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The Study on Growth Performance and Carcass Yield of Meat-type Korean Native Ducks

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Hak-Kyu Kim
Hak-Kyu Kim
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Bo-Seok Kang
Bo-Seok Kang
Bo-Seok Kang
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Jong HwangBo
Jong HwangBo
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Chong-Dae Kim
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Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the growth performance and the carcass ratio of meat-type Korean Native Ducks. Four hundred twenty Korean Native Ducks' chicks were selected and divided into four treatments (7 replications/ treatment, 15 birds/replication) by strains (A and B) and gender(male and female) with fractal factors. There was no significant difference between A and B on the body weight at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks old (P>0.05). However, body weight of female was higher at 2 weeks old than male while that of male was higher at the 8 weeks old (P
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39 1 , 45 52 (2012)
Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.39, No.1 , 45 52 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2012.39.1.045
45
The Study on Growth Performance and Carcass Yield of Meat-type Korean Native Ducks
Hak-Kyu Kim, Bo-Seok Kang, Jong Hwangbo, Chong-Dae Kim, Kang-Nyeong Heo, Hyo-Jun Choo,
Dae-Sung Park, Ok-Suk Suh and Eui-Chul Hong
Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the growth performance and the carcass ratio of meat-type Korean
Native Ducks. Four hundred twenty Korean Native Ducks' chicks were selected and divided into four treatments (7 re-
plications/treatment, 15 birds/replication) by strains (A and B) and gender(male and female) with 2×2 fractal factors. There
was no significant difference between A and B on the body weight at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks old (P>0.05). However, body
weight of female was higher at 2 weeks old than male while that of male was higher at the 8 weeks old (P<0.01). Daily
feed intake of male was higher compared to female during 6 8 weeks (P<0.05). On weekly body weight gain, there was
no significant difference between strains, but gained body weight of male was higher until 2 weeks old while that of female
was higher during 6 8 weeks (P<0.01). On the live body weight and carcass weight by strains and genders, B strain was
higher than A strains at the 8 weeks of age (P<0.01). Carcass yield was the highest at 8 weeks of age in both strains (P<0.05).
These results may provided the basic data on growth performance and carcass ratio of meat-type Korean Native Ducks.
(Key words : meat-type, Korean Native Duck, growth performance, carcass ratio)
To whom correspondence should be addressed : drhong@korea.kr
(2011)
2009 12,323
7 .
2000 12.9 , 5,134 2010
5.1 , 14,397 ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, 1 2000 1.02kg 2010 2.78 kg
( , 2011).
, WTO
FTA
.
,
.
Pekin (Cherry Valley, England; Grimaud, France)
90% , 10% ( ,
2011). (
, 1999) ,
(
, 1999).
.
.
( , 2006) ,
. (3.1 kg
:
46
) ,
, ( , 2006).
,
.
,
,
.
(A, B)
, 210 420
. 2 (A, B)
2 ( , ) 2×2 4 ,
7 , 15 .
(2007)
- 0 3 (CP 22.0%, ME 2,900
kcal/kg) 3 8 (CP 18.0%, ME 3,000 kcal/kg)
8 .
,
. 1 32
, 1 3 5 3
( 24±2.5 ) . 60
70% ,
16 ,
5 10 cm .
.
2
8 , 10 .
,
.
Table 1. Formula and chemical composition of basal diet
0 3 weeks
3 8 weeks
Corn
54.45
61.00
Wheat bran
2.50
10.30
Soybean meal
37.70
18.05
Corn gluten meal
1.50
7.00
Soybean oil
0.50
1.00
Limestone
0.45
0.70
Dicalcium phosphorus
1.40
1.00
DL-methionine
0.10
0.05
L-lysine
0.05
0.05
Vit.-Min. premix1
1.00
0.05
Salt
0.25
0.25
Chemical composition2
ME (kcal/kg)
2,945
3,047
CP (%)
22.4
18.4
Methionine (%)
0.44
0.39
Lysine (%)
1.27
0.86
Ca (%)
0.76
0.66
P (%)
0.46
0.35
1Provided following nutrients per kg of diet : vitamin A, 1,175,000
IU; vitamin D3, 225,000 IU; vitamin E 1,900 IU; vitamin K,
891 mg; vitamin B1, 50 mg; vitamin B2, 2,250 mg; vitamin B6,
750 mg; vitamin B12, 600 mg; Ca-pantothenate, 2,500 mg;
niacin, 15,400 mg; biotin, 110 mg; folic acid, 30 mg; Co, 50
mg; Cu, 1,750 mg; Mn, 36,000 mg; Zn, 24,000 mg; I, 600 mg;
Se, 25 mg.
2Calculated values.
(6 , 7 , 8 ) ,
1
, diethyl ether
. , , ,
.
(%) =
SAS(2002) GLM(Ge-
Kim et al. : The Study on Performance of Korean Native Ducks
47
neral Linear Model) Program(two-way ANOVA procedure)
, Duncan
(Duncan, 1955) 95% 99%
.
A, B
Table 2 3 .
. 2 4 A
(P<0.05), 8
A (P<0.01). 6
.
2, 4, 6 8 (P>0.05),
2 , 8
(P<0.01). 4 2 4 ,
6 8 B (P<0.05).
