches), Mugilidae (mullets),

Sciaenidae (croakers and drums), Clupeidae (herrings) and

Engraulidae (anchovies) and other common estuarine fishes

(see Blaber et al., 1996, 1997), as well as elasmobranchs. A

landing of a sawfish of about five metres in length, identified

as Pristis microdon Latham (1794) in the mid-1990s from

the sea near Sibu, around the mouth of the Rajang was

reported by Fowler (1998: 4). Although not considered in

the present report, its occurrence in the lower reaches of the

river is expected. Species of sharks (Carcharinidae) and of

whip-tailed stingrays (Dasyatidae) are also expected.

The freshwater fish fauna of northwestern Borneo, here

comprising Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, has been

characterised as having a high degree of endemism (Parenti,

1996). It is difficult to accurately identify Rajang endemics

as there are no general reviews of the Sarawak fish fauna

apart from the preliminary checklist by Kottelat & Lim

(1995). Early records often included nothing more specific

than “Sarawak” as a locality. Absence of some taxa from the

Rajang may be due to the lack of precise locality data

associated with older material. We have recorded no

synbranchid eels from the Rajang, yet there are specimens of

Ophisternon bengalense McClelland (1844) recorded from

“Sarawak” (Tyson Roberts, pers. comm., 2004). Taking the

report by Kottelat & Lim (1995) as a baseline, however, we

can identify some new records for Sarawak and the Rajang,

as well as identify putative Rajang endemics. Species

recorded here that have not been listed from Sarawak by

Kottelat & Lim (1995), or described since that report, include:

Sundasalanx microps, Nematabramis steindachneri, Pangio

piperata, Katibasia insidiosa, Bagrichthys macracanthus,

Pseudomystus stenomus, Hemibagrus nemurus, Hemibagrus

fortis, Hemibagrus bongan, Hemibagrus wyckii, Hemisilurus

heterorhynchos, Kryptopterus hexapterus, Kryptopterus

platypogon, Micronema apogon, Pangasius nasutus,

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Acrochordonichthys rugosus, Macrognathus circumcinctus,

Polynemus melanochir, Achiroides leucorhynchos,

Achiroides melanorhynchus, Phenacostethus smithi, and

Eleotris melanosoma.

We have identified two exotic species, the gourami,

Trichogaster pectoralis, reported previously from Sabah

(Inger & Chin, 1962, 1990) and Brunei (Kottelat & Lim,

1995), and the silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus (see

McConnell, 2004). Both were apparently introduced as food

fish. Native species with fisheries potential purchased in the

local markets include the larger Barbonymus species, in

particular B. schwanenfeldii. Other species sold regularly in

the markets are Tor douronensis and T. tambroides,

Pangasius nasutus, Hemibagrus spp., Lobocheilos cf. bo, and

Chitala borneensis. Larger species sold at market were said

to have been collected using cast nets or gill nets. We also

observed other local fishing methods such as basket or trap,

scoop net, drift net, and hook-and-line. It was reported to us

that electric generators and chemicals such as cyanide had

once been used for fishing, but we did not observe these.

Despite some widespread species that were taken from broad

portions of the Rajang, we note a marked contrast between

the fish fauna around Kapit, where the river is still navigable

by coastal steamers, and that of the Batang Balui, above

Belaga, well above tidal influence. During the July/August

1991 expedition, for example, the freshwater pufferfish

Auriglobus silus was abundant in and around Kapit, being

taken in nine of 13 stations. That species, as well as other

taxa, such as Eleotris melanosoma, Carinotetraodon

salivator, Phenacostethus smithi, Rasbora cf. dusonensis,

Nemacheilus spiniferus, Kryptopterus cryptopterus,

Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali, Oxygaster anomalura, and

Sundasalanx microps, that were less abundant, were found

only around Kapit, and were absent above Belaga. In contrast,

Syncrossus hymenophysa, Cyclocheilichthys apogon,

Leptobarbus melanotaenia, Tor tambroides, Tor tambra,

Kryptopterus limpok, Clarias leiacanthus, Osphronemus

septemfasciatus, Rasbora volzii, Paracrossochilus acerus,

Homaloptera wassinkii, Gastromyzon punctulatus,

Macrognathus circumcinctus, Mastacembelus unicolor, and

Hemibagrus wyckii were collected only above Belaga during

the 1991 expedition. These restricted distributions

undoubtedly reflect habitat differences, but also may be used

to recognize preliminary areas of endemism for some taxa.

Endemism among highland stream fishes is reflected in their

specialised ecological requirements, such as cool, clear water

and a low tolerance for sediments (viz. Scott & Helfman,

2001). In contrast, fishes from the middle and lower reaches

are tolerant of higher sediment concentrations and temperature

fluctuations (see also Kottelat, 2002). Increased logging

activities in the highlands are likely to result in the extinction

of portions of the endemic stream fish fauna and create

conditions that are more favourable to the lowland fauna

(Scott & Helfman, 2001). Building of the Bakun dam will

also cause widespread extinction of stream fishes.

The absence of fish species expected or assumed to live in

Borneo is noteworthy. The cyprinodontiform Aplocheilus

was expected from Borneo, as Myers (1931:250) included

Borneo in the range of the Indo-Malayan aplocheiloids. Yet,

Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton 1822), broadly distributed

in fresh and brackish waters from the Indian subcontinent

through South Asia, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia,

including Sulawesi, has never been reported from Borneo.

Similarly, the beloniform ricefishes, family Adrianichthyidae,

are broadly distributed from the Indian subcontinent,

throughout Asia to Indonesia as far east as Timor, but are not

native to Borneo. The sole report of Oryzias javanicus

(Bleeker, 1854b) from Pontianak, Kalimantan, by Iwamatsu

et al. (1982) was treated by Roberts (1989) as an introduction.

Other atherinomorphs sensu Rosen & Parenti (1981), the

families Phallostethidae and Hemiramphidae, live in fresh

and brackish water habitats suitable for Aplocheilus and

Oryzias throughout northwestern Borneo (viz. Parenti, 1986,

1996). The silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker,

1850), has a discontinuous natural distribution, being

widespread and common in Southeast Asia and western

Indonesia, and absent from peninsular Malaysia, north

Sumatra and Borneo (McConnell, 2004: 658, 665).

