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Lactic Acid Fermentation of Gamju Manufactured Using Medicinal Herb Decoction
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of the lactic fermentation of gamju manufactured using a medicinal herb decoction were assessed. A bacterial strain, LAB19, which is used for the induction of lactic fermentation into gamju, was isolated from dried persimmon and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides on the basis of morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomical features, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. After 60 hours of lactic fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides LAB19 at , the gamju was determined to contain 141.3 g/L of reducing sugar, 5.33 g/L of acids, and 1.19 g/L of soluble phenolics. Approximately 90% of reducing sugar and 58% of acids were maltose and lactic acid, respectively. Free radical scavenging activities were retained at levels between 76.6 to 75.7% during the lactic fermentation of gamju.
... decreased when compared with non-fermented black gamju (pH 4.37). Due to the reaction of hydrolytic enzymes, the starch in rice was converted to sugars, and gamju contains high concentrations of glucose, maltose, and malto-oligomers [28]. The LAB strains were assumed to grow by consuming sugars in the gamju, and they produced organic acids such as lactic acid. ...
Black gamju is Korean traditional beverage fermented with molds. The aim of this study was to assess the probiotic properties and antioxidant activities of novel Pediococcus pentosaceus SC28 and Levilactobacillus brevis KU15151 to develop black gamju with bioactive properties for health. Tolerance against artificial gastric juice and bile salts, adhesion ability on HT-29 cells of strains, and antibiotics susceptibility were evaluated as probiotics, and various enzyme productions were detected. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate, and β-carotene bleaching assay were used for antioxidant activity of samples. The tolerance of both strains to artificial gastric juice and bile salts (Oxgall) was more than 90%. Additionally, both strains did not produce β-glucuronidase and were resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin. After fermentation of black gamju with each strain, the number of viable lactic acid bacteria increased to 8.25–8.95 log colony forming unit/mL, but the pH value of fermented samples decreased more (to pH 3.33–3.41) than that of control (pH 4.37). L. brevis KU15151 showed higher adhesion activity to HT-29 cells and antioxidant effects than P. pentosaceus SC28 in three antioxidant assays.
... 기능성 식혜 관한 연구로는 헛개나무 추출물을 이용한 식혜 제조(1), 가루녹차를 첨가한 식혜 제조(3) 및 인삼 식혜 (14) 5% (v/v) malt extraction was added from 30% into stem rice (white rice : black rice = 2 : 1) and corn silk extraction on 60℃±2 for 6 hr. [1][2][3][4][5]. 수용성 phenolics 함량은 G-SH의 경우 2.42 g/L(당화 0시간째)에서 2.90 g/L(당화 6시간째)로 거의 변화가 없었 으며, 역시 CSE/WR-SH의 경우에도 초기 6.78 g/L에서 7.27 g/L로 거의 변화가 없었다. ...
We prepared sikhe (CSE/BR-SH) using corn silk extract and black rice. The pH decreased during saccharification, from pH to pH after 6 h. However, the brix and reducing sugar contents increased during saccharification of CSE/BR-SH, with the highest levels ( brix and g/l, respectively) being attained at 6 h. Amylase activity increased to 116.12% of control values 1 h after saccharification of CSE/BR-SH, and decreased thereafter. CSE/BR-SH was light purple in color. Soluble phenolic concentration increased markedly from an initial 8.43 g/l to 23.09 g/l at the end of saccharification (6 h), as did DPPH radical-scavenging activity (from an initial 17.3% to 70.98%), Increases were noted in all of ABTS radical-scavenging activity (from 40.25% to 75.32%), reducing power (from 0.241 to 0.682), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (from 0.288 to 1.071).
