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Arnold Tukker, Tatyana Bulavskaya, Stefan Giljum, Arjan de Koning,
Stephan Lutter, Moana Simas, Konstantin Stadler, Richard Wood
Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and fi nal consumption
The Global Resource Footprint
of Nations
Arnold Tukker, Tatyana Bulavskaya, Stefan Giljum, Arjan de Koning,
Stephan Lutter, Moana Simas, Konstantin Stadler, Richard Wood
Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption
calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1
The Global Resource Footprint
of Nations
Content
Themes 10
The Interconnected World 12
The EU, USA and China as Global Consumers 14
From a Production to a Consumption Perspective 16
The Uneven Distribution of Global Resource Consumption 18
Comparing the World
,
s Environmental Footprints 20
Our Interlinked Economy – Part I 22
Our Interlinked Economy – Part II 24
Relationship Between Wealth, Well-Being and Footprint 26
Preface 4
Glossary 7
Introduction 8
Country Factsheets 28
Australia 30
Austria 31
Belgium 32
Brazil 33
Bulgaria 34
Canada 35
China 36
Cyprus 37
Czech Republic 38
Denmark 39
Estonia 40
Finland 41
France 42
Germany 43
Greece 44
Hungary 45
India 46
Indonesia 47
Ireland 48
Italy 49
Japan 50
Latvia 51
Lithuania 52
Luxembourg 53
Malta 54
Mexico 55
Netherlands 56
Norway 57
Poland 58
Portugal 59
Romania 60
Russia 61
Slovakia 62
Slovenia 63
South Africa 64
South Korea 65
Spain 66
Sweden 67
Switzerland 68
Taiwan 69
Turkey 70
United Kingdom 71
United States of America 72
Imprint: Publisher/Mediaowner: The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientic Research – NL- 2628 XE Delft;
Leiden University, NL-2300 RA Leiden; Vienna University of Economics and Business, A-1020 Vienna, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim.
Copyright of images: © (p. 18/19) Benjamin Henning/worldmapper and © the authors. © (p. 22/23) Jason Pearson/
TRUTHstudio and © the authors. All other graphs by © Gerda Palmetshofer and © the authors. Paper: Pure print, 135 g/250 g
Circulation: 1 000 | Year of publishing: 2014 | Printed in Austria, gugler, Melk.
This booklet was produced in the context of the project
‘Compiling and Rening of Economic and Environmental Accounts’ (CREEA),
funded by the EU’s 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 265134.
Authors:
• Arnold Tukker (project coordinator),
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientic Research (TNO) and Leiden University (CML)
• Tatyana Bulavskaya, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientic Research (TNO)
• Stefan Giljum, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU)
• Arjan de Koning, Leiden University (CML)
• Stephan Lutter, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU)
• Moana Simas, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
• Konstantin Stadler, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
• Richard Wood, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Along with TNO, CML, WU and NTNU, the following institutes
were involved in the CREEA project and contributed to the database construction:
• 2.-0 LCA Consultants (2.-0 LCA)
• Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
• European Forest Institute, Mediterranean Oce (EFI-MED)
• Swiss University of Technology (ETH)
• Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)
• Sweden Statistics (SCB)
• Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI)
• Technical University of Twente (TUT)
• Wuppertal Institute (WI)
Editing and Proofreading: Jaya Mohan
Graphic design: Gerda Palmetshofer
Economy map: Jason Pearson of TRUTHstudio (www.truthstudio.com), World map: Benjamin Henning (www.worldmapper.org)
The numbers and gures presented in this booklet are based on EXIOBASE version 2.1 from December 2013.
Limited background information on the construction of the database and the methodology has been provided in this booklet.
More information on these issues is available on www.creea.eu.
Exiobase is available via www.exiobase.eu.
The project coordinator can be contacted by email at arnold.tukker@tno.nl or tukker@cml.leidenuniv.nl
Suggestion for quote: “Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., de Koning, A., Lutter, S., Simas, M., Stadler, K., Wood, R. 2014.
The Global Resource Footprint of Nations. Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and nal consumption
calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. Leiden/Delft/Vienna/Trondheim.”
ISBN: 978-3-200-03637-6
Text and gures from this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprot
purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.
The authors would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
2014 © All rights reserved
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4 5
Preface
Prof. Arnold Tukker
Coordinator, CREEA Project
I am proud to present this booklet, the result of years of
hard work. This is the rst time, to our knowledge, that
the total global environmental footprint – encompassing
the carbon, water, land and material consumption foot-
print of various countries – has been compiled using one
detailed, consistent and comprehensive global economic-
environmental database. The initial version of the data-
base was built in the course of the project EXIOPOL
(acronym for A New Environmental Accounting Framework
Using Externality Data and Input-Output Tools for Policy
Analysis), and expanded and updated in the follow-up
project CREEA (Compiling and Rening Economic and
Environmental Accounts), both of which were funded by
the Framework Programmes of the European Commission.
The complexity of building such databases is enormous,
and it is only thanks to a team of gifted scholars, most of
them authors of this booklet, that we were able to achieve
this goal. I sincerely hope that this work on global Environ-
mentally Extended Input Output databases, which has so
far been undertaken predominantly by the scientic com-
munity, will lead to the development of ocial databases
by the formal international statistical community.
Magda Stoczkiewicz
Director, Friends of the Earth Europe
In 1995, Friends of the Earth, the world’s largest grassroots
environmental network, published Towards Sustainable
Europe, a study that advocated the concept of ‘Environ-
mental Space’. Besides shedding light on the planetary
boundaries of our resource consumption, the study also
encompassed the elements of equity and justice. As the
study suggested: “Sustainability, […] needs social as well as
environmental balance. Therefore, the principle of equity
and social justice is reected in the permitted use of
Environmental Space per capita.”
However, almost twenty years later, Europe continues
to use an ever increasing amount of the world’s resources,
and has become more dependent on imported resources
than any other region in the world. The constantly
increasing pressure on the earth’s dwindling resources is
exacerbating social inequalities and environmental
damage. Friends of the Earth Europe advocates measuring
Europe’s resource use – its carbon, water, land and material
footprint – as the rst step towards reducing resource
consumption in the region.
The development of the EXIOBASE database is,
therefore, heartening and I congratulate its authors for the
magnitude and quality of the work done. I am hopeful that
it will help to convince European decision makers to put
forward policies leading to an absolute reduction in
Europe’s resource use.
Bas de Leeuw
Managing Director, World Resources Forum
Countries across the world need to come up with periodic
reports on the productivity of their resources, given the
increasingly urgent need for robust knowledge and
universal data transparency in resource use. Resource
eciency indicators need to be dened more clearly to
enable setting of meaningful targets and adequate
monitoring of global use of resources. These were some of
the key recommendations led at the World Resources
Forum (WRF) 2013, held in Davos. WRF 2011 had already
called for the improvement of data and indicators, since
‘one cannot manage what one cannot measure’. There is,
in other words, an indisputable need for clarity.
Consumers today are increasingly interested in ‘the
world that lies behind the product’, i.e., the impact of their
consumption choices in terms of their production location
and their environmental impact by way of the resources
used and pollution caused during production. These
questions are also assuming increasing signicance for
businesses and governments. Only authentic and reliable
information can form the basis for improved production
processes and product design, and for eective and just
legislation and other policies. In an increasingly connected
world, such information needs to have a common base,
along with broad acceptance and authority grounded in
solid science.
Due to the complexity and sensitivity of the issue, it
might take some time for global formal statistics and
policies to eectively address this need. A giant step in the
right direction has been taken with the publication of The
Global Resource Footprint of Nations, reecting the work of
a consortium in the European project CREEA (Compiling
and Rening Economic and Environmental Accounts),
presented in an attractive and accessible format.
This booklet provides a comprehensive and transparent
analysis of the key resource ows connected to the
consumption and production systems in a globalized
world. It will now be possible to trace the origins of
resources for the large consumers as well as to determine
the share of various countries in the global environmental
footprint.
This publication comes in response to the urgent need
for information along these lines as expressed by the WRF
community of policymakers, business leaders, NGOs and
researchers. It will facilitate the answers to critical
environmental concerns in today’s world. Let this be the
beginning of a new era of environmental policymaking.
6 7
Glossary
Regions AFR Africa
APAC Asia and Pacic
AUS Australia
CAN Canada
CN China
EU Europe
LAM Latin America
ME Middle East
USA United States of America
Carbon footprint Life cycle emissions of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) of nal consumption,
expressed in tonnes of CO
2
-equi-
valents. Hence, this includes non-CO
2
greenhouse gases, such as CH
4
or
N
2
O, but does not cover greenhouse
gases related to land use change.
Water footprint Volume of blue water (surface and
groundwater) consumed as a result
of the production of a good or service,
or the sum of goods and services
consumed in a country; expressed in
cubic metres of water consumption
(withdrawals minus return ows;
in gures often termed ‘water ex-
traction’).
Land footprint Life cycle land use of nal consump-
tion. Land use data underlying the
land footprint calculations include
cropland, pasture and forest and are
expressed in km².
Material footprint Life cycle material use of nal
consumption. This only includes
economically used materials.
Thus the indicator equals the
‘Raw Material Consumption (RMC)’
indicator. It is expressed in tonnes.
t, kt, Mt, Gt, bt Tonnes
Kilo tonnes
(1 000 tonnes)
Mega tonnes
(million tonnes)
Giga tonnes
(billion tonnes)
billion tonnes
m
3
, Mm
3
, km
3
Cubic metre
Mega cubic metres
(million cubic metres)
cubic kilometres
(billion cubic metres)
km
2
Square kilometre
CO
2
-eq Measure to express the emission of
dierent greenhouse gases in one
single unit, i.e., the global warming
potential of a tonne of CO
2
.
Blue water Ground water or surface water
extracted for economic use
(contrasts with ‘green water’, which
is water from precipitation or soil
water for economic use, usually for
rain-fed agriculture). Henceforth
referred to in the text of the booklet
simply as ‘water’.
GHG Greenhouse gases
GDP Gross Domestic Product
data taken from
The World Bank
(2011 http://data.worldbank.org/)
HDI Human Development Index
data taken from
‘Human Development Report’
(UNDP, 2009)
HLY Happy Life Years
data taken from
‘The (un)Happy Planet Index 2.0’
(Abdallah et al. 2009. nef: London)
MR EE SUT/IOT Multi-regional Environmentally
Extended Supply and Use Tables/
Input-Output Tables
8 9
Introduction
An interlinked, global economy
The use of natural resources and emission of substances
into air, water and soil takes place at millions and millions
of economic production sites all over the world. Agricultural
processes often use ground and surface water for irri ga-
tion and occupy most of the available arable land. Mining
sites extract resources. Power plants emit carbon dioxide
(CO
2
) and other greenhouse gases (GHG). Goods are
transported all over the world by ships, airplanes and
trucks, resulting in further emissions. Even consumption
processes have a signicant impact on the environment,
via emissions from the fossil fuels used to heat homes,
drive cars or cook food. Production and consumption,
hence, form a complex web of activities reecting a single,
global, interconnected economy which impacts the
environment in multi-faceted ways.
A number of countries can eciently monitor their
resource extraction as well as emissions due to production
and consumption processes within their own territories.
However, it is also important to understand how these
activities are connected. First, all production is ultimately
driven by consumption. If these connections are known
and understood, it becomes simpler to understand how
changes in consumer behaviour, income and expenditure
patterns will change the life cycle impacts of consumption.
Second, and equally important, is the fact that production
chains have become global. Meat produced in Europe may
be from livestock fed with soy from Brazil. A car manu-
factured in the US may be driven in Argentina and could
contain electronic equipment from China.
Therefore, merely monitoring national resource
extraction and emissions does not reect resource use and
the emissions related to nal consumption in a country, as
the environment is impacted all along the production
chain. While there are countries that appear to have met
internationally agreed upon targets for emission reduction
in terms of emissions within their own boundaries, a
closer look reveals that the life cycle emissions of their
nal consumption have, in fact, increased. In other words,
over time, production of emission-intensive goods con-
sumed in such countries has simply moved elsewhere.
Hence, there is a need for an environmental accounting
system that makes such interrelations between production
and consumption, and the related impact at a global level,
visible. So-called ‘Multi-regional Environmentally Extended
Supply and Use/Input-Output Tables’ (MR EE SUT/IOT)
are now widely seen as the most promising approach
towards creating such an accounting system.
In short, a supply-and-use or input-output table
encapsulates a country’s entire economy, with production
divided into a few dozen industry sectors, and consumption
divided into a few dozen product (and service) groups. The
tables express (in monetary terms) how much each industry
sector produces of these specic products (output) – for
instance, the value of cars, expressed in Euros, produced
by the car industry in that country. The tables also
illustrate how much each industry sector needs of these
specic products to realize this production (input) – e.g.
the amount of steel, glass, plastics, electricity and
electronics required by the car industry in that country to
produce its output of cars. They further enable identication
of the primary resource use and emissions (‘environmental
extensions’) for each industry, such as the amount of iron
ore extracted by the mining sector, the size of land used
by the agricultural sector, or CO
2
emissions by the
electricity production sector.