Aplocheilus, Oryzias and B. gonionotus may have never lived

in Borneo, lived there and have subsequently gone extinct,

or are still to be collected. Interestingly, Aplocheilus and

Oryzias are both relatively primitive taxa in their respective

orders, Cyprinodontiformes and Beloniformes (viz. Rosen &

Parenti, 1981). This information, when combined with

phylogenetic data from other taxa in the Southeast Asian biota

and a better understanding of the geological history of Borneo,

may ultimately lead to an historical biogeographic hypothesis

for the distribution of Southeast Asian freshwater fishes and

a hypothesis for the absence of these taxa from Borneo.

Our list may be used to make preliminary comparisons

between the fish fauna of the Rajang and that of other

northwestern Borneo watersheds. A survey of fishes of the

Baram River was undertaken two decades ago (Watson &

Balon, 1984; E. J. Crossman, pers. comm., in 1991). That

extensive collecting effort revealed a fish fauna similar in

many respects to that of the Rajang, that is, cyprinid species

are common, but remarkably different for certain taxa. None

of the three species of freshwater pufferfish, abundant in the

middle Rajang, was reported from the Baram, for example.

The phallostethid Phenacostethus trewavasae Parenti (1986)

is distributed broadly throughout the Baram, whereas the

family is represented by Phenacostethus smithi in the Rajang.

These differences, when tested with additional collections,

will allow recognition of distinct faunal areas throughout

Sarawak. Finally, and perhaps most important, this review

of the fishes of the Rajang fills a major gap in our

understanding of the natural history of Sarawak.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following for permission to examine material

under their care: Charles Leh (SM), Barry Chernoff, Mark

Westneat, Mary Anne Rogers, and Robert Inger (FMNH),

Darrell Siebert (BMNH), and Rob Stuebing (then ITTO). For

extensive logistical support in Kuching, LRP is extremely

198

Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

grateful to Charles Leh (SM). Permission to collect fishes in

Sarawak was granted by the Socio-Economic Research Unit,

Kuala Lumpur. LRP was supported in the field by a grant

from the Smithsonian Institution’s Scholarly Studies Program.

For assistance in the field, LRP thanks Mohd. Zakaria-Ismail,

A. Among, K. Luhat, A. Luhat, S. Surat, and the families of

Long Juman in the Batang Balui. Additional field collections

in the Sibu and Kapit areas were made by M. Kottelat, Peter

K. L. Ng, Tan Heok Hui, Robert Kerle, Goh Yan Yih,

Indraneil Das and Tommy Tan. Steve Moss provided

valuable references and discussion on the geology of the

Rajang and of northwestern Borneo. The late E. J. Crossman

provided information on the ROM Baram expedition. KKPL

is grateful to the Smithsonian Institution for giving him the

privilege and financial support to study the Rajang material

at the USNM. Specimens in Figs. 7a-h were skillfully

photographed by Theophilus Britt Griswold. Technical

assistance at the USNM was provided by Jeffrey Clayton and

Jeffrey Howe. Assistance in identification of specimens was

provided by Bruce Collette, Tony Gill, Jeffrey Howe, Maurice

Kottelat, Keiichi Matsuura, Ng Heok Hee, Tyson Roberts,

Darrell Siebert, Doug Hoese, Helen Larson and Chavalit

Vidthayanon. Special thanks to Tan Heok Hui for his excellent

photographs (Figs. 6, 8-11), his unpublished information on

Gastromyzon and Neogastromyzon, and kind assistance in

many other ways.

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Vaillant, L. L., 1902. Résultats zoologiques de l’expédition

scientifique Néerlandaise au Bornéo central. Poissons. Notes

from the Leyden Museum, 24 (1): 1-166, Pls. 1-2.

Vierke, J., 1988. Betta climacura n. sp. aus West-Borneo und

Anmerkungen zu Betta taeniata Regan, 1910. Das Aquarium,

22: 335-340.

Volz, W., 1903. Neue Fische aus Sumatra. Zoologischer Anzeiger,

26 (703): 553-559.

Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon, 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of

fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal

of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.

Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1912. “Fische”. Maass, “Durch

Zentral. Sumatra”, 2: 522-541, Pls. 11-12.

Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1913. The Fishes of the Indo-

Australian Archipelago. II. Malacopterygii, Myctophoidea,

Ostariophysi: I Siluroidea. E. J. Brill, Leiden. xx+404 pp.

Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1916. The Fishes of the Indo-

Australian Archipelago. III. Ostariophysi: II Cyprinoidea,

Apodes, Synbranchi. E. J. Brill, Leiden. xv+455 pp.

Whitehead, P. J. P. 1967. Indian Ocean anchovies collected by the

Anton Bruun and Te Vega, 1963-64. Journal of the Marine

Biological Association of India, 9 (1): 13-37.

Whitehead, P. J. P., G. Nelson, & T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO species

catalogue. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei).

An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines,

pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 -

Engraulididae. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125 (7, 2): 305-579.

Wilford, G. E., 1964. The geology of Sarawak and Sabah Caves.

Geological Survey Department, British Territories in Borneo

Bulletin, 6: 181 p.

Wilson, M. E. J. & S. J. Moss, 1999. Cenozoic palaeogeographic

evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo. Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145: 303-337.

Witte, K.-E. & J. Schmidt, 1992. Betta brownorum, a new species

of anabantoids (Teleostei: Belontiidae) from northwestern

Borneo, with a key to the genus. Ichthyological Exploration of

Freshwaters, 2 (4): 305-330.

204

Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

APPENDIX 1: List of sites for fish collection along the Rajang basin, Sarawak, Malaysia.

1. Ulu Baleh: 1956 (material at the FMNH)

NSH 8.56 Baleh headwaters including Sg. Bunoh; coll: N. S. Haile, Aug.1956

RFI 3.8.56 tributary between Sg. Mujong and Sg. Gaat; coll: R. F. Inger, 3 Aug.1956.

