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A Study on the Antidotal Effects of Dietary Garlic Juice on Lead Poisoning Rats
Abstract
In the present work antidotal effect of dietary garlic was studied on lead-intoxicated rat. One of 5 groups of young Wistar sp. male rat, aged 4 weeks for control were fed only normal diet. Lead (25 ㎎/㎏.bw/week) was administered to other four groups for plumbism model over 4 weeks, of which three groups were supplemented with one of the following raw garlic juice: 1.10 (1% diet), 2.21 (2%) and 3.31 (3%) ㎎/㎏.bw/day respectively. Body weight gain rates in all garlic group significantly increased, especially in 2% garlic group that showed 9.8% net gain, as compared with only-lead treated group but lower values than control. The fecal and urinary lead excretion in all garlic groups significantly increased in a dose dependent fashion with highest value of 9.59% net gain in 3% garlic group as compared to lead treated control group. In comparison with lead treated control group, all garlic groups showed significantly increased hemoglobin contents, hematocrit values (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activities. The values of 2% and 3% garlic groups remarkably increased while no significant difference between the values of 2% and 3% garlic groups was observed. The ALT activities, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) in all garlic groups significantly decreased as compared with lead-treated control group. The values of 2% garlic group were the lowest and significantly different from the values of 1% and 3% garlic groups. The results showed that 2%-3% garlic juice in diet had obviously antidotal effects in lead-poisoned rats by promoting lead excretion. However, mega dose garlic such as in 3% garlic group might have some adverse effects on hepatic and renal functions in rats. In conclusion, the dietary habit to take ordinary garlic sauce in appropriate amount, may be helpful for preventing lead or other heavy metal intoxication.
... Như vậy, chì đã ảnh hưởng và làm giảm mạnh chỉ số hematocrit một cách rõ rệt; nghiên cứu của (Andjelkovic et al., 2019) cũng cho thấy điều này. Dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn thể hiện vai trò kháng độc tính của chì, duy trì chỉ số hematocrit ổn định theo thời gian ở liều 250 mg/kg thể trọng; kết quả có sự tương đồng với (Al-Brakati, 2020; Sheo & Seo, 2005). ...
Tỏi (Allium sativum) là một loại dược liệu được biết đến với khả năng giảm tác động của chì, một kim loại nặng độc hại với sức khỏe và cấu trúc của các cơ quan. Nghiên cứu này tập trung khảo sát hiệu quả của dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn trong việc bảo vệ chống lại độc tính chì, qua các chỉ số huyết học và cấu trúc gan, thận và lách chuột. 48 chuột, chia thành 6 nghiệm thức: đối chứng (ĐC); chì (Pb); nitrate (N); tỏi (T500); chì kết hợp với dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn ở liều 250 mg/kg/bw (PbT250); và chì kết hợp với dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn ở liều 500 mg/kg/bw (PbT500), kéo dài trong 8 tuần. Kết quả cho thấy dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn (250 mg/kg trọng lượng cơ thể) ban đầu có tác dụng duy trì ổn định các chỉ số huyết học (số lượng tế bào hồng cầu, tiểu cầu, hematocrit) và cấu trúc mô học của gan và thận dưới tác động của chì. Tuy nhiên, tác dụng này chưa được thể hiện rõ trên số lượng tế bào bạch cầu, chỉ số hemoglobin và cấu trúc mô học của lách. Để đánh giá toàn diện hiệu quả bảo vệ chống lại độc tính chì của dịch ép tỏi Lý Sơn, nghiên cứu cần thực hiện các chỉ số sinh hoá máu chuột và kéo dài thời gian nghiên cứu.
This study determined the effect of Lespedeza Caneata extract on the livers and kidneys of lead-administered mice. The experimental groups were divided into a normal group, Pb 4W group, Pb-LC 4W group, Pb 8W group, and Pb-LC 8W group. The normal group was supplied single distilled water, and the pb group was provided distilled water in which lead acetate was dissolved at 1,000 ppm. The Pb-LC group was provided with lead as drinking water, and the Lespedeza Caneata was orally medicated at a concentration of 500 mg/kg daily. AST, ALT, and BUN enzyme activities and histological experiments on the livers and kidneys resulted in the following conclusions. AST, ALT, and BUN activities increased in the experimental group compared to the normal group and decreased more in the Pb-LC group than the pb group during the same period. The histological results reveal that portions of the livers and kidneys were deformed in the Pb 4W group, and most of the Pb 8W group experienced necrosis and deformation. pb-LC4W and Pb-LC 8W groups experienced less deformation than the Pb 4W and Pb 8W groups. During the same period, the Pb-LC group experienced less histological changes than the Pb group. These results suggest that Lespedeza Caneata extract may have some protective effect on hepatic tissue and renal tissue damage with lead-administered in mice.
