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The seasonal variation of marine algal biomass and community were studied with nondestructive sampling and quadrat method during May 2006 to April 2008 in the intertidal and subtidal zone at Yokjido. As result, total 120 species, 13 Chlorophyta, 34 Phaeophyta, 71 Rhodophyta and 2 Spermatophyta were identified in this study. The major species which contributed significantly to the total biomass were Ulva pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida, Ecklonia stolonifera, Sargassum horneri, S. serratifolium, Gelidium amansii and Prionitis cornea. The mean biomass was 235.5 g wet wt m in intertidal, 1,038.9 g wet wt m in 1 m, 1,013.1 g wet wt m in 5 m, and 19.7 g wet wt m in 10 m depths of mean sea level. Seasonal biomass change in intertidal zone, the peak season was in spring, while the lowest was in autumn. The vertical distribution of marine vegetation was characterized by Ulva pertusa - Gelidium divaricatum - Gloiopeltis furcata - Sargassum thunbergii - Hizikia fusiformis at intertidal zone, and Caulerpa okamurae - Gelidium amansii - Chondrus ocellatus - Ecklonia stolonifera - Sargassum horneri - Gracilaria textorii at subtidal zone. These result indicates that the marine algal species and biomass of 1 m and 5 m depths in subtidal zone are greater than intertidal zone, and Ecklonia stolonifera and Sargassum spp. are the dominant species of Yokjido.
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서론
해조류는 연안생태계에서 중요한 일차 생산자로서 물질순
환을 주도하고 생물자원으로서 오랫동안 인류에 의해 이용
되고 있다(Zimmerman et al. 1994). 해조류는 식용으로서의
용도 외에도 의약품, 공업용, 사료용, 비료용 등으로 광범위
하게 이용되며, 연안에 서식하는 어류와 패류의 산란, 서식
먹이 제공, 바이오 에너지원 등으로 이용되거나 주목받고
있다(Dawes 1998; Worm et al. 2000). 또한 해조류는 영양
제거에 따른 biofilter 기능과 부착생물의 착생기질로서
다양성을 증대시키는 기능을 한다(Hemminga et al.
1999; McCall et al. 1999; 강과 2004).
최근에는 해양이 탄소순환을 지구적으로 조절하는
면에서 연안에 서식하는 해조류가 많은 양의 CO2를대기및
해양으로부터 흡수하는 흡수원으로서 이산화탄소를 저감하
기술로 활용할 있다는 개념의 정립과 함께 많은 양의
CO2저감 효과와 같은 중요한 역할을 기대할 있다는
면에서 중요성이 높아지고 있다(윤 1999).
하지만 최근 이러한 해산식물은 환경오염, 도시화와 산업
화에 따른 각종 오염물질의 유입, 해양에서 빈번하게 발생하
선박사고에 의한 유류 유출사고, 해안개발에 따른 해안
이용도 증가로 인한 생태계 변화 주요 수산자원의 생산력
저하를 초래하고 있다(Lobban and Harrison 1994).
Algae
Volume 23(4): 311-316, 2008
한국 연안 해조류 생물량의 연간 변동 양상:
경상남도 욕지도 지역
최창근1*∙김정하2∙정익교3
(1부경대학교 양식학과, 2성균관대학교 생명과학과, 3부산대학교 해양과학과)
Temporal Variation of Seaweed Biomass in Korean Coasts:
Yokjido, Gyeongnam Province
Chang Geun Choi1*, Jeong Ha Kim2and Ik Kyo Chung3
1Department of Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
2Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
3Department of Marine Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
The seasonal variation of marine algal biomass and community were studied with nondestructive sampling and
quadrat method during May 2006 to April 2008 in the intertidal and subtidal zone at Yokjido. As result, total 120
species, 13 Chlorophyta, 34 Phaeophyta, 71 Rhodophyta and 2 Spermatophyta were identified in this study. The
major species which contributed significantly to the total biomass were Ulva pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida, Ecklonia
stolonifera, Sargassum horneri, S. serratifolium, Gelidium amansii and Prionitis cornea. The mean biomass was 235.5 g wet
wt m–2 in intertidal, 1,038.9 g wet wt m–2 in 1 m, 1,013.1 g wet wt m–2 in 5 m, and 19.7 g wet wt m–2 in 10 m depths of
mean sea level. Seasonal biomass change in intertidal zone, the peak season was in spring, while the lowest was in
autumn. The vertical distribution of marine vegetation was characterized by Ulva pertusa - Gelidium divaricatum -
Gloiopeltis furcata - Sargassum thunbergii - Hizikia fusiformis at intertidal zone, and Caulerpa okamurae - Gelidium amansii
- Chondrus ocellatus - Ecklonia stolonifera - Sargassum horneri - Gracilaria textorii at subtidal zone. These result indicates
that the marine algal species and biomass of 1 m and 5 m depths in subtidal zone are greater than intertidal zone,
and Ecklonia stolonifera and Sargassum spp. are the dominant species of Yokjido.