RFI 5.8.56 between Sg. Entunau and Sg. Putai (Station 13); coll: R. F. Inger, 5 Aug.1956.

RFI 6.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu; coll: R. F. Inger, 6 Aug.1956.

RFI 7.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu; coll: R. F. Inger, 7 Aug.1956.

RFI 8.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu (Station 14); coll: R. F. Inger, 8 Aug.1956.

RFI 10.8.56 Sg. Putai camp; coll: R. F. Inger, 10 Aug.1956.

RFI 11.8.56 Sg. Putai camp; coll: R. F. Inger, 11 Aug.1956.

RFI 12.8.56 Sg. Putai; coll: R. F. Inger, 12 Aug.1956.

2. Ulu Baleh: 1962 (material at the FMNH)

RFI 10.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger et al., 10 Sep.1962.

IGK 19.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 19 Sep.1962.

IGK 21.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Tekalit; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F .W. King, 21 Sep.1962.

RFI 21.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5013); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 21 Sep.1962.

IGK 22.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, tributary of Sg. Tekalit; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 22

Sep.1962.

RFI 22.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5116-19); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 22 Sep.1962.

IGK 27.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Serbang; coll: B. Greenberg, R. F. Inger and F. W. King, 27 Sep.1962.

RFI 27.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5179-87); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 27 Sep.1962.

RFI 1.10.62 Mengiong River (Station 5222); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 1 Oct.1962.

IGK 3.10.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 3 Oct.1962.

RFI 3.10.62 Mengiong River (Station 5285-90); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 3 Oct.1962.

IGK 9.10.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Tekalit, 9 Oct.1962.

FWK 15.12.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, small stream on right of Mengiong River and 1/2 to 3/4 mile above Nanga Ensural;

coll: F.W. King, 15 Dec.1962.

3. 1991. L. R. Parenti, M. Zakaria-Ismail, K. Luhat, A. Among, S. Surat (material in USNM, SM, FMNH):

LRP 91-5 through LRP 91-17: Main channel of the Rajang River and tributaries, principally the Baleh River, around Kapit (Fig. 3). Collections

were made from the main channel and partially shaded to open streams through alluvial dipterocarp forest over a bottom of mud, gravel,

fallen branches, and leaf litter (Fig. 4). Current swift to nil. Water clear to muddy. Streams relatively warm, recorded water temperature

ranged from 28º to 30ºC.

LRP91-5 Rajang River, wharf at main channel of river at Kapit (2º0’N, 112º55’E), mud; 24 Jul.1991.

LRP91-6 Baleh River, first mapped tributary east of Kapit (Sut River) about 2 km south of where Sut River enters the Baleh

(1º59’N, 113º4’E), mud and gravel, current slight, pH 7, water temperature 30ºC; 24 Jul.1991.

LRP91-7 Baleh River, tributary entering main part of river opposite Negara Bawai School (2º0’N, 113º3’E), mud and gravel,

current swift, water temp. 29º C; 24 Jul.1991 (Fig. 3).

LRP91-8 Baleh River, creek entering southern bank, ca. 20 km east of Sut River (2º1’N, 113º6’E), silty mud with gravel and logs,

current swift, pH 6.8, water temperature 29ºC; 24 Jul.1991.

LRP91-9 Baleh River, creek entering northern bank, ca. 5 km east of Sut River (2º2’N, 113º7’E), mud, fallen logs and leaf litter,

current swift with slower pools, water temperature 28ºC; 25 Jul.1991.

LRP91-10 Baleh River, southern tributary stream opposite logging camp just east of the confluence of Baleh and Mujang Rivers

(2º1’N, 113º8’E), mud and gravel, current swift with stagnant pools, water temperature 29ºC; 25 Jul.1991.

LRP91-11 Kapit Town morning market (2º0’N, 112º55’E); 26 Jul.1991.

LRP91-12 Rajang River at Kapit wharf, east of main wharf area (2º0’N, 112º55’E), mud and gravel, current slight, water temperature

30ºC; 26 Jul.1991.

LRP91-13 Baleh River, southern tributary just east of confluence of Mujang and Baleh Rivers (1º57’N, 113º13’E), mud, gravel,

logs and leaf litter, current slight to swift, water temperature 29ºC; 27 Jul.1991.

LRP91-14 Kapit River just south of where it enters Rajang River (1º59’N, 112º55’E), mud, gravel, and logs, current nil, water

temperature 30ºC; 27 Jul.1991.

LRP91-15 Kapit Town morning market (2º0’N, 112º55’E); 28 Jul.1991.

LRP91-16 Kapit River where it passes by Kapit Airport (1º58’N, 112º55’E), mud, gravel, logs, and large boulders, current slight

to swift; 29 Jul.1991.

LRP91-17 Kapit wharf (2º0’N, 112º55’E); 29 Jul.1991.

LRP91-18 through LRP 91-36: Main channel of the Rajang River and tributaries, principally the Batang Balui, above Belaga (Fig. 5).

Collections were made from the main channel and shaded to open streams through dipterocarp forest over a bottom of boulders and outcrops,

mud, gravel and leaf litter (Fig. 6). Current slow to swift. Water clear to muddy. Streams generally cooler than those around Kapit, recorded

water temperature ranged from 23º to 29ºC.

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LRP91-18 Belaga Town, morning market (2º45’N, 113º46’E); 31 Jul.1991.

LRP91-19 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Belahui (2º30’N, 113º50’E), mud, boulders and leaf litter, current slight to swift,

pH 7, water temperature 26ºC; 1 Aug.1991.

LRP91-20 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Luan Paha (2º31’N, 113º50’E), boulders and outcrop, current slow to swift, pH

6.7, water temperature 26ºC; 1 Aug.1991.

LRP91-21 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Kuro (2º29’N, 113º49’E), mud, gravel, boulders and leaf litter, current slow to

swift, pH 7, water temperature 28ºC; 1 Aug.1991.

LRP91-22 Batang Balui tributary stream Jangan Aya, flowing into Batang Besua (2º25’N, 113º44’E), mud, rocks and leaf litter,

current slow to swift, pH 7.3, water temperature 25ºC; 2 Aug.1991.