Table 2. Body weights (g/bird) change of Korean Native Ducks
Treatment
Weeks
0
2
4
6
8
A,
51.8±0.251
334.8±32.9ab
1,203±26.4ab
2,011±14.6
2,505±22.7c
A,
50.2±0.37
274.8±4.91b
1,145±15.4b
2,009±62.3
2,713±61.4b
B,
50.5±0.38
358.7±5.56a
1,268±31.4a
2,076±76.9
2,617±59.8bc
B,
50.4±0.15
314.8±29.2ab
1,201±49.4ab
2,126±14.5
2,927±31.8a
Strains
A
51.0±0.41
304.8±20.3
1,174±18.8
2,010±28.6
2,609±54.9
B
50.5±0.19
336.8±16.5
1,234±30.2
2,101±36.7
2,772±75.6
Gender
51.1±0.36
346.8±15.9a
1,235±23.4
2,043±37.9
2,561±38.3b
50.3±0.45
294.8±15.9b
1,173±26.3
2,067±38.6
2,820±56.9a
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Gender
NS
**
NS
NS
**
Str.×Gen.
NS
*
*
NS
**
1Means ± S.D. (n=105).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.
a-cMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05).
6 8
(P<0.05), .
A B ,
Table 4 Table 6 .
4 0 2 B
(P<0.05), 6 8 A B
(P<0.001). 0 8 B
(P<0.01).
, 0 2
(P<0.05), 6 8 (P<
0.001), 0 8 (P<0.01). 4
B 2 4 (P<0.05)
6 8 (P<0.01) .
(P>0.05), 6 8
(P<0.05). 4
4 6
:
48
Table 3. Daily feed intake (g/bird/day) of Korean Native Ducks
Treatment
Weeks
0 2
2 4
4 6
6 8
0 8
A,
32.3±3.141
170.3±3.81ab
207.9±9.09
277.3±3.37b
172.0±2.66
A,
28.4±0.62
154.7±4.36b
220.4±10.5
280.2±5.31b
170.9±4.06
B,
34.7±0.21
165.6±5.25b
210.4±7.71
275.0±3.87b
171.4±2.71
B,
31.0±2.25
185.3±5.96a
198.1±6.88
310.8±7.34a
181.3±4.72
Strains
A
30.4±1.68
162.5±4.36
214.2±6.81
278.7±2.89
171.5±2.18
B
32.9±1.31
175.4±5.66
204.3±5.38
292.9±8.82
176.4±3.28
Gender
33.5±1.51
168.0±3.09
209.2±5.36
276.1±2.35b
171.7±1.71
29.7±1.21
170.0±7.61
209.3±7.51
295.5±7.95a
176.1±3.62
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Gender
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
Str.×Gen.
NS
*
NS
**
NS
1Means ± S.D. (n=7).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01.
a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05).
Table 4. Average body weight gains (g/bird) of Korean Native Ducks
Treatment
Weeks
0 2
2 4
4 6
6 8
0 8
A,
283.0±32.81ab
868.0±8.02
807.7±12.7
494.8±36.7b
2,454±22.9c
A,
224.6±4.80b
870.1±13.9
864.3±57.9
704.1±0.93a
2,663±61.3b
B,
308.3±5.36a
909.4±28.1
807.8±58.2
541.5±49.2b
2,567±59.4bc
B,
264.4±29.1ab
885.7±23.6
925.0±40.5
801.6±36.6a
2,877±31.9a
Strains
A
253.8±19.8
869.1±7.18
836.0±29.4
599.4±49.6
2,558±55.3
B
286.4±16.5
897.5±17.3
866.4±41.1
671.6±64.3
2,722±75.5
Gender
295.6±15.9a
888.7±16.1
807.8±26.7
518.2±29.4b
2,510±38.1b
244.5±15.9b
877.9±12.7
894.6±34.4
752.8±27.3a
2,770±56.9a
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Gender
*
NS
NS
***
**
Str.×Gen.
*
NS
NS
***
**
1Means ± SD (n=7).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.
a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05).
Kim et al. : The Study on Performance of Korean Native Ducks
49
Table 5. Average feed intakes (g/bird) of Korean Native Ducks
Treatment
Weeks
0 2
2 4
4 6
6 8
0 8
A,
452.7±44.11
2,385±53.5ab
2,911±127.6
3,882±47.5b
9,630±148.7
A,
397.1±8.42
2,166±61.4b
3,086±147.2
3,923±74.5b
9,571±226.6
B,
485.4±2.97
2,318±73.6b
2,946±107.8
3,850±54.2b
9,600±152.3
B,
434.5±31.5
2,594±83.3a
2,773±96.5
4,351±102.7a
10,153±263.5
Strains
A
424.9±23.6
2,275±60.9
2,998±95.4
3,902±40.6
9,600±121.9
B
460.0±18.2
2,456±79.3
2,860±75.4
4,101±123.4
9,876±183.9
Gender
469.1±21.1
2,351±43.3
2,929±75.1
3,866±32.9b
9,615±95.4
415.8±16.8
2,380±106.3
2,930±105.2
4,137±111.3a
9,862±202.6
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Gender
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
Str.×Gen.