Key Words: biomass, community, nondestructive sampling, seasonal variation, vertical distribution
*Corresponding author (changgeuni@hanmail.net)
해조류와 같은 해양생태계의 일차 구성원이 되는 해산식
물의 감소(김 2007; 2007)는 우리나라 연안의 환경보
전과 생산력 증대에 많은 문제점을 일으킬 아니라, 갯
녹음 현상과 같은 사회적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. 따라서
갯녹음의 원인 구명과 해조군집 해중림의 복원에 많은
심들을 기울였지만 현재의 상황과 해조군집의 다양성, 현존
등을 비교할 있는 과거 자료가 충분하지 않기 때문에
과학적 자료에 근거한 정확한 판단을 내릴 없다는 것이
문제로 남아있다. 따라서 국내 연안 해조류를 대상으로 지역
해조상, 생물량 해조군집의 연간 변동을 생태학적으로
근하여 밝히는 연구는 우리나라 해조자원을 보다 명백히
명한다는 목적과 한국 해조생태학의 필수적인 자료 확보
축적에 기여할 있으므로 매우 중요하다고 판단된다.
연구는 한국 연안 해조류 생물량의 연간 변동 양상을
파악하기 위하여 남해안 욕지도 지역의 조간대 조하대에
서식하는 해조류의 군집 구조와 분포특성을 파악하기 위하
수행되었다.
료및방
해조류 군집연구는 경상남도 통영시 욕지면 욕지도 인근
해역의 조간대 조위별 상, 중, 하부와 조하대 1 m, 5 m, 10
m수심에서 각각 5 연구지역의 해조류 식생을 대표할
있는 곳을 선정하여 20065월부터 20084월까지 24개월
계절별로 실시하였다.
해조군락의 분석을 위한 연구는 정성과 정량적인 방법으
수행되었으며, 조하대의 경우에는 SCUBA diving으로
사하였다. 생물량 추정을 위한 해조류의 채취는 해조군집의
훼손을 최소화하기 위하여 비파괴적인 방법(nondestructive
sampling)을 적용하였다(Littler and Littler 1985). 생물량
추정을 하기 위한 해조류 채취는 25개의 소방형구(0.1 m ×
0.1 m)로 나누어진 0.5 m ×0.5 m 크기의 방형구를 설치하여
대표성을 나타내는 1-2개의 방형구 내에 출현하는 모든 해조
류를 끌칼 등으로 완전히 수거한 10% 포르말린-해수
액으로 고정하여 실험실로 운반하였다. 또한 조사 정점의
해역 기질을 자세히 조사하면서 곳에 서식하는 해조류
정성적으로 채집하였다.
조사 연구지역인 욕지도에 출현하는 대형 해조류인 곰피,
미역(Undaria pinnatifida), 모자반류 등은 10 cm 간격으로
이등(size class)을 설정하여 측정하였다. 0-10 cm 이내를
class 1로, 11-20 cm 이내를 class 2 등으로 표시하여 샘플의
길이를 길이 등급별로 측정하였다(최 2007). 해조류 생물
산정은 해조류 종별 피도 또는 길이 등급(size class)에
습중량의 회귀공식을 도출하고 비파괴적 방법으로 연구
자료에 반영하여 산출하였으며 단위면적 무게(g wet
wt. m–2)로 환산하여 표시하였다(Table 1).
동정된 해조류의 학명과 목록은 한국 해조목록의 분류체
계(강 1968; 이와 1986; 이와 2002) 일본해조류도
감(󲺱󲜺 1996; 吉󲫨 1998)을 기준으로 하였다.
과및고
연구기간 욕지도 인근 해역에서 채집된 해산식물의
현종수120종으로 녹조류 13종, 갈조류 34종, 홍조류
71 해산현화식물 2종이 출현하였다(Table 2). 계절별
연구에서는 33-74종의 범위였으며, 계절별 분포 특성을 보면
분류군별로 출현한 해조류의 출현 수는 크게 차이를 보이
않았다. 계절별 녹조류 출현 수는 3-7종, 갈조류는
20084월을 제외하면 8-14종, 홍조류 역시 같은 시기를
외하면 20-31 사이에서 출현하였다. 20084월의 경우
조류는 다른 계절과 차이가 없었지만, 갈조류와 홍조류의
출현 수는 각각 22종, 44종으로 다른 연구시기에 비해
대적으로 다양한 해조류가 출현하였다. 이는 겨울철과 봄철
다양한 해조류가 출현하여 다른 계절에 비해 출현
풍부해지는 일반적인 해조류의 분포 특성이라고 판단된
다.
