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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of wood vinegar in weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, weanling pigs (n = 224; Landrace Yorkshire Duroc, 213 d-old, initial BW 6.120.10 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments. Different levels of wood vinegar were added to the diets as dietary treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). Each treatment comprised 4 replicates with 14 piglets in each. Experimental feeding was conducted for 28 d in two phases (phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28). Feeding of wood vinegar linearly (p
... However, applications of WV are more expansive than even biochar, ranging from antifungal, termiticidal and insect repellents to soil fertilizer (Takahara et al. 1993;Kiarie-Makara et al. 2010;Oramahi & Yoshimura 2013). More recently, this by-product of wood carbonization has been investigated for its fermentative properties (Hua et al. 2020) and use in poultry and pig industries to improve growth performance and lean meat yield (Choi et al. 2009;Allahdo et al. 2017). Provided to chickens at 1 and 2% in drinking water, wood vinegar reportedly promotes lean meat production by regulation of lipid metabolism (Allahdo et al. 2017). ...
... Provided to chickens at 1 and 2% in drinking water, wood vinegar reportedly promotes lean meat production by regulation of lipid metabolism (Allahdo et al. 2017). Further, supplementing a weanling pig's basal diet with 0.2% WV has been found to significantly increase nutrient digestibility (Choi et al. 2009). This is thought to be due to its high proportion of organic acids that are readily absorbed for energy production (Choi et al. 2009). ...
... Further, supplementing a weanling pig's basal diet with 0.2% WV has been found to significantly increase nutrient digestibility (Choi et al. 2009). This is thought to be due to its high proportion of organic acids that are readily absorbed for energy production (Choi et al. 2009). Second to water, wood vinegar's largest constituent is acetic acid, a final volatile fatty acid (VFA) and by-product of microbial digestion within the rumen. ...
Within Australia, approximately 6.4% of total greenhouse gas emissions are from animal methane (CH4) derived from enteric fermentation. Mitigation of ruminant CH4 is a key concept in support of sustainable agriculture production; dietary manipulations a viable strategy to lower CH4 release during enteric fermentation. In order to determine the effects of dose response of biochar and wood vinegar supplementation on fermentation parameters and CH4 production, this study utilized in vitro batch culture incubations. It is hypothesized the addition of either biochar or wood vinegar will successfully reduce enteric CH4 emissions without negative modification of other fermentation parameters. Three feed substrates (vegetable mixed ration, maize silage and winter pasture) were separated into treatments containing either biochar at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% DM replacing substrate (w/w basis), or wood vinegar at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% into incubation media volume (v/v). At 6, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation, total gas volume and methane (CH4 %) were measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, media pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility were measured at 24h. Biochar at various dosages had no effect (P > 0.05) on fermentation characteristics other than decreased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD; P = 0.01) at 2 and 4% (DM basis) inclusion. Similar to biochar, dose response of wood vinegar had no effect on in vitro fermentation characteristics. However, feed substrate had major effects on all fermentation parameters (P = 0.01) where winter pasture > vegetable mixed ration > maize silage for all recorded fermentation characteristics. Biochar and wood vinegar supplementation were ineffectual in mitigating CH4 production or modifying fermentation characteristics, thus rejecting the initial hypothesis. These results suggest the use of biochar is not an effective tool for methane mitigation in ruminant livestock and infers that studies previously reporting success must better define the systemic mechanisms responsible for the reduction in CH4.
... Moreover, Samanya and Yamauchi (2001) stated that dietary supplementation of wood vinegar enhanced the feed efficiency and intestinal morphology of villus height and crypt depth in chickens. Similarly, Mekbungwan and others (Mekbungwan et al., 2004) and Choi and others (Choi et al., 2009) stated that 0.3% wood vinegar supplementation improved growth performance and apparent total digestibility of weaning pigs during the overall experiment. However, to date, the literature on the application of wood vinegar in growerfinisher pigs is still limited. ...
... Effects of dietary wood vinegar supplementation on growth performance of grower-finisher pigs were presented in Table 2. The inclusion of dietary wood vinegar supplementation resulted in a trend of linear increase (Choi et al., 2009) who observed a higher daily gain in pigs fed graded levels of wood vinegar supplement. Similarly, Wang and others (Wang et al., 2012) stated that feeding weaner pigs with 0.8% bamboo vinegar had a beneficial effect on growth performance. ...
... Similarly, Wang and others (Wang et al., 2012) stated that feeding weaner pigs with 0.8% bamboo vinegar had a beneficial effect on growth performance. The dietary inclusion of wood vinegar supplementation failed to affect the ADFI of grower-finisher pigs which was inconsistent with the study of Choi and others (Choi et al., 2009) who observed an increased feed intake in pigs fed a diet containing an increased level of wood vinegar. Similarly, Kook and Kim (Kook & Kim, 2003) reported that dietary inclusion of bamboo vinegar increased the feed intake of ducks. ...
The current research aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of wood vinegar on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of grower-finisher pigs. In total, 132 crossbred ({Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc}) grower-finisher pigs with an initial average body weight 30.48±4.23 kg (11 replications/treatment; 4 pigs/pen) were used in a 16-week trial. Based on the body weight and sex the pigs were randomly assigned to three treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05% and 0.1% wood vinegar. The inclusion of dietary wood vinegar supplementation significantly improved the body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.0521; 0.043) of pigs at week 16. The total track nutrient digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly increased in pigs fed with an increased amount of wood vinegar. In addition, dietary supplementation of wood vinegar linearly improved longissimus muscle area, yellowness (b*) of the meat color, and carcass weight (P<0.05) and a tendency in linear reduction was observed for water holding capacity (P=0.068), and drip loss at d5 and d7 (P=0.091, 0.069). However, there was no significant difference found for lean meat percentage and backfat thickness in this experiment. In summary, dietary inclusion of wood vinegar supplementation enhanced growth performance and total track digestibility of nutrients and had no effects on lean meat percentage and backfat thickness of grower-finisher pigs.
... Previous studies have been revealed that wood vinegar supplementation in the diets significantly improves the growth of pigs. Pigs fed 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% wood vinegar diets resulted in a significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) and ADFI than those without wood vinegar supplementation (Choi et al., 2009). In another study (Yan et al., 2012), bamboo vinegar diets exhibited a significantly higher ADG and gain: feed (G: F) ratio in pigs, as compared to a control group from 0 to 3 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks. ...
... Besides, in their study, the fecal E. coli numbers were reduced by increasing wood vinegar supplementation. Although the use of WV in swine raising has been cited by several researchers in weaning pigs (Choi et al., 2009) ...
... The significant result might be attributed due to the higher feed intake of pigs ( Table 1) that was converted into body weight gain. This result aligns with Choi et al. (2009) andMissotten et al. (2010) that wood vinegar could enhance the performance of weanling pigs by improving nutrient digestibility and reducing harmful intestinal coliforms. The present study revealed that the grower pigs with 5% WV in the diet had better BCWG during week 4 than the grower pigs without wood vinegar supplementation. ...
Background: Swine is a very important commodity that contributed to the country’s food security by providing about 60% of the total animal meat consumption of the Filipinos. Feeds comprise a major expense in swine production and searching for possibly better and cheaper alternatives is urgent to have high quality but economical animal feeding.Methods: The study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of grower pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus L.), nutritional and microbial contents of wet and fermented commercial ration with different levels of wood vinegar as follows: T0: 0% wood vinegar (WV) per liter Plain water (PW) (3000 mL PW) (control), T1: 2% WV per liter PW (60 mL WV: 2940 mL PW), T2: 5% WV per liter PW (150 mL WV: 2850 mL PW). Data gathered were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD to compare treatment means by STAR version 2.0.1.Result: A significantly higher (p less than 0.05) bi-weekly cumulative feed intake (BWCFI) and bi-weekly cumulative body weight gain (BWCBWG) were noted on grower pigs given wet and fermented commercial hog ration with different levels of WV during week 4 and no significant differences during weeks 2, 6 and 8. No significant differences were noted on ADG and FCR throughout the study. A significantly higher profit was noted on grower-pigs given wet and fermented commercial hog ration 5% WV inclusion. Moreover, no differences in microbial and nutritional contents were noted on fermented feeds. Regardless of treatments, the wet and fermented commercial hog ration revealed the same microbial content present to enumerate as follows: Yeast, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.
... Wood vinegar is a complex mixture of 80-90% water and 10-20% organic compounds. The major component of wood vinegar is acetic acid and it also contains various phenolic compounds such as guaiacol and cresol, as well as organic acids including acetic, formic, and propionic acids [6,7]. The key objective of dietary acidification is to inhibit gut bacterial competing with the host for available nutrients and reducing the metabolite of possible toxic bacteria [8,9]. ...
... The key objective of dietary acidification is to inhibit gut bacterial competing with the host for available nutrients and reducing the metabolite of possible toxic bacteria [8,9]. In addition, wood vinegar is also used to suppress bacteria, resulting in healthier livestock and increasing yields [7], while it has also been shown to remove odor-causing agents from animals' bodies and waste [10]. The previous studies report that the provision of wood vinegar supplementation has several advantageous effects indicating improvements to both the general health of poultry and swine, in addition to growth and feed efficiency [11][12][13]. ...
... Furthermore, the previous research indicates that supplementing drinking water with organic acids has no effect on BWG and FCR (p>0.05) of broiler chickens [16]. In contrast, some studies have found positive effects from the supplementation of wood vinegar or organic acids in broilers [4], laying hens [5], quails [13], weaning pigs [7], and growing pigs [12]. These positive effects may influence by the general characteristics of organic compounds, such as improvement of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancement of nutrient digestibility, and the competitive elimination of pathogenic bacteria [17]. ...
Background and Aim: Wood vinegar is a product generated from the combustion and distillation of wood and other plant materials. It has been shown to suppress bacteria, resulting in healthier livestock and increased yields. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of drinking water supplemented with wood vinegar on growth performance, intestinal health, and gut microbial of broilers.
Materials and Methods: A total of 120 Ross 308 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The study consisted of three treatments containing four replicates, with 10 birds in each. Treatments were given 0.5% and 1.0% (V/V) wood vinegar supplemented in drinking water, while no supplementation was given to the control group. The animals were raised in an open-house system. All groups were provided with a commercial diet and drinking water ad libitum. Analysis of variance was conducted using the general linear model procedure to compare the levels of wood vinegar supplementation in drinking water on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and gut microbial.
Results: No significant differences (p>0.05) were found for body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and water consumption between groups during the starter (1-21 days old), grower (22-35 days old), and whole (1-35 days old) growth periods. Moreover, no significant differences in villi height and crypt depth (p>0.05) at 21 and 35 days of age were found. In addition, no significant difference in terms of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli was found between the different treatments.
Conclusion: Drinking water supplemented with wood vinegar was not found to have an effect on the growth performance and gut microbial of broiler chickens in the present study. However, the supplementation of wood vinegar in drinking water could improve intestinal morphology.
... Pigs fed antibiotic showed higher (P b 0.001) ADG and better feed efficiency followed by pigs fed 0.2% wood vinegar and 0.2% organic acid diets while those fed the control diet had lowest ADG and poorest feed efficiency. The overall ADFI was highest (P b 0.001) in pigs fed wood vinegar and lowest in pigs fed the control diet (Choi et al., 2009). In this study, adding 0.4% bamboo vinegar in feed was effective in improving the performance of piglets, and comparable with the pigs fed diets containing antibiotics. ...
... The similar result was found in this study that the antibiotic significantly decreased the richness and Shannon index of intestinal bacterial communities of pig in comparison with the control. Higher populations of lactobacillus were noted in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the ileum and cecum was higher (P b 0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with pigs fed antibiotic, 0.2% organic acid or 0.2% wood vinegar diets (Choi et al., 2009). These results indicated that wood vinegar could reduce harmful intestinal coliforms, but increase the probiotics (Choi et al., 2009 probably differs from antibiotic in action mode on intestinal bacterial communities, although the bamboo vinegar produces a fecal microbial community profile more similar to antibiotics. ...
... Higher populations of lactobacillus were noted in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the ileum and cecum was higher (P b 0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with pigs fed antibiotic, 0.2% organic acid or 0.2% wood vinegar diets (Choi et al., 2009). These results indicated that wood vinegar could reduce harmful intestinal coliforms, but increase the probiotics (Choi et al., 2009 probably differs from antibiotic in action mode on intestinal bacterial communities, although the bamboo vinegar produces a fecal microbial community profile more similar to antibiotics. Besides the action on bacteria, bamboo vinegar had antioxidant ability due to more than 200 organic compounds present, such as phenolic compounds, alkone compounds, alcohol compounds, aldehyde compounds, and others (Ikimoto and Ikeshima, 2000;Nomura, 2004;Uchimura et al., 2000). ...