NS
*
NS
**
NS
1Means ± SD (n=7).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01.
a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05).
Table 6. Feed conversion ratio of Korean Native Ducks
Treatment
Weeks
0 2
2 4
4 6
6 8
0 8
A,
1.61±0.031b
2.75±0.09ab
3.61±0.21
7.92±0.53a
3.92±0.08a
A,
1.77±0.02a
2.49±0.03c
3.59±0.21
5.57±0.11b
3.59±0.06b
B,
1.58±0.02b
2.55±0.04bc
3.70±0.41
7.23±0.63a
3.74±0.06ab
B,
1.66±0.08ab
2.93±0.11a
3.01±0.21
5.45±0.23b
3.52±0.08b
Strains
A
1.69±0.04
2.62±0.07
3.60±0.13
6.75±0.58
3.76±0.08
B
1.62±0.04
2.74±0.11
3.36±0.25
6.34±0.51
3.64±0.07
Gender
1.59±0.02b
2.65±0.06
3.66±0.21
7.57±0.41a
3.83±0.06a
1.71±0.04a
2.71±0.11
3.30±0.18
5.51±0.12b
3.56±0.05b
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Gender
*
NS
NS
***
**
Str.×Gen.
*
**
NS
**
*
1Means ± SD (n=7).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.
a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P<0.05).
:
50
, (P<
0.05, P<0.01).
, 0 2 (P<0.05),
6 8 0 8 (P<0.001, P<0.01).
A, B 6 , 7 8
Table 7 .
8 B (P<0.01), 8
A B (P<0.05).
(P>0.05), 7 8 6
(P<0.01), 7 8
.
Table 7. Carcass ratio (%) of Korean Native Ducks
Treatments
Body weight (g)
Carcass ratio
(%)
Live
Carcass
A, 6 weeks
2,435±160.71c
1,620±84.6c
66.7±1.37b
A, 7 weeks
2,858±145.2bc
1,968±88.5bc
68.9±0.96ab
A, 8 weeks
3,035±224.9ab
2,130±183.4ab
70.1±1.01a
B, 6 weeks
2,448±84.8c
1,617±44.1c
66.1±0.91b
B, 7 weeks
2,727±151.7bc
1,860±109.7bc
68.2±0.58ab
B, 8 weeks
3,412±118.4a
2,398±76.2a
70.3±0.29a
Strains
A
2,776±126.7
1,906±98.6
68.6±0.76
B
2,862±155.5
1,958±122.4
68.2±0.69
Weeks
6 weeks
2,442±81.3c
1,618±42.7c
66.4±0.75b
7 weeks
2,793±98.4b
1,914±67.5b
68.5±0.53a
8 weeks
3,223±141.5a
2,264±107.1a
70.2±0.47a
P-value2
Strains
NS
NS
NS
Weeks
***
***
**
Strains×weeks
**
**
*
1Means ± SD (n=7).
2Provability of contrast: NS, no significant; * P<0.05; ** P<
0.01; *** P<0.001.
a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same column differ
significantly (P<0.05).
(F1) ,
,
( , 2006).
.
, 0 50.6±
0.41 g(NRC, 1994; Baeza et al., 2010; , 2005;
, 2010), 1 244.8±5.33 g(NRC, 1994;
, 2010), 2 651.3±68.5 g(NRC, 1994; Baeza et al., 2010;
, 2005; , 2010), 3 1,241±188.8
g(NRC, 1994; , 2010; , 2010), 4
2,052± 130.1 g(NRC, 1994; , 2005;
, 2010), 5 2,575±252.8 g(NRC, 1994; Farhat and Chavez,
2000; Baeza et al., 2010; , 2010), 6 3,086±
290.5 g (NRC, 1994; Farhat and Chavez, 2000;
, 2005; , 2010), 7 3,612±171.7 g(NRC, 1994;
Farhat and Chavez, 2000; , 2010) 8 3758±
283.4 g(NRC, 1994; Baeza et al., 2010; , 2010;
, 2010) . , (2010)
0 43.7 g, 8 1,595 g
, Teguia et al.(2008)
, .
A B 0
.
. 2 , 4
, 6 8
, 8
(2010) 8 (1,711 kg)
, (3,710 kg)
.
,
.
(NRC,
1994; , 2005; , 2010)
, . , 0 2
,
. 2 6
. (2010)
0 3
Kim et al. : The Study on Performance of Korean Native Ducks
51
, 3 8
, .
NRC(1994) ,
, 3
, 3
, 8
.
androgen
(Scow and Roe, 1953; Kochakian and
Tillotson, 1957), (1977)
.
.
, 6 8
, . 0 8
, × .
Baeza et al.(2010) 0 8
173.95 g 175.92 g , 0 8
.
. (1,641
kg) , 0 2
(NRC, 1994; , 2005; , 2010)
, 2
.
,
,
.
,
6 8
, 0 8
× .
(2005) 0 2 1.53,
2 4 1.91, 4 6 5.83 0 6 2.84
. NRC(1994)
0 2 1.38 1.40, 2 4
2.83 2.87, 4 6 5.45 5.53, 6 8 10.69
11.34 0 8 4.71 4.78 . 4
(2005) ,
4 6 NRC(1994) (2005)
, 6 8 NRC(1994)
. 0 8 3.83 3.56
(2010) , Baeza et al.