계절별로 연중 출현하는 보편적인 해조류로는 녹조류인
옥덩굴(Caulerpa okamurae), 구멍갈파래(Ulva pertusa), 갈조
류인 불레기말(Colpomenia sinuosa), 곰피 (Ecklonia
stolonifera), 톳(Hizikia fusiformis), 패(Ishige okamurae), 구슬
모자반(Sargassum piluliferum), 지충이(S. thunbergii), 홍조류
우뭇가사리(Gelidium amansii), 애기우뭇가사리(G.
divaricatum), 잎꼬시래기(Gracilaria textorii), 진분홍딱지
(Hildenbrandtia rubra), 혹돌잎(Lithophyllum okamurae), 작은
312 Algae Vol. 23(4), 2008
Table 1. Regression equation for the estimation of major algal
biomass
Species Regression equation
Coverage Size class
Ecklonia stolonifera y = 7.63x - 9.35
Sargassum serratifolium y = 4.42x - 1.60
Undaria pinnatifida y = 5.93x - 8.98
Sargassum horneri y = 8.73x - 25.94
Sargassum fulvellum y = 19.26x - 42.74
Myagropsis myagroides y = 25.07x - 57.24
Ulva pertusa y = 3.03x + 10.28
Gelidium amansii y = 1.44x + 5.41
Prionitis cornea y = 6.39x - 35.20
Hypnea saidana y = 1.92x - 3.36
Chondrus crispus y = 6.58x - 31.91
Lomentaria catenata y = 3.43x - 11.30
구슬산호말(Corallina pilulifera), 참곱슬이(Plocamium
telfairiae), 애기돌가사리(Chondracanthus intermedia), 돌가사
리(C. tenellus), 개서실(Chondria crassicaulis), 진두발
(Chondrus ocellatus), 마디잘록이(Lomentaria catenata), 잔금
분홍잎(Acrosorium polyneurum), 무절산호조류
(Melobesioidean algae), 해산현화식물인 Halophila ovalis, 거머
리말(Zostera marina)로 24종이 관찰되었다.
남해의 하계 해조군집 연구에서 등(1993)은 욕지도의
조하대 해조상을 44종으로 보고하여 이번 연구에 비해 빈약
출현 수를 보고하였는데, 이는 하계에 국한된 연구였
때문에 출현 수가 다소 빈약하게 나타난 것으로 판단
된다. 출현종이나 주요종의 목록을 비교해보면 이번 연구와
유사함을 있다. 김(1991)은 충무 연안의 해조상 연구
에서 충무 연안의 저조선 1 m 부근은 미역이 대상분포를
지역의 우점종으로 구멍갈파래, 청각, 불레기말, 괭생
이모자반, 미야베모자반(S. miyabei), 잎꼬시래기 등으로
지도 지역과 유사한 해조상을 보고하였다. 돌산도의 조하대
해조군락 연구에서는(손 1983) 조하대의 수직분포가
간대에 비해 뚜렷하지는 않지만, 조하대에서 군락을 이루며
우점하는 주요 종들이 지역간에 유사하게 연구되어, 기존
몇몇 연구지역에서 보고된 조하대에서 출현하는 해조류
종조성이 크게 차이가 나지 않음을 있다.
계절에 따른 주요 출현종의 평균 생물량 변화는 Fig. 1
같다. 평균 생물량은 대부분 겨울철과 봄철 연구시에 가장
높았다. 구멍갈파래의 경우에는 여름과 가을철 연구시에
높은 생물량을 보였다. 200610 연구시 356.2 g m–2
생물량이 가장 높았고, 2006년과 2007 여름 연구시에도
계절에 비해 높게 나타났다. 괭생이모자반은 겨울철과
철에 높은 생물량을 보였는데 20074월에 804.2 g m–2
가장 높았고, 2006년과 2007년의 여름철 조사시에는 출현하
않는 계절적인 변동을 보여주었다. 홍조류인 우뭇가사리
연중 고르게 출현하여 생물량의 변화폭은 크지 않았지만,
여름과 가을 연구에서 높았고 20077월인 여름철 연구에
162.6 g m–2 가장 높게 나타났다.
연구 수심에 따른 계절별 생물량 변동은 Table 3과같.
조간대에 서식하는 해조류의 평균 생물량은 235.3 g m–2
연구되었는데, 봄철 연구인 20074월과 20084월에 각각
414.3 g m–2, 468.8 g m–2 상대적으로 다른 계절에 비해
았다. 이는 봄철 연구시 갈조류인 톳과 지충이가 우점하였기
때문에 다른 계절에 비해 높은 생물량을 나타낸 것으로 판단
된다. 이 외에 다른 계절에 연구된 시기별 생물량 변동은
차이를 보이지 않았다. 조하대의 경우, 1 m5 m 수심에
식하는 해조류의 계절별 생물량 변동은 변화폭이 크지 않았
Choi et al.: Seaweed Biomass Changes in Yokjido 313
Table 2. Seasonal change in marine algal and floristic composition in Yokjido
Division 2006 2007 2008 Total
Jul. Oct. Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Jan. Apr.
Chlorophyta 3 3 4 3 5 7 4 6 13
Phaeophyta 8 9 13 14 8 10 12 22 34
Rhodophyta 20 24 31 25 27 30 20 44 71
Spermatophyta 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sum 33 38 50 44 42 49 38 74 120
Table 3. Seasonal change in mean biomass (g wet weight m–2)
according to the depth in Yokjido
Date Intertidal Subtidal
1m 5m 10m
2006 Jul. 284.0 297.5 721.3 50.8
Oct. 118.0 844.4 1,292.3 0
2007 Jan. 128.2 1,962.1 1,259.8 106.4
Apr. 414.3 744.5 902.4 0
Jul. 178.7 2,137.2 1,024.5 0
Oct. 156.1 481.4 1,018.6 0
2008 Jan. 134.2 1,386.5 1,483.2 0
Apr. 468.8 457.2 422.0 0
Mean 235.3 1,038.9 1,013.1 19.7
Fig. 1. Seasonal change in biomass of major marine algae in
Yokjido. U. per: Ulva pertusa, U. pin: Undaria pinnatifida, S.
hor: Sargassum horneri, S. ser: Sargassum serratifolium, G. ama:
Gelidium amansii, P. cor: Prionitis cornea.
