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Effects of Aromatherapy and Foot Reflex Massage on Stress, Depression, and Sleep Pattern of the Institutionalized Elderly
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aroma therapy and foot reflex massage on stress, depression, and sleep pattern of institutionalized elderly. The design of this study was non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design. The data were collected from February 24 to April 9 of 2005. Fifty-one elderly were divided into two groups, 26 institutionalized elderly for the experimental group and 25 institutionalized elderly for the control group. The experimental group underwent aromatherapy and foot reflex massage two days per week(40 minutes per session} over five weeks period. Stress(subjective stress and serum cortisol level), depression, and sleep pattern were assessed in both groups before and after intervention. Five weeks after intervention were spended, the experimental group was again assessed. Five weeks without intervention were spended, the control group was again assessed. The data were analyzed by the statistical program SPSS WIN 12. The results of this study were as follows; Stress of the experimental group with the intervention was significantly lower than that of the control group. Depression of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Sleep pattern of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. In conclusion, the aroma therapy and foot reflex massage program had positive effect on Institutionalized elderly's on stress(subjective stress and serum cortisol level), depression, and sleep pattern.
... 발 반사마사지요법에 대한 국내의 선행연구를 보면, 발 반사마사지는 수면과 피로 [14][15][16][17][18], 우울 불안 [19][20][21], 통증 [22][23][24][25], 스트레스 [16,26], 생리적 지수, 혈류속도 [17,27,28], 심신이완 [29,30], 면역기능 [26], 근골격계 기능 [27], 혈압관리 [31], 월경 불편감 [32], 근력 [33], 종아리와 발목둘레의 감소 [34], 신체상태와 기분 [28] Kim) [정회원] ...
... 발 반사마사지요법에 대한 국내의 선행연구를 보면, 발 반사마사지는 수면과 피로 [14][15][16][17][18], 우울 불안 [19][20][21], 통증 [22][23][24][25], 스트레스 [16,26], 생리적 지수, 혈류속도 [17,27,28], 심신이완 [29,30], 면역기능 [26], 근골격계 기능 [27], 혈압관리 [31], 월경 불편감 [32], 근력 [33], 종아리와 발목둘레의 감소 [34], 신체상태와 기분 [28] Kim) [정회원] ...
For this study, in order to understand the perception level of foot reflex therapy and clarify its related factors among customers using foot care service centers, a survey was conducted based on structured self-administered questionnaire with 181 users of three foot care service centers located in Daejeon between September 1 and October 30, 2011. The results showed that the average score in perception level of the subjects regarding foot reflex therapy was (Score scale of the 11 items 0-44) and people with higher level of education had a significantly higher perception level(p=0.020).The perception level based on attitude and practice of foot reflex therapy was significantly higher in the group who do it "to heal illness"(p=0.034); and who "had illness" at the time when they started the therapy (p=0.030); when they used the foot massage for a longer period (p=0.000); and those in the group who would "recommend it"(p=0.004). In multiple regression analysis, among the factors that affect perception level of foot reflex massage, reason for using foot reflex therapy, health state when starting foot reflex massage, period of using foot reflex massage, and experience of recommendation to other people were selected as significant variables, with the explanatory power of 26.1%. The results suggest that perception level of foot care service users regarding foot reflex therapy are more correlated to variables that explain their attitude and practice than general characteristic variables.
... Foot massage intensively stimulates blood flow in the foot area to increase blood circulation throughout the body [31], while also providing physical and psychological relaxation [8], thereby improving sleep and sleep patterns [32]. A study by Noh [33] reported the effects of aroma hand massage on sleep status in hospitalized elderly patients in a long-term care hospital. ...
This study focused on the effects of aroma foot massage on sleep quality and constipation relief among older adult residents in nursing facilities. This research used a non-equivalent control group and a quasi-experimental design. The participants included 40 older adults aged ≥70 years residing in two nursing facilities in Seoul City. The aroma foot massage nursing intervention consisted of a preparation stage using jojoba carrier (aroma recipe) oil and lavender oil, an aroma foot massage stage, and a finishing stage. Sleep quality scores after the experiment increased by 3.72 at post-test (M = 38.44) compared to pre-test (M = 34.72), which confirmed that sleep quality improved significantly following intervention in the experimental group as compared to the control group (F = 14.45, p = 0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of defecation in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (Z = −3.93, p < 0.001). Similarly, the constipation assessment scores decreased at post-test significantly by 2.39 in the experimental group as compared to the control group (F = 17.87, p < 0.001). These results confirm that aroma foot massage is an effective nursing intervention for alleviating constipation symptoms and improving sleep quality. Therefore, we recommend that aroma foot massage be used as a complementary intervention in combination with drug-based treatment to improve sleep quality and relieve the constipation symptoms experienced by older adults living in nursing facilities.