At the country level, this approach allows for an
analysis of how the various sectors of the economy of a
country are interconnected. For instance, if examining the
nal use of cars by the consumers in a country, this
approach makes it possible to analyse the production value
contributed by the car industry, the glass production
industry, the steel industry, and so on. Also, since the
emissions, water and material extraction, and land use per
Euro for each industry are known, it becomes possible to
estimate the total life cycle emissions, primary water and
material extraction, and land use for the total consumption
of cars in that country.
However, this example is just for one country, while
imports and exports in the current global economy are
substantial, amounting to approximately 20 % of the global
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is thus essential to also
understand the emissions and primary resource use
involved in imports. For that, one needs to create EE SUT/
IOTs for the most important economies of the world and
identify the trade ows between the specic sectors of all
the countries. This exercise results in the aforementioned
MR EE SUT, which paints a very detailed picture of all
linkages between production and consumption in the
global economy. One of the great strengths of this MR EE
SUT/IOT approach is that it is inherently consistent. All
direct emissions of GHG and primary extraction/use of
water, land and materials by industries are, by denition,
related to the nal consumption of products – they cannot
be ‘lost’ in the calculations.
EXIOBASE
Building an MR EE IOT is time consuming, and thus far,
only a handful of such databases are available. EXIOBASE
was developed with support from the EU’s Sixth and
Seventh Framework Programmes, with economic-
environmental analyses in mind. The database provides
data at an unprecedented level of consistent detail in
terms of sectors, products, emissions and resources for all
the countries covered.
EXIOBASE has the following characteristics:
• Covers 43 countries (95 % of the global GDP) with over
150 smaller countries combined in 5 ‘Rest of the World‘
groups by continent.
• Full trade matrices with insights on which product from
which country is exported by which sector to which
industry sector in another country.
• Base year 2007.
• Distinguishes over 160 industry sectors and 200 product
categories by country.
• Covers the relations between industries and countries,
not only in monetary value, but also in physical terms.
• Covers 40 emitted substances, land use, water use and
80 resources by industry.
Figure: Example of a MR EE IOT with three countries
region a
region b
region c
region a
region b
region c
region a region b region c
domestic input-output table for 1 region
bilateral trade tables between 2 regions
factor inputs table for 1 region
environmental interventions for 1 region
final use of domestic produce
final use of imported produce
This booklet
Using the latest version of EXIOBASE, this booklet
endeavours to provide an insight into the environmental
footprint of nal consumption in the countries covered. It
presents 43 country factsheets encapsulating the carbon,
water, land and material footprint of nal consumption
in the countries covered by EXIOBASE. In this, it was
decided to use simple indicators. The carbon foot print
adds up greenhouse gases like CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O as
CO
2
-equivalents – using weights reecting the contribution
to global warming of a tonne of emissions of a specic
greenhouse gas relative to a tonne of emissions of CO
2
.
Land use cover change is not included in the carbon foot-
print indicator used here. For materials, the volume
extracted has been counted, for water, the volume con-
sumed (withdrawal minus return of ows) and for land,
the surface used. It may be argued that for water, for
instance, the scarcity in the river basin from which it is
extracted should be taken into account, or for land use, the
(agricultural) productivity of this land. On such more
sophisticated indicators for water, land and material use,
however, the consensus is still limited.
The booklet further showcases a number of comparative
analyses, such as how environmental pressures correlate to
GDP, Human Development Index (HDI), and population of
a country. It illustrates the extent to which many developed
countries rely on the carbon, water, land and material
footprint from abroad.
This exercise attempts to shed light upon a number of
issues: First, that databases like EXIOBASE help to provide
insights about how consumption drives environmental
pressures. So, rather than relying on research initiatives
such as this one, it would be desirable for supra-national
institutions to develop such databases with a more formal
status. Second, the analysis of interrelations between
economies shows that the countries in which consumption
takes place should take responsibility for the environ-
mental impacts caused abroad. And nally, the country
comparisons might provide indications towards how
countries can achieve good quality of life with a limited
environmental footprint, since the analysis singles out
economies with a high quality of life and good GDP along
with a limited envirnonmental footprint. It is the belief of
the authors of this booklet that databases such as EXIOBASE
and the analyses based on them are essential for eective
pursuit of key sustainability agendas such as the United
Nations Green Economy Initiative, the United Nations Ten
Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption
and Production, and Circular Economy, Resource-eciency,
and Reduce, Re-use and Recycle (3R) initiatives.
Themes
The Interconnected World 12
The EU, USA and China as Global Consumers 14
From a Production to a Consumption Perspective 16
The Uneven Distribution of Global Resource Consumption 18
Comparing the World’s Environmental Footprints 20
Our Interlinked Economy – Part I 22
Our Interlinked Economy – Part II 24
Relationship Between Wealth, Well-Being and Footprint 26
22.2 %
20.1 %
16.3 %
22.8 %
2.2 %
7.6 %
1.6 %
5.4 %
1.9 %
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
Extraction of copper ore
Consumption of goods and services
6.2 %
16.5 %
17.7 %
5.1 %
4.1 %
38.4 %
4.7 %
2.9 %
4.5 %
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
12.6 %
10.9 %
25.1 %
8.9 %
2.7 %
15.0 %
4.8 %
4.0 %
16.0 %
5.0 %
7.8 %
24.7 %
8.5 %
4.3 %
18.9 %
6.6 %
3.3 %
20.9 %
Land use Consumption of goods and services
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
18.7 %
13.9 %
22.3 %
22.6 %
1.3 %
9.4 %
1.5 %
5.0 %
5.2 %
12.9 %
11.0 %
23.4 %
22.9 %
1.6 %
12.3 %
2.5 %
6.6 %
6.8 %
Extraction of materials Consumption of goods and services
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
20.2 %
19.8 %
22.2 %
19.2 %
1.9 %
5.9 %
1.5 %
6.1 %
16.1 %
16.9 %
24.2 %
24.1 %
1.8 %
5.5 %
1.3 %
6.8 %
3.2 %
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Consumption of goods and services
3.2 %
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
12.7 %
11.5 %
41.0 %
14.2 %
0.8 %
6.3 %
0.8 %
4.6 %
8.1 %
7.0 %
13.1 %
42.8 %
16.0 %
0.4 %
7.4 %
1.0 %
3.5 %
8.8 %
Water extraction Consumption of goods and services
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
EU
USA
APAC
CN
CAN
LAM
AUS
ME
AFR
1312
The Interconnected World
Water footprint
In 2007, total global ‘blue’ water consumption, i.e., fresh
surface and groundwater taken up and evaporated or
incorporated into goods and products, was 1 660 km
3
.
Most of the uptake was in the Asia Pacic region, which is
also where most of the embodied consumption of water
takes place. Compared to territorial extraction (i.e. hydro-
logical water consumption, see above), Europe was the
largest importer of embodied ‘blue’ water.
Material footprint
Total material extraction in the world (in terms of usage)
was 66 bt in 2007 and comprised extraction of bulk
materials (sand, clay, gravel, etc.), crops (wheat, rice, etc.),
fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc.) and specic ores (iron ore,
bauxite, etc.). In terms of weight, it is bulk materials that
dominate the overall material footprint of a country or
region. It is known that most bulk materials are locally
produced and consumed. Therefore, it is expected that the
regions of production and consumption are strongly
connected at the global level of aggregation, as shown in
the diagram below. The gure also makes it clear that the
Middle East (delivering oil), Asia Pacic, Latin America
and Africa (all delivering a mix of biomass, metals and
industrial minerals) are the main exporters of materials
embodied in trade.
The global economy is an increasingly complex web of interrelations between countries and sectors.
EXIOBASE fully captures this worldwide web and can, therefore, illustrate how supply chains are
organized and how embodied environmental impacts ‘flow’ through the global economy. This study
illustrates how final consumption of goods and services in a region impacts other regions. This has been
shown for four kinds of aggregated footprint: carbon, water, land and material. For material extraction,
global production and consumption of copper ore is highlighted as an example for single products.
Copper footprint
When focussing on a specic ore,
in this case copper ore, it can be seen
from the accompanying graph that
the main region of ex traction of
copper and the destination of the
bulk of embod ied copper consump -
tion are very di erent.
In 2007, a total of 1.8 bt of copper
ore was extracted. Latin America
produced 38 % of this copper ore,
mainly in northern Chile, but only
6 % was embodied in the nal con-
sumption of products and services
in Latin America.
Land footprint
The total land used for production of all goods and services
consumed in the world in 2007 was 88 million km
2
. In the
diagram below, it can be seen that almost 21 % of this land
use took place in Africa. However, only 16 % of this land
was used to satisfy consumption within Africa. Therefore,
part of Africa’s land use was used to satisfy consumption
requirements in other parts of the world, especially
Europe. The diagram also shows that while the Asia Pacic
region was the largest user of land in absolute terms, both
from a supply and from a consumption standpoint, the
biggest exporters of embodied land after Africa were
Canada, Australia and Latin America, the key players in
primary agricultural production.
Carbon footprint
The total global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
were almost 38 Gt CO
2
-eq in 2007. In the gure below, for
instance, it is clear that for Europe and the USA, the GHG
embodied in consumption were signicantly higher than
the territorial emissions. In Europe, the dierence was
more than 25 %. Conversely, in China and the Asia Pacic
region, emissions on account of domestic production
processes were signicantly higher than those embodied
in their consumption, reecting the role of these regions
as the ‘factory of the world’, by virtue of exporting large
amounts of consumer goods to Europe and the USA.
EU – Carbon Footprint
7.7 Giga tonnes
0.07
0.1
0.79
0.67
0.09
0.08
Net Trade:
+1.6 Giga tonnes
Domestic Emissions:
6.1 Giga tonnes
USA – Carbon Footprint
7.5 Giga tonnes
Domestic Emissions:
6.4 Giga tonnes
0.06
0.09
0.3
0.47
0.06
0.06
0.41
0.06
0.06
0.11
0.09
Net Trade:
+1.1 Giga tonnes
China – Total Emissons:
7.3 Giga tonnes
Net Trade:
-2.0 Giga tonnes
Domestic Emissions:
9.3 Giga tonnes
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
USA APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
0
[billion m³]
-5
10
EU APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
[billion m³]
5
-20
-15
-10
EU USA CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
-5
[billion m³]
APAC
10
5
EU USA China
0 0
-500
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
USA APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
[1 000 km²]
EU USA CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
-500
500
1 000
APAC
1 500
[1 000 km²]
-500
500
1 000
1 500
EU APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
[1 000 km²]
EU USA China
0 0 0
EU USA China
-0.5
0.5
EU APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
[billion tonnes]
-1.0
-0.5
0.5
EU USA CAN LAT AUS ME AFRAPAC
[billion tonnes]
0.0
1.0
2.0
USA
APAC CN CAN LAT AUS ME AFR
1.5
0.5
[billion tonnes]
0.0
0.0
1514
The EU, USA and China as Global Consumers
Globalization and the attendant increase in trade have brought about changes in the patterns of linkages
between the various regions of the world, with environmental impacts in one region being caused by
consumption in another. While consumption of resources and pollution associated with internationally
traded products can constitute an important source of environmental impacts, the question that arises
is just how much of the total environmental impact is dislocated from the country of production to the
country of consumption?
In the case of GHGs, 23 % of global emissions in 2007 were
embodied in trade between the nine regions illustrated in
the map below. The focus here is on the magnitude of
dislocation of environmental impacts from producer to
consumer. The gures show the total magnitude of these
embodied or virtual impacts ‘owing’ round the earth.
The large gure below shows GHG emissions expressed as
CO₂-eq embodied in trade. In 2007, Asia was the major net
exporter of GHG emissions. China exported 2 Gt of CO₂-eq
more than it imported, while the rest of the Asia Pacic
region had an export surplus of 0.79 Gt of CO₂-eq. The
destination of most of these exports was either Europe or
North America, the two main net importers of GHG
emissions. While Europe had net GHG import (imports
minus exports) of 1.6 Gt of CO₂-eq, the United States alone
imported over 1 Gt of CO₂-eq more than the volume of
emissions embodied in its exports. This trend clearly
illustrates how the high volume of foreign emissions
associated with European and American consumption
increases their already high carbon footprint, and could
have a signicant impact on the GHG mitigation policies
in these regions.
The gures represent the trade
balance for water, land and materials
between Europe, the USA and China,
the biggest consumers of these
resources, and the rest of the world.
Countries and regions that import
more natural resources embodied
in traded goods than they export —
on the positive side of the axis — are
the ones dependent on resources
from elsewhere.
The United States of America follows
as the second largest net importer of
resources. The USA mainly imports
products with high associated land use
from Canada and Latin America, and
those with high material content from
China, Latin America and the Asia
Pacic. For water consumption, how-
ever, the USA emerges as a net exporter,
except with regard to China.
Europe is highly dependent on water,
land and material resources from other
regions, especially from the Asia Pacic
region, Latin America and Africa. In fact,
Europe is responsible for most of the
net imports of natural resources in the
world.
China is a net importer of land, mainly
from the rest of Asia, but is a net exporter
of both water and material embodied
in traded products. The overwhelming
majority of China’s net exports are
bound for Europe and the USA.
Note: The gures here are net
impacts, i.e., the impacts of
consumption in the USA from
production in China, and are
not ‘trade related’ impacts
which include imports that
may be processed further and
re-exported to a third country.
The balance of trade shows
net imports, and is counted as
imports minus exports.