고, 대체로 가을과 겨울철에 높게 나타났다. 5 m 수심에서는
다년생 갈조류인 곰피가 우점하였기 때문에 생물량의 변화
폭이 크지 않았던 것으로 판단된다. 10 m 수심은 바닥이
구성되어 있기 때문에 해조류의 착생 서식이 불리하여
다른 수심에 비해 상대적으로 출현하는 해조류의 출현
생물량이 낮게 연구되었다.
해조류 생물량에 관한 다양한 연구에서 대부분 해조류의
생물량이 겨울철 또는 봄철에 가장 높고, 여름철에 가장
계절별 변동을 많이 나타내고 있다. 광양만 일대(이
1975) 서식 해조류의 생물량은 봄철에 최대값을, 여름철에는
최소값을 나타내 유사한 계절적 변동을 나타냈다.
(1982)은 남해안 돌산도에서 해조류의 생물량을 연구한
지충이와 등이 겨울에서 봄철에 이르는 동안 지역
해조류 군락의 85-90%를 차지하여 절대 우점종이라고 밝혔
는데, 욕지도에서도 봄철에는 이들 해조류가 조간대의 최우
점종으로 연구되었다. 고(1990)는 현존량을 이용한 생물량
(biomass)은 피도나 밀도처럼 군집의 속성을 이해할
으며, 상위 영양단계에 기여할 있는 결합 먹이 에너지
(bound food energy)를 표현한다는 점에서 중요한 생태지수
간주된다고 하였다. 거문도에서 연구된 생물량의 변동을
계절별로 비교해 보면, 평균적으로 지충이, 작은구슬산호말,
불등풀가사리, 톳 등이 차례로 높은 생물량을 나타냈다고
고하여 욕지도에서 연구된 생물량의 변동과 유사했다.
연구지역인 욕지도의 조간대와 조하대에 서식하는 해조류
수직분포는 Table 4 같다. 조간대 상부에서는 녹조류인
구멍갈파래와 홍조류인 애기우뭇가사리, 불등풀가사리
(Gloiopeltis furcata)가 우점하였다. 중부의 경우 이들 해조류
314 Algae Vol. 23(4), 2008
Table 4. General vertical distribution of marine algae
investigated in Yokjido
Depth Species
Intertidal Upper Ulva pertusa, Gelidium divaricatum,
Gloiopeltis furcata
Middle Ulva pertusa, Sargassum thunbergii,
Gloiopeltis furcata
Lower Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum thunbergii,
Chondria crassicaulis
Subtidal 1 m Caulerpa okamurae, Gelidium amansii,
Chondrus ocellatus, Chondracanthus
intermedia, Plocamium telfairiae
5 m Ecklonia stolonifera, Sargassum horneri,
Gelidium amansii
10 m Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria textorii
Fig. 2. Benthic marine algal communities on the shore in Yokjido. A. Caulerpa okamurae in 1 m depth, B. Peyssonnelia caulifera on the
rock in 5 m depth, C. Halophila ovalis in 5 m depth, D. Seagrass bed of Zostera marina with juvenile Sebastes inermis in 5 m depth.
외에 갈조류인 지충이가 분포하였고, 조간대 하부에서는
조류 톳과 지충이, 홍조류인 개서실이 우점하여 분포하였다.
조하대에서는 1 m 수심에서 녹조류인 옥덩굴, 홍조류인
뭇가사리, 애기돌가사리 등이 분포하였고, 5 m 수심에서는
갈조류인 곰피와 괭생이모자반이 우점하였다. 수심 10 m
경우에는 기질이 뻘로 구성되어서 많은 해조류가 분포하지
않았지만, 홍조류인 우뭇가사리와 잎꼬시래기(Gracilaria
textorii)가 분포하였다.
고(1990)는 거문도의 수직분포가 조간대에서 봄철에 불등
풀가사리, 참풀가사리(상부), 톳, 지충이(중부), 불레기말,
구멍갈파래, 돌가사리(하부)로 구성됨을 보고하였고, 해조
류의 피도와 현존량의 구배를 계절적으로 비교해 보면 계절
봄에서 가을로 바뀌면서 해조류의 분포 중심이 조간대
부에서 하부로 이동된다고 하였다. 하지만 해조류 분포 중심
이동되는 경향은 지역에 따라 차이가 난다고 보고하였다.
남해안 돌산도(손 1982, 1983), 광양만(송 1986;
1975), 남해 조하대(강 1993)에서 연구된 해조군락의
직분포는 수위에 따라 차이는 있지만 대부분 애기우뭇가사
리, 잎파래(Enteromorpha linza), 개서실, 구멍갈파래, 지충이
등이 공통적으로 출현하여 유사한 수직분포를 나타내었다.