... Therefore, such an olfactory approach seems ne cessary in treatment rooms in addition to the visual ch anges. [8] Another factor to ease cancer patients' depression is known to be the love and interest of their family, acc ording to research findings. Jo & Kim, in their study, reported that the group of patients having grudge agai nst their family-in-law, ex-husband or neighbors felt more depressed and painful. ...
Patients diagnosed with the serious disease of cancer may have anxiety and fear of closed spaces while receiving radiation therapy. This study investigated patients receiving treatment based on Linac and Tomotherapy to look into this anxiety and fear. Study method was survey. The survey was performed according to treatment duration (treatment within 5 minutes, 10 minutes, over 20 minutes, and over 30 minutes). The patients were also surveyed about any experience of changing treatment rooms or machines due to machine failure. A total of 200 survey questionnaires with full answers were researched in this study. As a result, it was found that the less the patients` experience on radiation therapy, the higher their anxiety was. The dominating reason for this result was because the patients expected possible pain during the treatment process. In terms of treatment machine, Linac showed the highest anxiety of all for the openness of its patient stand. The most stable status was found in the case of treatment between 20 minutes and 30 minutes using Tomotherapy. The reason was the coziness of Tomotherapy machine. In the case of receiving the treatment for over 30 minutes, patients felt anxious for the isolation from the outside. The study findings are expected to serve as the necessary data for quality medical service with enhanced patient satisfaction in the clinical field.
... Few studies have been conducted on nursing interventions using aromatherapy and foot reflex massage for the elderly with dementia, unlike their effects on sleep and depression [8] and the effects of stress, depression, and erratic sleep to institutionalized elders [9]. Thus, empirical research on the effects of aromatherapy and foot reflex massage needs to be conducted, and it is necessary to lay the ground for the clinical use of aromatherapy and foot reflex massage. ...
This study aims to evaluate the effects of aromatherapy and a foot reflex massage program on the cognition, anxiety, aggressive behavior, and wandering behavior of elderly with dementia. The research design was a non-equivalent control group, quasi-experimental study where 43 subjects were divided into two groups. Aromatherapy and foot reflex massage was administered to the experimental group (N=21), and no treatment was administered to the control group (N=22). The data was analyzed using the -test, t-test, while the repeated measures of ANOVA were utilized with the SPSS/Win 18.0 program. The experimental group did not show significant differences in cognitive function; however, it showed significant differences in anxiety, aggressive behavior, and wandering behavior in relation to the control group. Thus this research suggests aromatherapy and a foot reflex massage program as nursing intervention to improve the quality of life of elderly with dementia.
... 실제로 Park(2004) (Yoo, 2006). (snoring), 호흡(respiratory airflow)을 측정하는 수면다원검사가 있다 (Yi, 2005 (Chen, Lin, Wu, & Lin, 1999;Tsay, & Chen, 2003 (Clark et al., 1998;Kuboyama et al., 1997) (Bae, 2003;Lee, 2001 (Park, 2007), 발반사 마사지 (Song, 2004), 향요법 (Lee, 2005) • 1가설: "수지봉자극군은 모의자극군에 비해 주관적인 수면 의 질이 향상될 것이다"라는 가설은 일부 지지되었다. ...
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on sleep quality by means of a sleep questionnaire, polysomnography and a cerebral blood flow test in 30-59 year old adults.
The study was a sham controlled design. Twenty-two adults were assigned to the pellet stimulating group (11) or sham group (11). The pellet stimulating group received hand acupuncture therapy using New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. On the other hand, the sham group used the same Adhesive tape in terms of shape, size and quality as New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. A Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Carotid Duplex Ultrasonography examination were used for evaluating cerebral blood flow. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 version program with chi(2)-test, Fisher's exact test and Mann Whitney U-test.
In the pellet stimulating group, subjective sleep quality significantly improved more than that of the sham group. Among the sleep indices of the polysomnography, total sleep time and sleep latency of the sham group significantly improved. The cerebral blood flow test didn't show any differences.
These results suggest that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for subjective sleep improvement only, not polysomnographical sleep indices and cerebral blood flow.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a sleep improvement program combined with an aroma-necklace on sleep, depression, anxiety, and blood pressure in elderly women living at home.