Objectives : This study was carried out to identify DNA markers of "Allium sativum" be circulated from Korea and China, which is difficult to discriminate from morphological characters because of fragmental materials of bulb. That is, all these studies focused on the discrimination of Allium sativum L. But these day, Chinese A. sativum was in circulated Korean A. sativum in Korean medicine markets. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to develop molecular markers for discrimination between Korean A. sativum and imports from China. Methods : Materials were collected randomly from a markets in Korea and China and be analyzed with matK, ndhF and trnL-F regions of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). We collected 45 A. sativum individuals from Korean and Chinese medicine markets, in 2013. Results : As a results, matK and ndhF regions of cpDNA was shown to be identify, Species that grow from warm place and cold place can divide as five SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) markers in matK and ndhF genes. Also, in trnL-F regions, found one SNP that can divide Korean A. sativum and Chinese A. sativum. Conclusions : From the analysis of matK and ndhF regions of cpDNA, we presumed that three markers of cpDNA were found by useful marker that can distinguish Korean, Chinese, Warm place type, and Cold place type. Individual differences of Korean and Chinese was thought that appear in geographical difference and genetic difference by environment for long hour even if same species.
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of Momordica Charantia L. water extracts, one of the natural chelator, on the biochemical and enzyme activity changes in the rats liver and kidney caused by lead acetate. Rat approximately 250 g in weight were grouped into the control, lead acetate treated, and the Momordica Charantia L. boiling water extracts treated after lead acetate groups. Lead acetate (1,000 ppm) and Momordica Charantia L. water extracts (5%, 10%) were delivered drinking water. Serum AST, ALT and BUN were measured, histological alteration of liver and kidney were examined by light microscopy. Momordica Charantia L. extract group was decreased serum AST, ALT and BUN level induced by lead. Optical observations of liver tissue, lead group were observed necrosis of hepatic cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells, but Momordica Charantia L. extract group was observed only slight infiltration of inflammatory cells around the central vein. Optical observations of kidney tissue, lead acetate induced atrophy and necrosis of glomerulus and infiltration of inflammatory cell around renal tubule. For the group treated with Momordica charantia L. extract, the glomerulus was similar to the control, some around the renal tubule was observed infiltration of inflammatory cells. In conclusion, Momordica Charantia L. water extract may protect the lead-induced toxicity on liver and kidney.
A water extract of Allium sativum (garlic) was given to male and female mice in drinking water (100 mg/kg/day) for three months. There was a significant increase in the weight of seminal vesicles and epididymides of male animals as compared to controls and the sperm count was significantly elevated. There was no increase in the body weight of the test animals, and weights of heart, liver and spleen were reduced as compared to controls. Haematological studies revealed an increase in WBC and a decrease in RBC levels of the test animals. Three-day intraperitonial treatment (500 mg/kg) with the A. sativum extract failed to exhibit any estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity.
The nutritional factors which affect lead absorption have been studied. Synthetic diets of known composition were compounded to contain 0·075% Pb as PbCl2 labelled with 203Pb. Rats were exposed to lead for periods of 48 hr. The dietary intake was then measured and the absorption of lead determined by means of a whole-body counter. Lead absorption was increased by high fat, low mineral, low protein and high protein diets but was decreased by high mineral diet. Low fat, low fibre, high fibre, low vitamin and high vitamin diets had no effects on lead absorption.