또한 최(1992)는 한국 서남해안 해조류의 조간대 수직분포
불등풀가사리, 애기우뭇가사리(상부), 지충이, 구멍갈파
래, 톳(중부), 작은구슬산호말, 개서실, 참보라색우무, 모자
반류(하부)가 생육하는 것으로 보고하였고, 여러 지역에서
연구한 이러한 수직분포 결과는 욕지도에서 나타난 수직분
결과와 유사함을 있다.
욕지도는 수심 5 m 부근까지 자연 암반이 발달하여 다양
해조류가 착생하기에 적합한 것으로 조사되었다. 수심 1
m부근 해역에서는 다양한 종류의 해조류가 서식하는데, 열
대성 해조류로 알려진 녹조류 옥덩굴(Fig. 2A), 갈조류 모자
반류, 홍조류 우뭇가사리, 가시우무, 돌가사리류가 우점
였다. 욕지도의 조하대는 수심 5 m 부근부터 암반과 뻘로
성되어 부유물질로 인한 낮은 투명도, 불량한 시야를 갖는
특징이 있다. 홍조류인 자루바다표고(Peyssonnelia caulifera)
조하대의 그늘진 암반 주변, 구석진 어두운 곳에서도
식하는 약한 조건에서도 생육하는데, 욕지도의 5-6 m
수심에서 흔하게 확인되었다(Fig. 2B). 5-7 m 수심의 뻘로
구성된 곳에서는 해산현화식물인 Halophila ovalis(Fig. 2C)가
2년의 조사기간 동안 계절에 생육이 확인되었다.
Halophila ovalis 우리나라 남해안의 여수, 남해 등과 일본
대마도 등지에서 서식이 확인되었지만, 현재 분포 우리나
라의 고유 토착종인지 외래 유입종인지에 관한 연구 등이
흡한 실정이다. 따라서 종에 대한 분류, 생태학적인 연구
이루어져야 것으로 판단된다. 이 외에도 해산현화식물
거머리말(Zostera marina)이 Halophila ovalis와동일지
에서 생육하며, 울창한 해초장(seagrass bed)을 형성하여
락(Sebstes inermis), 쑤기미(Inimicus japonicus), 용치놀래기
(Halichoeres poecilopterus) 등의 어류가 서식장으로 활용함을
알수있(Fig. 2D).
2년간 연구된 욕지도 주변 해역의 연구 결과로 해조
생물량의 변동 해조군집은 인근 지역인 통영, 비진도,
연화도, 돌산도 등지의 남해 연안과 유사하게 나타냈다.
렇지만 인근의 많은 지역에서 조하대 연구가 수행되거나
적된 자료가 부족하기 때문에 주변 지역과 정확하게 비교
석하기에는 많은 제약이 따른다. 따라서 국내 연안 해조류
생물량의 연간 변동 뿐만 아니라 저서생태계의 자료 확보
축적, 훼손된 지역의 생태복원 자료 활용 면에서 지속적
으로 모니터링과 조사, 연구를 수행하여야 필요성이 높다
판단된다.
사사
논문은 국토해양부“해조류를 이용한 온실가스 저감기
개발”연구개발사업의 연구비 지원에 의하여 연구되었음.
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Received 15 October 2008
Accepted 20 November 2008
316 Algae Vol. 23(4), 2008
... , 2 235.30 g wet wt/m 2 (Choi et al., 2008), ...
... ≥4.0 (Feldmann, 1937), (C/P) 0.4-1.5 (Segawa, 1956).Cheney (1977), 1982C, Chlorophyta; P, Phaeophyta; R, Rhodophyta; ND, No Data (Lee and Kim, 1977;Koh, 1990;Choi, 1992;Choi, 2008;Ahn et al., 2013). (Choi et al., 2008), , . , . ...
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... -213 - (Dawes, 1998;Zemke-White and Ohno, 1999;Choi et al., 2002;Choi et al., 2008), 환경변화 에 민감한 특성으로 인하여 생물학적 지표로서의 활용 가능 성도 높다( Orfanidis et al., 2001;2003;Tribollet and Vroom 2007 (Yotsui and Maesako, 1993;Lobban and Harrison, 1994;Choi, 2007) Hwang et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2002). Kang(1960) 이후 Kang (1966, Lee(1974;1976), Lee and Lee(1976;1982), Lee and West (1979), Yoon(1985), Lee et al.(1986), Oh et al.(1987), Boo(1988) 등의 해조상 및 분류학적 연구가 활발히 이루어졌다. ...
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This study was conducted to investigate marine algal community characteristics and the status of barren ground in the summer at study sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Sampling was carried out from July to September 2017 using a qualitative and quantitative survey (including coverage of non-geniculated coralline algae and density of grazer) by scuba diving. A total of 121 species were identified, including 11 (9.1 %) green algae, 24 (19.8 %) brown algae, and 86 (71.1 %) red algae. Hyeongjeseom had the greatest diversity, with 60 species, and Harye the least, with 18 species. The mean biomass at the study sites was 1,503.0 g·m-2, while the mean for the neighboring islets (3,268.7 g·m-2) was higher than that of the main island (914.7 g·m-2). Also, dominant species was identified: Sargassum macrocarpum at the neighboring islets, and Ecklonia cava at the main island, with differences showing not only in biomass but also species composition. In conclusion, the marine algal community status in summer at the study sites was evaluated based on the algal community characteristics (species composition, biomass, biomass ratio of kelp species), coverage of non-geniculated coralline algae, and density of grazer. As a result, both Hyeongjeseom and Marado require preservation and management to maintain their excellent marine algal communities, and other sites on the main island require the creation and/or restoration of marine algal communities. In addition, as the generation of barren ground accelerates, it is urgent not only to grasp existing monitoring research but also to identify the status of the marine algal community where it is not known at present.