This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties of mulberry juice (MJ) and mulberry vinegar (MV). MV, with acidity of 6.05% and a pH 3.06, was obtained from MJ after 8 days with alcohol fermentation and 20 days with acetic acid fermentation at 30°C. After fermentation, the major sugars in MV were lactose, glucose, and fructose, showing 1,310.06, 293.20, and 41.25 mg%, respectively. The major organic acids in MV were acetic acid (2,725.59 mg%), citric acid (524.66 mg%), and succinic acid (480.63 mg%). The total free amino acid content of MV, such as lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, was 34.52 mg%. MJ and MV showed radical scavenging activities with respect to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), superoxide anion (O2−), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals in dose-dependent manner, which were closely related to the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in MJ and MV. In addition, a strong scavenging effect with regards to the OH radical was observed in MJ and MV, an IC50 value of 0.04 μg/mL. In particular, MV showed a higher O2− radical scavenging activity than that of MJ. These results suggest that MV can be used as a functional vinegar with antioxidant activity against free radicals.
We attempted to screen lactic acid bacteria having probable safety, antibacterial and antioxidant activities and potential probiotic activity from ‘Meju’, and to improve the functionality of lactic acid-fermented ‘Sikhye’ by producing it using brown rice. We first selected six strains by measuring safety-related indicators such as their antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, biogenic amine production, hemolytic properties, and production of harmful substances and enzymes. The antioxidant activity, β-glucosidase activity, and probiotic characteristics of the six selected lactic acid bacteria were measured, and SCML 504 was selected as the final strain to act as a potential starter for manufacturing ‘Sikhye’. SCML 504 was identified as Lactobacillus brevis by 16S rRNA sequencing, and named L. brevis SCML 504 (KCCM 12526P). Finally, we manufactured the lactic acid-fermented ‘Sikhye’ from brown rice using SCML 504, and confirmed the fermentation properties. Functional characterization of the manufactured ‘Sikhye’ indicated that its DPPH radical scavenging and SOD activities were 66.42 and 69.25%, respectively. Free amino acid analysis revealed that the content of γ-aminobutyric acid was increased about two-fold compared to the pre-fermentation level. These findings are expected to be useful for the development of traditional Korean beverages with various functional properties via lactic acid fermentation.
This study investigated the changes in physicochemical properties, total phenolic and phytoestrogen (isoflavone) contents, and antioxidant activity, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,4,6-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), during the lactic acid fermentation of soy powder milk (SPM) with colored small soybean (CSS) by the potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P1201. The pH decreased, while viable cell numbers and β-glucosidase activities gradually increased during lactic acid fermentation of SPM. The total isoflavone content of Pungsannamul soybean was higher than that of other CSS cultivars. The isoflavone glycoside (daidzin and genistin) contents decreased whereas, corresponding isoflavone aglycone (daidzein and genistein) content significantly increased during the fermentative processing. In particular, fermented SPM prepared from Pungsannamul soybean showed highest daidzein (87.37 μg/g) and genistein (51.29 μg/g) after fermentation for 60 h. Total phenolic contents (TPCs) of Dawon soybean was higher than that of other CSS cultivars. TPC also increased marginally from 1.44-2.92 mg/g (0 h) to 1.79-3.03 mg/g (60 h) during lactic acid fermentation of SPMs with CSS. Finally, fermented SPM extracts possessed potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP effects with change from 28.7-40.6 to 90-95.3%, 25.1-42.3 to 51.4-82.8%, and 0.73-1.54 to 0.98-1.79 (OD593 nm), respectively in pre-and post-fermented samples. Therefore, fermented SPM might contribute to enhance the value of CSS. Copyright © The Korean Society of Food Preservation. All rights reserved.