Water Net Trade
Land Net Trade
Material Net Trade
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
EU-27 USA Brazil Australia China
Territorial land use per capita [km²/cap]
Land footprint per capita [km²/cap]
Land
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
EU-27 USA Brazil Australia China
Territorial water extraction per capita [m³/cap]
Water footprint per capita [m³/cap]
Water
12.68.1 21.2
3.3 12.34.2 9.5
0.9 32.31.1 28.6
8.9 23.67.1
5.77.9 9.9
3.1 4.74.1 3.5
17.017.2 12.9
1.0 76.21.6
13.2 5.614.4 5.1
48.0
13.0
13.7
13.6
Territorial material extraction [kilo tonnes]
Material footprint [kilo tonnes]
29.5
Territorial material extraction per capita [tonnes/capita]
Material footprint per capita [tonnes/capita]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EU-27 USA Brazil Australia China
Territorial GHG emissions per capita [t/cap]
Carbon footprint per capita [t/cap]
Carbon
In the last few decades, countries across the world have implemented policies aimed at reducing the
ecological impact and improving the performance of their economies on the environmental front. In
this context, while some countries have managed to reduce emissions of GHG within their territories in
absolute terms, other countries have boosted their environmental performance parameters by using
fewer raw materials today than 20 years ago, while maintaining continuous economic growth. However,
the question is whether this improvement is based on real reduction in consumption or whether it is the
result of moving environmentally intensive production to other regions of the world.
From a Production to a Consumption Perspective
1716
A study of the material footprint, i.e., material extraction
versus material consumption, reveals disparate patterns
for various countries and regions of the world. Europe and
North America were the biggest net importers of material
resources in 2007. More than a third of raw materials
required meeting the demand for consumption goods and
services in Europe originated from other regions of the
world. North America’s own share in raw materials was
17 % of its material footprint. While China had a near-
balance between extraction of raw materials and its global
material footprint, all other regions of the world were net
exporters of raw materials. In percentage terms, Australia
was the biggest net exporter, wherein 37 % of the raw
material extraction in Australia became part of the material
footprint of other countries and regions. For Latin America,
this gure stood at 28 %, and for Africa, at 26 %.
Australia’s role as a signi cant net exporter of raw
materials is also clearly visible when seen from the per
capita perspective. In 2007, more than 76 t of raw materials
per capita were extracted within Australia, of which 28 t
per capita exported were (net) to other regions of the world.
However, even so, Australia’s per capita material footprint
in 2007, at 48 t, was higher than that of any other region
in the world. North America came in second, with 29 t of per
capita material footprint, as against 24 t of per capita domestic
extraction. Europe’s material footprint per capita was
around 21 t, 8 t per capita more than was extracted within
Europe. Although the absolute numbers for both raw
material extraction and the material footprint were highest
for China, their per capita material footprint, at around 13 t,
was still far below the level of the ‘rich’ countries. Count-
ries in the Asia Paci c had the lowest per capita material
footprint of all the observed regions, at a little over 5 t.
The smaller graphs show the produc-
tion and consumption perspectives
for carbon emissions, water and
land use for them EU-27, the USA,
Brazil, Australia and China in
2007. Besides materials, Europe was
also the biggest net importer of
embodied resources, i.e., water,
land and GHG emissions. The EU-27
water footprint per capita was
380 m³ in 2007, double the amount
of water extracted (hydrological
water consumption) within the EU.
The remaining four countries were
net exporters of embodied water,
Australia being the largest net ex-
porter, at 81 m³ per capita. The ratio
of domestic versus foreign resources
was even higher for land use. The
EU-27, directly and indirectly,
consumed more than double the
amount of agricultural land from
other countries in comparison to
land use within the EU. Land use
was by far the highest in Australia,
where huge pasture areas of low
biological productivity are used for
livestock production. Australia thus
Traditionally, the environmental performance of a country
is evaluated from a production perspective, focusing on the
environmental pressures and impacts generated within
its own territory, such as national GHG emissions or the
uptake of water from the water bodies within that country.
However, switching from this territorial, production-
oriented perspective to a consumption perspective allows
an evaluation of the extent to which countries are relocating
their environmental problems to other regions of the world
by increasing their imports of resource-intensive products
while maintaining their own consumption patterns.
exported 67 000 m² of embodied
land per capita. Out of the observed
countries, the carbon footprint per
capita was the highest for Australia
(27 t) and the USA (almost 25 t),
with 12 % and 14 % respectively of
foreign emissions in their domestic
carbon footprint. The per capita
carbon footprint of the EU was
signi cantly smaller (around 14 t).
However, the EU generated almost a
quarter of its consumption-related
GHG emissions in other countries.
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
CN
Material footprint Population
26 %
20 %
19 %
13 %
9 %
5 %
5 %
CAN
AUS
AFR
ME
LAM
USA
EU
APAC
1 %
2 %
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
AUS
CAN
ME
LAM
AFR
USA
EU
CN
APAC
Water footprint Population
40 %
14 %
13 %
12 %
8 %
7 %
4 %
1 %
1 %
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
23%
16 %
15 %
13 %
11 %
10 %
5 %
4 %
3 %
Land footprint Population
CAN
AUS
AFR
ME
LAM
USA
EU
APAC
CN
18 19
In absolute terms, the global carbon, material, water and land footprint is very unevenly distributed
across the world. In all four categories, a significant share of the total global environmental impact is a
consequence of the consumption activities of a few major economies. This has important implications
for global environmental policies, as it is especially incumbent upon these countries to implement
measures which help in reducing their domestic as well as foreign resource footprint.
The Uneven Distribution of Global Resource Consumption
With regard to the global water foot -
print, the Asia Pacic region
(including China) plays an even
more dominant role. Almost 900
billion m³ (54 % of the world’s total
water resource) was consumed by
this region alone in 2007. Europe
was the second most signicant con-
sumer of water, with a share of 13 %
(212 billion m³), followed closely by
the USA (200 billion m³, or 12 % of
the glo bal water footprint). Africa,
Latin America and the Middle East
accounted for 8, 7 and 5 % respect-
ively of the global consumption of
water resource in 2007.
In case of the carbon footprint, two major emitting countries
dominated the global footprint in 2007. The USA had a
19.7 % share in the global carbon footprint (7.5 Gt CO
2
-eq
of GHG emissions) with only 4.5 % of global population.
China followed with 19.3 % (7.3 Gt CO
2
-eq of GHG emissions)
with, however, an almost equal share in population (19.9 %).
For the Worldmapper gure, a footprint value for all the
countries of the world was needed, while EXIOBASE only
provides data for the EU-27 countries and 16 other main
economies, and 5 ‘rest of the world’ groups that give the
footprint of the remaining countries clubbed according to
continent. A simple extrapolation of the footprint of the
remaining countries per continent using their GDP in
comparison with the GDP of the ‘rest of the world’ group,
in relation to population numbers per country was made.
Compared to the other resource cate -
gories, the shares of world regions
in the global land footprint are
more equally distributed, especially
since the data used for land area in
the calcu lations of this study are
not weighted by bio-productivity.
Therefore, one hectare of barren
grassland in Sub-Saharan Africa or
Australia is counted equal to a
highly intensive crop production
area in Europe or the USA. Africa,
therefore, ranked second with 16 %
share in the global land footprint in
2007, surpassed only by the Asia
Pacic (including China) which
accounted for 33 % of the global land
footprint. Europe had a 13 % share
with 11.6 million km². Australia,
with a much smaller share in the
global material (2 %), carbon (1.5 %)
and water (1 %) footprint, scored
much higher on the global land foot-
print, with a 5 % share due to its
vast areas of relatively low bio-
productivity.
The global material footprint was
dominated by the Asia Pacic region
(including China), with a share of
46 % (more than 30 bt) of global
material consumption in 2007, and
was home to almost 60 % of the
world’s popu lation. Europe followed
with a material foot print of 12.6 bt
(19 % of the global material foot-
print) and the USA with almost 9 bt
(14 % share). Africa, with a 13 %
share in the world’s population in
2007, only contributed 3 bt (5 %) to
the total material footprint of the
world economy.
These two countries alone, thus, emitted 39 % of all climate-
active gases in 2007. Japan, India and Russia followed in
the global ranking, all contributing between 4 and 5 % to
the global carbon footprint. Therefore, the top 5 emitters
together were responsible for more than 52 % (or almost
20 Gt CO
2
-eq) of GHG emissions, with 46 % of global
population. The major EU economies: Germany, UK, Italy
and France, followed, with shares between 2 and 3.5 % in
global GHG emissions. The top-25 list of global emitters,
which accounted for more than 82 % of the global carbon
footprint in 2007, included a number of emerging economies
like Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, and as well as
developing countries such as Indonesia and Thailand.
On the other end of the global spectrum are a large
number of countries which only contribute marginally to
the global climate problem. The 100 countries emitting
the smallest absolute amounts of GHG together accounted
for a miniscule 1.6 % of the global carbon footprint.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
RoW Africa
India
Indonesia
RoW Asia and Pacific
Brazil
RoW America
Mexico
China
World average
RoW Middle East
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW Europe
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
[kg/cap]
World average per capita: 5.7 t/cap
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
0.08
India
RoW Asia and Pacific
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW Europe
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW Middle East
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
World average
South Korea
RoW Africa
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW America
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
[km²/cap]
topped
0.21
World average per capita: 0.013
km²
/cap
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
RoW Africa
RoW Asia and Pacific
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW America
RoW Middle East
RoW Europe
World average
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
[t/cap]
World average per capita: 9.9 t/cap
200 400 600 800
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW America
RoW Africa
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW Middle East
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW Europe
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
World average
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
500300100 700 [m³/cap]0
RoW Asia and Pacific
World average per capita: 250 m
³
/cap
20 21
Comparing the World’s Environmental Footprints
Like the footprints in absolute terms, the per capita carbon, material, water and land footprints too are
unevenly distributed across countries. In general, rich, developed countries have a high environmental
footprint, while poor, underdeveloped countries have a low environmental footprint. It is fairly obvious
that while the latter need to increase their footprint to eradicate poverty, the former have a particular
responsibility to avoid overusing more than their share of ‘environmental space’.
Water footprint per capita
As in the case of the carbon footprint, the water footprint for
2007 too was the highest for Australia, the USA and
Luxembourg respectively, on account of their high per
capita GDP. Further, rich countries with limited precipitation,
such as Greece, Spain, and Turkey, had high levels of
water consumption per capita, since their agricultural
systems largely rely on irrigation. For water, the dierence
between the countries with the highest and lowest
footprint was around a factor of 8, which is less pronounced
than in the case of the land and material footprint.
Material footprint per capita
Conforming to trend, countries with high per capita GDP
tend to have a high material footprint per capita. Rich
countries like Australia and Finland, hosting large pri-
mary industries such as mining and forestry, or those like
Ireland that experienced a building and construction
boom, had particularly high ranks. In this context, it is
notable that construction materials are usually responsible
for half of the material footprint of a country.
Land footprint per capita
In the case of the land footprint, sparsely populated
countries with extensive land use, such as Australia,
Canada, Finland and Russia, were at the top. For these
countries, the amount of land directly available for its
population was the determining factor. At rst sight, the
high rank of the Netherlands, one of the most densely
populated countries in the world, is surprising. However,
this is due to the intensive Dutch livestock industry, which
relies heavily on imported feed, hence creating a high land
footprint abroad.
Carbon footprint per capita
The global carbon footprint per capita in 2007 was close to
6 t CO
2
-eq. Citizens of Australia, the USA and Luxembourg
were responsible for emissions over ve times this volume,
reec ting their high GDP per capita. These countries were
followed by other, rich OECD countries. Emissions in
Africa, China and India were well below average. France
had relatively low GHG emissions per capita due to its
high reliance on nuclear power.
Sand and clay
Cement, lime and plaster
Stone
Ceramic goods
Wood and products of wood and cork (exc. furniture),
articles of straw and plaiting materials
Glass & glass products
Rubber and plastic products
Gas/Diesel Oil
Machinery & equipement n.e.c.
Beverages
Products of meat cattle
Cattle
Raw milk
Dairy products
Products of meat pigs
Pigs
Electricity by petroeum & other oil derivates
Cereal grains nec
Crops nec
Poultry
Vegetables, fruits, nuts
Wheat
Products of vegetables oils & fats
Distribution & trade services of electricity
Electricity by coal
Office machinery & computer
Lead, Zinc and tin and products thereof
Anthracite
Copper ores & conc.
Prec. metal ores & conc.
Lignite/Brown Coal
Paddy rice
Sugar cane, sugar beet
Sugar
Other non-metallic mineral products
Paper & paper products
Plastics, basic
Chemical and fertilizer
minerals, salt & other
mining & quarrying
products n.e.c.
Other land transportation services
Wholesale trade &commission trade services except
of motor vehicle
P- and other fertiliser
Natural gas liquids
Natural gas &services
related to natural gas extr.,
excl. surveying
Basic iron & steel and of ferro-alloys & first products
Other non-ferrous
metal products
Aluminium & aluminium products
Fish products
Oil seeds
Leather & leather prod.
Food products nec
Electrical machinery & apparatus n.e.c.
Foundry work services
Other transport
equipment
Fabricated metal products, except machinery & equipment
Electricity by gas
Kerosene Type Jet Fuel
Air transport services
Naphta
Crude petroleum and services related to crude
Printed matter and recorded media
Bricks, ties & constr. prod.