... 해조류는 연안생태계에서 일차생산자로서의 역할 뿐만 아니라 물질순환을 주도하고 생물자원, 유용 수산물의 산란, 서식지, 먹이 원, 바이오 에너지원, 의약품 원료, 산업용 원재료 및 식품으로써 크게 기여하고 있으며, 오랫동안 인간에 의해 이용되고 있다 (Choi et al., 2008;Graham et al., 2009). 또한 부영양화된 해역에서 바 이오필터 기능에 의한 영양염 제거, 부착생물의 착생기질 등 해양 생태계의 생물다양성을 증대시키는 역할을 한다( McCall et al., 1999). ...
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Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in subtidal zone of Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea from May 2012 to August 2013. A total of 122 species were collected and identified, including 12 green algae, 29 brown algae, and 81 red algae. Of these, 38 species were found throughout the survey period. Average seaweed biomass was 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. m^{-2} in spring, 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. m^{-2} in summer, 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. m^{-2} in autumn, and 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. m^{-2} in winter. The vertical distribution based on biomass were Grateloupia lanceolata, Acrosorium venulosum, Lomentaria catenata - Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris pacifica, Sargassum horneri, Ecklonia cava - Desmarestia viridis, E. cava, S. horneri from upper to lower subtidal zone. The flora was classified into six functional groups: filamentous form (34.43%), coarsely branched form (25.41%), sheet form (24.59%), thick leather form (9.71%), crustose form (5.74%) and jointed calcareous form (0.82%). The C/P, R/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.41, 2.79 and 3.21, respectively. Also, diversity index (H`) and dominance index (DI) indicate that the algal community and environmental condition of Wangdol-cho is stable. We recommend that Wangdol-cho subtidal zone should be more protected from human activities such as turbulence and eutrophication in order to maintain species diversity and abundance of algae.
... , , , , (Sohn, 1987Park et al., 2007). (Choi, 2008;Kwon and Choi, 2014), , , , , , ...
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Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at Oryukdo, on the southeast coast of Korea, from March 2011 to February 2014. A Total of 66 seaweed species including 6 green, 7 brown and 53 red algae were identified and 23 species were found throughout the survey period. Seaweed biomass was maximal during summer in 2012 (2276.2 g wet weight m^{-2}) and minimal in winter in 2012 (9.1 g wet weight m^{-2}). The dominant species in term of biomass were Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris prolifera, Dictyota dichotoma, Sargassum horneri, Rhodymenia intricata, Acrosorium polyneurum, and Polyneura japonica during the suvery period. The flora could be classified into six functional groups: coarsely branched form (30.3%), filamentous form (24.2%), thick leather form (19.7%), sheet form (15.2%), jointed calcareous form (7.6%), and crustose form (3.0%). The numbers of marine algal species in the Oryukdo area were markedly reduced when compared with previous studies at Dongbaekseom in 1971. These results suggest possible future changes in the algal vegetation, considering the physical and chemical pollution loadings in the coastal marine environment of this area.
