Content uploaded by Vidhu Aeri
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Vidhu Aeri on Jan 18, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Review
A better understanding of traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.:
Phytochemical and pharmacological review
Nupur Ambardar, Vidhu Aeri
*
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062,
India
ABSTRACT
Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is a significant medicinal plant known as kumbhi in Ayurveda.
Though, most of the plant parts are used in traditional systems of medicine, bark and leaves constitute the
important medicinal parts. The present review gives an account of the updated information on its
phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The review reveals that numerous phytochemical
constituents have been isolated from the plant possessing hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anticoagulant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and various other important activities. Leaves are used in filaria,
colic, loose motions and ulcers. Bark is used as an antipyretic, abortifacient, antipruritic and in smallpox,
urinary discharges and rheumatic pain. Since last few decades, extensive exploration has been done to
establish the biological activities and pharmacology of the extracts and plentiful chemical constituents
including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and many other have been isolated.
Keywords Careya arborea, kumbhi, phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities
INTRODUCTION
Careya arborea Roxb., commonly known as wild guava, is a
medium sized deciduous tree; exhibiting dark grey colour and
exfoliating in thin strips. It is widely available in India, Ceylon,
Malay and Peninsula.
The word Lecythidaceae means large tropical trees bearing
large fruits with woody skins (wikipedia.org). Lecythidaceae is
a family of tropical trees and consists of about 20 different
genera and 450 different species. The family is generally
concentrated in the wet regions of tropical South America, with
some genera in Africa and Asia.
The stem bark is used in the treatment of tumours,
bronchitis, epileptic fits and skin diseases (Kirtikar et al., 1975).
It is also used as a remedy for diarrhoea (Sikarwar et al., 1994),
dysentery with bloody stools and ear pain (Bhandary et al.,
1975; Girach et al., 1994). It is a leech repellent, fish poison
and antivenin activities have been also reported in the literature
(John 1984; Selavanayahgam et al., 1994; Talapatra, 1981).
Geographical source
A deciduous tree found throughout India up to an altitude of
1,500m and in Andaman Islands. It is planted in gardens and
roadsides for its large conspicuous leaves and showy flowers
and fruits (Kumar et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 1996).
Morphology
A handsome tree up to 20 m in height with a spreading crown;
leaves are alternate, 15 - 30cm long and 7.5 - 15 cm wide,
broadly obovate or oblong-ovate, apex rounded, obtuse or
shortly acuminate, margins are crenate- denticular, rather
membranous, glabrous, 10 - 12 pairs of lateral leaves; petiole is
0-1.8 cm, long, stout and margined, crowded at the ends of the
branches, penninerved, not dotted and are red when young.
Flowers are large and handsome, in racemes or interrupted
spikes, white-pink or yellowish white, 6.3 - 9 cm across, foetid,
born in thick swollen hard terminal spikes each with a central
elliptic bract and two linear lateral ones, showy, crowned with
persistent calyx, ill smelling and sessile. Fruits are large,
globose, fleshy, and indehiscent and are crowned with the
calyx-limb and are 6.3 - 7.5 cm in diameter. Seeds have large
embryo and obsolete cotyledons nesting in fleshy pulp (Parrotta
et al., 2001).
Physical Evaluation
The physical evaluation of Careya arborea bark indicated: total
ash (12%), sulphated ash (9.49%), water soluble ash (2%), acid
insoluble ash (0.9%), water soluble extractive value (16%),
alcohol soluble extractive value (7.2%) and loss on drying
(14%) (Wadkar et al., 2009).
Traditional Uses
Careya arborea as a whole plant and different parts has a long
history of being used for a variety of medicinal uses (Table 1).
Phytochemical Work
Extensive phytochemical work has been carried out on Careya
arborea, which indicated the presence of different classes of
phytoconstituents, justifying the traditional uses of plant (Table
2).
Pharmacological Work
The phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of a
maximum number of phytoconstituents in methanolic and
ethanolic extract of bark and whole plant. The literature survey
reported a number of biological activities attributed to
flavonoids present in these extracts (Table 3).