LRP91-23 Batang Balui tributary stream Jangan Umi, flowing into Batang Besua (2º24’N, 113º43’E), mud, gravel and leaf litter,

current slow to swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 25ºC; 2 Aug.1991.

LRP91-24 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Luan (2º25’N, 113º47’E), huge boulders, mud, rocks and gravel, current swift, pH

7.2, water temperature 25ºC; 2 Aug.1991.

LRP91-25 Batang Balui tributary stream Sungei Doh Leng (2º24’N, 113º45’E), boulders, outcrop, gravel, and leaf litter, current

slow to swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 23ºC; 3 Aug.1991.

LRP91-26 Batang Balui tributary stream Kemtu (2º23’N, 113º45’E), boulders, outcrop, gravel, and mud, current slow to swift, pH

7.3, water temperature 24ºC; 3 Aug.1991.

LRP91-27 Batang Balui tributary stream Lut, that passes near farm where it enters Batang Balui (2º22’N, 113º46’E), boulders, leaf

litter, and mud, current swift, pH 8.3, water temperature 29ºC; 3 Aug.1991.

LRP91-28 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Kerumo where it enters Batang Balui (2º22’N, 113º45’E), boulders, outcrop, and

mud, current swift, pH 8.2, water temperature 27ºC; 3 Aug.1991 (Fig. 5).

LRP91-29 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Besua where it enters Batang Balui (2º26’N, 113º46’E), boulders and mud, current

swift; 4 Aug.1991.

LRP91-30 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Besua where it enters Batang Balui (2º26’N, 113º46’E), boulders, outcrop and mud;

5 Aug.1991.

LRP91-31 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Ulu ( 2º34’N, 113º53’E), mud, gravel and logs, current slow to swift, pH 7.3, water

temperature 26ºC; 5 Aug.1991.

LRP91-32 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Tanyit where it enters Batang Balui (2º33’N, 113º52’E), mud, boulders and outcrop,

current slight, pH 7.4, water temperature 27ºC; 5 Aug.1991.

LRP91-33 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Paha where it enters Batang Balui (2º32’N, 113º51’E), mud, outcrop and boulders,

current swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 27ºC; 5 Aug.1991.

LRP91-34 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Taman where it enters Batang Balui (2º22’N, 113º47’E), boulders and mud, current

swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 27ºC; 6 Aug.1991.

LRP91-35 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Saan (2º20’N, 113º49’E), mud, boulders and leaf litter, current slow to swift, pH 7.8,

water temperature 28ºC; 6 Aug.1991.

LRP91-36 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Tow where it enters Batang Balui just downstream from logging camp (2º25’N,

113º46’E), boulders and mud, current swift, pH 7.7, water temperature 26ºC; 6 Aug.1991.

4. 1993. Robert Stuebing et al. (material in ITTO and ZRC):

RS1 Sarikei District: Sg. Sekarang; 8 Oct.1993.

RS2 Sarikei District: Sg. Brauh, branch of Sg. Sekarang; 10 Oct.1993.

RS3 Song District: Ulu Katibas, Sg. Melinau; 23 Mar.1994.

5. 1994. M. Kottelat et al. (material in ZRC and CMK):

MK94-5,24 Sibu area: 4.2 km north of airport runway on Jalan Teku; 6,15 May.1994.

MK94-6 Sibu area: northern extremity of Sibu airstrip; 6 May.1994.

MK94-7,25 Sibu area: Sg. Nibong, ca. 1 km north of Durin ferry on Sri Aman-Sibu road; 7,15 May.1994.

MK94-8 Sarikei area: water in Taman Selangkoi, 25 km south of Sarikei; 7 May.1994.

MK94-23 Sibu area: Sg. Teku north of airport runway end along Jalan Teku; 15 May.1994.

MK94-26 Sibu-Sarikei road, 6 km south of Durin ferry; 15 May.1994.

MK94-27 Sibu-Sarikei road, 2-3 km south of Durin ferry; 15 May.1994.

MK94-55 Sg. Tebu at 8 km, Daro-Matu road; 14 Jun.1994.

MK94-56 Parit Nyadok, 200 m off 10 km stone along Daro-Matu road; 14 Jun.1994

6. 1997. Y. Y. Goh (material in ZRC):

GYY026 Ulu Katibas, Sg. Begua; 14-15, 19 Nov.1997.

GYY048 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 27-28 Nov.1997.

GYY049 Fast-flowing rocky stream in bamboo forest at ca. 2 km upstream of Sg. Pelajau (bridge) and ca. 6 km behind Kapit

Airport (1º57’54.9"N, 112º55’25.5"E), pH 7.9; xi.1997.

7. 1998. H. H. Tan & R. Kerle (material in ZRC):

THH9803 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 28 Feb.1998.

THH9804 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 1-3 Mar.1998.

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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

THH9805 Sg. Semaning (ca. 30 min. by road) downstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (1º57.52’N, 112º55.52’E); 1 Mar.1998.

THH9806 Stream in bamboo forest (ca. 20 min. by road) downstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (1º56.25’N, 112º52.26’E); 1

Mar.1998.

THH9807 Kapit area: Sg. Rajang near mouth (2º0.74’N, 113º1.66’E) of Sg. Melekun and within that tributary (ca. 30 min. by road

upstream along Rajang) (2º0.64’N, 113º1.49’E), pH 7.5; 2 Mar.1998.

THH9808 Kapit area: Sg. Ulu Selirik, ca. 20 min. by road upstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (2º0.01’N, 112º57.24’E), pH 7.6;

2 Mar.1998.

THH9809 Kapit area: Sg. Kapit, ca. 15 mins. by road downstream along Sg. Rajang (2º0.12’N, 112º55.83’E); 2 Mar.1998.

THH9810 Sibu area: Sg. Teku along Jalan Teku (2º21.13’N, 111º52.47’E), pH 4.5; 3 Mar.1998.

THH9811 Sibu area: blackwater ditch between THH9810 and THH9812; 3 Mar.1998.