Motor Gasoline
Railway transportaton services
Textiles
Chemicals nec
Wearing apparel, furs
Animal products nec
Meat products nec
Meat animals nec
Products of meet poultry
Processed rice
Private households with employed persons
Fish and other fishing products,
services incidental of fishing
Iron ores
Pulp
N-fertilizer
Radio, television & communicaton equipment & apparatus
Construction work
Furniture, other
manufactured goods nec
Motor vehicles,
trailers & semi-trailers
Medical, precision & optical instruments, watches & clocks
Public administration & defence
services, compulsory social
security services
Real estate services
Health services
Other business services
Hotel & restaurant services
Lead, Zinc & tin & conc.
Charcoal
Precious metals
Copper products
Recreational, culturarl and sporting services
Research and development services
Computer and related services
Renting services of machinery & equipment without operator of personal & household
Financial intermediation services,
except insurance & pension funding services
Services auxiliary to financial intermediation
Membership organisation services n.e.c.
Education services
Retail trade services, exc. of motor vehicles &
motorcycles, repair services of personal
Supporting and auxiliary transport services, travel agency services
Other services
Sale, maintenance, repair
of motor vehicles, motor
vehicles parts, motorcycles,
motor cycles part…
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)
Other Bituminous Coal
Other non-ferous metal ores & con.
Aluminium ores & con.
Nickel ores & con.
66 billion tonnes
of exctracted
materials
66 billion tonnes
of material footprint
embodied
in 40.7 trillion €
in global final
consumption
22 23
Our Interlinked Economy — Part I
The diagram shows the ow of material footprint in the
world for 2007. It’s tracking the ow of economic demand
from right to left, showing which sources of economic
demand, on the right, are creating the most signi cant
resource extraction impacts (material footprints) on the
left. The gure below shows how the material footprint
embodied in the world’s nal demand, via di erent steps
in the value chain, is related to primary extraction of
material resources for 2007. On the right-hand side of the
gure is the total embodied material footprint of nal
demand of all consumers in the world, which amounted to
66 bt, shown as one big rectangular block.
Theme 1, ‘The Interconnected World’, shed light on the correlation between consumption in one part of
the world and resource extraction in others. However, connections between resource extraction and
fi nal demand, which happen through trade in specifi c products and transformation through specifi c
processes, were not explored in detail. In this section, the linkages between material extraction and
fi nal consumption are comprehensively explored, thus showing the fl ow of the environmental footprint
through the world economy.
On the left hand side, the large orange block represents
total (used) world material extraction of 66 bt as a result of
total nal demand. Going from left to right, the diagram
illustrates how the material footprint embodied in products
ows through the economy, from semi- nished products
to nal consumable products. For instance, it is clear from
the diagram that the material footprint of global consump-
tion is largely caused by consumption of construction work
services and its embodied material footprint. In turn, the
material footprint of the construction work services is
mainly due to consumption of sand and clay, cement and
stone.
WHERE DOES EXTRACTION OCCUR?
The left side of each sector block shows where in the
economy the extraction or impacts occur as a result of the
sector’s activities.
Upstream Extraction/Impacts
The portion total domestic extraction or impacts that occur,
somewhere in the economy, as a result of this sector’s
economic demand for the output of other sectors, such as
the Cattle or Cereal grains sectors.
Direct Extraction/Impacts
The portion total domestic extraction or impacts that occur
on site, as a direct result of this sector’s activities, such as
the use of land for livestock.
WHERE DOES THE DEMAND COME FROM?
The right side of each sector block shows where in the
economy the demand for the sector’s output comes from.
Downstream Extraction/Impacts
The portion of this sectors total (combined upstream and
direct) domestic extraction that occurs in response to
economic demand for its output from other industry
sectors, such as Dairy products or Food products sectors.
Final Consumption Extraction/Impacts
The portion of this sectors total (combined upstream and
direct) domestic extraction that occurs in response to nal
economic demand for its output from households, govern-
ment, or foreign countries.
The material footprint of the nal demand of all consumers
in the world is shown as one big rectangular block which
amounts to 66 bt. On the left hand side, the large orange
block represents total (used) world material extraction of
66 bt caused by this total nal demand. Going from left to
right, it can be seen how the material footprint embodied
in products ows through the economy from semi nished
products to nal product consumed by nal consumers.
For instance it can be seen that the material footprint of
global consumption is mainly caused by the consumption
of construction work services and its embodied material
footprint. In turn, the material footprint of the construction
work services is mainly due to its consumption of sand
and clay, cement and stone.
Example
Raw Milk
[tonnes /million Euro]
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
3 000 000 6 000 000 9 000 000 12 000 000 15 000 000
Cumulative final consumption (million Euro)
0
Topped:
N-fertilizer – 87 338 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 0.1 %
Electricity by coal – 24 154 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EURR –11.0 %
Steam and hot water supply services – 13 105 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 0.6 %
Secondary glass for treatment, re-processing – 12 359 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 0.0 %
Electricity by petroleum and other oil – 11 832 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 0.9 %
Final consumption of sector
in million Euro
Percentage: share of
sector’s GHG emission
in total economy’s
GHG emissions
GHG emissions per output of sector
in tonnes CO
2-
eq/million Euro
Area =
total amount
of GHG emissons
in CO
2
-eq
Electricity by gas – 6.9 %
Hotel and restaurant services – 5.1 %
Air transport services – 4.0 %
Chemicals nec. – 3.1 %
Motor Gasoline – 4.8 %
Furniture, other manufactured goods – 2.8 %
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers – 4.9 %
Food products nec – 3.9 %
Other land transportation services – 2.3 %
Health and social work services – 4.3 %
Retail trade services, except motor – 2.4 %
Real estate services – 4.5 %
Wholesale trade and commission trade – 3.1 %
1 000 000 2 000 000 3 000 000 4 000 000 5 000 000
Cumaltive final consumption (million Euro)
0
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Topped:
Manure (conventional treatment) – 274 245 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 0.0 %
Steam and hot water supply services – 65 823 t CO
2
-eq/Mil. EUR – 1.1 %
Electricity by gas – 6.9 %
Electricity by coal – 8.2 %
Electricity by petroleum and other oil… 5.0 %
Hotel and restaurant services – 3.4 %
Rubber and plastic products – 2.9 %
Air transport services – 3.1 %
Distribution and trade service– 2.4 %
Chemicals nec. – 2.4 %
Motor Gasoline – 3.2 %
Fish products – 2.1 %
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers – 2.5 %
Wearing apparel; fur – 2.0 %
Food products nec – 4.0 %
Other land transportation services – 4.0 %
Vegetables, fruit, nuts – 3.4 %
Health and social work services – 2.0 %
Retail trade services, except motor – 2.9 %
Real estate services – 2.1 %
Wholesale trade and
commission trade – 2.2 %
[tonnes /million Euro]
GHG Emissions OECD GHG Emissions Non-OECD
24 25
Our Interlinked Economy – Part II
Private consumption of products and their footprint per
Euro can be plotted in an ‘expenditure versus footprint per
Euro’ graph. The graph below shows the carbon footprint
of products consumed in OECD and non-OECD countries
in EXIOBASE.
The x-axis represents the cumulative expenditure of
private households. The y-axis shows embodied carbon
(expressed as tonne CO
2
-eq) per Euro spent on the product.
The products are ordered from the highest to the lowest
carbon footprint per Euro. The total area under the graph
The contribution of nal use of a product to the total foot-
print of a region can be split into two parts: the quantity of
the product bought and the footprint of its production per
Euro. This analysis deals only with the production phase
represents the total carbon footprint of private household
consumption (exclusive use phase). The product categories
that contribute more than 2 % to the total carbon footprint
are labelled. In contrast to a calculation for the water
footprint (not shown here) the structure of embodied GHG
emissions for both regions is quite similar. The same kind
of products show up as having a high GHG emission per
Euro and the largest contribution to total GHG emission
associated with private household expenditure.
As seen earlier in the study, consumption in one country can leave a signi ficant part of its environmental
footprint in other parts of the world. It is interesting to determine which products in the final consumption
basket contribute most to the carbon footprint, and whether these have specific orders of priority in
different countries/regions.
and not the use of these products since direct emissions
from households, as available in EXIOBASE, cannot be
attributed to the use of individual products. Additional
information would be needed to make such an attribution.
Figures:
Dependence of human development index (y axis) and happy life years (colour) on per capita environmental impact (consumption based approach).
The dots are sized according to the purchasing power parity GDP per capita of the country.
Human Development Index
Happy Life Years
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.60
0.65
Water footprint
India
Indonesia
China
Turkey
Russia
Brasil
Estonia
Mexico
Bulgaria
Hungary
Japan
Slovakia
Poland
Malta
Portugal
Switzerland
Australia
United
States
Luxem-
bourg
Latvia
55
50
60
45
France
South Africa
Greece
Norway
Denmark
Slovenia
Sweden
Nether-
lands
Spain
30
0.55
0.70
35
40
70
Canada
Ireland
Finland
South Korea
Romania
Lithuania
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Italy
Belgium
Austria
Germany
United
Kingdom
0 100 200 300
400
500 600 700 800
[m
3/
cap]
Human Development Index
Happy Life Years
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.60
0.65
Land footprint
India
Indonesia
China
Turkey
Russia
Brasil
Estonia
Mexico
Bulgaria
Hungary
Japan
Slovakia
Poland
Malta
Portugal
Switzerland
United
States
Luxem-
bourg
Latvia
55
50
60
45
France
South Africa
Greece
Norway
Denmark
Slovenia
Sweden
Netherlands
Spain
30
0.55
0.70
35
40
70
0.00 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
Canada
Ireland
Finland
South
Korea
Romania
Lithuania
Czech
Republic
Cyprus
Italy
Belgium
Austria
Germany
United Kingdom
[km
2
/cap]
Australia
0.208
km
2
/cap
Human Development Index
Happy Life Years
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.60
0.65
Material footprint
India
Indonesia
China
Turkey
Russia
Brasil
Estonia
Mexico
Bulgaria
Hungary
Japan
Slovakia
Poland
Malta
Portugal
Switzer-
land
United
States
Luxem-
bourg
Latvia
55
50
60
45
France
South Africa
Greece
Norway
Den-
mark
Slovenia
Sweden
Netherlands
Spain
30
0.55
0.70
35
40
70
0 20 40 60 70
Canada
Ireland
Finland
South
Korea
Romania
Lithuania
Czech
Republic
Cyprus
Italy
Austria
Australia
Germany
United
Kingdom
[t/cap]
Belgium
503010
Human Development Index
Happy Life Years
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.60
0.65
Carbon footprint
India
Indonesia
China
Turkey
Russia
Brasil
Estonia
Mexico
Bulgaria
Hungary
Japan
Slovakia
Poland
Malta
Portugal
Switzerland
Australia
United
States
Luxem-
bourg
Lativa
55
50
60
45
France
South Africa
Greece
Norway
Denmark
Slovenia
Sweden
Netherlands
Spain
30
0.55
0.70
35
40
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Canada
Ireland
Finland
South Korea
Romania
Lithuania
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Italy
Brasil
Austria
Germany
United Kingdom
[t/cap]
The increased well-being of its citizens is generally the ultimate goal of a modern society. However,
increasing the well-being and the associated development status of a society requires resources. The
question is whether increasing our well-being always leads to a high impact consumption pattern. In an
ideal situation, increasing well-being and development can be decoupled from environmental impact.
Relationship Between Wealth, Well-Being and Footprint
Traditionally, GDP has been used as a measure of welfare
and as a proxy for the well-being and development of a
society. While this is a valid simplication for developing
countries, using GDP as an indicator of the development/
experienced well-being for high-income countries has
long been questioned. Several alternative indicators have
been proposed, of which the most prominent are human
development index (HDI) and happy life years (HLY). HDI
is based on the notion that human development is the
process of enlarging people’s choices, quantied in three
basic areas: health, education and standard of living. HLY
focuses on outcomes: experienced well-being and its
duration. The gures below plot HDI and HLY for countries
against their carbon, water, land and material footprint
per capita for the year 2007.
The gure plotting HDI/HLY versus the carbon
footprint shows that countries with HDI above 0.9 and
with more than 60 happy life years had a carbon footprint
of more than 10 t of GHG emissions per capita which, in
general, reects a high GDP. However, two countries from
Latin America – Brazil and Mexico – have an HDI of over
0.8 and more than 50 happy life years, with a low carbon
footprint. There is, thus, a clear levelling o of the curve,
where high impact nations (with a large per capita footprint)
do not benet in terms of increased happiness, and have
similar HDI values to regions with half the emissions
impact.
A similar trend can be observed for the land, water and
material footprint: intensive use of resources was required
to reach a high plateau level of HDI and HLY. There is
some scatter across the data points due to the fact that
scarcity is not accounted for in these indicators — regions
highly endowed with water or land resources generally
had higher per capita impact, with no accompanying
increase in happiness or level of development. The opposite
can also be observed: Cyprus managed to keep its water
footprint at an exceptionally low level, and Japan’s policy
eorts to reduce waste resulted in the lowest material
footprint observed for highly developed countries. These
countries exemplify the possibility of decoupling of
standards of living from environmental impacts. However,
it is also clear that strong natural constraints or targeted
policy eorts are needed to achieve such a decoupling.