*
Correspondence: Vidhu Aeri
E-mail: vidhuaeri@yahoo.com
Received May 9, 2013; Accepted November 12, 2013; Published
November 30, 2013
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2013.0013
© 2013 by Association of humanitas traditional medicine
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
2
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Hepatoprotective and In vivo antioxidant effects
The methanolic extract of Careya arborea (MECA) stem bark
was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in
wistar albino rats. The hepatotoxicity was induced by carbon
tetrachloride (30 CCl
4
, 1 ml/kg b.w in liquid paraffin 3 doses
(i.p) at 72 h interval).The MECA at the doses of 50, 100 and
200 mg/kg and silymarin 25 mg/kg was administered to the
CCl
4
treated rats. Analytical parameters like serum
transaminase (GOT, GPT), Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP),
bilirubin, uric acid and total protein were measured in the rats
induced hepatotoxicity by CCl
4
. The effects of the extract on
lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzymatic antioxidant (Superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and nonenzymatic
antioxidant (Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C and Vitamin E were
estimated. The MECA and silymarin produced significant (p <
0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of
serum enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation and
significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH,
vitamin C, vitamin E and protein in a dose dependent manner.
From these results, it was suggested that MECA possess potent
hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities (Kumar et al., 2005).
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
Antimicrobial activities of MECA were carried out using disc
diffusion methods with Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria and some fungal species. MECA showed broad-
spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested
microorganisms. antimicrobial activity against all tested
microorganisms. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging
activities of MECA was assessed by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-
Table 1. Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
Part used
Uses
Whole plant
Astringent, demulcent, antipyretic, antipruritic, in cough, cold and eruptive
fevers Smallpox (Pal et al., 1999)
Snake bite (Bhandary, 2000-2001; Chandra et al., 1989;
Jain, 1970)
Fruits
Cold and cough (Kapoor and Kapoor, 1980)
Digestion promoter (Ahmed, 1982; Iyengar, 1986; Shah, 1982)
Flowers
Aphrodisiac
Acrid, cures ‘Kapha’, demulcent in cough and cold
Tonic (Borthakur et al., 1996; Upadhye et al., 1994)
Vaginal ruptures
Fever (Rai et al., 1992)
Colic and loose motions (Prakash and Mehrotra, 1991)
Cold and Cough (Bedi, 1978; Shah, 1983)
Calyx
Filaria (Mohan and Singh, 1996)
Seeds
Colic and loose motions (Kumar and Pullaiah, 1999)
Leaves
Fever and swellings (Maheshwari, 1986)
Ulcers and skin diseases (Sharma, 1985)
Twig
Leech repellent (John, 1984)
Gum exudates
Jaundice after delivery (Samvatsar, 2000)
Tongue ulcers (Girach and Aminuddin, 1995)
Stem bark
Constipation (Singh, 1993)
Diarrhoea (Rama Rao, 1999)
Skin diseases (Joshi, 1980)
Dysentry
In asthma, dental diseases and snake bite (Kothari and Londhe, 1999)
Stem sap
Menorrhegic (Pandey, 1991)
Root
Astringent (Parinitha, 2004)
Bark
Washing and cleaning abscesses, boils, ulcers and diarrhoea
Ear pain (Bhandary, 1995)
Skin diseases (Malhotra and Moorthy, 1973)
Antipyretic, antipruritic and eruptive fever (Singh and Aswal, 1992)
Smallpox and stomach disorders (Sadhale, 1991)
Wound healing and body pain (Mohapatra, 1991)
Astringent and demulcent
Cough and Cold
Alexiteric, anthelminthic and in urinary discharges
Rheumatic pain and diarrhoea (Jain, 1965)
Eye complaints
Abortifacient
(Mohanty, 1999)
Asthma, dental diseases and snake bite
Tumors, dyspepsia, bronchitis and colic
Coarse fibre for cordage ropes, cloth sacking and saddle making
(Mukherjee and Ray, 1980; Row and Sastry, 1964)
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
3
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH), superoxide anion radical, nitric
oxide radical and hydroxide radical scavenging assays. The
antioxidant activity of MECA increased in a concentration-
dependent manner. The results indicated that the MECA can be
a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant
agents (Kumar et al., 2006).
CNS activity
The methanol extract of barks of Careya arborea was used to
investigate central nervous system (CNS) activity in Swiss
albino mice and Wistar albino rats. General behaviour,
exploratory behaviour, muscle relaxant activity and
phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time were studied.
