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A better understanding of traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.: Phytochemical and pharmacological review

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Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is a significant medicinal plant known as kumbhi in Ayurveda. Though, most of the plant parts are used in traditional systems of medicine, bark and leaves constitute the important medicinal parts. The present review gives an account of the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The review reveals that numerous phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant possessing hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and various other important activities. Leaves are used in filaria, colic, loose motions and ulcers. Bark is used as an antipyretic, abortifacient, antipruritic and in smallpox, urinary discharges and rheumatic pain. Since last few decades, extensive exploration has been done to establish the biological activities and pharmacology of the extracts and plentiful chemical constituents including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and many other have been isolated.
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TANG / www.e-tang.org
2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Review
A better understanding of traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.:
Phytochemical and pharmacological review
Nupur Ambardar, Vidhu Aeri
*
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062,
India
ABSTRACT
Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is a significant medicinal plant known as kumbhi in Ayurveda.
Though, most of the plant parts are used in traditional systems of medicine, bark and leaves constitute the
important medicinal parts. The present review gives an account of the updated information on its
phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The review reveals that numerous phytochemical
constituents have been isolated from the plant possessing hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anticoagulant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and various other important activities. Leaves are used in filaria,
colic, loose motions and ulcers. Bark is used as an antipyretic, abortifacient, antipruritic and in smallpox,
urinary discharges and rheumatic pain. Since last few decades, extensive exploration has been done to
establish the biological activities and pharmacology of the extracts and plentiful chemical constituents
including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and many other have been isolated.
Keywords Careya arborea, kumbhi, phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities
INTRODUCTION
Careya arborea Roxb., commonly known as wild guava, is a
medium sized deciduous tree; exhibiting dark grey colour and
exfoliating in thin strips. It is widely available in India, Ceylon,
Malay and Peninsula.
The word Lecythidaceae means large tropical trees bearing
large fruits with woody skins (wikipedia.org). Lecythidaceae is
a family of tropical trees and consists of about 20 different
genera and 450 different species. The family is generally
concentrated in the wet regions of tropical South America, with
some genera in Africa and Asia.
The stem bark is used in the treatment of tumours,
bronchitis, epileptic fits and skin diseases (Kirtikar et al., 1975).
It is also used as a remedy for diarrhoea (Sikarwar et al., 1994),
dysentery with bloody stools and ear pain (Bhandary et al.,
1975; Girach et al., 1994). It is a leech repellent, fish poison
and antivenin activities have been also reported in the literature
(John 1984; Selavanayahgam et al., 1994; Talapatra, 1981).
Geographical source
A deciduous tree found throughout India up to an altitude of
1,500m and in Andaman Islands. It is planted in gardens and
roadsides for its large conspicuous leaves and showy flowers
and fruits (Kumar et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 1996).
Morphology
A handsome tree up to 20 m in height with a spreading crown;
leaves are alternate, 15 - 30cm long and 7.5 - 15 cm wide,
broadly obovate or oblong-ovate, apex rounded, obtuse or
shortly acuminate, margins are crenate- denticular, rather
membranous, glabrous, 10 - 12 pairs of lateral leaves; petiole is
0-1.8 cm, long, stout and margined, crowded at the ends of the
branches, penninerved, not dotted and are red when young.
Flowers are large and handsome, in racemes or interrupted
spikes, white-pink or yellowish white, 6.3 - 9 cm across, foetid,
born in thick swollen hard terminal spikes each with a central
elliptic bract and two linear lateral ones, showy, crowned with
persistent calyx, ill smelling and sessile. Fruits are large,
globose, fleshy, and indehiscent and are crowned with the
calyx-limb and are 6.3 - 7.5 cm in diameter. Seeds have large
embryo and obsolete cotyledons nesting in fleshy pulp (Parrotta
et al., 2001).
Physical Evaluation
The physical evaluation of Careya arborea bark indicated: total
ash (12%), sulphated ash (9.49%), water soluble ash (2%), acid
insoluble ash (0.9%), water soluble extractive value (16%),
alcohol soluble extractive value (7.2%) and loss on drying
(14%) (Wadkar et al., 2009).
Traditional Uses
Careya arborea as a whole plant and different parts has a long
history of being used for a variety of medicinal uses (Table 1).
Phytochemical Work
Extensive phytochemical work has been carried out on Careya
arborea, which indicated the presence of different classes of
phytoconstituents, justifying the traditional uses of plant (Table
2).
Pharmacological Work
The phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of a
maximum number of phytoconstituents in methanolic and
ethanolic extract of bark and whole plant. The literature survey
reported a number of biological activities attributed to
flavonoids present in these extracts (Table 3).