(2010) , NRC(1994)
.
,
.
Table 2 .
Table 2 105
, Table 7
7
.
, ×
. 8
(2010) 6 (3,294
kg) (2,547 kg) .
, (2005) Farhat and
Chavez(2000) 6 73.7%
, (2005) 70.1%,
(2010) 70.1%, 71.2%
8 .
(2007) 65.6%, 65.7%
, (2010) 65.4%
6 .
,
65 67% ,
6 .
7 , 7
8 8
, 7
.
.
. A B
:
52
210
420 . 2
(A, B) 2 ( , ) 2×2
4 , 7 , 15
. 2, 4,
6 8 (P>0.05),
2 , 8
(P<0.01). 6 8
(P<0.05).
,
(P<0.01).
(P>0.05), 6 8
(P<0.05).
,
0 2 (P<0.05), 6 8 (P<0.01).
8 B
(P<0.01), 8 A B
(P<0.05).
.
( : , , , )
2010
, .
Baeza E, Salichon MR, Marche G, Warcrenier N, Dominguez
B, Culioli J 2010 Effects of age and sex on the structural,
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Duncan DB 1955 Multiple range and multiple F tests. Bio-
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Farchat A, Chavez ER 2000 Comparative performance, blood
chemistry, and carcass composition of two lines of Pekin
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460-465.
Kochakian CD, Tillotson C. 1957. Influence of several C19
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National Research Council 1994 Nutrient Requirements of
Poultry. 9th rev ed. National Academy Press Washington
DC.
SAS 2002 SAS/STAT Software for PC. SAS Institute, Cary,
NC, USA.
Scow RO, Roe JH Jr 1953 Effect of testosterone propionate
on the weight and myoglobin content of striated muscles
on gonadectomized guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 173:22-28.
Teguia A, Mafouo Ngandjou H, Defang H, Tchoumboue J
2008 Study of the live body weight and body characte-
ristics of the African Muscovy duck (Caraina moschata).
Trop Anim Health Prod 40:5-10.
2005 -
.
32(4):245-254.
2010
.
37:229-235.
2006
. .
2010
.
37:389-398.
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.
2007
.
27:203-208.
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.
32:81-87.
1999
. .
2007 .
, , 1977
. 48:308-314.
( : 2012. 1. 4, : 2012. 3. 6, : 2012. 3. 8)
... Korean native duck (KD), called Woorimatori, is a domesticated duck that originated from the hybridized ducks between mallard duck and indigenous Pekin duck, and has been continuously improved since 1997 at National Institute of Animal Science, Republic of Korea by selecting individuals with excellent appearance, weight, and productivity [14][15][16]. They resemble the appearance of a mallard duck with glossy dark brown feathers, and a dark green head in males ( Fig. 1 and more characteristics in Additional file 1: Table S1). ...
... The mean nucleotide diversity (π) of duck breeds was between 0.1028 to 0.1384, and MD showed exceptionally higher nucleotide diversity than domesticated breeds. KD has a higher nucleotide diversity (0.1338) than PK (0.1221), which may be because the breeding history of KD (since late 1990s) is shorter than PK (since the Ming Dynasty) [14,23]. We also performed population analyses of 15 duck breeds including KD, and found similar patterns for duck breeds used in the previous study [23]. ...
... In addition, our results show that the KD breed has a close genomic relationship and shared admixture history with the PK breed. This can be explained by the domesticaton history of KD, which was formed with hybridized ducks of indigenous PK and wild mallard duck in the late 1990s and has been improved to current KD (Woorimatori) population [14,16]. ...
Population analysis of the Korean native duck using whole-genome sequencing data
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2020
  • BMC GENOMICS
Background: Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have provided an opportunity to perform population-level comparative genomic analysis to discover unique genomic characteristics of domesticated animals. Duck is one of the most popular domesticated waterfowls, which is economically important as a source of meat, eggs, and feathers. The objective of this study is to perform population and functional analyses of Korean native duck, which has a distinct meat flavor and texture phenotype, using whole-genome sequencing data. To study the distinct genomic features of Korean native duck, we conducted population-level genomic analysis of 20 Korean native ducks together with 15 other duck breeds. Results: A total of 15.56 million single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in Korean native duck. Based on the unique existence of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in Korean native duck, a total of 103 genes related to the unique genomic characteristics of Korean native duck were identified in comparison with 15 other duck breeds, and their functions were investigated. The nucleotide diversity and population structures among the used duck breeds were then compared, and their phylogenetic relationship was analyzed. Finally, highly differentiated genomic regions among Korean native duck and other duck breeds were identified, and functions of genes in those regions were examined. Conclusions: This is the first study to compare the population of Korean native duck with those of other duck breeds by using whole-genome sequencing data. Our findings can be used to expand our knowledge of genomic characteristics of Korean native duck, and broaden our understanding of duck breeds.