Methods:
A program consisting of a four-week (one hour per week) sleep improvement intervention plus use of an aroma-necklace, was developed based on Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior. 70 elderly women were assigned to the experimental (n=35) or control group with no intervention (n=35). Data from 62 participants (32 in the experimental and 30 in the control) were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program. Women in the experimental group were instructed to constantly wear the aroma necklace filled with marjoram and orange oil until the program was completed. Sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and blood pressure were measured to identify the effectiveness of the program.
Results:
Significant group differences were found in sleep quality (t=-5.10, p<.001), sleep duration (z=-3.10, p=.002), sleep satisfaction (z=-4.13, p=<.001), depression (t=2.53, p=.015), and anxiety (z=-2.47, p=.014). No differences were found in the systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusion:
The results indicate that a sleep improvement program combined with an aroma-necklace was effective in improving sleep disturbances in elderly women living at home. Nurses may contribute to improving sleep among elderly women by applying this program to aged women living in various environments.
Objectives: As chronic sleep deprivation can have devastating effects, sleep disturbances in older adult warrants investigation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: A systematic literature review was used to examine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological therapies on sleep disturbance. We conducted a literature search of Korean and international electronic databases. We reviewed selected 343 publications, 37 studies were analyzed in the meta-analysis. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was used to analyze the effect size. Findings: The meta-analysis based on the random effect model showed that the applied interventions improved sleep in older adults (Z = 5.63; 95% CI: 0.55-1.15). Subgroup analysis revealed that exercise was the most effective (95% CI: 0.35-0.88, Z = 4.55), followed by music therapy (95% CI: 0.30-1.16, Z = 3.36). On the contrary, behavior, laughter, massage, and supplementary therapy were not effective. Improvements/Applications: These findings provide comprehensive evidence regarding the efficacy and use of non-pharmacological sleep interventions. Thus, these interventions are available to improve quality of sleep in older adults.
This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on stress in demented elders, and for this purpose, we analyzed stress-related physiological changes in demented elders under the care of an elderly facility who had not taken medication and consented to blood tests. The horticultural therapy program included only flower decoration, which was preferred by the participants, aiming ultimately to reduce stress. First, a one-to-one session was given for forming rapport and the horticultural therapist had many conversations about plants with the elders. Furthermore, the participants were induced to be absorbed into the horticultural activities, though a short while, so that they might forget troubles. Evaluation was made by measuring subjective stress and the blood cortisol hormone concentration before and after the horticultural therapy and examining differences between them. Subjective stress increased from 12.88 to 17.88 in the control group, but decreased significantly from 13.88 before the therapy to 6.38 after in the experimental group (p = 0.007). When the blood cortisol hormone level was measured as a physiological indicator of stress, it decreased significantly from before the horticultural therapy to after (p = 0.037). These results suggest that horticultural therapy reduces the blood cortisol hormone level and is effective in easing stress.
Purpose: This study was done to verify the effects of foot reflexology on the self-esteem and vitality of elders. Method: A non- equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. Research instruments to measure self-esteem and vitality were used in this study. The participants were elderly women hospitalized in a hospital in Okcheon County, Chungbuk Province, Korea. The 18 patients in the experimental group performed 40 minutes of foot reflexology per time for a total of 12 times over two weeks, and the 18 patients in the control group received regular care only. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for self-esteem and vitality. Frequencies, percentages, -test, t-test and Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program were used to analyze the collected data. Results: Vitality of the elderly women patients improved significantly in the experimental group. However self-esteem did not increase significantly. Conclusion: Foot reflexology is effective as a nursing intervention in improving the health of elders.
Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of aromatherapy and foot reflex massage on emotion, sleep disturbance and wandering behavior in older adults with dementia. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group. A total of 39 participants were divided into two groups. Aromatherapy and foot reflex massage was administrated to experimental group (N=19). There was no treatment for the control group (N=20). Data were analyzed using the SPSS/Win 18.0 program. Results: Experimental group showed significant differences in emotion, sleep disturbance and wandering behavior in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that aromatherapy and foot reflex massage program was effective on emotion, sleep and decreasing a wandering behavior in older adults with dementia. This research suggests that aromatherapy and foot reflex massage could be recommended as a nursing intervention for enhancing quality of life in older adults with dementia.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination program of meridian massage and foot reflexology on stress and natural killer (NK) cell activity in adults. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental research usingone-group-pretest-posttest design. The subjects of the study were 42 adults in T city. Stress level was assessed with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and serum cortisol level. The data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 17.0 program with descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The period of this study was from January 4 to July 11 of 2008. The program was performed three days per week, two hours per session. Results: The degrees of perceived stress were significantly different while objective stress levels were partially different between pre-and post-program. The NK cell activity did not show a significant difference between before and after the program. Conclusion: This study suggests that combination of meridian massage and foot reflexology may be an optional nursing intervention to reduce subjective and objective stress in adults.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain.