THH9812 Sibu area: blackwater ditch near remnant peat swamp-forest behind old Sibu Airport (2º 20.45’N, 111º50.11’E); 3 Mar.1998.

THH9813 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Sibu; 3-4 Mar.1998.

APPENDIX 2: A CHECKLIST OF THE FISHES OF THE RAJANG BASIN

CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII

DIVISION TELEOSTEI

ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES

FAMILY OSTEOGLOSSIDAE

1. Scleropages formosus (Schlegel & Müller, in Müller &

Schlegel, 1844) *

FAMILY NOTOPTERIDAE

2. Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *

ORDER CLUPEIFORMES

FAMILY CLUPEIDAE

3. Sundasalanx microps Roberts, 1981 *

4. Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1847)

FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE

5. Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker, 1851b)

6. Setipinna breviceps (Cantor, 1849)

7. Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1848)

8. Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1848)

9. Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg, 1933

10. Coilia spp.

ORDER CYPRINIFORMES

FAMILY CYPRINIDAE

11. Barbonymus collingwoodii (Günther, 1868) *

12. Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) *

13. Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853a)

14. Cosmochilus falcifer Regan, 1906

15. Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

16. Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

17. Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker, 1853b) *

18. Garra borneensis (Vaillant, 1902)

19. Hampala bimaculata (Popta, 1905)

20. Hampala macrolepidota (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

21. Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus (Valenciennes, in in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

22. Leptobarbus melanotaenia Boulenger, 1894 *

23. Lobocheilos cf. bo (Popta, 1904)

24. Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842) *

25. Lobocheilos cf. kajanensis (Popta, 1904)

26. Luciosoma setigerum (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842) *

27. Luciosoma spilopleura Bleeker, 1855

28. Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1844) *

29. Nematabramis steindachnerii Popta, 1905 *

30. Osteochilus enneaporos (Bleeker, 1852c) *

31. Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

32. Osteochilus intermedius Weber & de Beaufort, 1916

33. Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker, 1857)

34. Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1852b)

35. Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1842)

36. Osteochilus sarawakensis Karnasuta, 1993

37. Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker, 1851c) *

38. Oxygaster anomalura van Hasselt, 1823

39. Paracrossochilus acerus Inger & Chin, 1962

40. Paracrossochilus vittatus (Boulenger, 1894)

41. Puntioplites bulu (Bleeker, 1851d)

42. Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker, 1850)

43. Rasbora bankanensis (Bleeker, 1853c) *

44. Rasbora borneensis Bleeker, 1860

45. Rasbora caudimaculata Volz, 1903

46. Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b)

47. Rasbora cf. dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b) *

48. Rasbora ennealepis Roberts, 1989

49. Rasbora kottelati Lim, 1995

50. Rasbora pauciperforata Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 *

51. Rasbora sarawakensis Brittan, 1851

52. Rasbora cf. sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852c) *

53. Rasbora tornieri Ahl, 1922

54. Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1870 *

55. Rasbora volzii Popta, 105

56. Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja,

1998

57. Sundadanio axelrodi (Brittan, 1976) *

58. Systomus banksi (Herre, 1940)

59. Systomus johorensis (Duncker, 1904)

60. Systomus kuchingensis Herre, 1940

61. Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1842) *

62. Systomus pentazona (Boulenger, 1894)

63. Tor tambra (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1842)

64. Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854)

65. Undescribed genus and species *

FAMILY COBITIDAE

66. Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991

67. Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)

68. Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim, 1993 **

69. Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940)

70. Syncrossus hymenophysa (Bleeker, 1852c) *

FAMILY BALITORIDAE

71. Gastromyzon fasciatus Inger & Chin, 1961

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72. Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts, 1982a

73. Gastromyzon punctulatus Inger & Chin, 1961

74. Gastromyzon sp.

75. Glaniopsis cf. hanitschi Boulenger, 1899

76. Homaloptera nebulosa Alfred, 1969

77. Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, 1902*

78. Homaloptera wassinkii Bleeker, 1853d *

79. Homaloptera cf. stephensoni Hora, 1932

80. Homaloptera sp. *

81. Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat, 2004

82. Nemacheilus kapuasensis Kottelat, 1984

83. Nemacheilus saravacensis Boulenger, 1894

84. Nemacheilus spiniferus Kottelat, 1984

85. Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii Popta, 1905

86. Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus (Inger & Chin, 1961)

87. Parhomaloptera microstoma (Boulenger, 1899)

88. Protomyzon griswoldi (Hora & Jayaram, 1952)

ORDER SILURIFORMES

FAMILY BAGRIDAE

89. Bagrichthys macracanthus (Bleeker, 1954) *

90. Bagroides melapterus Bleeker, 1851d

91. Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1839) *

92. Hemibagrus bongan (Popta, 1904)

93. Hemibagrus chrysops Ng & Dodson, 1999

94. Hemibagrus fortis (Popta, 1904)

95. Hemibagrus wyckii (Bleeker, 1858b) *

96. Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker, 1852d)

97. Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002

98. Mystus singaringan (Bleeker, 1846) *

99. Pseudomystus fuscus (Popta, 1904) *

100. Pseudomystus inornatus (Boulenger, 1894) *

101. Pseudomystus stenomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840a ) *

FAMILY SILURIDAE

102. Ceratoglanis scleronema (Bleeker, 1862)

103. Hemisilurus heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1853a) *

104. Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840a) *

105. Kryptopterus cryptopterus (Bleeker, 1851c) *

106. Kryptopterus hexapterus (Bleeker, 1851d) *

107. Kryptopterus limpok (Bleeker, 1852c) *

108. Kryptopterus macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1858b)

109. Kryptopterus platypogon Ng, 2004

110. Micronema apogon (Bleeker, 1851e) *

111. Ompok jaynei Fowler, 1905

112. Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker, 1851a)