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... The content of stearic acid (which is considered biologically neutral for human health- [37]) in the breast and leg muscles of the ducks evaluated was significantly higher than in the breast muscles (5.57%) and leg muscles (4.89%) of A44 ducks aged 49 days [9] and in the pectoral muscles of 49-day-old hybrids (6.97 to 7.33%) in an experiment of Heo et al. [39]. Compared to the results obtained in our study, a similar C18:0 content (17.4%) was found in the breast muscles of 8-week-old native Korean ducks [41] and the leg muscles of 49-day-old P33, K2, and A3 ducks (12.74, 13.78, and 10.69%, respectively) [42]. In contrast, Kokoszyński and Bernacki [7] found a higher C18:0 content in the leg muscles of P22 ducks (20.96%). ...
... In contrast, in the same experiments, a lower C18:2 content was found in duck leg muscles than in the P33, P8, and P9 birds evaluated. In contrast, Kim et al. [41] and Kwon et al. [44] obtained significantly higher C18:2 contents in the breast and leg muscles of 56-day-old native Korean ducks and imported commercial ducks at 42 days of age. The content of C20:4 in the breast muscle lipids of the assessed ducks was higher than that assessed by Heo et al. [33] and similar to the results of Wołoszyn et al. [38]. ...
Fatty Acid Profile, Health Lipid Indices, and Sensory Properties of Meat from Pekin Ducks of Different Origins
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
Simple Summary Native or locally adapted poultry breeds are characterized by good adaptation to local environmental conditions. They are characterized by a unique genotype, high resistance to existing diseases, and very good reproductive ability, as well as good-quality raw material. The aim of the present study was to compare P33 (Polish Pekin), P8 (Danish Pekin), and P9 (French Pekin) ducks at 49 days of age in terms of fatty acid profile, health lipid indices, and sensory characteristics of breast and leg meat. The results showed significant differences between the compared Pekin duck strains in terms of the content of certain fatty acids and sensory characteristics, which may indicate the different nutritional and culinary values of the meat of the compared conservative duck strains. Abstract Conservation duck flocks are of significant importance to science. Over a number of years, many experiments have been carried out to gain a better understanding of individual duck populations. However, the knowledge obtained is still incomplete. The aim of the present study was to compare three duck strains maintained in Poland and included in the Genetic Resources Protection Programme in terms of the fatty acid profile, health lipid indices, and sensory traits of breast and leg meat. The experimental material consisted of 180 sexed Pekin ducks, 60 ducks each (including 30 males and 30 females) from strain P33 (Pekin of Polish origin), P8 (Pekin of Danish origin), and P9 (Pekin of French origin). During 49 days of rearing, the ducks were kept in an enclosed building with six pens on straw. The duck genotype had a significant effect on the myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n9), linolenic (C18:2n6), arachidonic (C20:4n6), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), PUFAn6 content, and Peroxidisability Index (PI) values of breast muscle. Ducks from the compared strains differed significantly in C16:0 content and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including MUFAs, Nutritive Value Index, and Health-Promoting Index in leg muscles. Ducks from the compared strains also differed significantly in the aroma and juiciness of the heat-treated breast muscles and the tenderness of the leg muscles. The sex of the birds had a significant effect on the C18:1, C22:6n3, MUFA, PUFAn6, PUFAn3, PI, and aroma and taste desirability of the breast muscles, as well as the aroma intensity of the leg muscles.
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... Carcass pH and temperature profiles were measured by a pH meter and thermometer respectively [7] at 45 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours post mortem and recorded. The pH meter and thermometer dipped into the breast to at least a depth of 2 cm at a similar place. ...
Effect of Replacing Soybean with Pigeon Pea on Growth Performance and Meat Quality
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2022
A study to assess the effect of replacing Soybean with Pigeon pea on growth performance, meat quality and sensory characteristics of Malawian Indigenous Muscovy ducks was conducted at Bunda Campus of the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR). The study used forty-two (42) ducks which were assigned to two treatments (T1:21 ducks on Soybean meal based-ration, T2:21 ducks on Pigeon pea-based ration). Major feed ingredients were analyzed for nutrient composition before formulating ration. Starter of 20% CP and finisher of 17% CP was fed to ducks in an intensive system. Weekly body weights were measured and used to determine average daily body weight gain which showed better results on pigeon pea fed ducks. Feed conversion ratio were statistically significant with pigeon showing the best value of 2.0 ± 0.00 and Soybean 2.24 ± 0.00. At the 12 th week of age, six ducks from each treatment were selected with reference to mean weight and then slaughtered. Using the right breast muscle, Carcass temperature, and pH were measured at 45minutes, 3hours, 6hours, 12 hours and 24hours post-mortem. Cooking loss, drip loss, and color were determined at 24hours post-mortem. There was no difference between treatments on redness (a*) but the difference was observed on lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). The left breast muscle was cut from each duck, labelled then chilled at 4 0 C for 24hours followed by cooking at 70 0 C for 15 minutes by boiling. Trained panelists scored the meat samples for sensory characteristics. The results showed that the panelists preferred duck meat from pigeon pea-based ration to Soybean based ration. Therefore, pigeon pea can replace soybean as a protein source since it has a positive effect on Malawian Indigenous Muscovy ducks.
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... Also, the tenderness and shearing power of the meat are high, so it has a high preference of consumers Kim et al., 2012). However, in the case of native ducks, the most of plumage color in the group is almost fixed to black-brown, so there are limitations to their use as meat, and in the end, the Pekin species imported from overseas accounts for 90% of the domestic broiler duck market. ...