Methanol extract of barks at 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a
significant reduction in the spontaneous activity (general
behavioural behaviour), remarkable decrease in exploratory
behavioural pattern, a reduction in muscle relaxant activity, and
also significantly potentiated phenobarbitone sodium- induced
sleeping time. The results suggest that methanol extract of
Careya arborea exhibit CNS depressant activity in tested
animal models (Kumar et al., 2008).
Antitumor and antioxidant activity
The methanol extract of bark was evaluated for the anticancer
potentials against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA)-induced
ascitic and solid tumors. The methanol extract of its bark given
orally to mice at the dose of 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight for
10 days caused significant reduction in percent increase in body
weight, packed cell volume and viable tumor cell count when
compared to the mice of DLA control group. Restoration of
haematological and biochemical parameters towards normal
was also observed. Histological observations of liver and
kidney also indicated repair of tissue damage caused by tumor
inoculation. The extract at the dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg body
weight given i.p daily for 14 days significantly reduced the
solid tumor volume induced by DLA cells (Natesan et al.,
2007).
Antidiarrhoeal activity
The methanol extract of the Careya arborea Roxb. bark
significantly reduced castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. This
effect supports the local traditional use of the plant against
Table 2. Phytochemical investigation of Careya arborea Roxb.
Plant part
Type of extract
Chemical constituents
Whole plant (excluding root)
50% methanolic extract
Tannins (Atal, 1978)
Flowers
Petroleum ether, benzene and chloroform
extracts
Steroids and triterpenoids
Chloroform and ethanolic extracts
Phenols
Ethanolic extract
Tannins (Shantha, 1987)
Seeds
Petroleum ether extract
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α–spinasterol, Δ
22
- stigmastenol (Mahato and
Dutta, 1972)
Triterpenoids: Barringtogenol C,
Barringtogenol D, 16 desoxy barringtogenol
(Mahato and Dutta, 1973)
Starch (Soni, 1991)
Leaves
Petroleum ether extract
Taraxerol (Mahato, 1967)
Careyagenolide, maslinic acid, 2α hydroxy
ursolic acid (Das and Mahato, 1982)
n-hexacosanol, α –spinasterol, taraxerol,
taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid
and quercitin (Gupta, 1975)
Ethanolic extract
Triterpene ester- careaborin (Talapatra, 1981)
Tannins (Gupta, 1981)
Absence of saponins, alkaloids and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1969)
Leaves (Forming feed of livestock in North-
eastern hill region)
Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash,
nitrogen free extract, organic matter (Varma,
1982)
Nitrogen (George, 1957)
Energy as fodder 902.4Kcal/Kg,
metabolizable energy 1543.4 Kcal/Kg and
digestible energy 1789.6 Kcal/Kg (Joshi,
1976)
Bark
Sterols and terpenes (Bhattacharjee, 1969)
Absence of alkaloids, saponins and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1972)
Saponins and tannins (Joshi and Sabnis,
1989)
Pyroligenous acid and other components
(Kedare and Tendolkar, 1953)
Presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
flavonoids and saponins
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
4
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
diarrhoea (Saha et al., 2003).
Analgesic activity
Isolation of the bark of Careya arborea Roxb. bark afforded
piperine- an alkaloid chemically known as 1-5-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienylpiperidine. At oral
doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight, piperine exhibited
inhibition of acetic acid induced writhing in mice repectively.
At doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight, the compound also
showed prolongation of tail flicking time of mice 30 min after
the treatments determined by the radiant heat method. Thus, the
isolated alkaloid was found to possess significant central and
peripheral analgesic activity (Ahmed, 2002).
Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity
The successive chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and crude
50% methanol bark extract were evaluated for cytotoxic and
antioxidant activity. The extracts exhibited potent cytotoxicity
against cancerous RD, Hep-2 and HeLa cell lines. They were
found to be safe against the normal Vero cell line. The
methanol and aqueous extracts possessed strong antioxidant
activity against many oxidants in the in-vitro antioxidant
screening. The results show strong cytotoxic and antioxidant
properties, which are due to high total phenol content present in
the plant.