113. Wallago leerii (Bleeker, 1851a)

FAMILY PANGASIIDAE

114. Pangasius micronemus Bleeker, 1847

115. Pangasius polyuranodon Bleeker, 1852c

116. Pangasius nasutus Bleeker, 1863

117. Pangasius sp. *

FAMILY SISORIDAE

118. Glyptothorax major (Boulenger, 1894)

119. Glyptothorax platypogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1840b)

FAMILY AKYSIDAE

120. Acrochordonichthys rugosus (Bleeker, 1847)

FAMILY CLARIIDAE

121. Clarias leiacanthus Bleeker, 1851a *

122. Clarias planiceps Ng, 1999a

123. Encheloclarias baculum Ng & Lim, 1992

FAMILY ARIIDAE

124. Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *

ORDER ATHERINIFORMES

FAMILY PHALLOSTETHIDAE

125. Phenacostethus smithi Myers, 1928 *

ORDER BELONIFORMES

FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE

126. Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali Steindachner, 1901

ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES

FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE

127. Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868) *

ORDER SYNBRANCHIFORMES

FAMILY CHAUDHURIIDAE

128. Nagaichthys sp.

FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE

129. Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786)

130. Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924) **

131. Macrognathus keithi (Herre, 1940)

132. Mastacembelus unicolor Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1832

ORDER PERCIFORMES

FAMILY CHANDIDAE

133. Parambassis wolffii (Bleeker, 1851b) *

FAMILY DATNIODIDAE

134. Datnioides quadrifasciatus (Sevastianof, 1809) *

FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE

135. Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936 *

136. Polynemus melanochir (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1831) *

FAMILY NANDIDAE

137. Nandus nebulosus (Gray, 1835)

FAMILY PRISTOLEPIDAE

138. Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker, 1852d) *

FAMILY ELEOTRIDIAE

139. Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852e *

140. Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852b) *

141. Oxyeleotris urophthalmoides (Bleeker, 1853b) *

142. Pogoneleotris heterolepis (Günther, 1869) *

FAMILY GOBIIDAE

143. Eugnathogobius siamensis (Fowler, 1934) *

144. Eugnathogobius sp. *

145. Glossogobius celebius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1837) *

146. Parawaous megacephalus (Fowler, 1905) *

FAMILY ANABANTIDAE

147. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) *

FAMILY OSPHRONEMIDAE

148. Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 *

149. Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992

150. Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830)

151. Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 *

152. Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987

153. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860

154. Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910) *

155. Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)

FAMILY CHANNIDAE

156. Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) *

157. Channa lucius (Cuvier, in cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831)

ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES

FAMILY SOLEIDAE

158. Achiroides leucorhynchos Bleeker, 1851f *

159. Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker, 1851b) *

208

Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak

ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES

FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE

160. Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker, 1851b)

161. Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts, 1982b)

162. Auriglobus silus (Roberts, 1982b)

163. Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan, 1903)

164. Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995

A review of the ichthyofauna of Malaysian peat swamp forest

Article

Full-text available

May 2016

A review of literature showed that numerous intensive surveys have been carried out on the ichthyofauna of the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Malaysia. This review was aimed at providing a checklist of black water fish species in Malaysia from available published literature, addressing their economical importance, conservation status and problems of PSFs. A total of 189 peat swamp fish species from 32 families have been recorded from Malaysia. From that, a total of 114 species from 23 families, representing about 40% of the known fish fauna in Peninsular Malaysia was recorded from north Selangor PSF. Meanwhile, totals of 49 species belonging to 18 families, 13 species from seven families, 58 species belonging to 19 families, and nine species from five families were recorded from the peat swamps of Perak, Johor, Pahang and East Peninsular Malaysia (part of Pahang and Terengganu) respectively. Thirty-one species from 12 families and 40 species belonging to 13 families were recorded from Sabah and Sarawak respectively. Family Cyprinidae has the highest recorded species, followed with Osphronemidae, Bagridae and Siluridae. The IUCN Red List revealed 12 threatened species facing risk of extinction. The importance of conserving PSFs was outlined and suggestions made in line with the objectives of conservation. Findings from literature revealed that the Malaysia PSFs are rich in fish diversity contrary to previous belief, and should be conserved and protected to ensure the richness of their fish diversity.

Cypriniformes of Borneo (Actinopterygii, Otophysi): An Extraordinary Fauna for Integrated Studies on Diversity, Systematics, Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

Borneo Island is governed by the countries of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan) and is part of Sundaland. These countries have a high diversity of freshwater fishes, especially described and undescribed species of Cypriniformes; together these species and other flora and fauna represent an extraordinary opportunity for worldwide collaboration to investigate the biodiversity, conservation, management and evolution of Borneo's wildlife. Much of the fauna and flora of Borneo is under significant threat, warranting an immediate and swift international collaboration to rapidly inventory, describe, and conserve the diversity. The Sunda drainage appears to have been an important evolutionary centre for many fish groups, including cypriniforms (Cyprinidae, Balitoridae and Gyrinocheilidae); however, Northwestern Borneo (Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak) is not connected to Sundaland, and this disjunction likely explains the non-homogeneity of Bornean ichthyofauna. A previous study confirmed that northern Borneo, eastern Borneo and Sarawak shared a similar ichthyofauna, findings that support the general hypothesis for freshwater connections at one time between western Borneo and central Sumatra, and south Borneo and Java island. Borneo is drained by five major rivers: (1) Rajang and Baram rivers in Sarawak, and (2) Kapuas, Mahakam and Barito rivers in Kalimantan. The Cypriniformes is the most diverse clade in Borneo, and it is represented by at least 285 species in 55 genera and eight major clades (Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Gyrinocheilidae, Leptobarbidae, rasborines, cultrines and Paedocyprididae); at least 147 (52%) of these species are endemic to the incredibly diverse habitats of Borneo. Most fish faunal studies in Borneo have involved inventory and discovery; however, none to date have focused their efforts on the great biodiversity and systematics of Cypriniformes. In this paper we briefly discuss the general biodiversity of cypriniforms in Borneo, including recent revisions to the classification of the order through the Cypriniformes Tree of Life and Planetary Biodiversity Inventory efforts supported by the USA NSF basic science initiatives, in conjunction with researchers in countries of Borneo. It is our hope that this particular summary will galvanize individuals to increase worldwide collaborative and integrated efforts on the biodiversity of Cypriniformes, and incite lively discussions among a broad array of interested parties, including those involved in the recent and critically important "Heart of Borneo" initiative funded by all these countries and some NGOs.