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2017년 5월부터 6월까지 스쿠버 다이 빙(scuba diving)을 이용하여 정량 및 정성 조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 녹조류 13종(10.7 %), 갈조류 18종(14.9 %), 홍조류 90종(74.4 %) 등 총 121종의 해조류가 출현하였고, 조간대에서 총 56종, 조하대에서 총 110종으로 조하대 출현종이 2배가량 많았으며, 해역별로는 문동 88종, 공수 76종, 대변 75종 순으로 높았다. 연구 해역의 평균 생물량은 1,501.5 g·m-2 로 확인되었으며, 조간대 1,133.5 g·m-2 , 조하대 1,869.4 g·m-2 로 조하대가 더 높았고, 해역별로는 문동 2,234.0 g·m-2 , 공수 1,228.1 g·m-2 , 대변 1,044.4 g·m-2 순으로 높았다. 높은 생물량을 나타낸 종은 조간대 에서 Ulva australis, Sargassum thunbergii, Corallina pilulifera, 조하대에서 Sargassum macrocarpum, Undaria pinnatifida, Phycodrys fimbriata로 확인 되었다. 해조류 기능형군별 피도 비율에 따라 군집 상태를 분석한 결과 연구 해역 전체는 'Low', 집단별로는 'Low'~'Moderate' 상태를 나 타내었고, 이는 기회종(opportunistic species)이 기장 해역 전체에 걸쳐 폭넓게 분포하고 있는 것을 나타내기 때문에 교란이나 환경오염 등 의 문제가 고려된다. 특히 기장 해역은 해조류 양식이 주를 이루고 있어 양식장 조성과 국가어항개발 및 연안 정비 등의 연안개발로 인한 인위적인 영향이 해조 군집에 지속적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되며, 해역 전반에 걸친 해조 군집의 장기 모니터링과 우수한 해조 군집 에 대한 관리 방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 핵심용어 : 부산, 기장, 해조류, 해조 군집, 생물량, 군집 상태 Abstract : Quantitative and qualitative surveys were conducted during scuba diving activity between May 2017 and June 2017 in order to analyze spring marine algal community structure at Gijang-gun, Busan. A total of 121 species including 13 (10.7 %) Chlorophyta, 18 (14.9 %) Phaeophyta, and 90 (74.4 %) Rhodophyta were identified. The species count in the subtidal zone (110 species) was twice as high as in the intertidal zone (56 species). In terms of regions, 88,76, and 75 species were found in Mundong, Gongsu, and Daebyeon, respectively. Mean biomass for the whole study area was 1,501.5 g·m-2 , higher for the subtidal zone (1,869.4 g·m-2) than for the intertidal zone (1,133.5 g·m-2). Mean biomass by region values were 2,234.0 g·m-2 , 1,228.1 g·m-2 , and 1,044.4 g·m-2 for Mundong, Gongsu, and Daebyeon, respectively. Ulva australis, Sargassum thunbergii, and Corallina pilulifera had high biomass in the intertidal zone, while Sargassum macrocarpum, Undaria pinnatifida, and Phycodrys fimbriata had high biomass in the subtidal zone. The composition ratio of marine algal functional forms suggests that the entire study area had 'Low' status, and all sites fell within 'Low' to 'Moderate' status. Results indicate that opportunistic species are widely distributed throughout the Gijang-gun coast, hence potential effects of disturbance and environmental pollution should be considered. Seaweed farming in particular-a major activity along the Gijang-gun coast-, together with effects of other anthropogenic activities such as national fishing port development and the coastal improvement project, could have long-term effects on marine algal communities. Therefore, long-term monitoring and management plans for marine algal communities will be required.
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Seasonal variability in the algal community structure of intertidal zones was examined at six study sites in Marine National Parks, on the western and southern coasts of Korea from March to November 2015. A total of 193 species of algae, comprising 27 green, 40 brown and 126 red algae, were identified. Algal biomass averaged 101.50 g dry wt./m? with a maximal at Tonggae (168.12 g dry wt./m?) and minimum at Haseom (54.49 g dry wt./m?). The dominant seaweeds by biomass were Sargassum thunbergii at five sites (Tonggae, Haseom, Namdongri, Ando amd Sinjeonri), and S. fusiforme at Soando. Community indices measured as follows: dominance index (DI), 0.31?0.69; richness index (R), 7.30?11.43; evenness index (J`), 0.33?0.49; and diversity index (H`), 1.15?1.86. As evaluated using community indices and environmental states, the EEI (Ecological Evaluation Index) of the Marine National Park was ?normal?. The present results indicate that seaweed community structures and indices could be used to evaluate the environmental status of coastal ecosystems.
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Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in Gijang on the south-east coast of Korea from February 2006 to January 2007. A Total of 74 species were collected and identified, including 8 green algae, 16 brown algae, and 50 red algae. Of these, 15 species were found throughout the survey period. Mean biomass was 823.2-1,615.4 g wet weight in winter, 689.1-3,196.8 g wet weight in spring, 574.5-1,219.9 g wet weight in summer, and 747.6-1,616.2 g wet weight in autumn. The flora could be classified into six functional groups: coarsely branched form (37.8%), thick leather form (18.9%), sheet form (13.5%), filamentous form (12.2%), jointed calcareous form (10.8%) and crustose form (6.8%). The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 3.13, 0.50 and 3.63, respectively. The number of marine algae species and the biomass in Gijang area were markedly reduced when compared with previous studies. This result suggests possible future changes in the algal vegetation, considering the physical and chemical pollution loadings in the coastal marine environment of this area.
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Seaweed community of the sub tidal rocky habitats along the coast of Geumo Archipelago in the central South Sea of Korea is described. This area is characterized by archipelago in which islets are separated by shallow bottom sediments (primary, muddy sand), and turbidity is generally high due to the resuspension of bottom sediments. The hard substrata available for algal attachment are limited to less than 10 m in depth. Thirty sites were randomly chosen along the coast from August 2003 to September 2003 and a 50 m long transect was established at each site. The transect began at a depth of 1 m and ended at the depth of 9 m. The percent cover of all species other than crustose coralline algae was estimated at 2 m depth intervals along the transect using a 0.25 m^2 PVC quadrat with 25 squares. Thirty-six species were identified including 6 Chlorophyta, 10 Phaeophyta and 20 Rhodophyta. Species with more than 5% mean bottom cover were Gelidium amansii, Corallina pilulifera, Amphiroa dilatata and Carpopeltis cornea, which formed dense turf-forming algal assemblages at 1-5 m depth. At all sites except S11-S15 located in the western coast of Sorido, bottom covers of seaweed species at the depth deeper than 7 m were less than 6%. The lower limit of algal assemblages was 9 m in depth. We speculate that the limited water clarity and vertical extent of hard substrata available for the settlement of seaweed species are the direct cause of reducing the diversity, abundance and distributional extent of algal assemblages in the area.