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... Pekin ducks were domesticated from wild mallard ducks in Southeast Asia and bred into various breeds around world, including American and German subtypes [29,30]. In Korea, most of the Pekin duck breed has been imported in suntypes from England, France, and Germany [31]. ...
The First Report of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) Sequence in Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica): The Potential Prion Disease Susceptibility in Ducks
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
Pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc), converted from normal prion protein (PrPC), causes prion disease. Although prion disease has been reported in several mammalian species, chickens are known to show strong resistance to prion diseases. In addition to chickens, the domestic duck occupies a large proportion in the poultry industry and may be regarded as a potential resistant host against prion disease. However, the DNA sequence of the prion protein gene (PRNP) has not been reported in domestic ducks. Here, we performed amplicon sequencing targeting the duck PRNP gene with the genomic DNA of Pekin ducks. In addition, we aligned the PrP sequence of the Pekin duck with that of various species using ClustalW2 and carried out phylogenetic analysis using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis X (MEGA X). We also constructed the structural modeling of the tertiary and secondary structures in avian PrP using SWISS-MODEL. Last, we investigated the aggregation propensity on Pekin duck PrP using AMYCO. We first reported the DNA sequence of the PRNP gene in Pekin ducks and found that the PrP sequence of Pekin ducks is more similar to that of geese than to that of chickens and mallards (wild ducks). Interestingly, Pekin duck PrP showed a high proportion of β-sheets compared to that of chicken PrP, and a high aggregation propensity compared to that of avian PrPs. However, Pekin duck PrP with substitutions of chicken-specific amino acids showed reduced aggregation propensities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic characteristics of the PRNP sequence in Pekin ducks.
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... For Animals papers, exact P values should be quoted, to three decimal places, except for P < 0.001. Hong et al. (2012) and Kim et al. (2012) reported that the body weight of Korena male and female native ducks were similar until 7 wk-old but differed from 8 wk-old. With respect to shank length, the Muscovy duck had higher sexual dimorphism for shank length compared either to Sudani or Pekin ducks and a similar trend was noticed for keel length one. ...
A comparison of three duck strains (Pekin, Muscovy & Sudani) in Egypt for sexual dimorphism with regard to body weight, body measurements and carcass traits
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
The Sudani duck (Egyptian Muscovy) is a native bird of Egypt. The objective of this study it compared among Sudani, French Muscovy and Pekin ducks for their sexual dimorphism, live body weight (LBW), body measurements and carcass composition at marketing age (8, 10 and 14 wks) for Pekin, Muscovy and Sudani ducks, respectively. A total of 36 (18 males+ 18 females), 38 (19 males+ 19 females) and 46 (23 males+23 females) for Pekin, Muscovy and Sudani ducks, respectively were investgated. The main results revealed that Pekin ducks had lower sexual dimorphism for live body weight (9.38%) compared to either Sudani (68.47%) or Muscovy (57.95%) ducks. The Muscovy duck strain significantly recorded (p≤0.0001) higher sexual dimorphism for body measurements (44.44%, 38.86%, 22.71% and 23.86% for shank length, keel length, body circumference and body length ,respectively) compared to Pekin ducks, (5.31%, 3.15%, 1.9% and 1.98% for shank length, keel length, body circumference and body length ,respectively) with the Sudani ducks intermediate (35.36%, 20.74%, 22.85% and 24.30% for shank length, keel length, body circumference and body length ,respectively). The Pekin duck exhibited greater (p≤0.05) sexual dimorphism for abdominal fat (18.5%) compared to Sudani (1.08%) and Muscovy (-9.56%) ducks. Sudani ducks significantly recorded greater (p≥0.0001) sexual dimorphism for edible meat parts (90.29%) compared to Pekin (11.83%) ducks, while the Muscovy (58.78%) ducks were intermediate. Finally, The Sudani ducks recorded higher (p≥0.0001) sexual dimorphism for most measurements compared to Pekin ducks; however, the Muscovy ducks were intermediate.
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... Carcass pH and temperature profiles were measured by a pH meter (Kim et al., 2012) at 45 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours post mortem and recorded in tripplicate (Ronald et al., 2006). The pH meter, which also measured carcass temperature, was dipped into the pectoralis muscle to at least a depth of 2 cm at a similar place in each pectoralis muscle. ...