Table 3. Pharmacological actions of Careya arborea Roxb.
Plant part
Type of extract
Pharmacology
Trunk bark
90 and 10% methanolic extract
No sedation and analgesia in mice
No effect on B.P and respiration in cats
No direct action/ antagonism on the isolated
intestine of rabbit and guinea pig, isolated
uterus of guinea pig, frog rectus abdominis
muscle and isolated frog heart (Bhatnagar et
al., 1961)
Whole plant (excluding root)
50% ethanolic extract
No activity when screened for antibacterial/
antifungal/ antiprotozoal/
antiviral/ hypoglycaemic/ anticancer
and diuretic activities Phenols
Tannins (Shantha, 1987)
Effect on respiration, nictating membrane,
CVS and CNS of experimental animals;
isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus
(Bhakuni et al., 1969)
Stem bark
Petroleum ether extract
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α–spinasterol, Δ
22
- stigmastenol (Mahato and
Dutta, 1972)
Triterpenoids: Barringtogenol C,
Barringtogenol D, 16 desoxy barringtogenol
(Mahato and Dutta, 1973)
Starch (Soni, 1991)
Leaves
Petroleum ether extract
Taraxerol (Mahato, 1967)
Careyagenolide, maslinic acid, 2α hydroxy
ursolic acid (Das and Mahato, 1982)
n-hexacosanol, α –spinasterol, taraxerol,
taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid
and quercitin (Gupta, 1975)
Ethanolic extract
Triterpene ester- careaborin (Talapatra, 1981)
Tannins (Gupta, 1981)
Absence of saponins, alkaloids and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1969)
Leaves (Forming feed of livestock in North-
eastern hill region)
Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash,
nitrogen free extract, organic matter (Varma,
1982)
Nitrogen (George, 1957)
Energy as fodder 902.4Kcal/Kg,
metabolizable energy 1543.4 Kcal/Kg and
digestible energy 1789.6 Kcal/Kg (Joshi,
1976)
Bark
Sterols and terpenes (Bhattacharjee, 1969)
Absence of alkaloids, saponins and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1972)
Saponins and tannins (Joshi and Sabnis,
1989)
Pyroligenous acid and other components
(Kedare and Tendolkar, 1953)
Presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
flavonoids and saponins
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
5
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Anticoagulant activity
Methanolic extract of Careya arborea bark was evaluated for
anticoagulant activity by the assay of activated partial
thromboplastin time (aPTT), Prothrombin time (PT), and
thrombin time (TT). Bark extract caused significant (p < 0.05)
increase in aPTT, PT and TT at all doses were almost
equivalent to the response of warfarin. Prolongation in PT may
be due to decrease in coagulation factors such as VIII, IX, XI,
XII and prekallikrein involved in intrinsic pathway
(SubhadraDevi et al., 2011).
CONCLUSION
Use of herbal medicinal plants has been distinctive in our lives
right from the primitive period till today and provided us with
the data on the use of plants or plant products as therapeutic
agents in treating various ailments by virtue of their
phytoconstituents (Chahlia et al., 2009; Saikia et al., 2006;
Srivastav et al., 2011).
Careya arborea Roxb. is an important medicinal plant.
Extensive literature survey revealed its phytochemical
constituents and pharmacological potential as an important
traditional drug. The drug is enriched with flavonoids, tannins,
terpenoids and sterols. The plant exhibits many
pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant,
antitumor, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal,
anticoagulant and diuretic properties. However, a systematic
phytochemical investigation is required to standardize the drug
with reference to the presence of flavonoids with suitable
marker compounds. A systematic phytochemical work is under
progress in Authors’ laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to National Medical Library, New
Delhi; NISCAIR, New Delhi; CDRI, Lucknow; NBRI,
Lucknow and to the HAH Central Library, Jamia Hamdard,
New Delhi, for providing literature survey facility to
accomplish the work.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have no conflicting financial interests.
REFERENCES
Ahmed J, Chaghtai SA. A study of tree flora of Bhopal with
special reference to their medicinal values. Bull Med Ethnobot
Res. 1982;3:114-152.
Ahmed M, Rahman MW. Analgesic principle from the bark of
Careya arborea. Die Pharmazie. 2002;57:698-701.