2726
Country
Factsheets
Australia 30
Austria 31
Belgium 32
Brazil 33
Bulgaria 34
Canada 35
China 36
Cyprus 37
Czech Republic 38
Denmark 39
Estonia 40
Finland 41
France 42
Germany 43
Greece 44
Hungary 45
India 46
Indonesia 47
Ireland 48
Italy 49
Japan 50
Latvia 51
Lithuania 52
Luxembourg 53
Malta 54
Mexico 55
Netherlands 56
Norway 57
Poland 58
Portugal 59
Romania 60
Russia 61
Slovakia 62
Slovenia 63
South Africa 64
South Korea 65
Spain 66
Sweden 67
Switzerland 68
Taiwan 69
Turkey 70
United Kingdom 71
United States of America 72
30 31
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-300 000
-250 000
-200 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
-10 000
-12 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
Austria
140 379 kt 260 050 kt2 555 Mm
3
185 200 km
2
16 912 kg 31 328 kg 308 m
3
. 0.022 km
2
As a developed country, Austria ranks high in terms of its carbon and material footprint per capita. However, not only are
Austria’s land and water footprint somewhat more moderate, but also, a very high fraction of these are imported. For
water, this reects the rather limited water extraction in Austria itself. Not surprisingly, agricultural products make the
maximum contribution to the net imports of embodied water and land.
Land area: 83 870 km²Population: 8 300788 GDP: 273 653 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.513 kt/Mil € 0.009 Mm³/Mil € 0.677 km²/Mil € 0.950 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.96 1.23 1.68 3.17
Contribution to global total 0.37 % 0.15 % 0.21 % 0.40 % 0.67 % 0.13 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
1 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
2 Chemicals nec
3 Plastics, basic
4 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
5 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal
and household goods
586 226 kt 1 010 229 kt14 743 Mm
3
4 366 080 km
2
27 038 kg 48 070 kg701 m
3 .
0.208 km
2
Australia has the highest per capita carbon, water and land footprint in the world, and ranks second only after Ireland, in
terms of material footprint. Australia’s land footprint is particularly high compared to the world average, reecting the
country’s low population density. Australia is a net exporter of water, land and materials embodied in trade but a net
importer of embodied carbon. Although Australia also has a high GDP per capita, the carbon footprint per unit of GDP is
high.
1 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
2 Gas/Diesel Oil
3 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
4 Iron ores
5 Other Bituminous Coal
Australia
Land area: 7 741 220 km²Population: 21 015 900 GDP: 625 361 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.909 kt/Mil € 0.024 Mm³/Mil € 6.982 km²/Mil € 1.615 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
4.73 2.80 15.67 4.86
Contribution to global total 1.50 % 0.89 % 4.96 % 1.54 % 1.53 % 0.32 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
1 409 130 km²589 836 kt
66 598 kt 1 692 Mm³
0.067 km²
28 066 kg
3 169 kg 81 m³
114 840 km²91 328 kt
37 925 kt 1 733 Mm³
0.014 km²
11 002 kg
4 567 kg 209 m³
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
World average per capita World average per capita
32 33
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-100 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
Belgium
174 935 kt 320 557 kt4 365 Mm
3
281 037 km
2
16 463 kg 30 168 kg411 m
3 .
0.026 km
2
The Belgian economy is both developed and open, which makes it dependent on the global economic climate via multiple
trade relationships. Belgium is a densely populated country with high levels of urbanization and a well-developed transport
network. Belgium imports most of its water, land and material footprint. This is explained by the low availability of natural
resources and rural land within the country. In relation to the world average, the Belgian environmental footprint per
capita is relatively high, notably its carbon footprint, which is three times the world average.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
3 Chemicals nec
4 Other land transportation services
5 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
Land area: 30 530 km²Population: 10 625 700 GDP: 335 161 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.522 kt/Mil € 0.013 Mm³/Mil € 0.839 km²/Mil € 0.956 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.88 1.64 1.99 3.05
Contribution to global total 0.46 % 0.26 % 0.32 % 0.49 % 0.82 % 0.16 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Brazil
565 436 kt 2 058 956 kt32 295 Mm
3
5 705 489 km
2
2 976 kg 10 837 kg170 m
3 .
0.030 km
2
Apart from land use, Brazil’s environmental footprint is around or below the world average. Brazil’s carbon footprint is
especially low, reecting a high level of reliance on biofuels and hydropower. Brazil exports carbon, water, land and
materials embodied in trade, but the ratios between the embodied exports and footprints of national consumption are not
as high as they are for smaller economies.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Iron ores
3 Crops nec
4 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
5 Sea and coastal water transportation services
Land area: 8 514 880 km²Population: 189 996 976 GDP: 996 704 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
260 840 km²199 649 kt
22 864 kt 2 659 Mm³
0.025 km²
18 789kg
2 152 kg 250 m³
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.567 kt/Mil € 0.032 Mm³/Mil € 5.724 km²/Mil € 2.066 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
0.52 0.68 2.26 1.10
Contribution to global total 1.49 % 1.94 % 6.48 % 3.14 % 2.45 % 2.86 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
2 000 563 km²856 921 kt
17 465 kt 6 750 Mm³
0.011 km²
4 510 kg
92 kg 36 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-600 000
-500 000
-400 000
-300 000
-200 000
-100 000
0
100 000
-300 000
-250 000
-200 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
-1 000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
World average per capita World average per capita
34 35
Canada
698 696 kt 941 109 kt16 224 Mm
3
2 473 231 km
2
21 219 kg 28 581 kg493 m
3 .
0.075 km
2
On a global level, Canada has one of the highest carbon and land footprints, and is very near the top 10 with regard to its
water and material footprint. The high land footprint is caused by Canada’s low population density. Canada is a signicant
exporter of land embodied in trade (land embodied in exports is around 50 % of the land footprint of nal consumption).
1 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
2 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Services auxiliary to financial intermediation
5 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Land area: 9 984 670 km²Population: 32 927 517 GDP: 1 039 085 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.672 kt/Mil € 0.016 Mm³/Mil € 2.380 km²/Mil € 0.906 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.71 1.97 5.66 2.89
Contribution to global total 1.84 % 0.98 % 2.81 % 1.43 % 2.55 % 0.50 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Bulgaria
63 331 kt 127 985 kt1 734 Mm
3
74 676 km
2
8 268 kg 16 709 kg226 m
3 .
0.010 km
2
Bulgaria, a developing economy, joined the EU in 2007. Its GDP per capita is the lowest among European countries.
Mining is an important economic activity. Although Bulgaria ranks relatively low in terms of carbon and material footprint,
its per capita levels are higher than the world average. With regard to water and land footprint, however, Bulgaria’s
performance is better than the world average. Bulgaria is a net exporter of carbon, water and land footprint, although in
relative terms, this net export is only a fraction of the total footprint.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Plastics, basic
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
5 Copper products
Land area: 111 000 km²Population: 7 659 764 GDP: 30 729 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 2.061 kt/Mil € 0.056 Mm³/Mil € 2.430 km²/Mil € 4.165 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.45 0.90 0.74 1.69
Contribution to global total 0.17 % 0.10 % 0.08 % 0.20 % 0.08 % 0.12 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
1 270 793 km²122 398 kt
19 053 kt 8 703 Mm³
0.039 km²
3 717 kg
579 kg 264 m³
8 398 km²4 390 kt
1 548 kt 219 Mm³
0.001 km²
573 kg
202 kg 29 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-16 000
-14 000
-12 000
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
-80 000
-70 000
-60 000
-50 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
World average per capita World average per capita
36 37
China
7 338 999 kt 17 038 305 kt239 967 Mm
3
8 829 169 km
2
5 569 kg 12 929 kg182 m
3 .
0.007 km
2
China’s carbon and material footprint are around the world average, while its land and water footprint are well below the
world average. China is a net exporter of carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade. The trend is most prominent
for carbon (the carbon embodied in exports is over 25 % of the carbon footprint).
1 Plastics, basic
2 Office machinery and computers
3 Textiles
4 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
5 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
Land area: 9 562 044 km²Population: 1 317 885 000 GDP: 2 549 475 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 2.879 kt/Mil € 0.094 Mm³/Mil € 3.463 km²/Mil € 6.683 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
0.97 0.73 0.51 1.31
Contribution to global total 19.33 % 14.45 % 10.03 % 25.96 % 6.26 % 19.85 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Cyprus
14 096 kt 25 792 kt120 Mm
3
7 005 km
2
13 260 kg 24 261 kg113 m
3 .
0.007 km
2
Cyprus, a developed, high income country has a per capita GDP just above the European average. The economy of Cyprus
is service-oriented, with tourism, nancial and real estate services playing a major role. Cyprus has one of the lowest
water and land footprints, with per capita values between one-third and one-half of the corresponding world per capita
average. Its low ranking is explained by its position as a net exporter of environmental footprint. In terms of carbon and
material footprint, Cyprus ranks somewhere in the middle, with per capita levels as least twice as high as the world
average.
1 Sale, maintenance, repair of motor vehicles, motor vehicles parts, motorcycles, motor cycles parts
and accessoiries
2 Distribution services of gaseous fuels through mains
3 Other business services
4 Supporting and auxiliary transport services; travel agency services
5 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Land area: 9 250 km²Population: 1 063 095 GDP: 15 937 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.884 kt/Mil € 0.008 Mm³/Mil € 0.440 km²/Mil € 1.618 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.32 0.45 0.50 2.45
Contribution to global total 0.04 % 0.01 % 0.01 % 0.04 % 0.04 % 0.02 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
1 331 200 km²152 669 kt
1 916 573 kt 18 724 Mm³
0.001 km²116 kg
1 454 kg 14 m³
3 967 km²2 641 kt
401 kt 85 Mm³
0.004 km²
2 315 kg
377 kg 80 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
-200 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
-350 000
-300 000
-250 000
-200 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
-200 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
500
1 000
500
500
1 000
1 500
500
0
0
World average per capita World average per capita
38 39
Czech Republic
142 610 kt 204 201 kt1 887 Mm
3
116 986 km
2
13 800 kg 19 760 kg183 m
3 .
0.011 km
2
The Czech Republic joined the EU in 2004, but is already closely integrated with the other European economies. The
automotive industry and related manufacturing are the driving force of the Czech industrial sector. The economy of the
Czech Republic is dependent on its trade connections, especially with neighbouring Germany. The country’s land footprint
per capita is on the same level as the world average, while its water footprint is below the world average. The country
records its worst performance in terms of its carbon footprint. Its material footprint is also nearly twice the global average.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
3 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
4 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
5 Basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof
Land area: 78 870 km²Population: 10 334 160 GDP: 127 118 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.122 kt/Mil € 0.015 Mm³/Mil € 0.920 km²/Mil € 1.606 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.41 0.73 0.85 2.00
Contribution to global total 0.38 % 0.11 % 0.13 % 0.31 % 0.31 % 0.16 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Denmark
103 951 kt 184 298 kt2 909 Mm
3
149 196 km
2
19 034 kg 33 745 kg533 m
3 .
0.027 km
2
Denmark, one of the most prosperous and developed countries in the EU has an open and trade-dependent economy. The
country is strong in high-tech manufacturing – biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and renewable energy. Denmark ranks high
on carbon and material footprints, with the land and water footprint being slightly closer to the world per capita average.
It imports a lot of raw materials for its high-tech manufacturing sectors, which explains its net import footprint gures.
1 Sea and coastal water transportation services
2 Supporting and auxiliary transport services; travel agency services
3 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles”
4 Plastics, basic
5 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.457 kt/Mil € 0.013 Mm³/Mil € 0.657 km²/Mil € 0.811 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.33 2.13 2.06 3.41
Contribution to global total 0.27 % 0.18 % 0.17 % 0.28 % 0.56 % 0.08 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
48 286 km²3 284 kt
14 078 kt 1 032 Mm³
0.005 km²
318 kg
1 362 kg 100 m³
Land area: 43 090 km²Population: 5 461 438 GDP: 227 229 Mil. €
117 296 km²54 175 kt
16 814 kt 1 264 Mm³
0.021 km²
9 920 kg
3 079 kg 231 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
World average per capita World average per capita
40 41
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.354 kt/Mil € 0.015 Mm³/Mil € 2.533 km²/Mil € 2.414 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.79 0.71 2.25 2.88
Contribution to global total 0.06 % 0.01 % 0.05 % 0.06 % 0.04 % 0.02 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Estonia
21 397 kt 38 145 kt239 Mm
3
40 025 km
2
15 948 kg 28 431 kg178 m
3 .
0.030 km
2
Estonia joined the EU in 2004. The Estonian economy is characterized by one of the highest levels of GDP per capita in
Eastern and Central Europe. The country has strong trade relations with neighbouring countries — Finland, Germany,
Russia and Sweden. Estonia ranks relatively high in terms of carbon, land and material footprint, but falls well below the
world average with regard to water footprint.