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of bamboo vinegar as an antibiotic alternative in the diet of weaned piglets on their growth performance and fecal bacterial communities. The compound composition of bamboo vinegar was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). One hundred and twenty weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average weight of 8.4 kg, were randomly assigned to five treatments, with three pens per treatment. The diets included bamboo vinegar at levels of 0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8%, or antibiotics, and designated as control, BV2, BV4, BV8 and antibiotic, respectively. Feed intake and weight gain of pigs were recorded at the start and at the end of the feeding trial. At the end of the experiment, fecal samples of four pigs from each treatment were taken to analyze the fecal bacterial communities analyzed by using 16S rDNA-based techniques. Amplicons of the V6–V8 variable regions of bacterial 16S rDNA were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Thirty four peaks (compounds) were identified or characterized in acetic ether extract from bamboo vinegar. The main group from bamboo vinegar was phenolic compounds, ketone and furfural. Daily weight gain of the pigs in BV4 and antibiotic was significantly higher than pigs in the control group. No significant difference was observed in daily weight gain among pigs fed diet containing bamboo vinegar and antibiotics. There was no significant difference in feed intake and feed to gain ratio among different treatment. The serum glutathione peroxidase activity of pigs in BV2 or BV4 was significantly higher than that of pigs in antibiotics treatment (P < 0.05). The pigs in BV2 had significantly higher serum glutamic–oxaloacetic transaminase activity than those in control (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in serum superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxidase, oxidation resistance, malondialdehyde and glutamicpyruvic transaminase activities among different treatments (P > 0.05). The richness and Shannon index of diversity were significantly lower for the pigs on the diet containing antibiotics than that of control or diets containing 0.2 or 0.4% bamboo vinegar, and tended to decrease with the increase of bamboo vinegar inclusion in the diets. The results demonstrate that bamboo vinegar in feed exerts an impact on the fecal bacterial community of piglets. The reasonable inclusion of bamboo vinegar, like antibiotics in piglet diet benefited for a better performance of piglets in this experiment. The result suggested that bamboo vinegar could be used as a potential additive in animal production as antibiotic alternative.
... In swine, wood vinegar has been shown to provide beneficial effects. Pigs fed 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% wood vinegar diets exhibited significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than those without wood vinegar supplementation (Choi et al., 2009). Further, higher concentrations of wood vinegar resulted in higher ADWG and ADFI. ...
... The result is consistent with non-significant results on ADWG and carcass yield when apple vinegar was used (Allahdo et al., 2018). Apparently, the positive effects of organic acids such as wood vinegar on growth performance are more consistent in swine than in poultry (Choi et al., 2009;Dibner & Buttin, 2002;Yan et al., 2012). For poultry, the effects of wood vinegar on growth parameters are greater in less sanitary environments (Diógenes et al. ,2019), which was not the case in this study. ...
... For the use of PA as feed additives, several studies have been carried out in swine rearing. Choi et al. (2009) reported that pigs fed with PA (produced from pyrolysis of oak chips at 500-700°C) had higher counts of ileal Lactobacilli, which could be attributed to the presence of acidifiers, mainly organic acids in the PA, which consequently could reduce counts of harmful coliforms [32]. Similar results were also obtained by Wang et al. (2013), with piglets fed with bamboo PA with an acidifier, and they attributed this to the selective antibacterial activity of the feed supplements against acid-intolerant pathogenic bacteria and maintenance of the acid-tolerant Lactobacilli [33]. ...
... For the use of PA as feed additives, several studies have been carried out in swine rearing. Choi et al. (2009) reported that pigs fed with PA (produced from pyrolysis of oak chips at 500-700°C) had higher counts of ileal Lactobacilli, which could be attributed to the presence of acidifiers, mainly organic acids in the PA, which consequently could reduce counts of harmful coliforms [32]. Similar results were also obtained by Wang et al. (2013), with piglets fed with bamboo PA with an acidifier, and they attributed this to the selective antibacterial activity of the feed supplements against acid-intolerant pathogenic bacteria and maintenance of the acid-tolerant Lactobacilli [33]. ...
Pyroligneous acid (PA) was evaluated as a potential alternative to therapeutic antibiotics in poultry. Antimicrobial activity of PA was studied at acidic pH (2.0) and neutral pH (7.0) of the liquid against Salmonella enterica and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Acidic PA gave a MIC value of 0.8% (v/v) and 1.6% (v/v), and neutralized PA gave a MIC value of 1.6% (v/v) and 3.2% (v/v) against S. enterica and L. acidophilus respectively. Acidic PA was evaluated at different concentrations in a simulated poultry digestive tract and cecal fermentation to study its effect on the cecal microflora and fermentation profile. PA at a concentration of 1.6% (v/v) completely inhibited S. enterica and was also found to have a similar effect on lactobacilli count as compared with the control (p = 0.17). Additionally, PA at this concentration was found not to have a significant effect on acetic acid production after 24 h of cecal fermentation (p = 0.20).
Graphical abstract
... decreased. Similar findings have been reported by [13] Feeding lactic acid bacteria can decreased Coli counts and increase in gram-positive bacteria in the large intestine of broilers [14]. The reduction of pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract can be expected to improve nutrient digesbility and growth performance, alleviating weaning stress and lowering the imflammatory responses to subclinical infection [15]. ...
... Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum can ferment carbohydrates in poultry feed to produce pH levels and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The greater population on lactic acid bacteria with application Lactobacilli might inhibit harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract by blocking possible intestinal receptors of these pathogens or by secreting toxic metabolites againts gram negative bacteria [13]. ...
... Moreover, it might be assumed that the buffering of the redox-potential as well as the effect of electron shuttling between various microbial species has a selective, milieu forming effect which facilitates and accelerates the formation of functional microbial consortia and syntrophic species (Kalachniuk et al. 1994). The latter could explain why several studies found a strong increase of Lactobacilli or a decrease of gramnegative bacteria (Naka et al. 2001;Choi et al. 2009) which seems to improve animal health. Thus, it may be hypothesized that direct electron transfers between different species of bacteria or microbial consortia ) via a biochar mediator may aid in a more energy efficient digestion and thus higher feed efficiency and eventually result in lower GHG emissions (Leng et al. 2012a(Leng et al. , 2012b. ...
... Recently, Hammer et al. (2016) showed that application of broad-spectrum antibiotics enhanced CH 4 emissions from cattle manure, and altered the gut microflora from dung beetles feeding on the manure from cows treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. As Choi et al. (2009) and Islam et al. (2014) showed that feeding 0.3 to 1% biochar could replace antibiotic treatment in chicken and ducks, respectively, feeding biochar plus administering Lactobacilli could have an indirect effect on GHG emissions when it is able to replace regular antibiotic "feeding". Furthermore, Joseph et al. (2015b) demonstrated that feeding biochar to grazing cows had positive secondary effects on soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency, reducing mineral N-fertilizing requirements which could be construed as another indirect biochar GHG mitigation effect. ...
Agriculture and land use change has significantly increased atmospheric emissions of the non-CO2 green-house gases (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Since human nutritional and bioenergy needs continue to increase, at a shrinking global land area for production, novel land management strategies are required that reduce the GHG footprint per unit of yield. Here we review the potential of biochar to reduce N2O and CH4 emissions from agricultural practices including potential mechanisms behind observed effects. Furthermore, we investigate alternative uses of biochar in agricultural land management that may significantly reduce the GHG-emissions-per-unit-of-product footprint, such as (i) pyrolysis of manures as hygienic alternative to direct soil application, (ii) using biochar as fertilizer carrier matrix for underfoot fertilization, biochar use (iii) as composting additive or (iv) as feed additive in animal husbandry or for manure treatment. We conclude that the largest future research needs lay in conducting life-cycle GHG assessments when using biochar as an on-farm management tool for nutrient-rich biomass waste streams.
... The samples of cecal contents were taken in sterile plastic bottles and were immediately placed on ice until the analysis was conducted later on the corresponding day. The cecal microbiota was analysed using a culture technique (Choi et al., 2009 ...
Antibiotic growth promoters have been utilized in broiler nutrition to alleviate the negative effects of the pathogenic microbes to promote performance. However, after the prohibition of antibiotics because of the increasing disclosure related to public health issues, various products have been developed as alternatives. This study was carried out to determine the effects of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or phytobiotics (essential oils [EOs] and alkaloids [ALKs]), blended feed additives on the growth performance, jejunum histomorphology, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 765 male Ross 308 chicks were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups, each having 9 replicates with 17 chicks. The experimental procedures were as follows: a control group without supplementation (T1); control group+ MCFAs and EOs blend (T2); control group+ different EOs blend (T3); control group+ ALK sanguinarine (T4); and control group+ EOs and ALK piperine mixture (T5). The results showed that, broilers fed with MCFAs blended with EOs had significantly greater body weight gain during overall period in comparision to the control and T3 groups. Further, only MCFAs blended with EOs group significantly improved jejnum morphology in comparison with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Besides, the MCFAs blended with EOs group significantly elevated propionate, acetate and butyrate concentration, and decreased the concentration of branch chain fatty acids in caecum (p ≤ 0.05). The results indicated that, the combination of MCFAs and EOs seems to have improvement effects and could be preferred as an efficient feed additive in broiler production.
... The retention of DM, CP, and ME percentage were calculated by subtracting the DM, CP, and ME percentage in feces from the DM, CP, and ME percentage intake by birds through the feed. The population of the cecum was analyzed by following the procedure of Choi et al. [18]. The analyzed microbial groups were differentiated into the following parameters: total anaerobic bacterial count was evaluated using Tryptic Soy Agar (Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar + 0.02% NaN3 + 0.05% L-cystine hydrochloride monohydrate) used in Bifidobacterium spp. ...
Objectives: The research was carried out on broilers to determine the efficacy of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces boulardii combined) supplementation on growth performances, nutrient retention (metabolizable energy, dry matter, and crude protein), and cecal microbiology (Bifidobacteria spp., Clostridium spp., and coliforms).
Materials and Methods: A total of 160 broiler chicks (day-old) were selected and differentiated randomly into 4 groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3) (40 × 4) comprising 40 birds in every single group. The control group (T0) was fed commercial broiler feed only and the other three groups, referred to as treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3), were treated with 1 gm ciprofloxacin, 1 gm probiotic, and 1 gm probiotic plus 0.5 gm enzyme, respectively, in per liter of fresh dietary water 8 h daily for 7 days in each phase. Experimental trials were divided into 2 phases, the starter phase from day 0 to 21 and the finisher phase from day 22 to 35.
Results: Bodyweight gain and nutrient retention in experimental broiler birds in treatment groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group. Overall body weight gain and nutrient retention of broiler chicks in treatment groups T2 and T3 were better than T1. From day 22 to 35, cecal Clostridium and coliform bacterial load counts were significantly lower p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively, in T1, T2, and T3 treatments than T0. Overall, Clostridium and coliform bacterial counts in the birds of treatment group T2 were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than T0.
Conclusion: The probiotics, in addition to enzyme supplementation, had suitable influence effects on growth performance of broilers, birds retention of nutrient, and microfloral count in birds cecum. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(4.000): 534-539]
... However, the speed of adsorption depends on the pore size [20]. For example, Choi et al. [21] reduced the fecal excretion of Gram-negative coliform bacteria and Gramnegative Salmonella in pigs by a factor of 20 and 1100, respectively, using 0.3% bamboo charcoal and therefore showed the same magnitude of bacterial suppression as the use of antibiotics. In previous investigations, the levels of skatole and indole in the lean meat, fat, liver and chyme of mixed breed piglets were not significantly reduced by adding charcoal to the feed [22]. ...
To reduce the risk of boar taint, intact male piglets are immuno- or surgically castrated. One alternative is reducing skatole by adding skatole reducing or adsorbing substances to the boars’ diet. Charcoal with a high capacity for adsorbing skatole and indole in vitro (tested before, data not shown) was fed to the boars to test the hypothesis that a fat coating prevents the unspecific adsorption of charcoal before entry into the large intestine while increasing skatole adsorption. Twelve male and six female weaning piglets with initial body weights of 7.74 ± 0.75 kg were fed for 18 (or 19) days with either 2% pure (untreated) charcoal or 4% coated (50% charcoal + 50% fat-coating) charcoal or no charcoal. After euthanasia, skatole and indole were quantified in caecum and colon chyme. Skatole and indole contents in caecum chyme were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the group fed with coated charcoal (33 ± 4.2, 7 ± 2.8 µg/gDM, respectively) than in the group fed with pure charcoal (51 ± 7.3, 14 ± 3.0 µg/gDM) or with no charcoal (73 ± 12.6, 15 ± 1.7 µg/gDM). Similar effects were obvious for colon chyme. The results indicate that a fat coating of charcoal might prevent unspecific adsorption in the small intestine and might consequently lead to a higher adsorption capacity for skatole and indole in the large intestine, as skatole and indole concentrations in the chyme of caecum and colon were approximately 50% lower in the piglets who received coated charcoal.