Aswal BS, Goel AK, Kulshreshtha DK, Mehrotra BN, Patnaik
GK. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part XV.
Indian J Exp Biol. 1996;34:444-467.
Atal CK, Srivastava JB, Wali BK, Chakravarty RB, Dhawan
BN, Rastogi RP. Screening of Indian plants for biological
activity: Part VIII. Indian J Exp Biol. 1978;16:330-349.
Bedi SJ. Ethnobotany of Ratan Mahal hills, Gujarat, India.
Econ Bot. 1978;32:278-284.
Bhakuni DS, Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN.
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part II. Indian
J Exp Biol. 1969;7:250-262.
Bhandary MJ, Chandrash Sekar KR, Kaveriappa KM. Medical
ethnobotany of the siddhis of Uttara Kannada district,
Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 1975;47:149-158.
Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekhar KR, Kaveriappa KM. Medical
ethnobotany of the Siddis of Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka,
India. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;47:149-158.
Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekhar KR. Treatment for poisonous
snake bites in the ethnomedicine of coastal Karnataka. J Med
Aromat Plant Sci. 2000;22:505-510.
Bhatnagar SS, Santapau H, Fernandes F, Kamat VN, Dastoor
NJ, Rao TSN. Physiological activity of Indian Medicinal plants.
J Sci Ind Res. 1961;20:1-24.
Bhattacharjee AK, Das AK. Phytochemical screening of some
Indian plants. Quart J Crude Drug Res. 1969;9:1408-1412.
Borthakur SK, Nath K, Gogoi P. Herbal remedies of the
Napalese of Assam. Fitoterapia. 1996;67:231-237.
Chahlia N. Effect of capparis decidua on hypolipidemic activity
in rats. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3:481-484.
Chandra K, Pandey BN, Sinha GN, Pandey P. Medicinal plants
of Rajgir, Bihar. Bull Med Ethnobot Res. 1989;10:124-161.
Das MC, Mahato SB. Triterpenoid sapogenols from the leaves
of Careya arborea: Structure of careyagenolide.
Phytochemistry. 1982;21:2069-2073.
George J, Kohli RC. Nitrogen content of the leaves of some
Indian trees. Indian For. 1957;83:287-288.
Girach RD, Aminuddin S, Siddiqui PA, Khan SA. Traditional
plant remedies among the kondh of district of Dhenkanal
(Orissa). Intl J Pharmacol. 1994;323:274-283.
Girach RD, Aminuddin. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants among
the tribals og Singhbhum district, Bihar, India. Ethnobotany.
1995;7:103-107.
Gupta RK, Chakraborty NK, Dutta TR. Crystalline constituents
from Careya arborea Roxb. Indian J Pharm. 1975;376:161-162.
Gupta RK. Tannin bearing plants of India from denuded
wastelands. J Econ Tax Bot. 1981;2:139-155.
Iyengar MA, Bhat KG, Nayak SGK, Rajgopal PK, Nanda A.
Survey of medicinal flora of South Kanara, Series I. Indian
Drugs. 1986;24:69-73.
Jain SK, Tarafder CR. Medicinal plant-lore of Santhals. Econ
Bot. 1970;24:241-278.
Jain SK. Medicinal plantlore of tribals of Bastar. Econ Bot.
1965;19:236-250.
John D. One hundred useful raw drugs of the Kani tribes of
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
6
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Trivandrum forest division, Kerela, India. Int J Crude Drug Res.
1984;22:17-39.
Joshi DC. Energy evaluation of forages. Indian Vet J.
1976;53:873-877.
Joshi MC, Patel MB, Mehta PJ. Some folk medicines of Dangs,
Gujarat. Bull Med Ethnobot Res. 1980;1:8-24.
Joshi MC, Sabnis SD. A phytochemical study of South Gujarat
forest plants with special reference to the medicinal and
ethnobotanical interest. Bull Med Ethnobot Res. 1989;10:61-82.
Kapoor LD, Singh A, Kapoor SL, Srivastava SN. Survey of
Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. I Lloydia.
1969;32:297-304.
Kapoor LD, Srivastava SN, Singh A, Kapoor SI, Shah NC.
Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids,
III, Lloydia. 1972;35:288-295.