This study investigated the effects of various concentrations and incubation time intervals of diallyl disulfide (DADS), the active principle of garlic, on: 1. cell viability, 2. lipid peroxidation, and 3. glutathione (GSH) concentration and its related enzyme activities of rat hepatocytes. According to the results of LDH leakage and microscopic examination, 0.5 and 1 mM DADS did not significantly affect the viability of hepatocytes. However, significant decrease in cell viability according to increased LDH leakage and significant changes in morphology of hepatocytes were observed at 2 mM DADS (P < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was also detected when the hepatocytes were treated with 2 mM DADS. At 0.5 mM DADS, a higher GSH content was found in the hepatocytes although not at a statistically significant level. 0.5 and 1 mM DADS has little effect on the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); however a significant decrease in GST, GPx and glutathione reductase (GRd) activities was observed at 2 mM DADS. Once the media of 2 mM DADS was replaced with fresh medium at 24 hr treatment, the activities of GST, GRd and GPx were recovered, although they were still lower than the control values.
Much apple juice concentrate is imported from foreign nations where the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon or lead- or mercury-containing pesticides are permitted in orchards although they are prohibited for such use in the United States. Ten samples of apple juice concentrate from seven foreign countries were analyzed for possible residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon, mercury- and lead-containing pesticides. Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon and mercury-containing pesticides were not detected. Traces of lead were found in all samples but the equivalent concentration of lead in the original apple fruit would have been far below the permissible tolerance for lead in apples (7 ppm, fresh weight) in the United States.
The 5th edition of this world renowned textbook is the result of a thorough updating of every chapter with respect to the mechanism of action and use of older agents and the addition of important new drugs. The philosophy and objectives of the earlier editions are continued, however, together with the same thoughtful organization, clarity and authority that have long made 'Goodman and Gilman' the standard book in the field. Although less dynamic or outmoded sections have been condensed or eliminated, the basic organization remains the same, with major attention being given to the well established, safe and effective prototypal drugs. After a discussion of the general principles of pharmacokinetics, special attention is given to drugs acting on the CNS, local anesthetics, drugs acting at synaptic and neuroeffector junctions, autacoids, cardiovascular drugs, water, salts and ions, drugs affecting renal function and electrolyte metabolism, drugs affecting uterine motility, gases and vapors, heavy metals and antagonists, locally acting drugs, antiparasitic drugs, antimicrobial drugs, antineoplastic drugs, drugs acting on the blood and hematopoietic system, hormones and hormone antagonists, vitamins and even the principles of prescription writing and patient compliance instruction. There is a detailed subject index referring to both medical concepts and drug names, generic as well as proprietary. This book will prove invaluable to both students and graduates in many areas of the biomedical sciences.
This study was performed to assess the contamination levels of the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) for common restaurant meals in Seoul area. The samples were seolong-tang, galbi-tang, yeukge-jang, kalguksoo, doenjang-chige, bibim-bab, bibim-nangmyon, bulgogi, chazang-myon, yanggobchang and zumuluk, which were seperated draind residues from fluids. The heavy metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained were as follows : The total amount of heavy metals per meals were manganese. Intake levels per daily through common restaurant meals were lower than the daily intake limit established by FAO/WHO.
Blood lead and serum δ-aminolevulinic acid levels were determined in groups of children with increased lead absorption, lead intoxication, and lead encephalopathy. Although blood lead values tended to be higher in children with intoxication, they tended to overlap those of patients with increased absorption but without intoxication. Serum δ-aminolevulinic acid was consistently higher in patients with overt toxicity, with almost no overlapping of values. Blood lead and serum δ-aminolevulinic acid levels were both markedly elevated in patients with encephalopathy. Lead and δ-aminolevulinic acid values failed to correlate well. Cerebrospinal fluid δ-aminolevulinic acid values were consistently lower than serum values. It is concluded that serum δ-aminolevulinic determinations are valuable in selecting infants who are intoxicated from those exposed to increased amounts of lead.