For the production of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents increased Seomaeyaksuk fermentant, 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% of monosodium galutamate (MSG) was added in Seomaeyaksuk water extract 15% contained Sikhye and inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis (KI271266). Physicochemical properties were sampling and analyzed at each 1 day during 3 days fermentation. Goes on fermentation periods, the turbidity was gradually reduced, but lightness and the yellowness was increased, redness was decreased. Soluble solid was also decreased. The reducing sugars content were also decreased during fermentation. pH was 4.65-4.83 before fermentation but it was lower 3.15-3.68 after three days fermentation. The GABA contents increased by fermentation periods and it was the highest in MSG 1.0% added sample (354.38 mg/L). Fructose, glucose and sucrose contents were 50-67% decreased at three days fermentation than before fermentation. Among the organic acids, propionic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid contents were decreased and lactic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid were increased during fermentation periods. Contents of total polyphenol and DPPH radical scavenging activity were the highest in MSG 0.5% added sample. From these results, we confirmed that increasing of GABA content when the manufacturing of Seomaeyaksuk lactic acid fermentation product, is possibile by addition of MSG without affecting physicochemical characteristics
In this study, we evaluated changes in physicochemical properties, total phenol and isoflavone contents, and antioxidant activity during soymilk fermentation by a potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P1201. The P1201 strain showed survival rates of 58.14% and 62.22% after 4 h exposure to acid and artificial gastric acid conditions (pH 2.5), respectively. The optimal conditions for soy-yogurt fermentation by L. plantarum were determined to be as follows: temperature of 35°C, seed volume of 5.0%, and sucrose content of 10.0%. The total phenol and isoflavone contents and antioxidant activity were higher in soy-powder milk (SPM) yogurt than soymilk yogurt. In particular, the highest levels of isoflavone-aglycones, such as daidzein, glycitein, and genistein (91.50, 12.34, and 61.39 μg/g, respectively), were observed after 48 h of SPM fermentation. Thus, these results suggest that the soy-yogurt extract could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food.
Kyejang is a Korean traditional beverage manufactured from medicinal plants and fruits using honey, sugar, or starch in cold water. In this study, cinnamon-containing kyejang, which is a type of beverage Jang, was reproduced based on Imwonsibyukji’s method published in 1827 in the Korean literature. Kyejang made by nuruk, cinnamon, and medicinal plants was prepared at various temperatures and periods. Kyejang was assayed for physi-ochemical properties (pH and acidity), contents of metabolites (organic acids, sugars, and amino acids), and sensory characteristics (aroma and taste). During fermentation, content of organic acids (e.g. lactic acid, acetic acid, and shikimic acid) increased, which lowered pH, increased acidity, and increased intensity of sour taste. In the case of free sugars, fructose and maltose levels decreased while glucose and mannitol levels increased during fermentation periods, and sweetness decreased. The main amino acid in kyejang was tryptophan, followed by asparagine, proline, and arginine. The sensory evaluation score of overall preference was highest for kyejang which was fermented at 20°C for 3 days. The results will be provide the basic data of fermentation conditions for standardized manufacturing process of kyejang. © 2015 Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All Rights Reserved.
This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of black Doragi-apple juice to increase the utilization of Doragi, which is known as a high-functional horticultural crop. To prepare the black Doragi, it was steamed for 15 days at 60^{\circ}C and was then dried at 30^{\circ}C for 3 h. The five types of black Doragi-apple juice were prepared based on different mixing ratios of black Doraji extract, apple extract, and jujube extract. The mixing ratios of black Doraji extract, apple extract, and jujube extract were 3:3:1, 4:2:1, 2:4:1, 2:2:1, and 2:6:1 for samples A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The pH and acidity of black Doragi-apple juice were within the ranges of 3.9-4.15 and 1.26-1.51%, respectively. Black Doraji-apple juice E showed the highest sugar content (9.33 ^{\circ}Brix), reducing sugar content (85.05 mg/mL), and sugar content/acid ratio (6.98). Based on the sensory evaluation, sample C was most preferable in terms of color, taste, sugar-acid ratio, and overall preference, except for the flavor. Black Doragi-apple juice D showed a higher total polyphenol content (706 µg/mL) than sample C (586.22 µg/mL), but there was no statistically significant difference between samples C and D in terms of antioxidant activities. Therefore, it is suggested that the best mixing ratio of black Doraji extract, apple extract, and jujube extract for the production of the best black Doragi-apple juice with excellent taste and antioxidant activities is 2:4:1 (sample C).