Kapoor SL, Kapoor LD. Medicinal plant wealth of the
Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Bull Med Ethnobot Res.
1980;1:120-144.
Kedare BS, Tendolkar GS. Ash analysis of some hardwood
species of the State of Bombay. J Sci Ind Res. 1953;12:125-126.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants, 2
nd
ed.
(Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh), pp. 894-
895, 1975.
Kothari MJ, Londhe AN. Ethnobotany in human health care of
Chikhaldara Amravati district in Maharashtra state, India. J
Econ Tax Bot. 1999;23:273-281.
Kumar BN, Swamy BM. Review on Careya arborea Roxb. Int
J Ayurveda & Pharmacy. 2010;1:306-315.
Kumar RS Sivakumar T, Gupta M, Mazumdar UK.
Hepatoprotctive and in vivo antioxidant effects of Careya
arborea against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in
rats. Inter J Mole Med Ad Sci. 2005;4:418-24.
Kumar RS, Sivakumar T, Sundaram RS, Sivakumar P, Nethaji
R, Gupta M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Careya
arborea Roxb. Stem bark. Iranian J Pharmacol Therap.
2006;5:35-41.
Kumar RS, Sundaram RS, Sivakumar P, Nethaji R, Senthil V,
Murthy NV. CNS activity of the methanol extracts if Careya
arborea in experimental animal model. Bangladesh J
Pharmacol. 2008;3:36-43.
Kumar TDC, Pullaiah T. Ethno- medicinal uses of some plants
of Mahabubnagar district, A.P., India. J Econ Tax Bot.
1999;23:341-345.
Mahato SB, Banerjee SK, Chakravarti RN. Taraxerol from
Careya arborea. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1967;5:8-9.
Mahato SB, Dutta NL, Chakravarti RN. Triterpenes from
Careya arborea. Structure of careyagenol D. J Indian Chem
Soc. 1973;50:254-259.
Mahato SB, Dutta NL. Sterols from Careya arborea Roxb.
Phytochemistry. 1972;11:2116-2117.
Maheshwari JK, Kalakoti BS, Lal B. Ethnomedicine of Bhil
tribe of Jhabua district, M.P. Ancient Sci Life. 1986;5:255-261.
Malhotra SK, Moorthy S. Some useful Medicinal plants of
Chandrapur district. Bull Bot Surv India. 1973;15:13-21.
Mohan K, Singh AK. Ethno-medico-botany of Tharus. Adv
Plant Sci. 1996;9:1-16.
Mohanty RB, Rout MK. Ethnobotany of Careya arborea Roxb.
Some noteworthy folk uses in Orissa. J Econ Tax Bot.
1999;23:505-508.
Mohapatra AK. Ethnopharmacological notes on Pauri-Bhuinya
tribe of Orissa. Indian For. 1991;117:126-130.
Mukherjee K, Ray LN. Screening of some Indian plant species.
Quart J Crude Drug Res. 1980;18:77.
Natesan S, Badami S. Antitumor and antioxidant status of the
methanol extract of Careya arborea bark against Dalton’s
lymphoma ascites- induced ascetic and solid tumor in mice. J
Pharmacol Sciences. 2007;103:2-23.
Pal DC, Guha A, Sen R. Medicinal plants and plant products
used in children diseases among aboriginals in India. J Econ
Tax Bot. 1999;23:121-130.
Pandey RK, Bajpai AK, Bhattacharya P. Some unique
folk ,medicines of Baiga tribes of Mandla district of M.P. J
Trop For. 1991;7:62-66.
Parinitha M, Harish GU, Vivek NC, Mahesh T, Shivanna MB.
Ethno-botanical wealth of Bhadra wild life sanctuary in
Karnataka. Indian J Trad Knowl. 2004;3:37-50.
Parrotta JA. Healing plants of peninsular India. (Wallingford,
United Kingdom: CAB International), pp. 449-451, 2001.
Prakash V, Mehrotra BN. Ethnomedical uses of some plants
among Garos of Meghalya. Ethnobotany. 1991;3:41-45.
Rahman MT, Khan OF, Saha S, Alimuzzaman M.
Antidiarrhoeal activity of the bark extract of Careya arborea
Roxb. Fitotherapia. 2003;74:116-118.