A New Species of Homalopteroides (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

Article

Full-text available

May 2014
COPEIA

Homalopteroides avii, new species, is described from the Rajang River basin, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. It is distinguished from all other species of Homalopteroides by a wider gape of 28.5-33.3% HL vs. 22.3-24.2% for H. wassinkii, 20.0-28.4% for H. modestus, 19.1% for H. rupicola, 19.1-27.3% for H. smithi, 20.0-23.2% for H. stephensoni, 20.226.9% for H. weberi, 18.4-26.0% for H. tweediei, 17.3% for H. indochinensis, 17.4-21.2% for H. nebulosus, and 18.0-19.0% for H. yuwonoi It is further distinguished from species of Homalopteroides by the presence of a lateral cephalic stripe vs. absence in H. modestus, H. rupicala, H. smithi, H. tweediei, H. nebulosus, and H. yuwonoi; deeper caudal peduncle, 10.1-10.9% SL, vs. 8.4-9.0% for H. wassinkii, 8.7% for H. rupicola, 7.7-9.1% for H. smithi, 6.1-6.6% for H. stephensoni, 6.7-8.0% for H. weberi, 8.0-9.4% for H. tweediei, 9.3-9.8% for H. nebulosus, 8.7% for H. indochinensis, and 7.3% for H. yuwonoi; circumpeduncular scale count of 20-22 vs. 16 for H. rupicola, H. stephensoni, H. nebulosus, H. indochinensis, and H. yuwonoi, 14-16 for H. tweedei, and 16-18 for H. smithi and H. weberi; total pelvic-fin ray count of 9 vs. 10 for H. stephensoni, H. weberi, and H. yuwono. The species is relatively large for the genus, reaching 52.9 mm SL.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MALAYAN LEAF FISH (Pristolepisgrooti Blkr.) IN RANAU LAKE, SOUTH SUMATRA

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

The Malayan leaf fish or locally named as kepor (Pristolepis grooti) is one of important biotic components in Ranau Lake ecosystems. This study aimed to estimate population dynamic and exploitation rate of kepor in Ranau Lake, South Sumatera. The population parameters are estimated based on length frequency data which were collected in March to October 2013. Growth parameters and fishing mortality rates were calculated using FiSAT software package. The results showed that kepor’s growth was negative allometric, which tended to gain length faster than weight. Kepor population was dominated (42%) by individual length of 10.0 to 11.0 cm. Predicted length infinity (L) was 17.28 cm with high value of growth rates (K) of 1.4 year-1. The natural mortality rate (M) is 2.57 year-1, the fishing mortality rate (F) is 5.36 year-1 and total mortality rate (Z) is 7.93 year-1. The exploitation rate of Malayan leaf fish in Ranau Lake (E = 0.68 year-1) has passed the optimum score.

A New Species Of Hill Stream Loach (Teleostei: Balitoridae) From Central Kalimantan, With Redescriptions Of Homaloptera Tateregani Popta And Homaloptera Stephensoni Hora

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2009
ZOOTAXA

Heok Hui Tan

Homaloptera batek, new species, is a riffle specialist differentiated by its unique colour pattern for a species of Homaloptera, consisting of a series of round blotches interspaced by smaller blotches in large individuals. The poorly known species Homaloptera tateregani and H. stephensoni are redescribed; the former is restricted to the upper Mahakam basin in East Kalimantan, whereas the latter is distributed throughout Borneo. The status of the genus Pseudohomaloptera Silas is also considered.

Predicting aquatic invasions in a megadiverse region: Maximum-entropy-based modelling of six alien fish species in Malaysia

Article

Oct 2021

• There has been a recent increase in the occurrence and proliferation of alien fish species in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs of Malaysia, posing a significant risk to native biodiversity. This increase has been largely caused by the unmanaged aquaculture and aquarium pet trade. • At present, very little information is available on the diversity and distribution of alien fish species in freshwater ecosystems of Malaysia, as well as their current and future threats. • Using the MaxEnt model, the potential habitat suitability and future invasion ranges of six alien fish species (Cichla ocellaris, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata, and Pterygoplichthys pardalis) in Peninsular and East Malaysia (Borneo) were determined. • All six alien fish species investigated, have high potential to invade eight states in Peninsular Malaysia (Johor, Kelantan, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu), and much of East Malaysia. The results also indicate that alien fish are likely to invade the majority of the 444 protected areas in the country, particularly those located in Sabah and Sarawak, which are known for their high fish diversity and endemism. • Minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio 6) and isothermality (Bio 3) significantly influence potential invasion habitats for all six alien fish species in Malaysia. The country's hot and humid climate makes it ideal for the survival and proliferation of alien species except for P. pardalis. • These findings will help conservation planners and managers in identifying areas of high concern for alien freshwater fish species in Malaysia, and to pre-emptively mitigate and manage their future invasion.

Genetic evidence for the recognition of two allopatric species of Asian bronze featherback Notopterus (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha, Notopteridae)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

The fish genus Notopterus Lacepède, 1800 (Notopteridae) currently includes only one species, the Asian bronze featherback No-topterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769). This common freshwater species is widely distributed in the Oriental region, from the Indus basin in the west, the Mekong basin in the east and Java Island in the south. To examine the phylogeographic structure of N. notopterus across its range, we analysed 74 publicly available cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences, 72 of them determined from known-origin specimens, along with four newly-determined sequences from Peninsular Malaysian specimens. We found that N. notopterus is a complex of two allopatric species that diverge from each other by 7.5% mean p-distance. The first species is endemic to South Asia (from Indus basin to Ganga-Brahmaputra system), whereas the distribution of the second species is restricted to Southeast Asia. The exact limit between the distributions of these two species is not known, but it should fall somewhere between the Ganga-Brahmaputra and Salween basins, a region already identified as a major faunal boundary in the Oriental region. The name N. notopterus is retained for the Southeast Asian species, while the name Notopterus synurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) should be applied to the South Asian species. A comparative morphological study is needed to reveal the degree of morphological differentiation between the two species.