This study investigated effects of types of added sugar on alcohol fermentation of oriental melon. According to the results, pH was not significantly different according to types of added sugar and fermentation process. Total acidity increased with fermentation process in all groups by recording around 1.4% at the ninth day of fermentation. For sugar content, its initial level was 22oBrix, and alcohol fermented oriental melon fluids added by sucrose, fructose and glucose recorded similar levels or 6.6~6.8oBrix while the fluids added by honey and fructo-oligosaccharide showed a slightly higher level or 8.1oBrix at the ninth day of fermentation. Although free sugar content was different in the early phase of fermentation according to types of added sugar such as sucrose, fructose and glucose, it reduced with fermentation process to nearly non-detection at the ninth day of fermentation. As organic acids, lactic acid and acetic acid were observed in all phases of fermentation and their contents became higher gradually with fermentation process. Alcohol content showed the highest level in alcohol fermented oriental melon fluid added by sucrose by recording 12.80% and was relatively low in the fluids added by fructose and oligosaccharide. For alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-propanol and iso- amylalcohol contents were not significantly different according to types of added sugar and methanol content was the lowest in the fluid added by fructose by recording 84.99 ppm.
In this study, the characteristics of alcohol fermentation using ripe Daebong persimmon juice were studied in static fermentation condition by Saccharomycess cerevisiae CS02 in an effort to develop new types of functional wine. Attempts were made to modify the ripe Daebong persimmon juice in order to find suitable conditions for alcohol fermentation. The modified ripe Daebong persimmon juice that was most suitable for alcohol fermentation contained of sugar supplemented with sucrose as a carbon source and 0.5 g/L of as a nitrogen source. After 9 days of fermentation at , of alcohol was produced from the modified juice and its pH markedly decreased to . The wine contained free sugar such as fructose ( g/L), some organic acids such as malic acid ( g/L), succinic acid ( g/L), oxalic acid ( g/L), and citric acid ( g/L), as well as some flavanols and phenolic acids such as catechin gallate ( mg/L), epicatechin gallate ( mg/L), gallic acid ( mg/L), epigallocatechin ( mg/L), and tannic acid ( mg/L). In addition, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (84.25%) and radical (99.65%) scavenging activities were increased significantly with a corresponding increased in the organic acid and phenolic acid contents, but decreased in the flavonoids.
Lactic fermented dongchimi naengmyeun broth which has enhanced antioxidative activity was developed. During lactic fermentation of dongchimi naengmyeun broth at , changes of total lactic acid bacteria, pH, acidity, soluble phenolics, and anthocyanins were investigated. After 72 h of fermentation, the stronger antioxidant activities were observed in dongchimi naengmyeun broth supplemented with purple sweet potato than those of control dongchimi naengmyeun broth which showing 96.80% in DPPH radical scavenging activity, 100.82% in scavenging activity, 7.77 in reducing power, and 6.89 in ferric reducing/antioxidant power, respectively. These high antioxidant activities related with higher contents of soluble phenolics and anthocyanins in dongchimi naengmyeun broth supplemented with purple sweet potato. The results suggest that the making of functional dongchimi naengmyeun broth by using high soluble phenolics and anthocyanins supplements such as purple sweet potato powder was possible.
This study was carried out to develop Yakju, a new kind of Korean traditional rice wine added with bamboo ethanol extract and characterized by containing various health benefits. The wine with bamboo ethanol extract was fermented by adding ginger and pear to improve flavor and quality. Several quality characteristics and physiological functionalities of Yakju were investigated. When bamboo ethanol extract was added to Yakju, the pH level decreased compared to that of the control. However, total acidity and soluble solid levels were higher than those of the control. The alcohol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was slightly higher than that of the control. In examining the colors of Yakju containing bamboo ethanol extract, L value was lower than that of the control, whereas b value and brownness were higher. Various organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were determined, and the main organic acid among them was lactic acid. Various free sugars such as sorbitol, glucose, and fructose were detected and glucose was the most abundant. Total polyphenol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was lower than that of the control. Further, electron-donating ability ranged from 23.8~40.0%, which was higher than that of the control. Nitrite scavenging ability of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract ranged from 15.2~36.4%, which was higher than that of the control at pH 6.0. Sensory evaluation of Yakju showed that bamboo ethanol extract+ginger as well as bamboo ethanol extract+ginger+pear treatment significantly increased flavor, taste, and overall acceptance compared to the others.