... Li et al., 2017) have demonstrated the biological effect of WV from bamboo, hardwoods and softwoods and of their separate phenolic components in very low concentrations. Furthermore, the article of Choi et al. (2009) demonstrated that WV has an antibiotic effect higher than organic acids when given to swine as a feed additive. The low concentration (0.3%) used by those authors using PA as a growth promoter in the feed of swine cannot be explained by the presence of acetic acid in the product. ...
Dear Dr. Gilmour, For a better understanding of the readers, we would like to highlight several inconsistencies and lack of scientific grounds in the text by Mr. Medeiros and Prof. Gasparotto. Their article is poorly anchored in the literature, and to some extent suffers from a lack of knowledge about the chemical composition of pyroligneous acid (PA) and the long list of published works proving, without doubt, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of this product.
... PA is an attractive candidate for the development of novel antibiotics due to its perceived antimicrobial properties. [125][126][127]129 Souza et al. 130 In veterinary and animal production, PA has also been used as a supplement in animals feeding to inhibit growth of enteropathogenic microbes 51 ; to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption 134 ; to promote beneficial effect on the intestinal microbial population. 135 Rattanawut et al. 136 observed that a level of 0.4% PA when added to laying duck diet in addition to inhibiting the growth of fecal E. coli, enhanced also productive performance of egg laying ducks. ...
The wood carbonization is made at an enclosed environment with controlled addition of atmospheric air producing, besides charcoal, other coproducts such as condensable and non‐condensable gases. These gases, which represent 70% of the dry wood mass, are released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and producing environmental and social impacts. In this context, it is necessary to develop technologies capable to convert these gases into usable products or transform them into heat and power. The incineration of gases from charcoal kilns opens new opportunities of business because the energy provided by burners can be utilized for drying the wood to be introduced into the kilns and for generation of electricity. On the other hand, condensable gases can also be used on a route to recover and purify the pyroligneous acid. Pyroligneous acid finds application in diverse areas, as antiseptic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, herbicide, pesticide, plant growth enhancer, antitermitic activities; is a source for valuable chemicals; and provide smoked flavor and aroma for food. The main objective of this review is to explore the potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts, aiming to subsidize and to encourage the technological development of equipment for use of these coproducts. This paper highlights the potential benefits arising from pyroligneous acid application and discusses the charcoal cogeneration technologies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... On the upper left side of CCA-biplot diagram, the dominated factor is T3, while in the lower left side, the important parameter are temp, T2, T4, and T5. Activated of charcoal have been usually used as an adsorbent and detoxicant in medical sciences and contamination [28]. Efficiency of adsorption basd on dosage of AC and the concentration of toxins existing in the digestive tract [29]. ...
The objective of this study assess the effects of physico-chemical parameters and dietary active commercial wood
charcoal (CWC) levels on the zooplankton standing crop in addition to growth and biochemical of red tilapias
in fifteen fish cement ponds for period an eight weeks feeding trial during 2019. The results declared that, water
temperature, pH and salinity didn´t show any major differences among wood charcoal treatments when measured
inside fish ponds, while dissolved oxygen, ammonia, moisture, ash and total lipid are significantly (P<0.05)
enhancement affected by the increment in (CWC) levels. Mean range of physico-chemical factors were: temperature
28.1°C (Week 7) to 30.9°C (Week 0), salinty 8.4 ppt (Week 3) to 5 ppt (Week 6 & 7), pH 8.4 (Week 4) and 9 (Week
3), Dissolved oxygen 4.44 mg/l (Week 4) to 7.80 mg/l (Week 0) and ammonia 0.01-00.04 μg/l (Week 3) to 0.13
μg/l (Week 4). Biochemical and antioxidant parameters as moisture, ash and total lipid have significant differences
(P >0.05) could be detected among fish groups that received dietary charcoal in feeds. Furthermore, the effect of
heavy metals decrease with increase of activated carbon at fed fish, leading to protect cultured fish. Soon after the
juvenile red tilapias stocking, rotifers, Cladocera and rare groups replaced Copepoda, which constituted more than
80% of total zooplankton community. Diversity Index classified the pond water as being among moderately and
heavily polluted. The results displayed that 30-40 g/kg dietary CWC in T3 and T4 are a suitable level to improve
water quality parameter of the fish farm and improve growth percentage (S%) of red tilapia with percentage higher
than 95%.
... Wood vinegar is a liquid compound that comes from the distillation of smoke from burning wood. It contains several phenolic compounds and organic acids that can positively influence the digestion and absorption of nutrients in animals (Kishi et al. 1999;Li and Ryu 2001;Choi et al. 2009). Yoo et al. (2008), used mixture of charcoal and wood vinegar (0.5-1%) in the diet of olive flounder and observed enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency. ...
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) also referred to as bastard halibut is a marine carnivorous species with great commercial value. The production of olive flounder has been dominated by aquaculture with 43 thousand tons of production in 2017 compared to fisheries with only 10 thousand tons in the same year. But despite the high market demand for this species, aquaculture production has not increased accordingly within the last decade. The development of olive flounder aquaculture has been facing several drawbacks such as improper feed formulations, dependence on unreliable ingredients (e.g. fish meal and fish oil), disease outbreaks, and excessive use of harmful antibiotics. All these factors are major impediments in the sustainable development of olive flounder aquaculture. A great body of research has been conducted to understand the nutrient requirements of olive flounder while finding alternative protein sources in the diet. Also, several feed additives have been successfully tested as immunostimulants in olive flounder. All these findings are thoroughly discussed in this review, therefore, the information can be utilized by the industry and academic societies.
... Es útil para el mejoramiento del suelo, la actividad de las semillas, la germinación y especialmente en la actividad biológica de los ataques de hongos y termitas. (Choi, 2009). ...
Los grandes volúmenes de biomasa generados en el mantenimiento de áreas verdes se los considera un punto focal de producción de desechos orgánicos. En el presente trabajo, se propone la obtención del ácido piroleñoso a partir del precursor Pennisetum Clandestinum L (kikuyo), residuo muy común producto de las podas y de adecentamiento de jardines; se describe todo el proceso termoquímico de validación de la tecnología para obtención del producto y subproductos aprovechables (carbón, alquitrán) y la evaluación de los macro elementos y los componentes estructurales de la sustancia mediante el método de Espectrometría Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR del inglés Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), por una comparativa directa, se demuestra que sus propiedades son similares al producto proveniente del Bambú (Phyllostachys pubescens f) el cual posee características que pueden incrementar el crecimiento radicular en vegetales, en animales de granja mejora la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y reduce los coliformes intestinales perjudiciales. Los resultados obtenidos describen un rendimiento de entre 20 y 30 % para los gases con una energía máxima entregada que oscila entre 150 y 1000 kcal.
... WV is able to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption in poultry and cattle [9,10] For poultry, better performance of laying hens fed with diets containing variable levels of WV has been reported as well [11,12]. WV was also successfully used to substitute apramycin in weanling pig feed, as described by Choi et al. [13]. Results reported by Yamuchi et al. [14] showed stimulating effects of a commercial mixture of bamboo charcoal powder and WV as a dietary supplement on chicken performance associated with positive action on intestinal structure. ...
Wood vinegar (WV), a byproduct from wood pyrolysis, is a natural, safe, nontoxic, cheap and versatile product suitable for use as additive on animal diets, as growth promoters and preventive antibiotic. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WV as additive to quail feed. Increasing levels of eucalyptus WV were added to quail feed and performance parameters and economic viability were assessed. Chemical composition of WV was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and main compounds were identified. An experiment was conducted with 400 quails (Coturnix coturnix) with age of 1 to 42 days, according to a 5 x 2 factorial design: 5 levels of WV addition and 2 types of bedding (fresh and recycled), with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. Weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were determined. Furfural and phenolic compounds were the main components identified in the WV. The statistical analysis showed that for WV addition of 2.5% and quails housed with recycled bedding, weight gain increased in 10.6%, feed conversion ratio decreased in 19.4% and production efficiency factor increased in 23.8%. Regardless of using fresh or recycled bedding, WV addition of 2.5% is recommended during the breeding cycle of quails
... In addition, wood vinegar can be developed into useful sterile products for medical, aquaculture and livestock breeding applications 5 . It has shown benefits as animal diet or feed ingredient [34][35][36] . Finally, it has numerous dermatological purposes in humans 37 and used for smoked food products 38 . ...
... Diverse materials and solutions have been explored for the removal of bad odors, especially from indoor air. Odorant masking agents and removers that were commonly or preferably used in household practices are diverse enough to include vinegar, baking soda, glycerin, essential oils, flower petals, lemon, lime, and scented sprays (Santry, 1966;Neumiller, 1981;Ohloff, 1994;Sesselmann, 1996Sesselmann, , 2000McGowan, 2002;Watkins, 2002;Ceccarelli et al., 2004;Lehrner et al., 2005;Bauer et al., 2008;Choi et al., 2009;Parsons, 2009;Burnette, 2010). The main disadvantage associated with most of those practices is that they rely on masking of a foul odor by spreading a pleasant odor. ...
The presence of odorants/volatiles in the air exerted various types of negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Their concentrations in indoor/outdoor air, if exceeding the threshold level, may not only affect human health but also deteriorate living standards. To maintain and enhance the quality of life, a better tool for the removal of these molecules is in great demand. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their associated materials offer an excellent platform for the treatment of odorants/volatiles in air (and water) systems. The diversity of ligands and metal ions in their frame imparts large loading capacities and excellent selectivity for a variety of targetable VOCs and/or odorants. This review discusses the use of MOFs and their composites to treat odorants/volatile molecules in gaseous media, with extensive discussion of their adsorptive uptakes, along with methods for their synthesis and regeneration. Moreover, the progression of odorant/volatile removal by MOFs is considered, with a special note on future directions in this emerging research field.
... Liquid smoke is generally used as an anti-diarrhea for pigs (Choi 2009) due to its phenolic compounds contained (Naim et al. 2012). Moreover phenolic compound can reduce methane production in the rumen (Jayanegara et al. 2009) Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of three bioindustry products (biofat, biochar and biosmoke) from cashew nut shell as feed additives to reduce methane and improve rumen fermentation end products. ...
One of the strategies to reduce methane produced by ruminants is by the application of feed additive from plant materials. One of the potential plants is cashew plant especially its shell. The cashew nut shell can be processed to become 3 bioindustrial products; ie biofat, biochar, biosmoke. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectivity of different levels of biofat, biochar and biosmoke against methane and other fermented products.This experiment was arranged in block randomised design. The treatments were: Control (substrate=S), Biofat: S+0.25 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>, S+0.5 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>, S+0.75 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>; Biochar: S+0.1 mgmL<sup>-1</sup>, S+0.2 mgmL<sup>-1</sup>, S+0.3 mgmL<sup>-1</sup>; Biosmoke: S + 2.5 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>, S+5.0 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>, S + level7.5 µLmL<sup>-1</sup>. Each treatment was done in duplicates and the in vitro experiment was repeated 4 times. The measured variables were: total gas production, methane production, (dry matter, organic matter, NDF) degradability, ammonia concentration (NH<sub>3</sub>) and partial VFA concentration. The results showed that biofat, biochar and biosmoke reduced methane productionas much as 43.88%, 24.21%, 37.88% at the highest level of inclusion, respectively. NH<sub>3</sub> slightly increased by biochar and biosmoke addition compared to control. Molar proportion of acetic acid decreased and propionic acid increased by addition of cashew nut shell bioindustrial products compared to control. Organik matter degradability decreased significantly with biofat and biosmoke addition. Different mechanisms of biofat, biochar and biosmoke were proposed in affecting rumen fermentation. It can be concluded that each bioindustrial product of cashew nut shell (biofat, biochar and biosmoke) can be utilised as feed additive to reduce methane and increase propionic acid in the rumen fermentation.
... Wood vinegar utilization previously was focused on pesticides in agriculture, forestry, or disinfectant in medicine. Recently, wood vinegar products have been developed for the human, animal, and plant which can be used as antibiotic diets to the performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal microflora in pigs (Choi et al., 2009;Velmurugan et al., 2009). The wood vinegar has clearly shown the positive result of fungi resistance (Lin and Shiah, 2006). ...