Fish diversity of Tembeling and Pahang river, Pahang, Malaysia

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015

This study aim to provide an updated checklist of fish species inhabiting Tembeling and Pahang rivers, Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 4,834 fish belonging to 10 orders, 64 genera, 25 families and 82 species were collected from both connected rivers. Cyprinidae present the highest number of fish species registered herein, followed by Bagridae, Pangasiidae and Siluridae. The most common fish species were Cyclocheilichthys apogon, followed by Barbonymus schwanefeldii, Hypsi-barbus wetmorei, Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus and Pun- tioplites proctozysron. A total of nine introduced fish and four endangered fish species were also recorded from this study. This checklist adds knowledge on the fishes inhabiting both rivers, which could be useful for the planning of fisheries activities and fish conservation of the rivers in the near future.

Life in the Fast Lane: A Review of Rheophily in Freshwater Fishes

Chapter

Dec 2015

Ecological opportunities and physical challenges of fast-water habitats have dramatically shaped the evolution of freshwater fish lineages from a broad diversity of clades globally, often leading to the convergent or parallel evolution of highly similar morphologies. In this chapter, we present a patch dynamics model of how longitudinal shifts in geomorphological and ecological processes from small headwater torrents to large river rapids may differentially affect gene flow among, and evolutionary specialization within, resident rheophilic fish populations. Fast-water habitats offer ecological advantages including predator avoidance and increased foraging efficiency, but require that organisms resist downstream displacement and avoid shifting, crushing substrates. We review the specialized morphological and behavioral characteristics associated with life in fast waters and the taxonomic distribution of these specializations across fishes. We also report results of specific functional studies where available and summarize empirical evolutionary, phylogenetic support for our model and for specific mechanisms or pathways by which rheophilic specializations may arise.

A synopsis of the genus Lobocheilos in Java, Sumatra and Borneo, with descriptions of six new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Article

Mar 2008
ICHTHYOL EXPLOR FRES

Eleven species of Lobocheilos are recognized from Java, Sumatra and Borneo, six of them new. Lobocheilos falcifer, L. lehat, L. bo, L. schwanenfeldii and L. kajanensis are rediagnosed. Tylognathus boides is a synonym of L. bo. Lobocheilos bo is definitively recorded only from the Mahakam and Kayan drainages in eastern Borneo, L. falcifer from Java, L. kajanensis from the upper Kayan drainage in eastern Borneo, and L. schwanenfeldii from Sumatra, Borneo and apparently Java; all records of these species from other areas are based on mis-identifications, unidentifiable juveniles, or require confirmation. Lobocheilos lehat is known only from two specimens collected around 1858 in Java and is possibly extinct; a lectotype is designated. Lobocheilos erinaceus is described from northwestern Borneo, L. ixocheilos from the Batang Hari drainage in Sumatra and the Kapuas drainage in Borneo, L. ovalis from Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah, L. tenura from the Kapuas drainage in southwestern Borneo, L. terminalis and L. unicornis from eastern Sabah. Lobocheilos unicornis is uniquely diagnosed by the presence on top of the head of a conspicuous median projection covered by small tubercles in females larger than 130 mm SL.

Kryptopterus platypogon, a new silurid catfish (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Borneo

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

Heok Hee Ng

Kryptopterus platypogon, a new species of silurid catfish is described from the Rajang River drainage in northern Borneo. Kryptopterus platypogon, together with K. hexapterus and K. cheveyi, can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of the absence of the dorsal fin, a strongly-arched dorsal profile with a pronounced nuchal concavity and palatal teeth in a single elliptical patch. Kryptopterus platypogon differs from K. hexapterus in having a more strongly-projecting lower jaw, larger eye(14.1% HL vs. 8.0-12.6), longer maxillary (135. 6% HL vs. 40.0-120.4) and mandibular (119.3% HL vs. 32.3-80.0) barbels that are flattened and ribbon-like (vs. flattened, but ovoid in cross section), and more ventrally-placed eyes (about one quarter of the orbital margin visible when the head is viewed ventrally vs. orbital margin barely visible), and from K. cheveyi in having a strongly projecting lower jaw (vs. upper and lower jaws of equal length), more anal-fin rays (83 vs. 66-71), narrower head (8.6% SL vs. 9.7-12.3) and smaller eye (14.1% HL vs. 18.922. 7).

Freshwater elasmobranchs from the Batang Hari basin of Central Sumatra, Indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1998
RAFFLES B ZOOL

Currently, there are three species of freshwater elasmobranchs known from the Batang Hari basin in Jambi, Sumatra. They are Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhinidae), Pristis microdon (Pristidae) and Himantura signifer (Dasyatidae). Pristis microdon appears to be the rarest elasmobranch encountered from the basin. Both Carcharhinus leucas and Himantura signifer have economic value as food fish.

On Two New Gastromyzonid Fishes from Borneo

Article

Jun 1952

The anabantoid genera Ctenops, Luciocephalus, Parasphaerichthys and Sphaerichthys as a monophyletic group: evidence from egg surface structure and reproductive behaviour

Article

Jan 1995

Catalogue of Malayan fishes

Article

T.E. Cantor

A revision of the Indo-Malayan fresh-water fish genus Rasbora

Article

Jan 1954

M.R. Brittan

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons

Article

Dec 1970
COPEIA

Rasbora kottelati, a new species of cyprinid fish from north-western Borneo

Article

Jan 1995

K.K.P. Lim

Southeast Asian freshwater fish diversity - Foreword

Article

Jul 2005
RAFFLES B ZOOL

Maurice Kottelat

Gastromyzon embalohensis, a new species of sucker loach (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from the Bentuang Karimun National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Article

Dec 1998

I. Rachmatika

Gastromyzon embalohensis is described from the middle Embaloh and Mendalam Rivers in the Bentuang Karimun National Park of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is distinguished from other species of Gastromyzon by the combination of the following: absence of scales on the abdomen, angular gill opening, absence of postoral pouch, uniformly brownish body with white vermiculation on head and predorsum, presence of subopercular groove, snout profile gently sloping in front of the nasal opening, and pectoral fin usually not overlapping pelvic fin.

Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak, Malaysia

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