We tested the possibility of utilizing Korea domestic wheat (winter wheat variety "keumkangmil") as a source of vinegar production. After saccharification of the whole-wheat flour with wheat malt, the saccharized liquid undergoes alcoholic fermentation, followed by acetic fermentation. Acetic acid bacterium A8, which showed the highest acetic acid production (4.56%) with domestic wheat as substrate, was selected from conventional vinegars. The strain A8 was identified as Acetobacter pasteurianus A8 through phylogenetic study using 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The optimal condition for the malt enzyme was found to be for germination periods of 6 days; its amylase activity was 608.4 U. Acetic acid production from domestic wheat substrate supplemented with 5% ethyl alcohol reached 5.8% after 24 days of static fermentation at with a seeding rate of 5%.
This study was conducted to investigate the chemical properties and functionality of probiotic potato juice fermented by Lactobacillus casei. Free sugar content (especially glucose) of potatoes decreased by fermentation, but organic acid contents increased by fermentation. Although the free amino acid content of Superior juice significantly decreased after fermentation, Haryeong significantly increased after fermentation. -Aminobutyric acid, a functional amino acid, was detected at high levels in all samples and slightly decreased with fermentation, but not significantly. The total polyphenol content of potato juice showed insignificant changes in all samples by fermentation. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of all samples was more than 90%, and most of the activity was maintained after fermentation. The nitrite scavenging ability of all samples greatly decreased with fermentation; however a SOD-like activity slightly increased with fermentation, except for Haryeong. There was a significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect in fresh potato juice (more than 45%) and a low loss by fermentation. From our results, most of the chemical properties and functionality of potato juice are maintained after fermentation, although free sugar content and nitrite scavenging activity decline. Thus probiotic potato juice fermented by lactic acid could be used as a functional beverage.
For lactic acid fermentation of chestnut broth, 10 strains of bacteria were isolated from human feces and commercial yogurt, 6 of which were identified to be Bifidobacterium, and the rest Lactobacillus. Acidities of the chestnut broths fermented by these strains were lower than yogurt, but more than two times higher than yogurt made from seeds or vegetables including soy milk. To stimulate acidity of the fermented broths, addition of yeast extract and tryptone peptone were the most effective at the concentration of 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively, while glucose addition above 0.5% up to 8% did not increased the acid production except a few strains of Lactobacillus. Among the tested fruits and vegetables, carrot juice supplementation was the most effective in acid production by most of the tested strains. Saccharification of chestnut broth by hydrolyzing process greatly increased the acid production at 25% of cooked chestnut. However, compared to the results from the 8% of unhydrolyzed chestnut, the net increase in acid production by hydrolysis was not much stimulative.
The bacterial diversity in Korean soybean-fermented foods was investigated using a PCR-based approach. 16S rRNA sequences were amplified and cloned from two different soybean-fermented foods such as doenjang (soybean paste), and ganjang (soybean sauce). Staphylococcus equorum (60.6%), Tetragenococcus halophila (21.2%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (9.1%), Lactobacillus sakei (6.1%), and Bacillus subtilis (3.0%) were detected among clones isolated from soybean paste samples and Halanaerobium sp. (37.5%), Halanaerobium fermentons (37.5%), T. halophila (12.5%), Staphylococcus sp. (6.3%), S. equorum (3.1%), and B. subtilis (3.1%) were detected among clones isolated from soybean sauce. Our approach revealed different bacterial distributions and diversity from those previously obtained using culture-dependent methods.