Rai MK, Nonhare BP. Ethnomedical studies of Chhindwara,
M.P-II. Indian Med. 1992;4:7-10.
Rama Rao NR, Rajendran A, Henry AN. Phyto-zootherapy of
the tribes of Andhra.Pradesh. J Econ Tax Bot. 1999;23:331-335.
Row LR, Sastry CSP. Chemical examination of Careya arborea.
Roxb. Indian J Chem. 1964;2:510.
Sadhale A, Majumdar AM, Pendse GS. Ethnobotanical studies
of sacred grove at Ajjiwali, Pune district. J Econ Tax Bot.
1991;15:167-172.
Saikia B. Ethnomedicinal plants from Gohpur of Sonitpur
district, Assam. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2006;5:529-530.
Samvatsar S, Diwanji VB. Plant sources for the treatment of
jaundice in the tribals of Western M.P of India. J
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
7
TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Ethanopharmacol. 2000;73:313-316.
Selvanayahgam ZS, Gnanevedhan G, Balakrishna K. Antisnake
venom botanicals from ethno medicine. J Herbs Spices Med
Plants. 1994;2:45-100.
Shah GL, Gopal GV. An Ethnobotanical profile of the Dangies.
J Econ Tax Bot. 1982;3:355-364.
Shah GL, Yadav SS, Badri Nath V. Medicinal plants from
Dhanu Forest division in Maharashtra state. J Econ Tax Bot.
1983;4:141-151.
Shantha TR, Pasupathy S, Yoganarasimhan SN. Identification,
macro-, microscopic and physicochemical details of a market
sample of padmaka (Careya arborea Roxb.) Indian J For.
1987;10:131-139.
Sharma PC, Murthy KS, Bhat AV, Narayanappa D, Kishore P.
Medicinal –lores of Orissa-I. Skin diseases. Bull Med Ethnobot
Res. 1985;6:93-101.
Sharma PV. Classical use of medicinal plants, 1
st
ed. (Varanasi,
India: Chowkhambha Bharati Academy), 1996.
Sikarwar RLS, Bajpai AK, Painuli RM. Plants used as
veterinary medicines by aboriginals of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Intl. J. Pharmacognosy. 1994; 3: 251-255.
Singh PB, Aswal BS. Medicinal plants of Himachal Pradesh
used in Indian Pharmaceutical industry. Bull Med Ethnobot Res.
1992;13:172-208.
Singh VK, Dhar U. Folk medicines of Orissa: Keonjhar forests.
Glimpses Plant Res. 1993;1:103-107.
Soni PL. Forest source of starch and its derivatives. Indian J
MFP. 1991;1:86.
Srivastav S, Singh P, Mishra G, Jha KK, Khosa RL.
Achyranthes aspera-an important medicinal plant: A review. J
Nat Prod Plant Resourc. 2011;1:1-14.
Subhadradevi V, Christy J, Asok Kumar K, Umamaheswari M,
Sivashanmugham AT. Induction of apoptosis and cytotoxic
activities of methanolic extract of Careya arborea Roxb. Bark.
Pharmacie Glovale. 2010;1:1-4.
Talapatra B, Basak A, Talapatra SK. Terpenoids and related
compounds Part XX. Careaborin, a new triterpene ester from
the leaves of Careya arborea Roxb. J Indian Chem Soc.
1981;58:814-815.
Talapatra B, Basak BA, Talapatra SK. Terpenoids and related
compounds Part XX. Careaborin, a new triterpene ester from
the leaves of Careya arborea Roxb. J Indian Chem Soc.
1981;58:814-815.
Upadhye AS, Vartak VD, Kumbhojkar MS. Ethno-medico-
botanical studies in Western Maharashtra, India. Ethnobotany.
1994;6:25-31.
Varma A, Yadav BPS, Sampath KT, Roy DJ. Chemical
composition of common fodder tree leaves, shrubs and
epiphytes in North-eastern hill region. Indian J Anim Sci.
1982;52:859-865.
Wadkar K, Magdum Chandrakant S. Pharmacognostic profiles
of bark of Careya arborea Roxb. J Pharmaco and Phytothe.
2009;1:64-66.