A Cook's tour is presented of the organosulfur chemistry of the genus Allium, as represented, inter alia, by garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). We report on the biosynthesis of the S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine S-oxides (aroma and flavor precursors) in intact plants and on how upon cutting or crushing the plants these precursors are cleaved by allinase enzymes, giving sulfenic acids—highly reactive organosulfur intermediates. In garlic, 2-propenesulfenic acid gives allicin, a thiosulfinate with antibiotic properties, while in onion 1-propenesulfenic acid rearranges to the sulfine (Z)-propanethial S-oxide, the lachrymatory factor (LF) of onion. Highlights of onion chemistry include the assignment of stereochemistry to the LF and determination of the mechanism of its dimerization; the isolation, characterization, and synthesis of thiosulfinates which most closely duplicate the taste and aroma of the freshly cut bulb, and additional unusual compounds such as zwiebelanes (dithiabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes), a bis-sulfine (a 1,4-butanedithial S,S′-dioxide), antithrombotic and antiasthmatic cepaenes (α-sulfinyl disulfides), and vic-disulfoxides. Especially noteworthy in the chemistry of garlic are the discovery of ajoene, a potent antithrombotic agent from garlic, and the elucidation of the unique sequence of reactions that occur when diallyl disulfide, which is present in steam-distilled garlic oil, is heated. Reaction mechanisms under discussion include [3, 3]- and [2, 3]-sigma-tropic rearrangements involving sulfur (e.g. sulfoxide-accelerated thio- and dithio-Claisen rearrangements) and cycloadditions involving thiocarbonyl systems. In view of the culinary importance of alliaceous plants as well as the unique history of their use in folk medicine, this survey concludes with a discussion of the physiological activity of the components of these plants: cancer prevention, antimicrobial activity, insect and animal attractive/repulsive activity, olfactory–gustatory–lachrymatory properties, effect on lipid metabolism, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity and properties associated with ajoene. And naturally, comments about onion and garlic induced bad breath and heartburn may not be overlooked.
Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts contain a compound termed ajoene, which, among other compounds from garlic, is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The structure of ajoene was determined by spectroscopic methods to be (E and Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide. Ajoene can be readily synthesized by decomposing allicin in acetone-water. A detailed mechanism is presented for the thermal decomposition of allicin. Ajoene could be oxidized to its 9,9-dioxide, 4,9,9-trioxide, and 4,4,9,9-tetraoxide. An attempted synthesis of the ajoene isomer (E)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,7,11-triene 9-oxide led instead to a sulfine (thial S-oxide) by way of the sulfoxide thio-Claisen rearrangement. Decomposition of the garlic component S-allyl methanethiosulfinate led to various homologues of ajoene. A variety of ajoene homologues in which the 6,7-double bond has been replaced by an o-phenylene group have been prepared from o-thiosalicylic acid. Data on the antithrombotic activity of a variety of structures related to ajoene have been used to explain the molecular basis for antithrombotic activity of ajoene, which is attributed to its ability to alter platelet membranes by capturing sulfhydryl groups.
The δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase activity in erythrocytes, the urinary output of ALA, coproporphyrin and lead, and the level of lead in the blood were determined simultaneously in workers exposed to lead poisoning. The decrease of ALA dehydratase activity in lead poisoning (0.263 ± 0.081 μmoles PBG/ml erythrocyte/h as compared with 0.920 ± 0.162 for normal value) correlates very closely (p < 0.01) with the raised blood level of lead and urinary output of ALA, and significantly (p < 0.05) with the duration of exposure to lead. However, poor correlations were found between the decrease in ALA dehydratase activity and the increased urinary outputs of coproporphyrin and lead. Erythrocytes obtained from patients with other neurological and hematological disorders showed normal activity of ALA dehydratase. Reduced glutathione was effective for the recovery of the decreased ALA dehydratase activity in lead-poisoned erythrocytes in vivo. It is concluded that the determination of ALA dehydratase activity in erythrocytes offers an excellent measure for the evaluation of lead poisoning and that administration of reduced glutathione seems to be useful for treating patients with lead-poisoning.
LEAD is one of the most toxic metals found in the environment and is of great concern because of its widespread occurrence in nature, but its fate is largely unknown1. Much of the lead dispersed by man is eventually washed into natural waters and is presumably precipitated into the sediments2. The methylation of mercury and arsenic by microorganisms in the environment has been documented and well summarised3. Nothing, however, has been known about the existence of organic forms of lead in the environment as a result of biotransformation4.
S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (SACS), a sulphur containing amino acid of garlic which is the precursor of allicin and garlic oil, has been found to show significant antidiabetic effects in alloxan diabetic rats. Administration of it at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight decreased significantly the concentration of serum lipids, blood glucose and activities of serum enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and liver glucose-6-phosphatase. It increased significantly liver and intestinal HMG CoA reductase activity and liver hexokinase activity.