1 Sale, maintenance, repair of motor vehicles, motor vehicles parts, motorcycles, motor cycles parts and
accessoiries
2 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
3 Supporting and auxiliary transport services; travel agency services
4 Wood and products of wood and cork (except furniture); articles of straw and plaiting materials
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Land area: 45 230 km²Population: 1 341 672 GDP: 15 804 Mil. €
8 695 km²1 931 kt
2 413 kt 201Mm³
0.006 km²
1 440 kg
1 799 kg 150 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
-1 250
-1 000
500
0
500
5
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.620 kt/Mil € 0.010 Mm³/Mil € 1.894 km²/Mil € 1.188 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.68 1.30 4.85 4.08
Contribution to global total 0.29 % 0.10 % 0.39 % 0.33 % 0.44 % 0.08 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Finland
111 344 kt 213 314 kt1 726 Mm
3
340 110 km
2
21 053 kg 40 334 kg326 m
3 .
0.064 km
2
Finland is a highly industrialized country. Due to its geographical position, the Finnish economy is heavily dependent on
its forestry sector. Finland’s industrial sector is highly competitive in the international market, notably in wood processing,
engineering and electronics. Its economy is, therefore, driven by export of these commodities. The country’s dependence
on import of raw materials and energy is reected in the inward direction of the net trade of its environmental footprint.
As in the case of most developed countries, Finland ranks quite high in terms of its carbon, land and material footprint.
1 Paper and paper products
2 Chemicals nec
3 Plastics, basic
4 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
5 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
Land area: 338 440 km²Population: 5 288 720 GDP: 179 589 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
105 405 km²8 422 kt
26 669 kt 881 Mm³
0.020 km²
1 593 kg
5 043 kg 167 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-120 000
-100 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
World average per capita World average per capita
42 43
Germany
1 340 194 kt 2 044 128 kt30 810 Mm
3
1 857 116 km
2
16 291 kg 24 848 kg375 m
3 .
0.023 km
2
The German economy is the largest in Europe and the fth largest in the world. Germany is highly competitive in high-
end manufacturing and exports its products all over the world. Like most of the other high income countries, Germany
ranks relatively high on all the environmental footprints, with carbon and material footprints per capita being more than
two times the world average. Germany imports most of its water and land footprint, which is consistent with its low level
of domestic agricultural activity.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Chemicals nec
5 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Land area: 357 120 km²Population: 82 266 372 GDP: 2 425 252 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.553 kt/Mil € 0.013 Mm³/Mil € 0.766 km²/Mil € 0.843 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.85 1.50 1.70 2.51
Contribution to global total 3.53 % 1.86 % 2.11 % 3.11 % 5.95 % 1.24 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
1 583 336 km²943 977 kt
174 087 kt 24 157 Mm³
0.019 km²
11 475 kg
2 116 kg 294 m³
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
-100 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-150 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
Land area: 549 190 km²Population: 64 012 572 GDP: 1 884 268 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.403 kt/Mil € 0.013 Mm³/Mil € 0.850 km²/Mil € 0.719 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.07 1.48 1.89 2.14
Contribution to global total 2.00 % 1.43 % 1.82 % 2.06 % 4.62 % 0.96 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
759 312 kt 1 354 688 kt23 693 Mm
3
1 601 331 km
2
11 862 kg 21 163 kg370 m
3 .
0.025 km
2
France is the second largest economy in the EU. The economy is highly developed and diversied. France ranks high in
terms of carbon, land and material footprint, with the size of its footprints per capita approximately twice as high as the
world average. The size of water footprint per capita is slightly higher than the world average. France is a net importer of
all four types of environmental impacts.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
3 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal and
household goods
4 Chemicals nec
5 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
France
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
1 161 252 km²564 575 kt
290 579 kt 9 077 Mm³
0.018 km²
8 820 kg
4 539 kg 142 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-50 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
-1 000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
World average per capita World average per capita
44 45
Land area: 131 960 km²Population: 11 192 763 GDP: 222 473 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.941kt/Mil € 0.033 Mm³/Mil € 0.984 km²/Mil € 1.487 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.27 2.59 1.48 2.99
Contribution to global total 0.55 % 0.44 % 0.25 % 0.50 % 0.55 % 0.17 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.909 kt/Mil € 0.022 Mm³/Mil € 1.002 km²/Mil € 1.377 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.57 0.86 0.75 1.38
Contribution to global total 0.24 % 0.13 % 0.11 % 0.21 % 0.24 % 0.15 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
1 Sea and coastal water transportation services
2 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Supporting and auxiliary transport services; travel agency services
5 Chemicals nec
209 372 kt 330 799 kt7 253 Mm
3
218 992 km
2
18 706 kg 29 555 kg648 m
3 .
0.020 km
2
Greece has one of the highest per capita incomes among the countries in the Balkan region. Its economy is dependent
upon tourism, trade and shipping. Greece imports a considerable amount of its total land and material footprint. Although
the country is also a net importer of water footprint, the major part of the footprint is due to domestic production.
Greece
Carbon
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Emission Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
136 076 km²129 128 kt
3 630 kt 650 Mm³
0.012 km²
11 537 kg
324 kg 58 m³
90 266 kt 136 787 kt2 162 Mm
3
99 574 km
2
8 976 kg 13 603 kg
215 m
3 .
0.010 km
2
Hungary, with its per capita income at about two thirds of the EU average, is rated as an upper middle income country by
the OECD. It ranks relatively low in terms of carbon, water, land and material footprint, compared to both the world per
capita average and to the other European countries. Agriculture and food processing are important industries for export,
which explains its net export of the water consumption footprint.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Plastics, basic
3 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
4 Chemicals nec
5 Other Bituminous Coal
Hungary Land area: 93 030 km²Population: 10 055 780 GDP: 99 308 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
23 088 km²29 536 kt
19 148 kt 121 Mm³
0.002 km²
2 937 kg
1 904 kg 12 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
World average per capita World average per capita
46 47
India
1 676 458 kt 4 300 979 kt344 898 Mm
3
2 588 380 km
2
1 446 kg 3 711 kg298 m
3 .
0.002 km
2
India has a very low per capita carbon, land and material footprint— among the lowest for the countries in the database.
The relatively high water footprint deviates from this picture, reecting the need to use ground and surface water for
agricultural purposes (i.e. irrigation) instead of being able to apply rain-fed agriculture . In this context, the export of water
embodied in trade is somewhat surprising, although it encompasses only a small fraction of India’s water footprint.
Further, India is a net exporter of carbon embodied in trade and a net importer of materials and land embodied in trade.
1 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
2 Computer and related services
3 Wearing apparel; furs
4 Furniture; other manufactured goods n.e.c.
5 Chemicals nec
Land area: 3 287 260 km²Population: 1 159 095 250 GDP: 906 550 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
436 769 kt 951 810 kt20 420 Mm
3
1 058 415 km
2
1 891 kg 4 121 kg88 m
3 .
0.005 km
2
Indonesia exhibits the typical pattern of rather densely populated developing countries. All its environmental footprints
are signicantly lower than the world average (such as a carbon footprint of just 1.9 tonne CO
2
-eq per capita). Indonesia
is a net exporter of carbon, materials and land embodied in trade. The amount of materials embodied in exports is
particularly signicant as compared to the material footprint of Indonesian consumption.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Other Bituminous Coal
3 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
4 Gas/Diesel Oil
5 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.385 kt/Mil € 0.065 Mm³/Mil € 3.356 km²/Mil € 3.018 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
0.33 0.35 0.35 0.42
Contribution to global total 1.15 % 1.23 % 1.20 % 1.45 % 0.77 % 3.48 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Blue Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
281 261 km²715 938 kt
5 283 kt 1 791 Mm³
23 kg 8 m³
0.001 km²
3 100 kg
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.849 kt/Mil € 0.380 Mm³/Mil € 2.855 km²/Mil € 4.744 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
0.25 1.19 0.17 0.38
Contribution to global total 4.41 % 20.77 % 2.94 % 6.55 % 2.22 % 17.46 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
371 030 km²22 085 kt
449 kt 23 468 Mm³
0.001 km²
19 kg
0.39 kg 20 m³
Indonesia Land area: 1 904 570 km²Population: 230 972 808 GDP: 315 372 Mil. €
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-3 000
-2 500
-2 000
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land
Material
[Mm³] [km²]
[kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-40 000
World average per capita World average per capita
48 49
Ireland
92 266 kt 256 819 kt1 326 Mm
3
115 984 km
2
21 177 kg 58 945 kg304 m
3 .
0.027 km
2
Ireland is a small, highly-developed country with a strong dependence on its trade relationships with the United Kingdom
and other European countries. Ireland’s land footprint per capita is approximately twice as high as the world average, but
lower than that of most highly developed countries. Ireland is a net importer of carbon, land and material footprint.
Around 80 % of the total water footprint is due to imported products.
1 Other business services
2 Chemicals nec
3 Printed matter and recorded media
4 Plastics, basic
5 Computer and related services
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.486 kt/Mil € 0.007 Mm³/Mil € 0.611 km²/Mil € 1.354 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.70 1.22 2.01 5.96
Contribution to global total 0.24 % 0.08 % 0.13 % 0.39 % 0.47 % 0.07 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Italy
793 113 kt 1 147 948 kt24 179 Mm
3
1 012 161 km
2
13 358 kg 19 334 kg407 m
3 .
0.017 km
2
Italy belongs to the group of the ve largest economies of the EU. A division into a developed, industrial north and a less
developed, subsidised, agricultural south characterizes the Italian economy. As in the case of most EU countries, Italy is
a net importer of embodied GHG, water, land and material. The economy depends heavily on imports of crude petroleum,
which is one of the main sources of GHG embodied in trade. Compared to its carbon, land and material footprint, Italy
exhibits a high water footprint, partly due to the necessity of irrigation in the south.
1 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
2 Chemicals nec
3 Plastics, basic
4 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
5 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Land area: 301 340 km²Population: 59 375 289 GDP: 1 522 120 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.511 kt/Mil € 0.016 Mm³/Mil € 0.652 km²/Mil € 0.740 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.34 1.63 1.29 1.96
Contribution to global total 2.09 % 1.46 % 1.15 % 1.75 % 3.81 % 0.89 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Land area: 70 280 km²Population: 4 356 931 GDP: 189 679 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
66 161 km²38 773 kt
22 204 kt 1 047 Mm³
0.015 km²
8 899 kg
5 096 kg 240 m³
761 921 km²548 161kt
251 653 kt 10 256 Mm³
0.013 km²
9 232 kg
4 238 kg 173 m³
[Mil EUR] [ kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-50 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
World average per capita World average per capita
50 51
Latvia
21 165 kt 48 363 kt413 Mm
3
71 281 km
2
9 299 kg 21 248 kg181 m
3 .
0.031 km
2
Before the global nancial crisis in 2008, Latvia was one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. As with many other
East European countries, Latvia’s GDP comes at the cost of high levels of GHG emissions. The forestry and wood processing
industry is one of the mainstays of Latvia’s economy. The dependence of the economy on timber is reected in a high land
footprint per capita as well as per GDP. At the same time, the humid climate in the Baltic region makes its lower water
footprint per capita possible.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
3 Wood and products of wood and cork (except furniture); articles of straw and plaiting materials
4 Other land transportation services
5 Food products nec
Land area: 64 590 km²Population: 2 276 100 GDP: 20 989 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.008 kt/Mil € 0.020 Mm³/Mil € 3.396 km²/Mil € 2.304 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.63 0.73 2.36 2.15
Contribution to global total 0.06 % 0.02 % 0.08 % 0.07 % 0.05 % 0.03 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Japan
1 799 009 kt 1 921 761 kt36 398 Mm
3
2 226 382 km
2
14 080 kg 15 041 kg285 m
3 .
0.017 km
2
Japan’s material and land footprint is slightly above the world average, while its carbon footprint is several times above
the world average. The water footprint of Japan is slightly above the world average. Like all developed countries without
a major mining industry, Japan has a net import of carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade. Japan’s net
embodied imports make a major contribution to the footprint of Japanese consumption, particularly in the case of water,
land and materials (80 % or more).
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Chemicals nec
5 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
Land area: 377 920 km²Population: 127 770 750 GDP: 3 194 414 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.563 kt/Mil € 0.011 Mm³/Mil € 0.697 km²/Mil € 0.602 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.46 1.14 1.31 1.52
Contribution to global total 4.74 % 2.19 % 2.53 % 2.93 % 7.84 % 1.92 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
16 852 km²14 716 kt
8 708 kt 324 Mm³
0.007 km²
6 465 kg
3 826 kg 142 m³
1 933 840 km²1 234 993 kt
129 759 kt 32 601 Mm³
0.015 km²9 666 kg
1 016 kg 255 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
- 1000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
World average per capita World average per capita
52 53
Lithuania
32 546 kt 54 063 kt541 Mm
3
55 552 km
2
9 642 kg 16 016 kg160 m
3 .
0.017 km
2
Lithuania joined the EU in 2004 and has strong trade connections with Russia. Lithuania is a net exporter of land embodied
in products and the water footprint per capita is one of the lowest in the EU. However, Lithuania can be classied as one
of the economies with the lowest environmental eciency when looking at the carbon footprint per GDP. A high
dependence on fossil fuels for electricity production and a well-established manufacturing sector contributes to its high
emissions levels.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Other land transportation services
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Chemicals nec
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Land area: 65 300 km²Population: 3 375 618 GDP: 28 533 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.141 kt/Mil € 0.019 Mm³/Mil € 1.947 km²/Mil € 1.895 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.69 0.64 1.24 1.62
Contribution to global total 0.09 % 0.03 % 0.06 % 0.08 % 0.07 % 0.05 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Luxembourg
12 840 kt 21 498 kt334 Mm
3
21 304 km
2
26 751 kg 44 788 kg697 m
3 .