Natural rubber harvested from the rubber tree is one of the most economically important agricultural products for
Thailand. Factories using primary rubber products especially rubber sheets and block rubber encounter problems associated with
fungal growth and often receive public complaints about the malodor they generate as well as other environmental concerns. In
this study, the use of wood vinegar produced from rubber wood to ameliorate these problems was investigated. Its efficiency as
an antifungal agent was determined from the number of counts of fungal colonies formed per cm2
and per gram of material, on
rubber sheets and block rubber respectively. To analyze the effect of wood vinegar on malodor from block rubber processing,
shredded rubber samples were prepared and the organic acids contained in the gas released during the rubber drying process were
measured. The results showed that wood vinegar can significantly decrease the numbers of fungal colonies on rubber sheets and
shredded rubber. A 5.0% application of wood vinegar which reduced fungal growth during the storage of shredded rubber also
reduced the malodor from the drying process. The ability of wood vinegar to reduce fungi and the organic acid content of the air
released during the rubber drying process is due to the presence of phenolic compounds and acetic acid. Thus soaking in wood
vinegar is an effective way to deal with these problems and shows a very high potential to do so without any significant toxicity.
... Another research line about PA is focused on its usage as a supplement in ruminant and monogastric animals feeding, favouring ruminal and intestinal flora and additionally improving digestibility and nutrient absorption (Li and Ryu 2001;Kook and Kim 2002;Kook et al. 2003). PA was successfully used to substitute a conventional antibiotic (apramycin) in weanling pig feeding, as reported by Choi et al. (2009). According to these authors, higher populations of Lactobacillus were noted in the intestines of pigs fed with PA and a concomitant reduction in the population of harmful coliforms was verified as well. ...
Aims:
The present work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of two types of pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of wood of Mimosa tenuiflora and of a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis.
Methods and results:
Wood wedges were carbonized on a heating rate of 1.25°C/min until 450°C. Pyrolysis smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Crude pyrolysis liquids were bi-distilled under 5 mmHg vacuum yielding purified PA. Multi-antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) had their sensitivity to PA evaluated by using agar diffusion test. Two yeasts were evaluated as well, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Cryptococcus neoformans. GC-MS analysis of both PA's was carried out in order to obtain their chemical composition. Regression analysis was performed and models were adjusted, with diameter of inhibition halos and PA concentration (100, 50 and 20%) as parameters. Identity of regression models and equality of parameters in polynomial orthogonal equations were verified. Inhibition halos were observed in the range 15 to 25 mm of diameter.
Conclusions:
All microorganisms were inhibited by both types of PA even in the lowest concentration of 20%.
Significance and impact of study:
The feasibility the usage of PAs produced with wood species planted in large scale in Brazil was evident and the real potential as a basis to produce natural antibacterial and antifungal agents, with real possibility to be used in veterinary and zootechnical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Charcoal has been used as a feed additive for many terrestrial animals because of its capability to absorb gases especially nitrogen and ammonia, activate the intestinal function, and eliminate the poisons and impurities from the gastrointestinal tract of animals (Banner et al., 2000;Bisson et al., 2001;Kutlu et al., 2001;Samanya and Yamauchi, 2001;Mekbungwan et al., 2004). Moreover, activated forms of charcoal have been widely used as an adsorbent or detoxicant in veterinary and medical sciences (Mekbungwan et al., 2004;Choi et al., 2009). Its adsorption efficiency depends on its dosage and the amount of toxins present in the digestive tract (Banner et al., 2000;Bisson et al., 2001). ...
An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary active charcoal (AC) supplementation on growth performance, biochemical and antioxidants responses, body composition, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) to environmental heavy metals (HM) exposure. Fish (14.6 ± 0.54 g) were fed on diets enriched with 0.0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 g AC/kg diet. After that, fish were exposed to synthetic mixture of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) similar to those of the natural aquatic habitat for 7 days. The unionized ammonia was adversely affected by dietary AC levels where lowest ammonia concentration was observed at 20 g AC/kg diet and its highest concentration was obtained at the control group. Fish performance and feed intake improved significantly with increasing AC levels up to 10 g/kg diet after which fish growth declined. All biochemical and antioxidant variables are significantly affected by AC supplementation, HM exposure, and their interaction. In response to AC supplementation, antioxidant activity was significantly improved especially when fish fed 10 - 20 g AC/kg diet. Post HM exposure, the control fish exhibited highest superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) value, meanwhile antioxidant activity of fish fed 10 - 20 g AC/kg diet was near that of fish prior HM exposure. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in whole-fish body constituents but only crude protein content was significantly higher in AC-fed fish than the control fish. After HM exposure, total ash contents and HM residues were significantly higher but crude protein and total lipids contents were significantly lower than those of the control fish. It is also noticed that AC supplementation reduced HM concentration in fish body and subsequently their impacts on biochemical and antioxidant activities were significantly reduced especially in fish fed 10 – 20 g AC/kg diet. The overall data of this experiment showed that AC supplementation could improve fish performance, enhance the antioxidant activity and reduce the HM bioaccumulation in fish body; the optimum dietary AC level is 7.0 g/kg diet.
... The results were attributed to increased mineral intake and utilization enhanced by charcoal supplementation and also improved absorption capacity of charcoal for dietary fat. [8] investigated the feeding value of wood vinegar in weanling pigs and showed that wood vinegar added to the diets of pigs could improve the performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and selectively inhibit the harmful coliforms. There were many advantages of adding charcoal to animal diets as it controls lactic acid concentration in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant, maintaining of pH level and micro flora in the rumen of steers ( [9,10] and controls pathogenic bacteria [11]. ...
... Biosmoke (asap cair) dilaporkan banyak mengandung senyawa fenolik (NAIM et al., 2012). Biosmoke dari bamboo dilaporkan dapat menekan kasus diare pada anak babi (CHOI et al., 2009) sehingga dapat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. Jadi ketiga produk bioindustri dalam penelitian ini mempunyai potensi sebagai pakan aditif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. ...
The shell of the cashew nut industry waste has the potential to produce a product that is biofat bioindustry, biochar and biosmoke. The research aims to produce three products bioindustry, observe the physical and chemical characteristics. Eggshell processed into a particle size of 1 cm and 2 mm size, extracted with hexane and extraction evaporated to obtain Biofat. The residue biofat charred shell after the extract to produce Biochar and Biosmoke. Proximate analysis performed on fresh shells, biofat, biochar and biosmoke. The result biofat yield increased three-fold when the size of the shell is reduced to 2 mm (17.81 g/100g BK), while biochar and biosmoke increased two-fold when the size of the shell is enlarged 1 cm (30.82 g/100g BK and 5:13 g/100g BK). Biofat containing coarse fat and high total phenol (94.43 g/100g biofat, 46 mg/100g biofat) and total phenol containing biosmoke quite high (7.2 mg/100g biosmoke) on a large particle size. The results of GC-MS analysis showed biofat and biosmoke acidic anacardic high (74%) and biochar contains minerals especially high ash content (6:56%), Ca (0.69%), and P (12:23%) 2-fold increase in the particle size of the shell smaller than the large. Mineral Fe (695 mg/kg) more contained shells of large particles, whereas the characteristic biosmoke have a high acid content (pH 3). Cashew nut shell bioindustry products have specific physical and chemical characteristics to be used in various fields including livestock, agriculture or food.
... Other studies showed that pigs that were fed a wood vinegar diet had a higher Lactobacillus population in their ileal contents compared with pigs fed antibiotic and control diets. 29 These results implied that vinegar might provide an acidic environment in the intestines, leading to changes of intestinal bacteria. Lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, and Enterococcus faecalis and acetic acid produced by Bif idobacteria were very important energy sources for the host, which might benefit the host by regulating colonic pH, ion transport, cellular proliferation, and gene expression. ...
This study investigated the preventive effects of vinegar and acetic acid (the active component of vinegar) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Vinegar (5% v/v) or acetic acid (0.3% w/v) treatment significantly reduced the disease activity index and histopathological scores, attenuated body weight loss and shortened the colon length in a murine experimental colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Further mechanistic analysis showed that vinegar inhibited inflammation through suppressing Th1 and Th17 responses, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and MAPK signaling activation. Vinegar also inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in the colitis mouse model. Surprisingly, pretreatment with vinegar for 28 days before DSS induction increased levels of the commensal lactic acid-producing or acetic acid-producing bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria and Enterococcus faecalis, whereas decreased Escherichia coli levels were found in the feces of mice. These results suggest that vinegar supplement might provide a new dietary strategy for the prevention of UC.
... Korea (Lee et al. 2011;Kook and Kim 2003;Kook et al. 2002;Choi et al. 2009;Li and Ryu 2001), China Xiwei and Enchen 2014;Xiwei et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2012Wang et al. , 2010Wei et al. 2010a;Cai et al. 2012), Thailand (Baimark and Niamsa 2009;Wititsiri 2011;Rakmai 2009;Rungruang and Junyapoon 2010), Taiwan (Ho et al. 2013), Malaysia (Ibrahim et al. 2013;Jain et al. 2007;Loo 2008;Mathew et al. 2014a), Indonesia (Oramahi and Yoshimura 2013), and few from countries such as Finland (Fagernas et al. 2012), France (Paraud et al. 2011), Sweden, Norway (Wendin et al. 1999), Spain Manzanos 2002, 2005), Brazil (Steiner et al. 2008;Petter et al. 2013;Ferreira et al. 2005), and the USA (French 1915). Much of the work on PA in Asia and Brazil is due to the abundance of charcoal production in these countries (Daroit et al. 2013), while in USA and Europe, biomass is used more for the production of bio-oil which has higher market value, demand, and commercialization potential. ...
Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a complex highly oxygenated aqueous liquid fraction obtained by the condensation of pyrolysis vapors, which result from the thermochemical breakdown or pyrolysis of plant biomass components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. PA produced by the slow pyrolysis of plant biomass is a yellowish brown or dark brown liquid with acidic pH and usually comprises a complex mixture of guaiacols, catechols, syringols, phenols, vanillins, furans, pyrans, carboxaldehydes, hydroxyketones, sugars, alkyl aryl ethers, nitrogenated derivatives, alcohols, acetic acid, and other carboxylic acids. The phenolic components, namely guaiacol, alkyl guaiacols, syringol, and alkyl syringols, contribute to the smoky odor of PA. PA finds application in diverse areas, as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, plant growth stimulator, coagulant for natural rubber, and termiticidal and pesticidal agent; is a source for valuable chemicals; and imparts a smoky flavor for food.
... L. acidophilus was enumerated using MRS agar added with 0.02% NaN 3 and 0.05% L-cystine hydrochloride monohydrate, B. subtilis by using plate count agar, S. cerevisiae and A. oryzae by potato dextrose agar. The cecal microflora was analyzed as described previously ( Choi et al., 2009). The microbial groups analyzed were total anaerobic bacteria (Tryptic soy agar), Bifidobacterium spp. ...
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate multi-microbe submerged liquid (SLF) and solid substrate (SSF) fermented probiotic products in broilers. The SLF and SSF probiotics were comprised of Lactobacillus acidophilus ( and cfu/g), Bacillus subtilis ( and cfu/g), Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( and cfu/g) and Aspergillus oryzae ( and cfu/g), respectively. In Exp. 1, 640 day-old Ross chicks were allotted to 4 treatments, each comprising 4 replicates (40 chicks/replicate). The basal diet was prepared without any antimicrobials (negative control, NC), and 20 mg/kg avilamycin (positive control, PC), 0.3% SLF and 0.3% SSF probiotics were added to the basal diets as treatments. Birds fed PC and SSF diets showed improved (p
... IL), while chromium was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model AA-680G, Shimadzu, Japan) according to the procedure of Fenton and Fenton (1979). The caecal microflora was analyzed by using culture technique as described previously (Choi et al., 2009). The microbial groups analyzed were total anaerobic bacteria (Tryptic soy agar), ...
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on citrus-juice waste and corn-soybean substrate on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbial population and intestinal morphology in broilers. Three hundred twenty d-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of BW in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had 4 replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases, starter (d 0 to 21) and finisher (d 21 to 35). Dietary treatments were; negative control (NC: basal diet without any antimicrobial), positive control (PC: basal diet added with 20 mg/kg Avilamycin), basal diet added with 0.30% Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on corn-soybean substrate (P1), and basal diet added with 0.30% Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on citrus-juice waste substrate (P2). Overall BW gain, feed intake and FCR were better (p
... [35] Recently, other researchers have been tried to replace the antibiotics in pig feed with potato protein [36] and wood vinegar. [37] A.N.T. Quynh et al. ...