The effect of chronic subcutaneous administration of lead acetate was studied in female rabbits. The low-dose group (15 animals) received three times a week 0.10-0.20 microgram/kg body weight and the high-dose group (15 animals) 0.80-1.20 micrograms/kg. The control group received the vehicle only. Concentrations of lead in blood in the low-dose group increased to ca. 400 micrograms/l after 70 days and in the high-dose group to ca. 900 micrograms/l after 110 days. After 7.5 months eight animals of each group were sacrificed. The remaining rabbits were kept for an additional 4 months without treatment. Blood lead concentrations decreased with a half-time of 60-70 days. During exposure the gain in body weight was lower in the high-dose group than in the control group and the low-dose group. The high-dose group developed slight anaemia and low MCV, MCH and MCHC, and basophilic stippling of erythrocytes. These effects disappeared during recovery. ALAD activity in erythrocytes was very low during exposure in both exposed groups and did not reach control values during recovery. During exposure the concentrations of ZPP and ALA-U increased, but only ALA-U returned to normal during recovery. No other effects of lead on the composition of the urine were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The authors report a case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma causing paraplegia secondary to a qualitative platelet disorder from excessive garlic ingestion. The case also demonstrates satisfactory recovery from thoracic spinal epidural hematoma in a nonagenarian. Recovery from severe spinal cord compression can occur even in the very elderly.
The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and blood lead concentration (PbB) was examined in 51 bus drivers who were treated for hypertension. These drivers were a subset of a representative sample (N = 342) of the driver population (N = approximately 2,000), and were not selected for hypertension or lead exposure. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 2-24 micrograms/dl (median: 6.9 micrograms/ld). There were 33 subjects treated primarily with diuretics, and 18 subjects were treated with beta blockers. Adjusted regression coefficients relating systolic BP with PbB were -6.4 +/- 11.4 and 4.5 +/- 12.9 mmHg/In(micrograms/dl) in each group, respectively, but were not statistically significant. The adjusted coefficients for diastolic BP were 1.12 +/- 3.89 and 14.3 +/- 5.69 mmHg/In(micrograms/dl) (p = 0.036), respectively. The latter relationship represents an average increment of 12 mmHg in diastolic BP over the range of observed PbBs (2.0 to 11.4 micrograms/dl) in subjects treated with beta blockers. Thus, beta blocker therapy may be less effective in reducing diastolic pressure in individuals with higher PbBs and suggests an action of lead at PbBs below current standards.
Significant rise in urea and D-aspartate aminotransferase and inhibition of alkaline phosphatase in serum were observed in rats fed garlic extract (2 ml/100 g body wt, intragastrically) for 10 days. The liver showed histological changes. Garlic oil feeding (10 mg/100 g body wt, intragastrically) after 24 hr fasting was found lethal. The cause of death appears to be acute pulmonary oedema. On histological examination, all the organs of the dead rats revealed severe congestion. However, similar feeding of garlic oil was well tolerated by rats in the fed state. Also, 24 hr fasted rats could tolerate this dose of garlic oil, provided they were previously adapted to garlic oil feeding.
More than 1,000 24-h duplicates of food consumed were collected from farmers in 49 nonpolluted regions in Japan during the winter and summer seasons of 1977-1981. The samples were analyzed for lead to assess dietary intake. The dietary intake distributed log-normally in both winter and summer. The geometric mean (GM) (geometric standard deviation [GSD]) for winter samples was 38.2 micrograms/d (1.94) for males (N = 381) and 32.8 micrograms/d (1.91) for females (N = 711). A seasonal variation was detected in females but not in males. The findings on regional differences in dietary intake were inconclusive. The levels observed were lower than most values reported in the literature. The low dietary intake levels were in agreement with the low blood lead levels found among the subjects, which may reflect of Japan's decision in 1975 to withdraw alkyl lead from automobile gasoline. No significant correlation could be established between dietary intake and blood lead levels when GMs for the study regions were compared, or when dietary intake and blood lead levels were compared in 555 nonsmoking and nondrinking females who were between 30 and 59 y of age. It is estimated that 2-4 micrograms of lead is absorbed daily from the diet (i.e., food and water), and 0.1-1 micrograms is absorbed via respiration, and that cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may increase lead absorption.