0.044 km
2
Luxembourg enjoys one of the highest standards of living globally. As in most high income countries, however, Luxembourg
has limited success in decoupling its high income level from its environmental impact: the carbon, water, land and
material footprints of Luxembourg are among the highest in the world. The economy is driven by a diversied industrial
and a large nancial sector. Accordingly, most embodied impacts in trade ows are linked to these sectors. In terms of the
footprint per GDP, Luxembourg emerges as one of the most environmentally ecient economies at the global level.
1 Financial intermediation services, except insurance and pension funding services
2 Services auxiliary to financial intermediation
3 Other business services
4 Insurance and pension funding services, except compulsory social security services
5 Air transport services
Land area: 2 590 km²Population: 479 993 GDP: 37 440 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.343 kt/Mil € 0.009 Mm³/Mil € 0.569 km²/Mil € 0.574 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
4.68 2.78 3.35 4.53
Contribution to global total 0.03 % 0.02 % 0.02 % 0.03 % 0.09 % 0.01 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
2 479 km²17 804 kt
12 870 kt 361Mm³
0.001 km²
5 274 kg
3 813 kg 107 m³
19 139 km²18 198 kt
1 040 kt 319 Mm³
0.040 km²
37 912 kg
2 166 kg 665 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
World average per capita World average per capita
54 55
Malta
4 989 kt 7 875 kt249 Mm
3
6 567 km
2
12 195 kg 19 251 kg610 m
3 .
0.016 km
2
Malta is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and also the smallest economy in the EU. Due to its
geographic constraints, Malta has very limited freshwater resources and produces less than a quarter of its food needs.
Accordingly, more than half of its total water needs and almost all required land is embodied in imports. Malta also
exhibits an exceptionally high water footprint per capita. Despite its large business and nancial sector, Malta requires a
large amount of GHG emissions to obtain its GDP.
1 Hotel and restaurant services
2 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Air transport services
5 Recreational, cultural and sporting services
Land area: 320 km²Population: 409 050 GDP: 5 498 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.907 kt/Mil € 0.045 Mm³/Mil € 1.194 km²/Mil € 1.432 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.13 2.44 1.21 1.95
Contribution to global total 0.01 % 0.02 % 0.01 % 0.01 % 0.01 % 0.01 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
6 478 km²6 230 kt
1 043 kt 134 Mm³
0.016 km²
15 230 kg
2 551 kg 327 m³
612 836 kt 1 308 684 kt35 334 Mm
3
2 162 382 km
2
5 398 kg 11 527 kg311 m
3 .
0.019 km
2
Mexico’s carbon, water, and material footprints are about the world average, while its land footprint is of the same order
of magnitude as that of Greece or Japan. Mexico has a net import of carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade.
About 20 to 25 % of its water, material and land footprint and a little over 10 % of its carbon footprint is imported.
1 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
2 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
3 Plastics, basic
4 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
5 Rubber and plastic products
Mexico
Land area: 1 964 380 km²Population: 113 529 819 GDP: 755 877 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.811 kt/Mil € 0.047 Mm³/Mil € 2.861 km²/Mil € 1.731 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
0.94 1.24 1.44 1.17
Contribution to global total 1.61 % 2.13 % 2.46 % 1.99 % 1.86 % 1.71 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
559 676 km²250 977 kt
66 371 kt 11 687 Mm³
0.005 km²
2 211 kg
585 kg 103 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-500
400
300
200
100
0
100
400
300
200
100
0
100
200
300
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-100 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
World average per capita World average per capita
56 57
Netherlands
274 897 kt 419 537 kt8 605 Mm
3
510 065 km
2
16 781 kg 25 610 kg525 m
3 .
0.031 km
2
The Netherlands are among the world’s leading exporting countries. However, in terms of the resources and environmental
impact embodied in their products, the Netherlands are a net importer. This coupled with the high standard of living,
explains its high environmental footprint per capita. However, the low footprint per GDP highlights the environmental
eciency of the economy. This fact is noteworthy given the high dependence of the economy on crude petroleum and its
mainly fossil fuel based energy production.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal and
household goods
5 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
Land area: 41 530 km²Population: 16 381 696 GDP: 571 008 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
84 061 kt 150 334 kt1 927 Mm
3
208 632 km
2
17 851 kg 31 924 kg409 m
3 .
0.044 km
2
Norway is among the top 10 countries of the world in terms of its carbon, land and material footprint, which are typically
3 or more times the world average. The water footprint is a little higher than the world average. Norway is a net importer
of carbon, water, and land embodied in trade but a net exporter of materials embodied in trade. Its imports of water
embodied in trade are especially relevant, as they are about 65 % of its total water footprint and reect the import of
agricultural products.
1 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
2 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
3 Sea and coastal water transportation services
4 Sale, maintenance, repair of motor vehicles, motor vehicles parts, motorcycles, motor cycles parts
and accessoiries
5 Supporting and auxiliary transport services; travel agency services
Cabon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.293 kt/Mil € 0.007 Mm³/Mil € 0.727 km²/Mil € 0.524 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
3.12 1.64 3.34 3.23
Contribution to global total 0.22 % 0.12% 0.24 % 0.23 % 0.70 % 0.07 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
99 971 km²122 892 kt
2 442 kt 1 310 Mm³
0.021 km²
26 096 kg
519 kg 278 m³
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Norway Land area: 323 800 km²Population: 4 709 153 GDP: 287 106 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.481kt/Mil € 0.015 Mm³/Mil € 0,893 km²/Mil € 0,735 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.93 2.10 2.35 2.59
Contribution to global total 0.72 % 0.52 % 0.58 % 0.64 % 1.40 % 0.25 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
484 224 km²248 921 kt
52 035 kt 7 354 Mm³
0.030 km²
15 195 kg
3 176 kg 449 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-120 000
-100 000
-80 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
-35 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
World average per capita World average per capita
58 59
Poland Land area: 312 680 km²Population: 38 120 560 GDP: 310 340 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Land area: 92 120 km²Population: 10 608 335 GDP: 169 093 Mil. €
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
403 180 kt 549 640 kt5 098 Mm
3
402 991 km
2
10 576 kg 14 418 kg134 m
3 .
0.011 km
2
The per capita GDP of Poland is lower than the EU average. This is reected in its relatively low water, land and material
footprint per capita. However, Poland has a high carbon footprint per capita, mainly because of its almost completely fossil
fuel powered energy production. This also explains the high GHG emissions per GDP. Given the high absolute levels of its
GHG emissions, this would also result in a signicant reduction in the total emissions in the EU.
1 Chemicals nec
2 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
5 Furniture; other manufactured goods n.e.c.
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.299 kt/Mil € 0.016 Mm³/Mil € 1.299 km²/Mil € 1.771 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.85 0.53 0.80 1.46
Contribution to global total 1.06 % 0.31 % 0.46 % 0.84 % 0.76 % 0.57 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water
LandCarbon Material
FOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
152 803 km²35 307 kt
19 358 kt 2 802 Mm³
0.004 km²
926 kg
508 kg 74 m³
106 889 kt 225 279 kt5 677 Mm
3
210 346 km
2
10 076 kg 21 236 kg535 m
3 .
0.020 km
2
Portugal has the lowest GDP per capita in Western Europe. Its relatively low level of auence results in low carbon, land
and material footprint per capita. However, being one of the warmest countries in Europe, with signicant irrigation
requirements for agriculture, Portugal has a high water footprint per capita. Almost half the demand for electricity in
Portugal is met by renewable energy sources. As a consequence, the Portuguese economy is fairly ecient in terms of
GHG emissions per GDP.
1 Chemicals nec
2 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
3 Plastics, basic
4 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Portugal
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.632 kt/Mil € 0.034 Mm³/Mil € 1.244 km²/Mil € 1.332 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.76 2.14 1.50 2.15
Contribution to global total 0.28 % 0.34 % 0.24 % 0.34 % 0.42 % 0.16 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
135 791 km²33 318 kt
37 446 kt 2 352 Mm³
0.013 km²
3 141 kg
3 530 kg 222 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
35 000
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8000
10 000
12 000
14 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-50
0
50
100
150
200
World average per capita World average per capita
60 61
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
149 362 kt 506 986 kt7 417 Mm
3
238 498 km
2
6 932 kg 23 529 kg344 m
3 .
0.011 km
2
Romania joined the EU in 2007. The per capita GDP of Romania is half the EU average. Accordingly, the carbon, water and
land footprints of Romania are relatively low and around the global average. However, given the GDP gure, Romania has
a high material footprint. Like other East European countries, the Romanian economy requires a huge amount of GHG
emissions to generate its GDP. Despite its moderate GDP per capita, Romania is a net importer of carbon, water, land and
material embodied in its traded products.
1 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
2 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
3 Chemicals nec
4 Other land transportation services
5 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
Romania Land area: 238 390 km²Population: 21 546 873 GDP: 123 519 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.209 kt/Mil € 0.060 Mm³/Mil € 1.931 km²/Mil € 4.105 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.21 1.38 0.83 2.38
Contribution to global total 0.39 % 0.45 % 0.27 % 0.77 % 0.30 % 0.32 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
46 869 km²99 898 kt
17 044 kt 536 Mm³
0.002 km²
4 636 kg
791 kg 25 m³
1 618 308 kt 1 913 789 kt 45 633 Mm
3
9 391 093 km
2
11 389 kg 13 468 kg321 m
3 .
0.066 km
2
Russia has a carbon and land footprint that is signicantly above the world average. Russia is a net exporter of carbon,
materials and land in trade. Particularly in the case of carbon, the territorial emissions are signicantly high, as is the
carbon footprint of consumption, which is reected by the high amount of carbon embodied in exports. Russia’s GHG
emissions per GDP (in Euro) are very high, suggesting an energy-intensive production system.
1 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
2 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
3 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
4 Wearing apparel; furs
5 Basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof
Russia Land area: 17 098 240 km²Population: 142 100 000 GDP: 948 344 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.706 kt/Mil € 0.048 Mm³/Mil € 9.903 km²/Mil € 2.018 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.99 1.28 4.98 1.36
Contribution to global total 4.26 % 2.75 % 10.67 % 2.92 % 2.33 % 2.14 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
452 637 km²656 907 kt
697 601 kt 14 995 Mm³
0.003 km²
4 623 kg
4 909 kg 106 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4000
6 000
8 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
-400 000
-300 000
-200 000
-100 000
0
100 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
-400 000
-300 000
-200 000
-100 000
0
100 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
World average per capita World average per capita
62 63
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
58 355 kt 96 308 kt1 212 Mm
3
63 716 km
2
10 812 kg 17 844 kg224 m
3 .
0.012 km
2
As in the case of most other EU countries, Slovakia is a net importer of GHG emissions, water and land use, as well as
material embodied in traded products. However, the land and water use footprint of Slovakia are considerably below the
global average. With regard to all upstream requirements, carbon emissions embodied in crude petroleum and retail trade
services are the main sources of imported GHG emissions. Material extraction embodied in crude petroleum contributes
signicantly to the total material footprint of Slovakia.
1 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal and
household goods
2 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
5 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Slovakia Land area: 49 030 km²Population: 5 397 318 GDP: 61 371 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.951 kt/Mil € 0.020 Mm³/Mil € 1.038 km²/Mil € 1.569 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.89 0.90 0.89 1.80
Contribution to global total 0.15 % 0.07% 0.07 % 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.08 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
25 249 km²38 729 kt
743 kt 233 Mm³
0.005 km²
7 176 kg
138 kg 43 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
30 099 kt 61 003 kt549 Mm
3
44 178 km
2
14 915 kg 30 228 kg272 m
3 .
0.022 km
2
Slovenia has the highest GDP per capita among the East European countries within the EU. This relatively high level of
auence is associated with a high carbon footprint per capita. For GHG, water, land and material embodied in traded
products, the imports outweigh exports. Compared to other East European countries, the Slovenian economy is reasonably
ecient in terms of emissions and resource use per GDP. Slovenia exhibits a relatively low water footprint per capita,
which is slightly above the global average.
1 Chemicals nec
2 Plastics, basic
3 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
4 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
5 Basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof
Slovenia Land area: 20 270 km²Population: 2 018 122 GDP: 34 518 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.872 kt/Mil € 0.016 Mm³/Mil € 1.280 km²/Mil € 1.767 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.61 1.09 1.65 3.06
Contribution to global total 0.08 % 0.03 % 0.05 % 0.09 % 0.08 % 0.03 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
25 932 km²19 923 kt
10 028 kt 469 Mm³
0.013 km²
9 872 kg
4 969 kg 233 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-2 000
-1 500
-1 000
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
-2 000
World average per capita World average per capita
64 65
South Korea
714 225 kt 959 519 kt14 035 Mm
3
770 419 km
2
14 697 kg 19 744 kg289 m
3 .
0.016 km
2
The Republic of Korea has a pattern similar to that of Japan — a carbon footprint several times the world average, and the
land and water footprints slightly above the world average. The material footprint is twice the world average, as in the
case of Japan. Korea is a net importer of carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade — over 80 % of the footprint
in case of water and land, and over 50 % of the material footprint.