Wood creosote, an herbal anti-diarrheal and a mixture of major volatile compounds, was tested for its non-toxicological effects, using a rat model, with the objective to use the creosote as an antibiotic substitute. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were studied to form five groups with 6 rats each. Korea beechwood creosote was supplemented into three test groups with 0.03 g/kg, 0.07 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg body weight/day without antibiotic support, along with a positive control of Apramycin sulphate (at 0.5% of the daily feed) and a negative control. Korean beechwood creosote supplementation showed no negative effect on the body weight gain in comparison to the negative and the positive control groups and the feed conversion ratio was also comparable with that of the control groups. The clinical pathology parameters studied were also under the umbrella of normal range, including liver specific enzymes, blood glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which indicated no toxic effect of creosote at the given doses. The non-hepatotoxic effect was also confirmed using hepatic damage specific molecular markers like Tim-p1, Tim-p2 and Tgf-β1. The results suggested that Korean beechwood may be used as antibiotic substitute in weanling pigs feed without any toxic effect on the body. Although the antimicrobial properties of creosote were not absolutely similar to those of apramycin sulphate, they were comparable.
... Tannins have a range of effects in animals, among others reduce feed intake, digestibility of crude proteins and decrease growth performance in monogastric species (Treviòo et al., 1992; smulikowska et al., 2001). Moreover, previously has been demonstrated that tannins reduce gastrointestinal parasites in mammals (Min et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2009). contrary to a large body of literature for ruminants, there have been a fewer detailed nutritional studies published on the use of tannin in pig feeding. ...
BRUS, M., J. DOLINŠEK, A. CENCIČ and D. ŠKORJANC, 2013. Effect of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood tannins and organic acids on growth performance and faecal microbiota of pigs from 23 to 127 days of age. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 841-847
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the supplementation of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin and/or organic acids in diets for pigs on their growth performance and the faecal microbial composition from 23 to 127 days of age. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (control (C)), the basal diet added organic acids (OA), and the basal diet added organic acids plus tannin (OA+T). Animals were weighed on days 23, 82 and 127. Pigs fed the OA and OA+T diets showed during the grower period significantly higher daily gain (ADG)(P<0.05), improved feed conversion ratio(FCR) (P<0.05) and lower levels of E. coli (P<0.05) compared with C pigs. From 82-127 days only the pigs fed the OA+T diet significantly diminished (P<0.05) the total count of E. coli. (5.21 ± 0.24 vs. 4.86 ± 0.28 vs. 4.24 ± 0.28 log10cfu/g; respectively for C, OA and OA+T; P<0.05), elevated the total count of Lactic acid bacteria (6.85 ± 0.10 vs. 7.15 ± 0.49 vs. 7.95 ± 0.50 log10cfu/g; respectively for C, OA and OA+T; P<0.05)and significantly increased ADG (P<0.05) (687 ± 23 vs. 712 ± 11 vs. 766 ± 12 g/day; respectively for C, OA and OA+T; P<0.05). The results from the present study indicate that the supplementation of chestnut wood tannins and organic acids can improve the growth performance in period from 82-127 days mainly by reducing harmful E. coli counts and by increasing counts of beneficial Lactic acid bacteria.
Key words: pig, tannins (Castanea sativa Mill.), growth, microbiota
... The pH of probiotic formulations was determined by pH meter (Basic pH Meter PB-11, Sartorius, Germany). The caecal microflora was analysed by using culture technique as described previously (Choi et al., 2009). The microbial groups analysed were total anaerobic bacteria (Tryptic soy agar), Lactobacillus spp. ...
1. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate a multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low (LT) or high (HT) drying temperature. 2. In both the experiments, 640 d-old Ross male chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of initial BW for 35 d experiments. 3. In experiment one, dietary treatments were a negative control (NC; basal diet without any antimicrobial); positive control (PC; basal diet +10 mg/kg avilamycin); basal diet with 0·3% probiotic LT; and basal diet with 0·3% probiotic HT. 4. Improved overall weight gain, FCR and retention of CP were observed in birds fed the PC and probiotic diets when compared with birds fed the NC diet. At d 21, birds fed the probiotic and NC diets had more caecal Bifidobacterium and total anaerobes than birds fed the PC diet; while birds fed the PC and probiotic diets had fewer caecal Clostridium than birds fed the NC diet at d 35. 5. In experiment two, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed to evaluate the effects of two concentrations of probiotic HT (0·30 or 0·60%) and avilamycin (0 or 10 mg/kg). 6. Birds fed the 0·60% probiotic HT diet showed improved overall weight gain and CP retention, higher Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the caecum, and reduced Clostridium and coliforms in the caecum. Inclusion of avilamycin improved the overall weight gain and feed intake, and reduced the caecal Clostridium and Bifidobacterium population. 7. In conclusion, high drying temperature had no effect on the efficacy of the multi-microbe probiotic formulation; while the probiotic HT formulation was more effective at the 0·60% level. Moreover, inclusion of avilamycin improved performance of birds but did not have any interaction with probiotics.
... The caecal microflora was analysed by using culture technique as described previously (Choi et al., 2009). The microbial groups analysed were total anaerobic bacteria (Tryptic soy agar), Bifidobacterium spp. ...
Present study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 on growth performance, apparent nutrient retention, caecal microbial population and intestinal morphology in broilers. Three hundred and twenty day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of BW in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets were fed in two phases: starter (d 0-21) and finisher (d 22-35). Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% B. subtilis LS 1-2. Supplementation of increasing levels of B. subtilis LS 1-2 showed linear improvement (P<0.05) in growth performance and apparent nutrient retention. At d 35, birds supplemented with increasing levels of B. subtilis LS 1-2 showed decrease in caecal Clostridium and Coliform count (linear, P<0.05). Moreover, supplementation of B. subtilis LS 1-2 increased (linear, P<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in both duodenum and ileum. Results obtained in the present study indicate that B. subtilis LS 1-2 can be used as a growth promoter in broiler diets and can improve intestinal microbial balance and gut health of broilers.
Young pigs have an immature gut and do not provide adequate gastric acidity to digest nutrients and inhibit bacteria growth in the gut. Diets have intrinsic ability to alter gastric acidity. Acid-binding capacity (ABC) and buffering capacity (BC) are often used to describe the ability of feedstuffs to influence pH changes, but methods to measure and units to express ABC and BC values vary among studies and need standardisation. Some feed ingredients, noticeably minerals have high ABC values, thus could neutralise gastric acidity in pigs. The ABC values are related to initial pH but vary among and within feedstuffs, thus, more research is required to depict the full picture. Diets with high ABC values are detrimental to young pigs. Diet ABC values can be reduced by lowering protein content, alternative use of minerals, coarse grinding, and inclusion of organic acids (OA). Most OA have negative but varied ABC values and are effective and practical in lowering pH and ABC values of diets. However, their ability to alter gastric acidity has been inconsistent. Whether dietary OA inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach of pigs requires elucidation. Lowering ABC values may increase ileal digestibility of protein and improve growth performance of pigs. However, the dose response of OA to lower ABC values of diets on growth performance of pigs is inconsistent. Other dietary factors, e.g., mineral and fibre content or the ABC value of the basal diet may affect efficacy of OA. Lowering diet ABC values via dietary OA and OA salts may increase microbiota diversity and reduce E. coli counts in the gut, reduce diarrhoea incidence and Salmonella prevalence, and reduce ammonia emission, thus has the potential to replace antibiotics and zinc oxide used in pig feed currently. However, lowering diet ABC values via certain dietary OA may affect feed palatability and preference, cause metabolic acidosis and affect bone health of pigs. In conclusion, diet composition determines its ABC value that affects diet nutrient digestion, growth performance and gut health of pigs. Incorporating the concept of lowering ABC values of feed is an important factor to manage growth performance and gut health of young pigs. To establish and verify a system of using ABC values to formulate pig diets, more research is warranted.
This study investigates the soil chemical changes and crop growth characteristics after treatment with carbonized tangerines prepared using plasma. To determine the effect of the carbonized tangerines on crop, four test plots were treated with chaff charcoal or different ratios of coco peat and carbonized tangerines. Lettuce was grown on the plots, and the chemical changes in soil and physical changes in the lettuce were observed. Chemical changes in the soil before and after the carbonized tangerine treatments were very similar to those before and after chaff charcoal treatment. Lettuce leaf length, width, weight, and count in carbonized tangerine-treated plots significantly increased than those in the untreated plot. Our results found that the carbonization of tangerines using plasma can be a good alternative for processing many by-products generated during cultivation. In addition, the possibility of using carbonized tangerines as biochar has been explored.
Biochar, that is, carbonized biomass similar to charcoal, has been used in acute medical treatment of animals for many centuries. Since 2010, livestock farmers increasingly use biochar as a regular feed supplement to improve animal health, increase nutrient intake efficiency and thus productivity. As biochar gets enriched with nitrogen-rich organic compounds during the digestion process, the excreted biochar-manure becomes a more valuable organic fertilizer causing lower nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions during storage and soil application. Scientists only recently started to investigate the mechanisms of biochar in the different stages of animal digestion and thus most published results on biochar feeding are based so far on empirical studies. This review summarizes the state of knowledge up to the year 2019 by evaluating 112 relevant scientific publications on the topic to derive initial insights, discuss potential mechanisms behind observations and identify important knowledge gaps and future research needs. The literature analysis shows that in most studies and for all investigated farm animal species, positive effects on different parameters such as toxin adsorption, digestion, blood values, feed efficiency, meat quality and/or greenhouse gas emissions could be found when biochar was added to feed. A considerable number of studies provided statistically non-significant results, though tendencies were mostly positive. Rare negative effects were identified in regard to the immobilization of liposoluble feed ingredients (e.g., vitamin E or Carotenoids) which may limit long-term biochar feeding. We found that most of the studies did not systematically investigate biochar properties (which may vastly differ) and dosage, which is a major drawback for generalizing results. Our review demonstrates that the use of biochar as a feed additive has the potential to improve animal health, feed efficiency and livestock housing climate, to reduce nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase the soil organic matter content and thus soil fertility when eventually applied to soil. In combination with other good practices, co-feeding of biochar may thus have the potential to improve the sustainability of animal husbandry. However, more systematic multidisciplinary research is definitely needed to arrive at generalizable recommendations.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of activated charcoal-herb extractum complex (CHC) on the growth performance, immunological indices, intestinal morphology and microflora in weaning piglets to determine the optimal supplemental dose. A total of 216 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with an initial body weight of 8.55 ± 1.18 kg were randomly assigned to six treatment groups; each treatment group had six pens, with six pigs per pen. The study period was 28 d. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg kg ⁻¹ of CHC over two 14-d periods. Two additional diets containing 0 and 1000 mg kg ⁻¹ of montmorillonite were set as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Supplementation with 500 mg kg ⁻¹ of CHC significantly increased average daily gain compared with the positive and negative controls during phase I and the entire experimental period (P < 0.05). During phase I, 500 and 1000 mg kg ⁻¹ of CHC significantly decreased diarrhea incidence compared with the negative control, and increased serum IGF-1 and serum IgM levels compared with the controls (P < 0.05). CHC at 500 mg kg ⁻¹ significantly decreased the diarrhea score during the entire experimental period compared with the negative control (P < 0.05). On day 28, supplementation with 500 and 1000 mg kg ⁻¹ of CHC increased serum IgG, IL-1β, and duodenum and jejunum secretory IgA compared with the negative control and decreased duodenum and jejunum MDA levels compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Increased duodenum and jejunum villus height and an increased ratio of villus height to crypt depth were observed compared with the negative control and decreased viable counts of E. coli in the cecum were detected compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Collectively, the optimal dose of CHC was found to be 500 to 1000 mg kg ⁻¹ in this study.
The aim of the research was to evaluate microbiological quality of Panicum maximum grass silage with addition Lactobacillus sp as starter. The completely randomized design was been used on this research with 4 treaments and 3 replications. The treatments were P0 ( Panicum maximum grass silage without addition Lactobacillus sp ), P1 ( Panicum maximum grass silage with 2% addition Lactobacillus sp), P2 (Panicum maximum grass silage with 4% addition Lactobacillus sp) and P3 (Panicum maximum grass silage with 6% addition Lactobacillus sp).The parameters were microbial populations of Panicum maximum grass silage (total lactic acid bacteria, total bacteria, total fungi, and Coliform bacteria. The data obtained were analyzed variance (ANOVA) and further tests performed Duncan's Multiple Areas. The population of lactic acid bacteria was higher (P<0.05) and the total bacteria, fungi and Coliform were lower (P<0.05) with addition Lactobacillus sp. Microbiological quality of Panicum maximum grass silage with addition Lactobacillus sp was better than no addition Lactobacillus sp.
