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Diseño en ingeniería - Capítulo 2
Abstract
Un proceso de diseño involucra conocimiento de diseño, información de diseño y su manejo por parte del diseñador; esto significa que se necesitan teorías y metodologías para capturar, representar, modelar y codificar el conocimiento y la información del diseño. Al mismo tiempo estas clases de conocimiento deben ser utilizadas apropiadamente.
El hecho de la intervención cognitiva del individuo además de elementos subjetivos que se unen en un sistema a los elementos técnicos, confieren a la ingeniería del diseño una complejidad elevada. Su estudio ha cobrado relevancia en las últimas décadas, generando un movimiento de investigación importante. Hoy día se habla del diseño como una ciencia y se reconoce la interacción de un gran conjunto de características dentro de su definición, como por ejemplo: solución de problemas, toma de decisiones, creatividad, búsqueda heurística, evolución, aprendizaje, negociación, conocimiento, optimización, organización, satisfacción de necesidades, etc.; todas ellas necesarias, pero no suficientes por si solas (aisladamente).
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This is the second of a two-part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I included 1) descriptive models; 2) prescriptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II includes: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life cycle. For each area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. A final section is included that summarizes the six major areas and lists open research issues.
This is the first of a two part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I includes: 1) descriptive models; 2) prescrptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II, which will appear in the next issue of this journal, will include: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life-cycle. For each major area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. We also discuss the important open research issues in each area. The six categories are certainly not mutually exclusive nor even collectively exhaustive; however, some organization is necessary, and these categories have been effective in making sense of a body of research that is expending rapidly in many exciting and promising directions. The mechanical engineering design research community has made major advances over the last few years. The research community in mechanical engineering design has made significant progress not only in advancing our knowledge of design, but also in clarifying the research methods necessary to study design. Great progress is being made toward a better understanding of design, and hence toward better design tools.
: This study is a critical review of General Design Theory (GDT), a mathematical theory of design. The study reviews the assumptions (axioms) and predictions (theorems) of GDT with respect to design and illustrate them with a simple example. The scope of GDT with respect to design, the guidelines it provides for building computer-aided design (CAD) systems, and the possibility of implementing these guidelines are examined. GDT assumptions are too restrictive to apply directly to design, and several potential avenues for modifying the theory to attempt to broaden its scope are discussed. Nevertheless, these modifications may not lead to proving strong predictions about design. Treating GDT as a model, rather than as an accurate reflection of design, allows treating the guidelines as hypotheses to be tested empirically. The paper discusses these guidelines and some experimental implementation that embody some of them. 1 Part of this work was performed while the author was with the Engi...
This paper aims at providing a classification of various design theories and methodologies (DTM) based on a philosophically sound foundation. Such a classification is necessary in order to develop further, in particular, so-called descriptive and prescriptive theories and methodologies. As a scientific foundation, this paper chose General Design Theory (GDT) which is a theory of design knowledge based on axiomatic set theory. First, the paper briefly reviews GDT and establishes a knowledge-centric view of design. Then, it gives an alternative systematic categorization framework including (1) DTM to generate a new design solution (including creativity-based design and modification-based design), (2) DTM to enrich information about functional and attributive information, (3) DTM to manage design processes, and (4) DTM to represent design information and knowledge. Finally, the paper categorizes some representative work in DTM and further discusses educational implications of this categorization.
This paper presents an approach wherein product design is viewed us a selection process with two main stages: design alternative generation and design alternative evaluation. The focus of this paper is mainly on a design alternative evaluation model in that designer's preferences, customers' preferences, and market competition are accounted for in order to select the best possible design. In the model, uncertainties in the product design life, market size and its yearly! change, cost and its yearly change, price, and discount rate are considered Product design selection of a cordless screwdriver is used as a demon stration example. However, the emphasis in the example is on the approach. and nor on the details per se.
The last decade has seen the revival of the significance of the customer to business survival. Thus, it is not surprising that the Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) which emphasises the transfer of the voice of the customer through technical requirements into measurable parameters has captured the attention of companies. However the previously proposed QFD has weaknesses QFD can be enhanced. As a result, there exist to be several routes and entry points through the EQFD that any company can apply. The EQFD is expected to be applied in a more time efficient manner producing products that please the customer.
The term Concurrent Engineering, also called Simultaneous Engineering, was used the first time in the US in 1989. It is primarily an expression for the ambition to increase the competitiveness by decreasing the lead-time and still improving quality and cost. The main methodology is to integrate the product development and the development of the design- and production processes. In this way Concurrent Engineering is a label for a development era of the manufacturing technology. To be successful Concurrent Engineering must be based on relevant theories, use efficient tools and be lead by dedicated management. Education and the ability for team work is essential for the success. Many companies are reporting good results from their use of Concurrent Engineering principles. More efficient software tools and manufacturing systems principles are being developed in research projects.