1 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
2 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
3 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
4 Other transport equipment
5 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal and
household goods
Land area: 99 680 km²Population: 48 598 000 GDP: 765 586 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.933 kt/Mil € 0.018 Mm³/Mil € 1.006 km²/Mil € 1.253 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.57 1.15 1.95 2.00
Contribution to global total 1.88 % 0.85 % 0.88 % 1.46 % 1.88 % 0.73 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Population: 48 257 282
351 627 kt 357 259 kt7 396 Mm
3
1 020 873 km
2
7 287 kg 7 403 kg153 m
3 .
0.021 km
2
South Africa exhibits an unusual pattern with a carbon and land footprint above the world average, but a water and
material footprint below the world average. South Africa is a net exporter of carbon, water, land and materials embodied
in trade, of the order of magnitude of 10 to 20 % of the footprint of its nal consumption.
GDP: 208 806 Mil. €
1 Precious metal ores and concentrates
2 Plastics, basic
3 Sea and coastal water transportation services
4 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
5 Basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.684 kt/Mil € 0.035 Mm³/Mil € 4.890 km²/Mil € 1.711 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.27 0.61 1.60 0.75
Contribution to global total 0.93 % 0.45 % 1.16 % 0.54 % 0.51 % 0.73 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
65 317 km²72 822 kt
59 271 kt 1 564 Mm³
0.001 km²
1 509 kg
1 228 kg 32 m³
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
South Africa Land area: 1 219 090 km²
689 971 km²488 017 kt
58 815 kt 12 173 Mm³
0.014 km²
10 042 kg
1 210 kg 250 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-60 000
-50 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-60 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
-100 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
-70 000
-60 000
-50 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
-30 000
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
World average per capita World average per capita
66 67
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.548 kt/Mil € 0.025 Mm³/Mil € 0.942 km²/Mil € 1.089 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.25 2.37 1.66 2.58
Contribution to global total 1.52 % 1.60 % 1.13 % 1.75 % 2.58 % 0.68 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Spain
576 954 kt 1 145 691 kt26 632 Mm
3
990 766 km
2
12 856 kg 25 528 kg
593 m
3 .
0.022 km
2
The Spanish economy is the fth largest of the EU. In absolut numbers, Spain has relativly high environmental footprints.
The country is a net importer of environmental footprints. Due to its dry climate, Spain has one of the highest water
footprints per capita. The carbon, land and material footprints of Spain are also higher than the world average.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Chemicals nec
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Land area: 505 370 km²Population: 44 878 945 GDP: 1 052 128 Mil. €
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
573 224 km²357 057 kt
190 701 kt 4 469 Mm³
0.013 km²
7 956 kg
4 249 kg 100 m³
129 166 kt 201 800 kt2 924 Mm
3
304 336 km
2
14 119 kg 22 059 kg320 m
3 .
0.033 km
2
Sweden has one of the cleanest and most resource ecient economies within the EU. This is partly due to the fact that
most of its electricity is produced from renewable energy sources. However, the economy depends heavily on imports of
crude petroleum, which are the main source of GHG embodied in trade. Sweden has a water footprint per capita only
slightly above the world average. In contrast, the availability of land results in a high land footprint.
1 Research and development services
2 Other business services
3 Plastics, basic
4 Chemicals nec
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Sweden Land area: 450 290 km²Population: 9 148 092 GDP: 337 477 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.383 kt/Mil € 0.009 Mm³/Mil € 0.902 km²/Mil € 0.598 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.47 1.28 2.51 2.23
Contribution to global total 0.34 % 0.18 % 0.35 % 0.31 % 0.83 % 0.14 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
6 244 km²87 406 kt
55 356 kt 1 482 Mm³
0.001 km²
9 555 kg
6 051 kg 162 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
World average per capita World average per capita
68 69
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
280 877 kt 318 836 kt5 648 Mm
3
211 373 km
2
12 234 kg 13 888 kg246 m
3 .
0.009 km
2
Taiwan has a moderate carbon, water, land and material footprint. Its water and land footprint are below the world
average. Taiwan is a net importer of water, land and materials embodied in trade on one hand and a net exporter of carbon
embodied in trade on the other. As is the case with other densely populated countries, the land use embodied in Taiwan’s
imports is in the range of 80 to 90 % of its land footprint.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
3 Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
4 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
5 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Taiwan
Land area: 36 006 km²Population: 22 958 000 GDP: 286 831 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.979 kt/Mil € 0.020 Mm³/Mil € 0.737 km²/Mil € 1.112 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.14 0.98 0.69 1.40
Contribution to global total 0.74 % 0.34 % 0.24 % 0.49 % 0.70 % 0.35 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
180 441km²166 915 kt
86 293 kt 4 296 Mm³
0.008 km²
7 270 kg
3 759 kg 187 m³
118 105 kt 235 038 kt2 824 Mm
3
217 727 km
2
15 641 kg 31 126 kg374 m
3 .
0.029 km
2
Switzerland is among the top 20 countries in the world with regard to the size of its carbon, water, land and material
footprint. All its footprints, with the exception of water, are at least two times the world average. Switzerland is a net
importer of carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade. Almost 50 % of its carbon footprint, some 70 % of its
material footprint and 90 % of its land footprint is embodied in imports, reecting Switzerland’s high population density as
well as highly developed service sectors.
1 Chemicals nec
2 Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
3 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
4 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
5 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Switzerland
Land area: 41 280 km²Population: 7 551 117 GDP: 316 758 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.373 kt/Mil € 0.009 Mm³/Mil € 0.687 km²/Mil € 0.742 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.73 1.49 2.17 3.15
Contribution to global total 0.31 % 0.17 % 0.25 % 0.36 % 0.78 % 0.11 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
190 246 km² 160 992 kt
58 391kt 2 502 Mm³
0.025km²
21 320 kg
7 733 kg 331 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
-40 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
World average per capita World average per capita
70 71
Land area: 243 610 km²Population: 60 986 649 GDP: 2 052 444 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.491 kt/Mil € 0.012 Mm³/Mil € 0.668 km²/Mil € 0.690 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
2.89 1.57 1.70 2.35
Contribution to global total 2.65 % 1.45 % 1.56 % 2.16 % 5.04 % 0.92 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
479 826 kt 832 839 kt28 633 Mm
3
867 290 km
2
6 904 kg 11 984 kg412 m
3 .
0.012 km
2
Turkey has a moderate carbon, land and material footprint, but its water footprint per capita is almost in the top 10. This
reects the signicant domestic use of ground water and river water for agriculture. Turkey is a net importer of carbon,
water, land and materials embodied in trade. This is particularly for land since land use embodied in imports accounts for
just under 50 % of the total footprint.
1 Plastics, basic
2 Wearing apparel; furs
3 Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
4 Natural gas and services related to natural gas extraction, excluding surveying
5 Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair services of personal and
household goods
Turkey
Land area: 783 560 km²Population: 69 496 513 GDP: 472 204 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 1.016 kt/Mil € 0.061 Mm³/Mil € 1.837 km²/Mil € 1.764 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
1.21 1.65 0.94 1.21
Contribution to global total 1.26 % 1.72 % 0.99 % 1.27 % 1.16 % 1.05 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³ 0.013 km² 9 886 kg
KEY INDICATORS
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
404 654 km²142 919 kt
73 187 kt 4 775 Mm³
0.006 km²
2 056 kg
1 053 kg 69 m³
United Kingdom
1 007 820 kt 1 415 167 kt23 997 Mm
3
1 371 044 km
2
16 525 kg 23 205 kg393 m
3 .
0.022 km
2
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland belongs to the group of the largest economies of the EU. Due
to its own crude oil reserves, GHG emissions embodied in traded products are dominated by other products. However,
the United Kingdom is still a net importer of emissions embodied in products, as well as for embodied water, land and
material. Electricity production in the UK is mainly based on fossil fuels. As a consequence, the United Kingdom scores
relatively high on the carbon footprint per capita ranking.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Plastics, basic
3 Wholesale trade and commission trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
4 Other business services
5 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
1 170 418 km²839 365 kt
343 702 kt 20 479 Mm³
0.019 km²
13 763 kg
5 636 kg 336 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
-8 0000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
-40 000
-30 000
-20 000
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
World average per capita World average per capita
72
7 479 646 kt 8 879 099 kt200 052 Mm
3
9 621 440 km
2
24 830 kg 29 476 kg664 m
3 .
0.032 km
2
The United States of America (USA) are the world’s largest economy. In absolute terms, the USA also exhibit the largest
carbon footprint in the world. In terms of GHG emissions per capita, the country is among the three top countries and is
a net importer of GHG, land and material embodied in traded products. However, exports outstrip the imports in the case
of embodied water. A predominant part of the electricity production is based on fossil fuels. Consequently, the USA have
a high GHG footprint per GDP.
1 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
2 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
3 Crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction, excluding surveying
4 Renting services of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods
5 Furniture; other manufactured goods n.e.c.
USA
Land area: 9 632 030 km²Population: 301 231 207 GDP: 10 211 602 Mil. €
Carbon Water Land Material GDP Population
Resource footprints per € GDP 0.732 kt/Mil € 0.020 Mm³/Mil € 0.942 km²/Mil € 0.870 kt/Mil €
Per capita footprints
relative to world average
4.34 2.65 2.41 2.98
Contribution to global total 19.70 % 12.05 % 10.93 % 13.53 % 25.06 % 4.54 %
World total 37.97 Gt 1 660 560 Mm³ 88 031 435 km² 65 627 314 kt 40 744 556 Mil € 6 638 184 044
World average per capita 5 721 kg/cap 250 m³/cap 0.013 km²/cap 9 886 kg/cap
KEY INDICATORS
Shown below are the net trade of products imported/exported to/from a country (imports minus
exports) – the products include products for both further processing into more advanced goods/services
(that may be later exported) and for final consumption. Environmental impacts are shown for the
complete up-stream international supply chain of each product.
RANKING
South Korea
RoW AFR
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Greece
RoW LAM
Portugal
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Denmark
Switzerland
Estonia
Brazil
Netherlands
Latvia
United States
Sweden
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Russia
Canada
Australia
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
topped 0.21
India
RoW APAC
Indonesia
Cyprus
China
Taiwan
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
RoW ME
Poland
Romania
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
RoW ME
Turkey
Romania
South Africa
RoW EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Slovakia
Russia
France
Malta
Taiwan
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Czech Republic
Japan
Sweden
South Korea
Slovenia
Switzerland
Estonia
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Canada
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
India
Indonesia
RoW APAC
Brazil
RoW LAM
Mexico
China
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Ireland
Austria
Mexico
Sweden
Russia
Finland
Romania
France
Switzerland
Germany
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Belgium
Turkey
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Portugal
Spain
Malta
Greece
United States
Luxembourg
Australia
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indonesia
Cyprus
Poland
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW AFR
Lithuania
Brazil
RoW ME
Estonia
Latvia
China
Czech Republic
Hungary
RoW EU
RoW APAC
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Taiwan
Slovenia
Japan
South Korea
India
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
Carbon Water Land
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
China
Russia
Hungary
Taiwan
Poland
Japan
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Malta
Italy
South Korea
Czech Republic
France
Portugal
Latvia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Romania
Cyprus
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Estonia
Canada
United States
Greece
Belgium
Slovenia
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Luxembourg
Australia
Ireland
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
RoW AFR
RoW APAC
India
Indonesia
South Africa
RoW LAM
RoW ME
RoW EU
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Material
TRADE FLOWS BY PRODUCTNET TRADE
Water LandCarbon MaterialFOOTPRINTS
per capita
per country
2 721 564 km²1 761 872 kt
1 054 098 kt 16 994 Mm³
0.009 km²
5 849 kg
3 499 kg 56 m³
[Mil EUR] [kt]EURO Carbon Water Land Material[Mm³] [km²] [ kt]
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
-20 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
180 000
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
World average per capita
This booklet, for the rst time, provides a comprehensive insight into the global environmental footprints of nal
consumption. Using a detailed, consistent and comprehensive global economic-environmental database, the EXIOBASE, it
presents 43 country factsheets encapsulating the carbon, water, land and material footprint of nal consumption in the
countries covered by EXIOBASE, i.e. the EU-27 plus the 16 main EU trading partners. The booklet further showcases the
interconnectedness of the global economic system and the links between production and consumption as well as its
relation to global environmental impacts. It illustrates that a large share of the carbon, water, land and material footprint of
many developed countries is located abroad. Also, a number of comparative analyses, such as how environmental pressures
correlate to GDP or the Human Development Index (HDI) of a country are provided. By that means, the booklet provides
indications where hot spots of necessary (political) action can be identi ed.
Part I– 8 Thematic Pages:
The Interconnected World | The EU, USA and China as Global Consumers | From a Production to a Consumption Perspective
The Uneven Distribution of Global Resource Consumption | Comparing the Worlds Environmental Footprints
Our Interlinked Economy – Part I | Our Interlinked Economy – Part II | Relations Between Wealth, Well-Being and Footprint
Part II– 43 Country Factsheets:
Footprints Per Country and Per Capita | Net Trade Per Country and Per Capita | Trade Flows by Product | Ranking
Key Indicators
www.exiobase.eu