Influence of production systems and sex on nutritional value and meat quality of native Malawian Muscovy ducks
Article
  • Mar 2020
This study was conducted to assess effects of production systems and sex on nutritional value and meat quality of native Malawian Muscovy ducks. One hundred twenty ducks were randomly assigned to either an intensive (IS), duck-rice integration (DR) or free-range (FR) production system. A starter ration containing 20% crude protein and a finisher containing 17% crude protein were fed to ducks in IS (1 to 4 weeks), and provided as a supplement to ducks in DR and FR (5 to 10 weeks). Feed and water were offered ad libitum. At 10 weeks of age, 16 ducks per treatment were selected randomly, slaughtered and chilled at 4 °C for 24 hours. Carcass temperature, pH and meat colour were measured at 45 min, and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours post mortem. Tenderness, cooking loss, proximate and mineral composition were determined 24 hours post mortem. Production system and sex had no effect on carcass temperature, pH and proximate composition of duck breast meat. However, production system affected tenderness and mineral composition of the meat and sex influenced moisture and tenderness. Males were moister and had less tender meat than females. Carcasses from ducks in the FR system contained more zinc, copper, manganese, and potassium, but less iron while those in IS had the lowest mineral content of the three production systems. Thus, DR can be adopted to improve the current FR system of native Malawian Muscovy duck production with supplementation to produce duck with acceptable mineral composition and better meat quality. Keywords: cooking loss, meat colour, mineral, proximate composition
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... Growth and development are two closely related processes; the latter dominates in embryo formation and the former during the postnatal stage of life (Hyánková, Novotná, Knížetová, & Horáčková, 2004 (Damaziak et al., 2014;Kim et al., 2012;Önk et al., 2018;Sari, Tilki, Önk, & Isik, 2013;Steczny et al., 2017). In this study, sex did not affect the weights of ducks in both generations at week 0. ...
Evaluation of growth performance on family breeding of the Leizhou Black Duck: A preliminary study
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
This study determined the growth performance, correlations of linear body dimensions, slaughter performance and the fitting model of two generations of Leizhou Black Ducks. Fifteen (15) male and 225 female parents forming generation 0 were selected from the Leizhou duck population. Fifteen (15) families were created in the ratio of 1 male:15 females. Eggs from all the families were collected and numbered according to the family. Generation 1 ducklings were selected and grouped into families in the same ratio. Body weights (BWs) and linear body dimensions were recorded every 2 weeks from weeks 0 to 16. Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models were employed to ascertain the growth model of both sexes of Leizhou Black Ducks. Except for weeks 0–2, generation 1 families had greater BWs than the generation 0 families (p < .05). Males from both generations had significantly higher (p < .01) BWs than females at 16 weeks old. Significant positive correlations were observed between BWs and measured body dimensions for both sexes except for between BW and pelvis width (PW) where negative correlations (p > .05) were observed for males at week 10 and females at 16 weeks old. There was a significant negative correlation (p < .01) between body length and PW in males at 10 weeks. The accuracy rate of Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models was at 0.972 and similar was obtained by all three models with Von Bertalanffy being the best model. Live weight of generation 1 before slaughter was significantly higher (p < .01) than generation 0, whereas no significant differences were seen in the other carcass traits. These findings provide insights into breeding Leizhou Black Duck to enhance growth performance and hybrid production.
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... 그러나 여전히 생산성과 운동성의 연관은 아직까지 알려지지 않고 있으며, 사육밀도에 대한 대부분의 연구들이 육계를 대상으로 하고 있다. Xie et al.(2014) (Kim et al., 2012;Heo et al., 2015). 이는 본 시험 종료시의 50일령 체중 과 유사하다. ...
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Influence of E‐beam Irradiation on Microbiological and Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Frozen Duck Meat
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2020
This study investigated the effect of different doses (0, 3, and 7 kGy) of e‐beam on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities and the profile of fatty acids of the frozen duck meat (FDM). Electron beam at the dose of 3 kGy showed more than 2 log and 1 log cycles of reduction in the total bacterial (TAB) and coliform counts (TCC), respectively. The results indicated an increase in the TBARS values (1.50 ± 0.02 mg MDA/kg), peroxide value (0.83 ± 0.04 meq peroxide/kg), and total volatile base nitrogen (1.31 ± 0.16 mg/100 ml), but no effect on the sensory parameters. Irradiation lowered the lightness (L*) (31.87 ± 0.98) and redness (a*) (11.04 ± 0.20) values but elevated the metmyoglobin content in FDM. In addition, irradiation had no effect on the benzopyrene content; however, a reduction was observed in the vitamin A (0.239 ± 0.015 µg/g) and vitamin E (1.847 ± 0.075 µg/g) contents of the FDM samples. There were no trans‐fatty acids present in the treated (irradiated) as well as the untreated (nonirradiated) meat samples (FDM), whereas the fatty acid content decreased in irradiated samples, in contrast with the nonirradiated control. Electronic nose clearly discriminated between the nonirradiated and irradiated FDM based on principal component analysis. It is concluded that the e‐beam successfully improved the microbial quality of FDM with slight changes in physicochemical properties, but without altering its sensory properties. This study investigated the effect of several doses (0–7 kGy) of e‐beam on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities and fatty acid profile of frozen duck meat (FDM). E‐beam at 3 kGy showed more than 2 log and 1 log cycles of reduction in the total bacterial and coliform counts, respectively. The results indicated an increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, peroxide value, and total volatile base nitrogen, but no effect on the sensory parameters.