A study on rats of the effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, and its pH-dependent maximal enzyme activity is reported. Over a 5-week period, the lead burden and ALA-D activity in kidney, liver and brain are documented. Lead concentrations in the organs, expressed as micrograms/g protein are in the sequence kidney greater than liver greater than brain and reach essentially a constant level after 3 days of exposure. This is consistent with the existence of an efficient mechanism removing lead from these organs. Lead affects the ALA-D in all three organs by reducing the activity and shifting the pH of maximum enzyme activity to more acidic values. In common with the lead levels, the ALA-D activity does not deteriorate beyond the levels reached after 3 days of exposure. The existence of a mechanism removing lead from the organs is further supported in a recovery study on blood and kidney, in which both lead level and ALA-D activity return essentially to normal values after 7 days of no exposure to lead.
The uptake of iron, zinc, copper and lead by food cooked under domestic conditions in utensils made of different metals (cast iron, aluminium, plain and tinned copper) was investigated. It was found that the metal content of the food was generally related to the metal in immediate contact with the food during cooking. Daily dietary intake could vary from 11 to 6 mg of iron, 11 to 9 mg of zinc, 2 to 1 mg of copper and 0.4 to 0.1 mg of lead, depending on the cooking utensils used. Dietary intake of the metals was also related to sources and domestic practices regarding water supply. Consistent use of municipal water from a domestic hot water system could contribute a daily intake of 32 mg iron, 29 mg zinc and 12 mg copper. Rainwater stored in a galvanized iron tank could provide 23 mg of zinc per day when used for domestic purposes. The nutritional and toxicological significance of such adventitious sources of metals in the diet are discussed. The need to consider them when investigating the metal intake of individuals is stressed.
Four cases of poisoning by tetraethyl lead are described. All the subjects had been simultaneously exposed to tetraethyl lead during the process of scaling a tank which had contained leaded petrol. Exposure was followed after a short interval by an illness in which mental symptoms were prominent. Blood-lead levels were raised to between 64·2 and 92·5 μg. per 100 g. Lead was found predominantly in the lipid fraction of blood. Urinary coproporphyrin-III excretion was slightly raised in only one case, and porphyrin-precursor excretion was normal. Erythrocyte-protoporphyrin excretion was slightly raised in the three most severe cases. There was a pronounced reduction in blood activity of δ-aminolævulinic-acid dehydrase. Urinary lead excretion, which was initially high, was further increased by administration of D-penicillamine.
We have evaluated and modified a current method for estimating δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (5-aminolaevulinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.24) activity in blood, so as to adequately control the pH of the enzyme-substrate solution at the optimum throughout the incubation period. This has improved the sensitivity and reliability of the assay. Also, N-ethylmaleimide has been substituted for a potentially hazardous mercury salt, used to remove sulfhydryl groups before color development with a modified Ehrlich’s reagent.
Although the quantities of lead (Pb) to which individuals are exposed vary widely, susceptibility of an individual to the effects of a specific level of exposure is another highly important factor in development of lead toxicity. For example, susceptibility to lead toxicity can be modified by several dietary factors. Low dietary intakes of calcium or iron (20% of recommended levels) substantially increase the toxicity of the same level of lead exposure to rats. In the studies of calcium effect, when calcium was fed to rats at ⅕ of the recommended intake, 12 μg Pb/ml drinking water produced the same degree of toxicity as did 200 μg Pb/ml with a normal calcium diet. The maximal dose for a 10-week period that does not impair heme synthesis or renal function in the rat has been established to be 200 μg Pb/ml drinking water. The role of low calcium diet on increasing susceptibility to lead has been confirmed in several species.
Mechanisms explaining the effect of calcium on lead toxicity may be related to absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract or renal tubule or to function of the parathyroid. Preliminary histological investigations on the parathyroids of control and lead-treated rats on normal and low calcium diets show no effect of lead.
Studies are currently underway to evaluate the lead, calcium and iron contents of the diets of children with normal and elevated concentrations of blood lead.