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCDC 49 and Lactobacillus acidophilus-15) on blood biochemical profile, immunity and small intestine morphology in growing finishing pigs, weaned at 28 days of age. Thirty-six cross-bred (Landrace X Desi) piglets were allocated to three treatments on the basis of the body weight in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was comprised of four replicates with three piglets in each. The three dietary treatments were: basal diet without any probiotic (Control), basal diet where 10 % of feed was replaced by feed fermented with S. cerevisiae NCDC 49 with the count of 3–5 × 10⁶ cfu/g (SC) and basal diet with 10 % of feed fermented with L. acidophilus-15 with the count of 2–3 × 10⁹ cfu/g (LA). The results showed that probiotic supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on blood biochemical profile. Antibody titre against 20 % SRBC injection was significantly higher in probiotic-supplemented groups than control. Villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum were increased (P < 0.01) in SC and LA groups as compared to control. It is concluded that inclusion of probiotics at 10 % level of the basal diet improved the immunity and intestinal morphology of growing finishing pigs weaned at 28 days of age.
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance, diarrhea situation and mRNA expression levels of cytokines i.e., interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and interleukin-25 (IL-25) in immune organs of weaned piglets, and to accumulate theoretical data for the application of bamboo vinegar powder in weaned piglet production. Forty-five crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, all male) weaned piglets with similar body weight (6.74 ± 0.17 kg) at 31 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment and 3 piglets in each replicate. The five treatments were as follows: CON (a basal diet), ANT (the basal diet + 0.12% antibiotics), BV1 (the basal diet + 0.1% bamboo vinegar powder), BV5 (the basal diet + 0.5% bamboo vinegar powder), BV10 (the basal diet + 1.0% bamboo vinegar powder). This experiment lasted 35 days. The growth performance and diarrhea situation were recorded. The relative mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-25 in liver, spleen, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes were detected by real-time PCR. Feed: gain of BV5 was significantly lower than that of CON (P
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of different probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and intestinal morphology of broilers. Three hundred twenty day-old broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments on the basis of body weight in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was comprised of 4 replicates with 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases, starter (d 0 to 21) and finisher (d 22 to 35). Dietary treatments were basal diet without any probiotic (Control) and basal diet supplemented with 0.30% of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC). Supplementation of LA, BS and SC to broilers diets improved (P<0.05) feed intake, BW gain and digestibility of CP and GE (d 21 and 35), DM (d 35) than broilers fed control diet. Moreover, birds in treatments LA, BS and SC showed better (P<0.05) overall FCR compared to control. At d 35 birds in treatments LA, BS and SC showed decrease (P<0.05) in caecal Clostridium and Coliform count than control. Villus height of duodenum and villus height:crypt depth ratio of ileum were increased (P<0.05) in treatments LA, BS and SC as compared to control. Result obtained in present study indicates that L. acidophilus, B. subtilis and S. cerviciae at 0.30% level of inclusion improved nutrient digestibility, caecal microbial balance and intestinal morphology of broilers.
Characteristics properties of Lactobacillus such as their antagonistic against pathogenic bacteria, their survival at low pH and high concentration of bile salt are used in vitro to evaluate their potential as probiotic agent. Objectives of this research are to obtain lactic acid bacteria isolates from Pengging duck intestines and to screen their ability as a probiotic agent. The result showed that the Number of Isolate I11 showed its resistant to low acid (pH 1, 5) until 120 min. Some of the strains showed their ability on pH 2, 5 during 120 min (No. of isolate I1, I2, I4, I8, I9 and I10). The other isolates decreased their viability to survive at low pH, even they still able to survive at pH 3.5 during 120 min. The result based on the isolates resistance to bile salt showed that isolates could grow at media with 2% of bile salt. Their growth was inhibited with the increasing bile salt concentration. Number of Isolate I11 showed its survival in environment contain 6% bile salt until 120 min. Most isolates had antagonistic against pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli). Based on the characteristics properties. it can be conclude that the 12 isolates of lactic acid bacteria from Pengging duck's caecum were genus Lactobacillus. Isolate number I11 was potentially used as probiotic. Isolate number I11 was identified as Lactobacillus salivarius.
In order to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of two different probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal microbial count in weaned piglets (28d of age), 36 crossbred (Landrace x Local) piglets were allocated into three treatments on the basis of the BW in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was comprised of four replicates with three piglets in each. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any probiotic (Control), or with 10% of the basal diet replaced by feed fermented with either S. cerevisiae NCDC-49 (SC; 3-5x10(6) cfu/g) or L. acidophilus NCDC-15 (LA; 2-3x10(9) cfu/g). Supplementation of SC or LA to piglets improved (P<0.05) BW gain and ADG. Digestibility of nutrients, however remained similar (P>0.05) among the groups. However, piglets in SC and LA groups showed better (P<0.05) FCR compared to Control. Yeast count and lactobacillus counts were higher (P<0.01) in both SC and LA groups as compared to Control accompanying a concomitant reduction (P<0.01) in coliform count. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of S. cervisiae or L. acidophilus has a positive effect on the performance of weaned piglets.
This paper highlights the potential benefits of smoke recovery from the production of biochar in crop management through it application as an antimicrobial agent against plant disease and as a pesticide. The study reports on the findings of zone inhibition assays on selected plant pathogens (Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris), growth studies on selected plants (Raphanus sativus and Vicia faba), and toxicity studies performed on arthropods (Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae). The results suggested a strong benefit to crop management in terms of crop protection against selected causal agents responsible for plant disease, with zones of inhibition observed on both Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris when inoculated with pyroligneous acid (liquid smoke) at 10% dilution. Similarly, its potential as a bio-pesticide are favorable, with a reported 20%–30% of arthropods affected (knocked out/mortality) after exposure for 48 hours.
Archeological studies have found that pyrolysis liquids were already used in the time of the Neanderthal. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. However, future business ideas may be the other way round as pyrolysis liquids may replace synthetic chemicals in the form of pesticides and biocides.
Directives and regulations related to the sustainable use of pesticides govern and direct plant protection strategies towards a lower use of synthetic chemicals. It is hoped that many mega trends of global policies will boost the use of plant based products given that a reduced reliance on fossil fuel is a general target in the global food and feed production economy. Pyrolysis technology has been actively studied and developed around the world and is linked to the development of the knowledge based bio-economy. The importance and social impact of pyrolysis technologies will also be enhanced because it is a practicable technique in the sustainable use of wastes and biomasses. However, very little scientific evidence is available to support efficacy claims of wood vinegar and toxicology assessments of the products used. Wood tar has been investigated a bit more thoroughly. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. In addition, some of the main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed.
The experiment was designed to evaluate effects of feeding bamboo vinegar (BV) and acidifier to substitute antibiotic on the growth performance and intestinal bacterial communities of weaned piglets. Three hundred and sixty weaned piglets (body weight (BW) = 10 +/- 2 kg) were allocated into three treatments for 25 days of experiment feeding, with three replicates (pen) per treatment. A basal diet was added with antibiotics (Control), 0.4% BV and 0.25% acidifier I (BVAI), or 0.4% BV and 0.25% acidifier II (BVAII), respectively. No significant differences were observed in feed intake, final weight, average daily gain and feed to gain ratio (P > 0.05) among different treatments. The species richness and bacterial community diversities in feces were higher for the pigs in treatment BVAI and BVAII than those of pigs in the Control (36.5 and 1.55, respectively), with a significant difference between BVAII and the Control (P < 0.05). The bacterial communities of pigs in BVAI and BVAII clustered together, forming a cluster we designated as Cluster C and separated from another cluster in pigs fed antibiotic designated as Cluster A in the Control treatment. The results indicate that the 0.4% BV and 0.25% acidifier can replace antibiotics in the diets for piglets without negative effects on production and allow for greater diversity of the intestinal bacterial community compared to antibiotics.
The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology in broilers. Four hundred days-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). Each treatment had four replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in two phases, starter (day 0-21) and finisher (day 22-35). Dietary treatments were; basal diet without any antimicrobial (NC), basal diet added with 20 mg Avilamycin/kg of diet (PC), 10(7) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(8) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P2), and 10(9) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P3). Overall BW gain and feed conversion ratio were better (p < 0.05) for treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC and P1, with P1 being better (p < 0.05) than NC. Overall feed intake in treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 were greater (p < 0.05) than NC. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were greater (p < 0.05) in treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC, with P1 being intermediate and not different form NC, PC, P2 and P3. At d 21 and 35, treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 showed lower (p < 0.05) cecal Clostridium and Coliforms count in relation to NC. Moreover, cecal Clostridium (d 21) and Coliforms (d 21 and 35) count were lower (p < 0.05) in treatment PC in relation to P1; with P2 and P3 being intermediate and not different from PC. However, there was no effect of dietary treatments on cecal total anaerobic bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. count. The villus height of duodenum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than NC, with P1, P2 and P3 being intermediate. Villus height of ileum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than in treatments P1 and NC, whereas it remained comparable among treatments PC, P2 and P3. Villus height to crypt depth ratio of ileum was greater (p < 0.05) for treatment PC, P2 and P3 compared with that in P1 and NC. It is concluded that multi-microbe probiotic inclusion at 10(8) and 10(9) cfu/kg diet had beneficial effects on broilers growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and intestinal morphology and can be used as replacement to antibiotics growth promoter in broiler nutrition.
We conducted two experiments to evaluate the interaction among fumaric acid (FA), protected acids (PA), or no additional acid (NO) and two different levels of acid buffering capacity (BC) in diets for 14-d-old weaned pigs. BC was varied substituting mono-calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate for dicalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. In the high BC diet plus PA, FA was also added. In Exp. 1, 48 gilts were raised for 31 days on the six diets, evaluating growth performance and fecal digestibility. In Exp. 2, 42 gilts were raised. With each diet three subjects were sacrificed after 19 days and four after 38 days. In addition, six subjects were sacrificed at weaning. Growth and carcass performance, ileal digestibility, bacterial populations and pH in the gut were assessed. The piglet performance and stomach, ileal and cecal pH, and empty body composition were not affected by the diets. Empty body composition other than ash content was affected by piglet age (p<0.01). The BC did not influence digestibility. The dietary inclusion of PA improved fecal digestibility of protein (p<0.05) compared to the addition of FA and NO. Ileal digestibility slightly increased with both acid additions (p<0.10), the groups receiving PA showing the higher values. Piglets fed diets with low BC had lower Lactobacillus and E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.07) and higher Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.08). Acidified diets tended to reduce E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.10) and increased Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.09). The addition in the diet of PA increased Lactobacillus in the ileum compared to the sole addition of free fumaric acid (p=0.07). The addition of protected acids, combined with free fumaric acid in the case of high BC diets, increased protein digestibility and Lactobacillus counts and reduced E. coli counts. Only some changes in the concentration of bacterial population can be expected with a diet of low BC.
Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding organic acids and antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 nursery pigs (Large White??Landrace; initial weight 7.80??.07 kg) were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed a complex starter diet. Treatments 2 to 4 were the same as treatment 1 but supplemented with antibiotics (200 ppm chlortetracycline plus 60 ppm Lincospectin), 0.5% potassium diformate or 0.5% dry organic acid blend ACTIVATE Starter DA (ASD). During the 4-week post-weaning period, pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had better gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p = 0.04) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14 post-weaning, pigs fed the control diet had the lowest fecal lactobacilli count among all dietary treatments (p = 0.02), whereas pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had a trend for lower fecal E. coli count compared to the control pigs (p = 0.08). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of pigs fed ASD did not differ from pigs fed the control diet (p>0.05) at d 14 after weaning. In Exp. 2, 24 weaned pigs (Large White??Long White; initial weight 5.94??.33 kg) were allotted into four groups and housed individually. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 ppm colistin sulfate, 50 ppm Kitasamycin plus 60 ppm Olaquindox), 0.5% or 1% ASD. All pigs were orally challenged with E. coli K88+ on d 5. During d 5 to 14 after challenge, pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD had better gain (p = 0.01) and feed efficiency (p = 0.03) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, compared to the control pigs, pigs fed 0.5% ASD had higher lactobacilli in the duodenum and pigs fed 1% ASD and antibiotics had a trend for higher lactobacilli in the ileum (p = 0.08). Pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD diets tended to have decreased ileal E. coli count compared to those fed the control diet (p = 0.08). Serum interleukin-6 and cortisol and digesta pH values were not affected by treatment or time. These results indicate that feeding ASD can improve the growth performance of weaning pigs, mainly via modulating intestinal microflora populations without affecting gastrointestinal pH or immune indices.