*
Correspondence: Vidhu Aeri
E-mail: vidhuaeri@yahoo.com
Received May 9, 2013; Accepted November 12, 2013; Published
November 30, 2013
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2013.0013
© 2013 by Association of humanitas traditional medicine
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
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2013 / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / e28
Hepatoprotective and In vivo antioxidant effects
The methanolic extract of Careya arborea (MECA) stem bark
was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in
wistar albino rats. The hepatotoxicity was induced by carbon
tetrachloride (30 CCl
4
, 1 ml/kg b.w in liquid paraffin 3 doses
(i.p) at 72 h interval).The MECA at the doses of 50, 100 and
200 mg/kg and silymarin 25 mg/kg was administered to the
CCl
4
treated rats. Analytical parameters like serum
transaminase (GOT, GPT), Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP),
bilirubin, uric acid and total protein were measured in the rats
induced hepatotoxicity by CCl
4
. The effects of the extract on
lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzymatic antioxidant (Superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and nonenzymatic
antioxidant (Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C and Vitamin E were
estimated. The MECA and silymarin produced significant (p <
0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of
serum enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation and
significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH,
vitamin C, vitamin E and protein in a dose dependent manner.
From these results, it was suggested that MECA possess potent
hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities (Kumar et al., 2005).
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
Antimicrobial activities of MECA were carried out using disc
diffusion methods with Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria and some fungal species. MECA showed broad-
spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested
microorganisms. antimicrobial activity against all tested
microorganisms. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging
activities of MECA was assessed by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-
Table 1. Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
Part used
Uses
Whole plant
Astringent, demulcent, antipyretic, antipruritic, in cough, cold and eruptive
fevers Smallpox (Pal et al., 1999)
Snake bite (Bhandary, 2000-2001; Chandra et al., 1989;
Jain, 1970)
Fruits
Cold and cough (Kapoor and Kapoor, 1980)
Digestion promoter (Ahmed, 1982; Iyengar, 1986; Shah, 1982)
Flowers
Aphrodisiac
Acrid, cures ‘Kapha’, demulcent in cough and cold
Tonic (Borthakur et al., 1996; Upadhye et al., 1994)
Vaginal ruptures
Fever (Rai et al., 1992)
Colic and loose motions (Prakash and Mehrotra, 1991)
Cold and Cough (Bedi, 1978; Shah, 1983)
Calyx
Filaria (Mohan and Singh, 1996)
Seeds
Colic and loose motions (Kumar and Pullaiah, 1999)
Leaves
Fever and swellings (Maheshwari, 1986)
Ulcers and skin diseases (Sharma, 1985)
Twig
Leech repellent (John, 1984)
Gum exudates
Jaundice after delivery (Samvatsar, 2000)
Tongue ulcers (Girach and Aminuddin, 1995)
Stem bark
Constipation (Singh, 1993)
Diarrhoea (Rama Rao, 1999)
Skin diseases (Joshi, 1980)
Dysentry
In asthma, dental diseases and snake bite (Kothari and Londhe, 1999)
Stem sap
Menorrhegic (Pandey, 1991)
Root
Astringent (Parinitha, 2004)
Bark
Washing and cleaning abscesses, boils, ulcers and diarrhoea
Ear pain (Bhandary, 1995)
Skin diseases (Malhotra and Moorthy, 1973)
Antipyretic, antipruritic and eruptive fever (Singh and Aswal, 1992)
Smallpox and stomach disorders (Sadhale, 1991)
Wound healing and body pain (Mohapatra, 1991)
Astringent and demulcent
Cough and Cold
Alexiteric, anthelminthic and in urinary discharges
Rheumatic pain and diarrhoea (Jain, 1965)
Eye complaints
Abortifacient
(Mohanty, 1999)
Asthma, dental diseases and snake bite
Tumors, dyspepsia, bronchitis and colic
Coarse fibre for cordage ropes, cloth sacking and saddle making
(Mukherjee and Ray, 1980; Row and Sastry, 1964)
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
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picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH), superoxide anion radical, nitric
oxide radical and hydroxide radical scavenging assays. The
antioxidant activity of MECA increased in a concentration-
dependent manner. The results indicated that the MECA can be
a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant
agents (Kumar et al., 2006).
CNS activity
The methanol extract of barks of Careya arborea was used to
investigate central nervous system (CNS) activity in Swiss
albino mice and Wistar albino rats. General behaviour,
exploratory behaviour, muscle relaxant activity and
phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time were studied.
Methanol extract of barks at 100 and 200 mg/kg caused a
significant reduction in the spontaneous activity (general
behavioural behaviour), remarkable decrease in exploratory
behavioural pattern, a reduction in muscle relaxant activity, and
also significantly potentiated phenobarbitone sodium- induced
sleeping time. The results suggest that methanol extract of
Careya arborea exhibit CNS depressant activity in tested
animal models (Kumar et al., 2008).