Detailed hematologic and biochemical studies in a patient with lead poisoning demonstrate that the potential life span of red cells produced under these circumstances is normal. A shortened mean red cell survival results entirely from the random destruction of some cells. The reduced half-life () of chromium-labeled red cells in this condition is shown to result both from hemolysis and from an increased rate of edition of chromium from the tagged cells. The hemolytic effect of lead is a direct effect on mature red blood cells, which occurs independently of the effects of lead on heme biosynthesis in erythroid precursors. Treatment with EDTA rapidly reverses the latter but not the former. Although lead is an inhibitor of heme biosynthesis in vitro, the presence of both an increased rate of effective erythropoiesis and an increased “early labeled peak” indicates that heme biosynthesis may be increased in the lead-poisoned patient.
An atomic absorption method for the determination of lead in blood and urine is described, which can be applied without prior acid digestion to specimens from patients receiving ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) therapy. The entire procedure is performed in a single tube and provides sufficient concentration of lead to yield adequate absorbance values without scale expansion. Completeness of extraction in the presence and absence of chelating agents has been established with the isotope Pb.210 This procedure has been applied both to the diagnosis of lead poisoning and to the monitoring of lead excretion in patients receiving chelation therapy.
Lead poisoning is a common disease. Its reported incidence varies widely according to physician interest. A mass screening program in New York City has uncovered over 4,000 children with blood lead levels of 60 μg/100 ml or higher. Black children were at greatest risk. Analysis of homes of affected children and comparable controls showed significantly more lead paint available to the child who became a “case.” New screening technology will enable us to better delineate the natural history of lead exposure and its toxicity.
Close negative correlation between the concentration of lead in blood (Pb-B) and the logarithm of erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALA-D) was found for 159 persons with Pb-B levels ranging from 5μg to 95μg per 100 ml. A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.59) between Pb-B and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine was obtained only for Pb-B values over 50μg/100 ml. These results indicate that erythrocyte ALA-D is more accurate and more sensitive than ALA in urine as an indicator of the amount of circulating lead. It is suggested that ALA-D assays can be used as a screening procedure to exclude a lead absorption over a given level. Fairly accurate estimates of the mean Pb-B of groups of people can also be made from their mean ALA-D activity.
Prompted by the reported hypolipidemic activity of garlic, the present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of garlic. Rat hepatocytes in primary culture were used to determine the short-term effects of garlic preparations on [1-14C]acetate and [2-3H]glycerol incorporation into cholesterol, fatty acids and glycerol lipids. When compared with the control group, cells treated with a high concentration of garlic extracts [i.e., petroleum ether- (PEF), methanol- (MEF) and water-extractable (WEF) fractions from fresh garlic] showed decreased rates of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol (by 37-64%) and into fatty acids (by 28-64%). Kyolic containing S-allyl cysteine and organosulfur compounds inhibited cholesterogenesis in a concentration dependent manner with a maximum inhibition of 87% at 0.4 mM. At this concentration, Kyolic decreased [1-14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids by 67%. S-allyl cysteine at 2.0 and 4.0 mM inhibited cholesterogenesis by 20-25%. PEF, MEF and WEF depressed the rates of [2-3H]glycerol incorporation into triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and phospholipids in the presence of acetate, but not in the presence of oleate. The results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic stems, in part, from decreased hepatic cholesterogenesis, whereas the triacylglycerol-lowering effect appears to be due to inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Primary hepatocyte cultures as used in the present study have been proven useful as tools for screening the anticholesterogenic properties of garlic principles.
The comparative toxic effects of oral and intraperitoneal administration of garlic extracts on lung and liver tissue of rats were studied. Administration of low doses of garlic (50 mg/kg) to rats either orally or intraperitoneally had little effect on lung and liver tissues as compared to control animals. In contrast, administration of high doses of garlic (500 mg/kg) resulted in profound changes in lung and liver tissues of rats. Intraperitoneal administration of the high dose of garlic was more damaging to lung and liver tissue of rats than oral administration.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of various concentrations and incubation time intervals of diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active principle of garlic, on cell viability, and glutathione (GSH) concentration and its related enzymes activities in rat hepatocytes. According to the results of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and microscopic examination, 0.5 or 1 mM DAS treatment did not have any adverse effects on the viability of hepatocytes. Intracellular GSH contents of cells treated with 0.5 and 1 mM DAS (58.6 and 66.4 nmol GSH/mg protein, respectively) were higher than in the controls (54.2 nmol GSH/mg protein), around 8-23%, at 24 hr of incubation; a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed for 1 mM DAS treatment at 48 hr. This phenomenon is beneficial to the detoxification and antioxidation capabilities of hepatocytes. Further, when the hepatocytes were treated with 0.5 or 1 mM DAS, the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd) were almost the same as those of the controls. On the other hand, treatment with 5 mM DAS was associated with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in cell viability, namely in increased LDH leakage (50% at 24-hr treatment), significant changes in the morphology of the hepatocytes, low intracellular GSH level (45% lower than in the controls at 24-hr treatment), and low activities of GST, GPx and Grd.