A total of 126 crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight of 6.3??.3 kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pH of gastro-intestinal tract (GI), intestinal and fecal microflora of young piglets. Pigs were allocated to three dietary treatments based on body weight and gender in a single factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (No COS), T1 (0.2% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.1% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, and T2 (0.4% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.3% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates and 14 pigs were raised in each pen. COS is a low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan that can be obtained from chitin of the crab shell after deacetylation with concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature and then further decomposition by chitosanase enzyme in the presence of ascorbic acid. For the starter and grower periods, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio among treatments. However, during the overall period (6-30 kg), T2 showed better (p
Acceptance of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in agricultural animal production is rapidly disappearing. Both government regulations and consumer preference are driving this change. Producers in any country that seek export markets will be forced to give up AGP if they are to sell to the EU and many other markets. This report will first review the history of AGP use in the animal industry and the concerns about development of antimicrobial resistance. A description of the development and structure of the gut and how it is affected by AGP administration will conclude with results of studies to replace AGP with antimicrobial organic acids.
In this review working models which relate to the possibility that growth promotion reflects antibiotic-induced alterations in the normal microbiota are discussed. In addition, novel molecular ecology techniques are described that can serve as tools to provide insight into the interaction of gut microbiology and growth efficiency.
Duodenum swabs were harvested from 80 broilers in 15 flocks of 8 broiler farms and were submitted to bacteriological evaluation. Five broiler breeders were sampled to obtain comparative data. Macro and microscopic lesions in the gut and the liver were evaluated in all birds submitted to swab harvesting and also broilers of two slaughter plants. Semiquantitative bacterial examination in duodenum swabs demonstrated higher microorganism growth in blood agar than in MacConkey medium. Staphylococcus sp, Enterococcus sp and Escherichia coli were found in some broiler flocks. An increased cellularity of the muscular mucosae of duodenum villi and/or the presence of some gametocytes or schizonts of coccidia were found in the lesioned gut in addition to high bacterial growth in blood agar. In some flocks, enlarged yellowish livers with vacuolated hepatocytes and/or increased reticuloendothelial response were seen in some birds. Liver and gut samples were collected in two slaughter plants in order to establish a pattern of response in broilers after withdrawal of growth promoters. Livers with macroscopic lesions presented microscopic lesions in the parenchyma such as increased leukocyte response in the sinusoidal space, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes or focal necrosis in the perilobular region, increased size or number of lymphoid nests in the perilobular region, the perivascular space and surrounding the biliary duct and increased extramedular granulocytopoiesis. Duodenum with hyperemic patches showed increased cellular response in the muscular mucosa of villi. These observations support the concept that semi-quantitative bacteriology and liver lesion evaluation could be used as a model to study gut bacterial imbalance in chickens.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different levels of fumaric acid supplementation to diets with a low or high buffer capacity on the concentrations of microbial metabolites and lipopolysaccharides, as an indicator of gram negative bacteria in ileal digesta of young pigs. In two experiments, 12 pigs each were weaned at 14 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum between 15 and 17 d of age. In experiment 1, the pigs were fed wheat-soybean meal diets without or with inclusion of 1, 2 or 3% fumaric acid according to a balanced two-period changeover design. In experiment 2, the same diets were fed, except that the dietary buffering capacity was increased by inclusion of 3% sodium bicarbonate to all diets. The pigs were fed three times daily, equal amounts at 8 h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of body weight. The inclusion of fumaric acid to the diet with a low buffering capacily (exp. 1) decreased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of lactic acid, ammonia, spermidine and lipopolysaccharides in ileal digesta. Supplementation of fumaric acid to a diet with a high buffering capacity (exp. 2) did not affect (P > 0.05) the concentrations of fermentation products in ileal digesta, but there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentration of lipopolysaccharides. Furthermore, in both experiments, the concentration of most fermentation products decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing age after weaning. These results give further evidence that supplementation of fumaric acid to diets for young pigs during the first 3 - 4 wk after weaning reduces the metabolic activity and the concentrations of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The magnitude of this effect, however, is dependent on the buffering capacity and the inclusion level of fumaric acid in the diets.
Approvals for the use of nontherapeutic antibiotics in animal feed are fast disappearing worldwide. The primary effect of
antibiotics is antimicrobial; all of the digestibility and performance effects can by explained by their impact on the gastrointestinal
microflora. Among the candidate replacements for antibiotics are organic acids, both individual acids and blends of several
acids. Like antibiotics, short-chain organic acids also have a specific antimicrobial activity. Unlike antibiotics, the antimicrobial
activity of organic acids is pH dependent. Organic acids have a clear and significant benefit in weanling piglets and have
been observed to benefit poultry performance. Organic acids have antimicrobial activity; however, there appear to be effects
of organic acids beyond those attributed to antimicrobial activity. Reductions in bacteria are associated with feeding organic
acids, which are particularly effective against acid-intolerant species such as E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Both antibiotics and organic acids improve protein and energy digestibilities by reducing microbial competition with the
host for nutrients and endogenous nitrogen losses, by lowering the incidence of subclinical infections and secretion of immune
mediators, and by reducing production of ammonia and other growth-depressing microbial metabolites. Organic acids have several
additional effects that go beyond those of antibiotics. These include reduction in digesta pH, increased pancreatic secretion,
and trophic effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Much more is known about these effects in swine than in poultry. There
appears to be more variability in detecting an organic acid benefit in comparison to that observed with antibiotics. Lack
of consistency in demonstrating an organic acid benefit is related to uncontrolled variables such as buffering capacity of
dietary ingredients, presence of other antimicrobial compounds, cleanliness of the production environment, and heterogeneity
of gut microbiota. Additional research can clarify the role of these factors and how to minimize their impact.
Organic acids and their salts appear to be potential alternatives to prophylactic in-feed antibiotics and growth promoters in order to improve the performance of weaned piglets, fattening pigs and reproductive sows, although their growth-promoting effects are generally less than that of antibiotics. Based on an analysis of published data, the growth-promoting effect of formates, fumarates and citrates did not differ in weaned piglets. In fattening pigs, formates were the most effective followed by fumarates, whereas propionates did not improve growth performance. These acids improved the feedgain ratio of both weaned piglets and fattening pigs. In weaned piglets, the growth-promoting effects of dietary organic acids appear to depend greatly on their influence on feed intake. In sows, organic acids may have anti-agalactia properties. Successful application of organic acids in the diets for pigs requires an understanding of their modes of action. It is generally considered that dietary organic acids or their salts lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes and gastric retention time, and thus improved protein digestion. Reduced gastric pH and increased retention time have been difficult to demonstrate, whereas improved apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been observed with growing pigs, but not in weaned piglets. Organic acids may influence mucosal morphology, as well as stimulate pancreatic secretions, and they also serve as substrates in intermediary metabolism. These may further contribute to improved digestion, absorption and retention of many dietary nutrients. Organic acid supplementation reduces dietary buffering capacity, which is expected to slow down the proliferation and|or colonization of undesirable microbes, e.g. Escherichia coli, in the gastro-ileal region. However, reduced scouring has been observed in only a few studies. As performance responses to dietary organic acids in pigs often varies, more specific studies are necessary to elucidate an explanation.
We evaluated spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) as an alternative to antimicrobial medication with colistin sulfate in weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Forty-eight piglets weaned at 24 d of age were distributed into 12 pens, and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments. All the piglets were given an oral dose of 5 x 10(7) cfu of E. coli K99 at weaning. The dietary treatments followed a factorial arrangement with two levels of SDAP (0 and 7%) and two levels of colistin (0 and 300 mg/kg of diet). The ADG and ADFI were measured on d 7 and 14 of trial. Three piglets from each treatment were killed on d 7 and 14 to remove the small intestine, and to obtain ileal and cecal digestive contents. The inclusion of SDAP improved ADG by 68 g (P < 0.05) and ADFI by 41 g (P < 0.10) in wk 1 of trial. During wk 2, SDAP improved ADG by 41 g (P < 0.10) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) by 25% (P < 0.01). On the other hand, whereas colistin had no effect on performance in wk 1, it improved ADG by 102 g (P < 0.01), ADFI by 62 g (P < 0.01), and G:F by 26% (P < 0.01) in wk 2. Over the 14 d of the trial, ADG was improved by 54 (P < 0.05) and 75 g (P < 0.05), and G:F was improved by 35 (P < 0.05) and 32% (P < 0.05) due to SDAP and colistin, respectively. There was interaction between colistin and SDAP for ADFI in wk 2 and between d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), which indicates that their effects were not additive. The use of colistin was advantageous in the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa of the pigs, as suggested by a small intestine that was 93 g heavier (P < 0.10) and with the tallest villi 106 microm longer (P < 0.10) than in pigs without colistin. The inclusion of SDAP in the diet favored the growth of lactobacilli in the ileum (P < 0.10) and the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas colistin reduced the number of enterococci in the cecum (P < 0.05) and of Escherichia coli both in the ileum and the cecum (P < 0.001). These results suggest that SDAP may be an alternative to medicated feed with antibiotics since it provided a level of protection against an experimental challenge with E. coli K99 similar to that obtained with colistin, an antibiotic of proven efficacy. The current situation in which the use of antimicrobials in animal feeding is being questioned should encourage further investigation into the use of SDAP as a means of preventing disease in pigs at weaning.
The protective efficacy of activated charcoal containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) against intestinal infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was sought. In the present study, the adsorption effects of activated charcoal of Nekka-Rich on S. Enteritidis and normal bacterial flora in the intestine, Enterococcus faecium, were examined. S. Enteritidis was effectively adsorbed by activated charcoal of Nekka-Rich. On the other hand, activated charcoal of Nekka-Rich showed lower binding capacity to E.faecium. The effects of wood vinegar liquid included in Nekka-Rich on the growth of S. Enteritidis and normal bacterial flora in the intestine, E. faecium and Bifidobacterium thermophilum, were also assessed. Wood vinegar liquid had an inhibitory effect on the S. Enteritidis growth, whereas growth of E. faecium and B. thermophilum was enhanced by wood vinegar liquid. Furthermore, the protective effects of Nekka-Rich were evaluated in a challenge chicken model with S. Enteritidis. Chickens were fed a basal diet containing Nekka-Rich or immunized with commercially obtained S. Enteritidis vaccine and challenged with S. Enteritidis. Significantly less fecal excretion of S. Enteritidis was observed in chickens fed Nekka-Rich for 10 d after challenge. On d 15 after challenge, S. Enteritidis was not isolated from fecal samples. On the other hand, immunization of chickens with S. Enteritidis vaccine did not fully inhibit bacterial growth. Fecal excretion of S. Enteritidis was consistently observed in the vaccinated chickens after challenge. These results suggest that Nekka-Rich would be a good product for eliminating the carriage of S. Enteritidis in domestic fowl.
The diverse collection of microorganisms colonising the healthy gastrointestinal tract of pigs, referred to as the microbiota, plays an essential role not only for the well-being of the animal, but also for animal nutrition and performance and for the quality of animal products. A number of naturally-occurring and artificial factors has been shown to affect the composition and activity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, these include: diet composition, growth promoting antibiotics, copper, use of probiotics, specific carbohydrates, organic acids and fermented feed. It is generally accepted that the microbiota in the small intestine competes with the host animal for easily digestible nutrients and at the same time produces toxic compounds. A pronounced microbial fermentation occurs in the stomach and small intestine in young piglets. Results have shown that approximately equal amounts of organic acids were produced in the three compartments: stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Further, experiments have shown that as much as 6% of the net energy in the pig diet could be lost due to microbial fermentation in the stomach and small intestine. On the other hand it has been shown that on a normal Danish pig diet, 16.4% of the total energy supply for the pig is achived from microbial fermentation in the large intestine. However, the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable the first week after weaning and it takes 2 to 3 weeks after weaning before the fermentation capacity of the microbiota in the hindgut has developed. Use of growth promoting antibiotics in the feed is widespread in pig production. However, the use of the antibiotics avoparcin and virginiamycin as growth promoters in animal feed has been associated with an increase in resistance of bacteria to therapeutic agents and a fear that this could reduce the ability to treat diseased humans. This has caused an increased awareness of the use of antibiotics and a general wish to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters. Probiotics, organic acids and specific carbohydrates (yeast cell walls) are often suggested as alternatives to the use of antibiotic growth promoters. However, due to their relative high prices and the variability and unpredictability of their effect, the use of these products is financially questionable in practical pig production. One way to solve this problem may be the use of fermented liquid feed. Fermented liquid feed is characterised by a high number of lactic acid bacteria, high number of yeast and high concentration of lactic acid, and several investigations has shown fermented liquid feed to improve growth performance in pigs and to established a prophylactic barrier against gastrointestinal disorders. In general there is no doubt that the effect of feed additives are greatest in young animals where they have been found to improve growth performance and to reduce scouring and neonatal mortality. The present paper review our current state of knowledge about how various feed additives affect the gastrointestinal ecosystem.