Serum cholesterol concentrations of rats fed high-cholesterol diets containing skim milk or cultured milks were estimated periodically during 12 days. Several kinds of cultured milks could inhibit the increasing of serum cholesterol concentrations in rats throughout the experimental period compared with skim milk. It was found that this inhibiting ability depended mainly on the specificities of strains, not on the specificities of species. A part of inhibiting mechanism against the increasing serum cholesterol concentrations was analysed using L. acidophilus SBT 2056 (LA 2056) which was selected as most effective one among all strains examined. Feeding the LA 2056 cultured milk resulted in the significant increase of sterol concentrations in bile and feces and also the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7α hydroxylase. The LA 2056 cells had a inhibitory effect against cholesterol micelle absorption from intestines. On the other hand, there was no apparent stimulation effect in the whey fraction of LA 2056 cultured milk on the production of bile acids in primaly cultured rat hepatocytes. From these results, it was supposed that the inhibition effect of LA 2056 cultured milk against increasing of serum cholesterol concentrations in rats was caused partly by the bacterial cells.
This study aimed to investigate of Andong sikhe by using pure culture inoculation technique and the improvement of storage stability by the addition of stabilizers to the product. Microorganisms were selected for the pure culture inoculation in the fermentation. The changes in chemical composition such as total acidity, sugar content, amino acid and various forms of nitrogen during fermentation were determined. The changes in pH of the product, the enzyme activities and the population of lactic acid bacteria and yeast were also followed in the process of fermentation.
The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidative and nitrite scavenging abilities of extracts of medicinal plants. Three kinds of medicinal plants, Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (AA), Akebia quinate Decaisne (AQ), and Caragana chamlagu (CC), were extracted with water and ethanol. The yields of water extracts were increased in the order of Akebia quinate Decaisne (, Caragana chamlagu ( and Angelica acutiloba (). Those of ethanol extracts were Akebia quinate Decaisne (, Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (, and Caragana chamlagu (). The highest electron donating ability (EDA) at 300-1,000 ppm of water extract was Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, ranged from to and that of ethanol extract was Akebia quinate Decaisne, ranged from to . Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of extracts measured at various pH (1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) showed highest ability in all extracts at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH. The highest NSA of water extracts of 1,000 ppm at pH 1.2 showed , in Caragana chamlagu and that of ethanol extract was , in Akebia quinate Decaisne. From these results, Akebia quinate Decaisne was found as a potential raw material baring functionality in the respects of extract yield, EDA and NSA.
This study was designed to examine the suitable characteristics of potential probiotic bacteria. Possible probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lb. plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962 were selected. We then measured their acid and bile tolerances, adhesion properties in the gastrointestinal tract, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation activity. The acid tolerances of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, Lb. plantarum, and Leu. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, in PBS (pH 2.5) for 2 hr, were high enough that 50% of the inocula survived. The bile tolerances of all bacteria, except Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962, were also observed at a 3% oxgall concentration in MRS broth. The results of the adhesion property assay showed that the total binding affinities of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, and B. bifidum were about three times higher than those of the other bacteria. In testing their antimicrobial activities against pathogens, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, B. bifidum KCTC 3357, and Lb. plantarum inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. For their immunomodulation activity, the cell wall fractions from Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and Lb. acidophilus B-3208 showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferation activities. However, the cell wall fractions of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and B. bifidum, and the cytosol fraction of Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962 showed higher macrophage stimulation activities than those of the other bacteria. Since Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and Lb. acidophilus B-3208 satisfy the requirements for probiotics, they can be considered suitable probiotic bacteria.
Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate extracts from mixed culture of Oriental medicines and cereal medium and mycelia of Trichloma matsutake and Cordyceps militaris by fermentation to develop new material for pharmaceutical products and medicinal food, Methods : To evaluate physiological activities of OCM extracts, we examined antioxidant activity(total polyphenol contents, electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity), -glucan contents, nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Results : Total polyphenol contents of fermented OCM(UF) and non-fermented OCM(UM) extracts were more than 40% UM and UF of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 25.67%, 23.43% respectively. Total polyphenol content of non-fermented extract (UME) was 12.57%, while that of fermented extract(UFE) was 7.05%. SOD like activity showed UM 85.35%, UF 76.18%, UME 58.42%, UFE 72.21%. UME, and UFE 31.43%, -glucan contents of UME and UFE were more than 40%. NO productions of UME, and UFE showed a LPS dose dependent tendency. Cytotoxicity on Raw 264.7 cell showed more than 90% viability. Inhibitory effect of UFE on HT1080 cell growth was higher than UME. Conclusions : These results showed that extracts from mixed culture of mushroom mycelium and OCM have physiological activities which can be used in pharmaceutical products and medicinal food.
An optimization for fermentation processes to make lactic acid juice with extracts from apples, carrots, celery, watercress, jujube and lycii (3 : 3 : 1 : 1/2 : 1 : 1/2) using co-cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus cellobiosus isolated from Dongchimi had been investigated on the emphasis of composition of sugars and sodium chloride at various temperatures. The concentration of sugars less than 25% and salt less than 0.8% did not affect remarkably the cell growth of lactic acid bacteria and acid formation during fermentation. The fermenting juice showed increases in the population of lactic acid bacteria and acidity, and decreases in population of coliform bacteria and sugar concentration with high cultural temperature. At viscous substance was not formed as it had at . The optimum composition, based on the sensory evaluation, was determined to be oligosaccharide and 0.2% for sodium chloride. It took 3 days to produce the most preferable juice of pH 3.62 at . At the optimal state the fermented juice showed viable cell counts (cfu/mL) of exponential numbers 8 for lactic acid bacteria and 4 for yeast. Coliform bacteria which had been at the beginning of fermentation were not detected.
Rochelle salt, normally present in the dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for reducing sugar, interferes with the protective action of the sulfite, but is essential to color stability. The difficulty may be resolved either by eliminating Rochelle salt from the reagent and adding it to the mixture of reducing sugar and reagent after the color is developed, or by adding known amounts of glucose to the samples of reducing sugar to compensate for the losses sustained in the presence of the Rochelle salt. The optimal composition of a modified dinitrosalicylic acid reagent is given.
This review describes the importance of microbial adhesion in the ecology of the urogenital and intestinal tracts and the influence of host and microbial factors in bacterial interference. In a recent revival of interest in bacterial interference, lactobacillus administration has been studied as a means of treating and preventing disease. Although evidence is conflicting, Lactobacillus acidophilus appears to be involved in beneficial antagonistic and cooperative reactions that interfere with establishment of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms of action are believed to involve competitive exclusion and production of inhibitory substances, including bacteriocins. These characteristics, as well as demonstrated adherence abilities in vitro, led to selection of certain Lactobacillus strains for clinical studies of cystitis. Weekly intravaginal Lactobacillus therapy reduced the recurrence rate of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in women. Use of Lactobacillus strains resistant to Nonoxynol-9, a spermicide that kills members of the protective normal vaginal flora, may have potential for use in women with recurrent cystitis using this contraceptive agent. In veterinary studies, bacterial interference by administration of probiotics has also been beneficial in disease prevention in animals. Carefully selected bacterial mixtures integrate with the gastrointestinal flora of the animals and can confer disease resistance and improve physiological function. Additional human and animal trials are needed to determine the practical, long-term usefulness of bacterial interference as a protective mechanism against infectious diseases.
Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a comparative study concerning the influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on the normal intestinal microflora after the administration of two antimicrobial agents, enoxacin and clindamycin, respectively. L. acidophilus NCFB 1748 was given as a fermented milk product containing 5 x 10(8)-2 x 10(9) CFU/ml to ten of the volunteers immediately after the administration of the antimicrobial agents. On the seventh day of enoxacin administration enterobacteria were eliminated in nine of ten subjects. Enterococci disappeared or decreased significantly in five subjects. During the L. acidophilus supplementation, there was a significant increase in the number of Escherichia coli in one subject, while enterococci returned to the same level as before enoxacin administration in all subjects.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an essential role in the majority of food fermentations, and a wide variety of strains are routinely employed as starter cultures in the manufacture of dairy, meat, vegetable and bakery products. One of the most important contributions of these microorganisms is the extended shelf life of the fermented product by comparison to that of the raw substrate. Growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in these foods is inhibited due to competition for nutrients and the presence of starter-derived inhibitors such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins (Ray and Daeschel, 1992). Bacteriocins, are a heterogenous group of anti-bacterial proteins that vary in spectrum of activity, mode of action, molecular weight, genetic origin and biochemical properties. Currently, artificial chemical preservatives are employed to limit the number of microorganisms capable of growing within foods, but increasing consumer awareness of potential health risks associated with some of these substances has led researchers to examine the possibility of using bacteriocins produced by LAB as biopreservatives. The major classes of bacteriocins produced by LAB include: (I) lantibiotics, (II) small heat stable peptides, (III) large heat labile proteins, and (IV) complex proteins whose activity requires the association of carbohydrate or lipid moieties (Klaenhammer, 1993). Significantly however, the inhibitory activity of these substances is confined to Gram-positive bacteria and inhibition of Gram-negatives by these bacteriocins has not been demonstrated, an observation which can be explained by a detailed analysis and comparison of the composition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls (Fig. 1). In both types the cytoplasmic membrane which forms the border between the cytoplasm and the external environment, is surrounded by a layer of peptidoglycan which is significantly thinner in Gram-negative bacteria than in Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an additional layer, the so-called outer membrane which is composed of phospholipids, proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and this membrane is impermeable to most molecules. Nevertheless, the presence of porins in this layer will allow the free diffusion of molecules with a molecular mass below 600 Da. The smallest bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are approximately 3 kDa and are thus too large to reach their target, the cytoplasmic membrane (Klaenhammer, 1993; Stiles and Hastings, 1991). However, Stevens et al. (1991) and Ray (1993) have demonstrated that Salmonella species and other Gram-negative bacteria become sensitive to nisin after exposure to treatments that change the permeability barrier properties of the outer membrane (see below). This review will focus on the mode of action of lantibiotics (class I) and class II LAB bacteriocins and their potentials in food preservation and control of food poisoning.
A CONSIDERABLE number of simple genetical characters-blood groups and
hæmoglobins-are known which distinguish between negroids and
caucasoids, but very few have been found which are characteristic of
mongoloids. The genes for the Dieg;o (Dia) blood-group
antigen and for hæmoglobin E seem, however, to fall into the
latter category.
Application of green tea powder for sikhe preparation
- Si Park
- Si Park
Antioxidative activity and physiological activity of some Korean medicinal plants
- Hk Kim
- Ye Kim
- Jr Do
- Yc Lee
- Lee
- Hk Kim
- Ye Kim
- Jr Do
- Yc Lee
- Lee
A yogurt like product development from rice by lactic acid bacteria
- Dh Shin
- Dh Shin
Preparation of traditional malt sikhe Preparation by malt and amylolytic enzymes
- Ann
- Ann
Screening for antioxidant activity of plant medicinal extracts
- Sj Jung
- Jh Lee
- Hn Song
- Ns Seong
- Lee
- Se
- Baek
- Sj Jung
- Jh Lee
- Hn Song
- Ns Seong
- Lee
- Se
- Baek
A study on the making of sikhe
- Hj Lee
- Jun
- Hj Lee
- Jun
A study on the making of sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki, T) wine
- Km Cho
- Jb Lee
- Gg Kahng
- Seo
- Km Cho
- Jb Lee
- Gg Kahng
- Seo
Physiological properties of extracts of traditional soybean doenjang prepared with Korean herb medicines
- Sk Park
- Hj Jeong
- Hc Kim
- Lee
- Sk Park
- Hj Jeong
- Hc Kim
- Lee
A study on sugars in Korean sweet rice drink sikhe (1) Sugar content and its composition
- Yg Ann