Two compounds found in garlic, diallyl sulfide (DAS) and diallyl disulfide (DDS), were tested for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. DDS was found to be more cytotoxic than DAS (showing a Dq of 1.6 micrograms/ml and a D0 of 0.6 microgram/ml as opposed to values of 295 and 90 micrograms/ml, respectively). Both compounds were found to induce both chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) with DDS again being more active on a weight-for-weight basis, exhibiting activity at concentrations below 10 micrograms/ml compared with the levels of 300 micrograms/ml and above required for DAS to show any effect. The addition of rat liver S-9 activation fraction to the assays modified the effects of the two compounds in a non-consistent manner. It reduced the induction of SCEs by both compounds, enhanced the generation of aberrations by DDS (but not by DAS) and radically altered the parameters of both survival curves, reducing the Dq values almost to zero but increasing the D0 values.
Adult male rats of wistar strain were fed diets containing (w/w) 2% garlic (group II), 0.5% ginger (group III) and a combination of garlic plus ginger (group IV) for 4 weeks to study their effects on serum biochemical parameters. A significant increase in body weight was observed in all groups except that fed ginger (group III). A significant decrease in blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and serum alkaline phosphatase were found in all groups, whereas serum triglycerides were decreased significantly only in group IV. Serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased only in groups III and IV. However, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were significantly decreased in animals fed with combination of the two, compared to garlic/ginger alone. Hence, a combination of garlic and ginger is much more effective in reducing blood glucose and serum lipids.
Garlic constituents, the volatile oil, alliin, S-allylmercaptocysteine (ASSC) and S-methylmercapto-cysteine (MSSC) were subjected to assay for their antihepatotoxic activity using the IN VITRO and IN VIVO liver damage models. Marked inhibitory activity was found with the volatile oil, ASSC and MSSC in carbon tetrachloride (CCl (4))- and galactosamine (GalN)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes as model systems. ASSC exhibited a remarkable inhibitory action and the volatile oil, alliin and MSSC showed tendencies to elicit protective actions in GalN-produced liver lesion in rats. The volatile oil inhibited CCl (4)-induced free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, indicating that anti-oxidative activity participates in the inhibitory effect of the volatile oil in CCl (4)-evoked liver damage.
Environmental exposure to lead In The biogeochemistry of lead in the environment
- Kr Mahaffey
- Kr Mahaffey
Role of nurtrition in heavy metal toxicity
- G Petering
- L Murthy
- L Cerklewski
- G Petering
- L Murthy
- L Cerklewski
A study on the contents of heavy metals of fishery products in south coast of Korea
- Hj Sheo
- Sw Hong
- Choi
- Hj Sheo
- Sw Hong
- Choi
Effects of garlic juice on toxicity of mercury in rat
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- Ys Kim
- Ks Kim
- Jung
- Hj Sheo
- Ys Kim
- Ks Kim
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Determination of blood levels in adolescents in Korea
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- Jy Yang
- Jh Lee
- Ms Hwang
- Jo
- Y Chung
- Jy Yang
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- Ms Hwang
- Jo
Heavy metals contents and organochlorine pesticide residures in commercial salted and fermented seafood
- Bh Ryu
- Ms Ha
- Ds Kim
- Sin
- Db
- Hj Hur
- Jung
- Bh Ryu
- Ms Ha
- Ds Kim
- Sin
- Db
- Hj Hur
- Jung
Effects of extract of Pueraria radix on hematological properties and lead level of the tissues of the Pb-adrninistered rats
- Js Lee
- Mj Kim
- Park
- Js Lee
- Mj Kim
- Park
Histopathological and histochemical studies on the effect of garlic and garlic oil to the rats
- Ih Ro
- Lee
- Ih Ro
- Lee