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This book is a rewritten edition of the authors' and M.J. Duncan's 1985 textbook (and review of the primary literature), The physiological ecology of seaweeds. The introductory chapter reviews seaweed morphology, life histories and morphogenesis, serving as an encapsulation of structure and reproduction and providing a background reference for the subsequent chapters. The second chapter comprises six guest essays authored by senior algal ecologists looking at seaweed communities: rocky intertidal zone; tropical reefs; kelp forests; seaweeds in estuaries and salt marshes; seagrass beds as habitats for algae; and the Arctic subtidal. Next, biotic interactions are covered: competition, grazing, and symbiosis. Chapter four looks at light and photosynthesis and chapter five reviews nutrients (requirements, availability, pathways and barriers, uptake kinetics, assimilation, translocation). Chapters six, seven and eight explore temperature and salinity, water motion, and pollution, respectively. The final chapter looks at seaweed mariculture covering the culture of Porphyra, Laminaria, Undaria, Eucheuma, and Kappaphycus. An appendix summarizes the current taxonomic position and nomenclature of the species mentioned in the text. -S.R.Harris
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By factorial field experiments we analyzed the relative effects of increased nutrient (N1P) loading and natural grazing pressure on species composition, carbon storage, and nitrogen retention in the Baltic Sea littoral food web, composed of macroalgae, grazers (snails, isopods, amphipods), and predators (shrimps, crabs, fish). Nitrogen was depleted relative to phosphorus throughout most of the year. Increasing nitrogen (6-200% over ambient concentra- tions) enhanced algal productivity and cover of fast-growing annual algae, grazer, and predator densities, suggesting a three-level bottom-up effect. With increasing nitrogen loading, annual algae increasingly blocked perennial algal recruitment (65-98% decrease) and growth. Grazers counteracted the effects of nutrient enrichment on algal species composition through selective consumption of annual algae. Grazer exclusion had equivalent negative effects on perennial recruitment as a 85% increase in nitrogen loading. Nutrient enrichment increased algal nitrogen content and decreased tissue C : N ratios in spring and summer but not in fall. Carbon storage and nitrogen retention, measured as C and N retained in plant biomass at the end of the growth season, were increased by grazers (C: 39%, N: 24%) but decreased with increasing nitrogen loading (C: 271%, N: 274%). Our results emphasize the important role of grazers in buffering moderate eutrophication effects and illustrate how food web interactions and shifts in species composition are tightly linked to coastal ecosystem function. Currently, humans are more than doubling the rate at which nitrogen and phosphorus enter the global biogeochem-
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Efficient nutrient resorption from senescing leaves, and extended leaf life spans are important strategies in order to conserve nutrients for plants in general. Despite the fact that seagrasses often grow in oligotrophic waters, these conservation strategies are not strongly developed in seagrasses.A compilation of literature data on nutrient resorption from seagrass leaves shows that the mean resorption of nitrogen is 20.4%, and that of phosphorus 21.9%, which is lower than comparable values for various groups of perennial terrestrial plants. The actual realised resorption in seagrasses may be even less as a result of premature losses of leaf fragments due to herbivory and hydrodynamic stresses, and due to leaching losses.The leaf lifespan in seagrasses on average is 88.4 days, but is highly variable, ranging from 345 days in Posidonia oceanica to only a few days in Halophila ovalis. Leaf lifespan increases with increasing leaf weight, and decreases with increasing leaf formation rate. Furthermore, leaf longevity increases going from tropical to temperate latitudes. We compared seagrass leaf lifespan with those of freshwater angiosperms, terrestrial herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. Considerable variability in leaf lifespan was also found in these plant groups, but comparison among data sets shows that seagrass leaf lifespan is significantly lower than the leaf lifespan of terrestrial herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. No significant difference was found between the leaf lifespan of seagrasses and freshwater angiosperms.Leaves are usually the major sink for nutrients in seagrasses. The combination of low nutrient resorption from the leaves and a short leaf lifespan is, therefore, expected to result in a low nutrient residence time in the plants. Indeed, field experiments with 15N labelled Thalassia hemprichii showed that less than 5% of the initial 15N amount was still within the living plant biomass 240 days after labelling.Limited nutrient retention in the plant biomass necessitates the capture of new nutrients for persistent growth. We speculate that effective nutrient uptake by seagrass leaves is an important strategy to maintain an adequate nutrient balance in seagrasses, particularly in thin vegetation or in small patches. The constraints imposed by the marine environment may have favoured the development of this strategy over the development of efficient nutrient conservation strategies.
광양만의 해조류에 관한 연구. 1. 해조군집의 계절적 변화
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Seagrass epiphytes: Contributions to local chlorophyll a concentration
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Nondestructive sampling Handbook of Phycological Methods
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Littler M.M. and Littler D.S. 1985. Nondestructive sampling. In: Littler M.M. and Littler D.S. (eds), Handbook of Phycological Methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 161- 175.