The effect of lactic acid supplementation to the starter diet, on pancreatic secretion in pigs after weaning was studied in three crossbred piglets (Duroc, Danish Landrace and Yorkshire). The pigs were weaned at 28 days of age, and adapted to live in metabolic cages for one week, after which the piglets were surgically fitted with a pancreatic duct catheter and a duodenal T-cannula for chronic collection of the pancreatic juice. Studies were then carried out over a period of three weeks, during which the piglets were fed three times a day (at 08.00, 15.00, and 22.00 h). During period I, the piglets were fed with a standard weaner diet (control), during period Il with a standard weaner diet supplemented with 2.5% lactic acid period (lactic acid) and during period III with a standard weaner diet (control). Beginning four days after surgery, samples of pancreatic juice were taken hourly from 08.00 to 16.00 h. During period II, when lactic acid was added to the feed, the mean for all measured parameters of pancreatic secretion, except bicarbonate, increased in comparison to their values during period I. However this increase was only significant for volume and protein content. In contrast, during period III, when lactic acid was removed, there were no statistically significant changes in any of the measured parameters of pancreatic secretion compared to their values in period II. Our data strongly indicate that dietary supplementation with lactic acid stimulates pancreatic secretion in piglets after weaning.
木酢液を主成分とする製剤が鶏の産卵成績や卵質におよぼす影響について検討した。本製剤は,広葉樹の樹皮や木片を乾留して得られる液体を精製したものに,コンフリーやセルラーゼ系酵素を添加し,この液体を4倍量の軟質炭素末に吸着させたものである。この製剤を1.5～2.0%飼料添加して産卵鶏に投与したところ,実験-1では産卵率が対照区より2.9%上回り,実験-2においては4.1～4.4%上回り,統計的にも1%水準で有意差を生じた。飼料要求率については,実験-1において対照区より0.06下回り,実験-2においては0.17～0.18下回り,統計的にも1%水準で有意な改善傾向が見られた。卵殼強度については,対照区2.84,投与区3.09となり,投与区が1%水準で有意に高い値を示した。卵白高,卵黄高,ハウユニットについては,当日卵では区間に差を生じなかったが,貯卵期間が長くなるのに伴って投与区のほうが高い値で推移する傾向を示した。このため区間および区×貯卵期間の相互作用項は1%水準で有意であった。これらの実験結果から本製剤の投与は,産卵成績や卵質について改善効果のあることが示唆された。
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary yeast derived β-glucan and single-strain probiotics on the growth performance and antibody response in broiler chicks. Six hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were divided into seven groups, placed into three pens per group (30 birds per pen) and fed one of seven non-medicated corn-SBM based experimental diets containing 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1% Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan and 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2% Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA-pro, 1.3×10 9/g) or devoid of them for 5 wk. The body weight gains in groups fed diets containing 0.025 or 0.1% β-glucan, 0.1% or 0.2% BA-pro were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control over 1-35 d. Feed conversion rates of groups fed β-glucan and BA-pro tended to be improved compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in the relative weights of liver, abdominal fat and breast muscle. No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum enzymes and concentrations of various cholesterol fractions. The antibody titers against Newcastle disease or infectious bronchitis virus in the chicks fed diets containing β-glucan and BA-pro were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control. The concentrations of cecal lactic acid bacteria in all groups fed BA-pro were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control. These results indicated that dietary yeast derived β-glucan and BA-pro exerted growth-promoting and immune-enhancing effects in broiler chickens. In additionBA-pro added to the diets modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting a potential to be beneficial microorganisms in chickens.
Effects of supplemental levels of Bomboo vinegar(BV) on growth performance, serum profile and meat quality in 15 Korean native Hanwoo cows was investigated. Concentrate diet was supplemented with Bamboo vinegar with 3% and 6% of the diet. Daily weight gain was increased slightly at 3% BV, but it was decreased in 6% BV. Feed intake was decreased(P
The polyphenols (CPAE II) was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the pyroligneous acid, Rhizophora apiculata by simultaneous acid base and solvent extraction method. Its qualitative and quantitative composition was studied by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and out of 57 peaks, 52 compounds were identified, representing 95.47% of the total polyphenols. The CPAE II was then fractionated to four fractions (F1–F4) by means of thin layer chromatography and silica gel column chromatography with dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform/ethyl acetate mixture (8:1:1; 4:3:3, v/v/v), and ethyl acetate, respectively. The antioxidant properties of the CPAE II and the fractions were evaluated. Among the four fractions, fraction 1 (F1) was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity and molybdenum (VI) reducing power. It was subjected to further purification by means of silica gel column chromatography with hexane, hexane/diethyl ether mixture (9:1, 6:1, 3:1, v/v), and diethyl ether, respectively. 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (syringol) and dihydroxybenzenes (catechol and 3-methoxycatechol) were isolated and identified by GC/MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral analyses, and confirmed by GC co-injection with authentic standards. Syringol, catechol and 3-methoxycatechol constitute 39.08, 4.21 and 1.10% of F1, respectively. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The trend in antioxidant capacity was similar in all the four assays, with dihydroxybenzenes > 2,6-dimethoxyphenols, although discrepancies in the ranking within the dihydroxybenzenes were present. These three compounds which showed significant antioxidant activities were isolated for the first time from the pyroligneous acid, R. apiculata.
Natural organic acids, such as tannic acids (TA), wood vinegar (WV), fulvic acids (FA), and humic acids (HA), were investigated as suppressants of microbially mediated dissolution of pyrite with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans in acidic media at pH 2∼4, and the suppression mechanism is discussed. The suppression occurs by adsorption of natural organic acids on pyrite, inhibition of cell growth, as well as reduction and complexation of Fe(？) ions. Most of these factors are affected by pH：the suppression by FA was stronger at pH 2 than at pH 3∼4, because the affinity between pyrite and the aromatic groups in FA is stronger below the isoelectric point (iep) of pyrite (around pH 2.5). Cell growth was more strongly inhibited by natural organic acids at lower pH. The order of suppression was WV > TA >> FA > HA at all pHs here, and dependent on the number of functional groups, such as phenolic and carboxylic groups in the natural organic acids. The pKa of WV was ∼5.0, and the acid-base titration and elemental analysis suggested that WV contains acetic acid and large amounts of other organic acids. Wood vinegar was found to suppress and retard pyrite dissolution over a wide pH.
A spectrophotometric procedure was developed using ashing at 450 °C followed by acid digestion in beakers and reading the diluted digests at 440 nm. Errors were minimized by use of blanks and maintenance of a constant acid concentration in the diluted digests.
Zusammenfassung
In einem Versuch an Absetzferkeln wurden Zusätze von 0,3 (P 1) und 1,0% Propionsäure (P 2) sowie 0,35 (A 1) und 1,2% Ameisensäure (A 2) vergleichend zu einer Kontrolle (K) mit einem Ferkelaufzuchtfutter ohne Antibiotika bzw. Ergotropika geprüft. In obiger Reihenfolge lagen die Zunahmen bei 246, 313, 349, 312 und 275 g/Tier und Tag. In der Magendigesta waren 28, 30, 16, 8 und 28 mmol organische Säuren/100 g Trockensubstanz enthalten; die Digesta der Grupen P 2, A 1 und A 2 war frei von E.coli. Eine an Läufern und Sauen durchgeführte Prüfung der Säurenzusätze auf den N‐Ansatz und die ilealen sowie Gesamtverdaulichkeiten ergab keine Wirkungen. Anzeichen von Belastungen gab es nicht. Die A‐Ferkel zeigten eindeutig antibiotische, wachstumsfördernde Effekte vor allem über eine verbesserte Futteraufnahme.
Zusammenfassung
In Blut‐ und Leberproben, die einem Versuch zur wachstumsfördernden Wirkung von Ameisensäurezulagen (0, 0,6, 1,2, 1,8 und 2,4% AMS) bei Ferkeln entstammten (s. E ckel et al. 1992), wurde der Einfluß der Säure auf Konzentrationen und Aktivitäten ausgewählter Stoffwechselprodukte und Enzymaktivitäten untersucht. Während die AMS‐Konzentrationen im Blutserum bis 1,2% AMS‐Zulage anstiegen und hierauf wieder zurückgingen und damit einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie das Wachstum zeigten, ließ sich bei den übrigen Kriterien (Serumproteingehalte, Aktivitäten von Enzymen des Protein‐ und Energiestoffwechsels) keine eindeutige Beziehung zur Wachstumswirkung erkennen. Veränderungen bei Aminotransferasen in Leber und Serum sowie Serumharnstoffkonzentrationen weisen auf toxische Reaktionen bei 1,8 und 2,4% AMS‐Zulage hin, wobei insbesondere die renale Harnstoffclearance betroffen wäre. Es ist anzunehmen, daß der Ansatzpunkt für den günstigen Effekt der AMS‐Zulagen von 0,6 und 1,2% auf das Wachstum in erster Linie in den Vorgängen des Verdauungstrakts zu suchen ist. Die bei 1,8 und 2,4% AMS beobachtenden Wachstumseinbußen dürften vor allem als Folge einer nicht mehr kompensierbaren Acidose zu sehen sein.
ABSTRACTA combination of a microbial laccase and wood vinegar was used to treat the shell surface of boiled eggs. The laccase enhanced the sterilization effect of phenolic compounds contained in the wood vinegar and resulted in prevention of microbial infection of the boiled eggs after storage for 21 days at 40°C and 75% relative humidity. Significant phenoxy radicals, formed by the catalytic reaction of the laccase, could be detected in the shell of the boiled eggs.
Antibacterial biocides are represented by a wide range of chemical agents. This chemical diversity offers a multiplicity of potentially damaging interactions with the bacterial cell. Only rarely, however, are these interactions non-specific in nature; more frequently, the morphology and physiology of the cell, when combined with the physicochemical properties of the biocide, will dictate specific targets or target regions. A knowledge and understanding of these lesions offers a powerful tool in the search for novel chemistries and improved biocidal capabilities.
1. The contribution to acidification of the stomach contents of pigs by hydrochloric acid secretion or by lactic acid produced by fermentation was studied in fifteen suckling pigs from six litters born and reared either in a ‘conventional’ environment or in an isolated ‘clean’ environment. Sequential samples of stomach contents obtained during periods of up to 24 h were analysed for their chloride and lactic acid contents, pH and total titratable acidity. These values gave a measure of organic and inorganic acids respectively.
2. Six pigs from two litters born and reared in a ‘clean’ environment had acid secretion in the stomach at 2 d of age, and the concentrations of lactic acid in stomach contents remained low (0-40 mmol/1) throughout the suckling period.
3. Eight pigs from three litters born and reared in a ‘conventional’ environment, and a ninth pig born in this environment but moved to the ‘clean’ environment at 24 h of age, had lactic acid in concentrations of up to 250 mmol/l in stomach contents within the 1st week of life. The pattern of lactic acid production (and hence the acidity of stomach contents) was governed by the frequency of suckling.
4. Both between- and within-litter variation in the age of onset of HCl secretion was evident in the group reared in a ‘conventional’ environment, and when HCl secretion did occur it was usually accompanied by a reduction in lactic acid production.
5. It is concluded: (I) that the environment at birth is important in determining the fermentative ability of the stomach flora; (2) that if lactic acid is produced in large amounts in the stomach, it may partly or completely inhibit acidification by HCl.
Chronic cannulas were placed into the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery of growing pigs trained to consume their daily allowance of 1.2 kg of feed (16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a single meal. The average preoperative BW of pigs was 44.7 kg for Trial 1 (three pigs) and 35.3 kg for Trial 2 (seven pigs). In Trial 1, net absorption of ammonia (NH3) and glucose into the portal vein was determined three times at weekly intervals. The net portal absorptions were derived by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration difference of NH3 and glucose by portal vein plasma flow rate estimated with the p-aminohippuric acid indicator-dilution technique. Differences in the net portal absorptions of NH3 and glucose among the three weekly measurements were small (P greater than .05). In Trial 2, the first sequence of net portal absorption measurements was conducted when pigs were fed the basal diet, and the second sequence of measurements was conducted after the pigs had been fed the diet supplemented with 55 ppm of carbadox for 7 d. Carbadox supplementation reduced (P less than .05) plasma NH3 concentration in portal plasma during the 2.5-h to 5-h postprandial period and decreased (P less than .05) net portal absorption of NH3 during the 2.5-h to 4-h postprandial period. Carbadox, however, did not affect (P greater than .05) net portal absorption of glucose. We suggest that carbadox suppresses the production of cell-toxic NH3 by intestinal microorganisms and, thus, reduces the injury and turnover of intestinal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)