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Comparative performance, blood chemistry, and carcass composition of two lines of Pekin ducks reared mixed or separated by sex
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2000
Male and female Pekin ducks selected (F2 generation) for greater breast muscle thickness (MT) and an unselected control (C) were used in this study under mixed- or separated-sex rearing. Ducks in the separated-sex program had significantly higher body weights than the birds in the mixed-sex program. The ducks selected for greater breast muscle thickness exhibited superior (P < 0.05) body weight up to 42 d of age. Males from the MT line reached market weight at 6 wk, but the breast muscle thickness, measured by ultrasound scanning, improved significantly from 6 to 7 wk of age. Males had greater (P < 0.05) breast muscle thickness than females. At both ages and for both sexes, the MT line had greater (P < 0.05) breast muscle thickness than the C line. The MT ducks consumed more (P < 0.05) feed up to 6 wk, but no significant difference was found in cumulative feed consumption at 7 wk, and the lines did not differ (P > 0.05) in feed:gain ratio. Males had significantly higher cumulative feed consumption at 6 wk but had a more desirable (P < 0.05) feed:gain ratio than females at 7 wk. Compared with females from the C line, MT females had significantly higher carcass yield, higher body protein, and lower fat. The MT females had higher plasma glucose and lower uric acid than the C females, but no significant difference was found between the MT and C lines for plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol. The results of this study support the utility of ultrasound scanning in duck selection, the separated rearing of ducklings, and the possibility of reducing the slaughter age of lean males.
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Effects of age and sex on the structural, chemical and technological characteristics of mule duck meat
Article
  • Aug 2000
1. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of age and sex on the chemical, structural and technological characteristics of mule duck meat. 2. Ten males and 10 females were weighed and slaughtered at 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 weeks of age. Weight, pH value, colour, tenderness and juice loss of breast muscle were determined. 3. The activities of 3 enzymes (citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) which indicate muscular metabolic activity were assayed. 4. Chemical composition (moisture, lipids, proteins, minerals, lipid and phospholipid classes, fatty acid composition) of breast muscle was analysed. 5. Fibre type, fibre type percentage and cross-sectional areas were determined using histochemistry and an image analysis system. 6. For growth performance and muscular structure, the ideal slaughter age of mule ducks is 10 weeks of age. Chemical and technological analysis indicated that muscular maturity in Pectoralis major was reached at 11 weeks of age, but, at this age, breast lipid content is high. Moreover, after 10 weeks of age, food costs rapidly increased. 7. Lastly, sexual dimorphism for body weight is minor. In this study, at any given age, no significant differences between males and females were shown. Thus, it is possible to rear both sexes together and to slaughter them at the same age.
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Influence of several C19 steroids on the growth of individual muscles of the guinea pig
Article
  • Jun 1957
Guinea pigs of the inbred Hartley strain were castrated at 510 gm. body weight and when they attained a body weight of 610-640 gm. they were implanted subcutaneously with pellets of various steroids at 1 to 3 dose levels. All of the steroids except methylandrostane-3β,17β-diol and 17- methyl-5-androstene-3β,17β-diol produced a small increase in body and carcass weight which, however, was not proportional to dose. The muscles of the head, neck, chest, shoulder, back, abdominal wall, and a few from other areas were stimulated out of proportion to the increase in body weight while the rest increased in proportion to the increase in body weight. The ability of the steroids decreased with occasional exceptions in the following order: androstan-17β-ol-3-one; testosterone; 17-methylandrostan- 17β-ol-3-one; 17-methyltestosterone; androstane-3a,17β-diol; 17-methylandrostane-3a, 17β-diol; 4-androstene-3,17-dione; androstane-3, 17-dione; dehydroepiandrosterone; epiandrosterone; 17-methylandrostane- 3β,17β-diol and 17-methyl-5-androstene-3β,17β-diol. The presence of the 17-methyl group decreased the activity of the steroids. The increase in weight of the muscles was accompanied by a proportionate increase in nitrogen (protein) and water.
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Study of the live body weight and body characteristics of the African Muscovy duck (Caraina moschata)
Article
  • Sep 2008
Three hundred and twenty 1-week old ducklings (160 males and 160 females) were used to evaluate the body weight, body parts and carcass characteristics of the African Muscovy duck. Sexual dimorphism was in favour of the male for all the parameters throughout the experimental period, however the difference was significant (P<0.05) only after week 2. The 12-week old male weighed 1832.0+/-180.4 g while the female reached only 68.2% of the male weight. Metatarsus diameter, thoracic perimeter, body length, length of bill, foot and wing in cm were respectively 1.3, 29.5, 57.5, 7.0, 27.1 and 27.8 for the male as compared with 1.2, 25.8, 51.0, 6.3, 23.3 and 26.9 for the female. Body measurements were highly (P<0.01) correlated with body weight for both sexes, however the highest correlation coefficients were obtained with wing length (0.990 and 0.995) and thoracic perimeter (0.993 and 0.973) for female and male respectively. Live body weight had a linear relationship with both wing length (R2=0.991 and 0.81) and thoracic perimeter (R2=0.948 and 0.986) for male and female respectively. The female duck yielded higher percent ready-to-cook carcass (66.3%), breast (13.6%), liver (2.8%), heart (1.5%) and gizzard (3.8%) as compared to the male (65.0%, 12.0%, 2.5%, 1.1% and 3.4% respectively) although the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The male small intestine (185.1+/-3.4 cm), colon (14.8+/-1.0 cm) and caecum (17.9+/-0.4 cm) were significantly (P<0.05) longer than that of the female (152.2+/-1.8, 10.8+/-0.7 and 14.85+/-0.6 cm respectively).
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