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Electronic database and manual searches were conducted on all published studies reporting the effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep, and pain. Forty four studies were eligible including 15 studies associated with fatigue, 18 with sleep, and 11 with pain. The effects of foot reflexology were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0. The homogeneity and the fail-safe N were calculated. Moreover, a funnel plot was used to assess publication bias.
The effects on fatigue, sleep, and pain were not homogeneous and ranged from 0.63 to 5.29, 0.01 to 3.22, and 0.43 to 2.67, respectively. The weighted averages for fatigue, sleep, and pain were 1.43, 1.19, and 1.35, respectively. No publication bias was detected as evaluated by fail-safe N. Foot reflexology had a larger effect on fatigue and sleep and a smaller effect on pain.
This meta-analysis indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-foot reflexology on stress (perceived stress, urine cortisol level, and serum cortisol level), fatigue, skin temperature and immune response in female undergraduate students.
The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design. Participants were 60 university students: 30 in the experiment group and 30 in the control group. The period of this study was from April to June 2010. The program was performed for 1 hr a session, three times a week for 6 weeks. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program.
The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue, and raised skin temperature in female undergraduate students. But cortisol levels and immune response were not statistically significant different.
The results of this study indicate that self-foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and, in improving skin temperature. Therefore, it is recommended that this be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for in female undergraduate students.
This study was to examine the effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue and blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women.
A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 59 premenopausal, middle-aged women in their 40s and 60s living in G city: 30 in the experiment group and 29 in the control group. Data were collected from May to August 2008. Self-foot reflexology was performed three times a week for 6 weeks for 40 min at each session.
The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and helped blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women.
Self-foot reflexology may be an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and in improving blood circulation.
This study was to identify the effects of hope intervention on hope and depression of cancer patients staying at home.
The study design was a randomized control group design. The subjects consisted of forty cancer patients randomly selected who were registered at S-Gu Public Health Center. Hope intervention, which was composed of hope assessment, hope objective setting, positive self identity formation, therapeutic relationships, spiritual & transcendental process improvement, positive environmental formation and hope evaluation, was provided from November 20, 2006 to January 26, 2007.
The 1-1 hypothesis, "The experimental group which received hope intervention will have a higher score of hope than the control group", was supported(t=-3.253, p= .003). The 1-2 hypothesis, "The experimental group which received hope intervention will have a higher level of hope index than the control group", was supported (t=-4.001, p= .000). Therefore the 1st hypothesis, "The experimental group which received hope intervention will have a higher level of hope than the control group" was supported. The 2nd hypothesis, "The experimental group which received hope intervention will have a lower level of depression than the control group", was not supported (t=1.872, p= .070).
Hope intervention is an effective nursing intervention to enhance hope for patient with cancer.
The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive functions, depression, and life satisfaction among the elderly receiving visiting nursing services.
The subjects of this study consisted of 221 elderly individuals who were receiving visiting nursing services from a public health center located in Gyeonggi-do. The Mini-mental State Examination Korea version (MMSE-K), Geriatric Depression Scale-short form-Korea version (GDS-K), and Life Satisfaction Scale were utilized to determine cognitive functions, depression, and life satisfaction. Collected data was analyzed by the SPSS PC Win 12.0 program.
The prevalence of cognitive impairment (MMSE-K <or= 24) was 86.4%, and the proportion of severe depression (GDS-K >or= 10) was 22.6%. Older age, lower education, and low income were associated with cognitive impairment, and low education, no religion, and low income were associated with depression. Cognitive function negatively correlated with depression. Life satisfaction level was fairly low and was not associated with any variables.
The high prevalence of cognitive impairment and low life satisfaction status were determined among low-income elderly who were registered at a visiting health care center. Thus, in the future at visiting health care services, efficient and various programs for the elderly should be tried, to improve cognitive functions and reduce depression. Additionally, consistent evaluation studies for those programs will be required.
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