Antitumor and antioxidant activity
The methanol extract of bark was evaluated for the anticancer
potentials against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA)-induced
ascitic and solid tumors. The methanol extract of its bark given
orally to mice at the dose of 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight for
10 days caused significant reduction in percent increase in body
weight, packed cell volume and viable tumor cell count when
compared to the mice of DLA control group. Restoration of
haematological and biochemical parameters towards normal
was also observed. Histological observations of liver and
kidney also indicated repair of tissue damage caused by tumor
inoculation. The extract at the dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg body
weight given i.p daily for 14 days significantly reduced the
solid tumor volume induced by DLA cells (Natesan et al.,
2007).
Antidiarrhoeal activity
The methanol extract of the Careya arborea Roxb. bark
significantly reduced castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. This
effect supports the local traditional use of the plant against
Table 2. Phytochemical investigation of Careya arborea Roxb.
Type of extract
Chemical constituents
Whole plant (excluding root)
50% methanolic extract
Tannins (Atal, 1978)
Flowers
Petroleum ether, benzene and chloroform
extracts
Steroids and triterpenoids
Chloroform and ethanolic extracts
Phenols
Ethanolic extract
Tannins (Shantha, 1987)
Seeds
Petroleum ether extract
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α–spinasterol, Δ
22
- stigmastenol (Mahato and
Dutta, 1972)
Triterpenoids: Barringtogenol C,
Barringtogenol D, 16 desoxy barringtogenol
(Mahato and Dutta, 1973)
Starch (Soni, 1991)
Leaves
Petroleum ether extract
Taraxerol (Mahato, 1967)
Careyagenolide, maslinic acid, 2α hydroxy
ursolic acid (Das and Mahato, 1982)
n-hexacosanol, α –spinasterol, taraxerol,
taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid
and quercitin (Gupta, 1975)
Ethanolic extract
Triterpene ester- careaborin (Talapatra, 1981)
Tannins (Gupta, 1981)
Absence of saponins, alkaloids and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1969)
Leaves (Forming feed of livestock in North-
eastern hill region)
Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash,
nitrogen free extract, organic matter (Varma,
1982)
Nitrogen (George, 1957)
Energy as fodder 902.4Kcal/Kg,
metabolizable energy 1543.4 Kcal/Kg and
digestible energy 1789.6 Kcal/Kg (Joshi,
1976)
Bark
Sterols and terpenes (Bhattacharjee, 1969)
Absence of alkaloids, saponins and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1972)
Saponins and tannins (Joshi and Sabnis,
1989)
Pyroligenous acid and other components
(Kedare and Tendolkar, 1953)
Presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
flavonoids and saponins
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
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diarrhoea (Saha et al., 2003).
Analgesic activity
Isolation of the bark of Careya arborea Roxb. bark afforded
piperine- an alkaloid chemically known as 1-5-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienylpiperidine. At oral
doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight, piperine exhibited
inhibition of acetic acid induced writhing in mice repectively.
At doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight, the compound also
showed prolongation of tail flicking time of mice 30 min after
the treatments determined by the radiant heat method. Thus, the
isolated alkaloid was found to possess significant central and
peripheral analgesic activity (Ahmed, 2002).
Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity
The successive chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and crude
50% methanol bark extract were evaluated for cytotoxic and
antioxidant activity. The extracts exhibited potent cytotoxicity
against cancerous RD, Hep-2 and HeLa cell lines. They were
found to be safe against the normal Vero cell line. The
methanol and aqueous extracts possessed strong antioxidant
activity against many oxidants in the in-vitro antioxidant
screening. The results show strong cytotoxic and antioxidant
properties, which are due to high total phenol content present in
the plant.
Table 3. Pharmacological actions of Careya arborea Roxb.
Type of extract
Pharmacology
Trunk bark
90 and 10% methanolic extract
No sedation and analgesia in mice
No effect on B.P and respiration in cats
No direct action/ antagonism on the isolated
intestine of rabbit and guinea pig, isolated
uterus of guinea pig, frog rectus abdominis
muscle and isolated frog heart (Bhatnagar et
al., 1961)
Whole plant (excluding root)
50% ethanolic extract
No activity when screened for antibacterial/
antifungal/ antiprotozoal/
antiviral/ hypoglycaemic/ anticancer
and diuretic activities Phenols
Tannins (Shantha, 1987)
Effect on respiration, nictating membrane,
CVS and CNS of experimental animals;
isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus
(Bhakuni et al., 1969)
Stem bark
Petroleum ether extract
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α- spinasterol, α- spinasterone
α–spinasterol, Δ
22
- stigmastenol (Mahato and
Dutta, 1972)
Triterpenoids: Barringtogenol C,
Barringtogenol D, 16 desoxy barringtogenol
(Mahato and Dutta, 1973)
Starch (Soni, 1991)
Leaves
Petroleum ether extract
Taraxerol (Mahato, 1967)
Careyagenolide, maslinic acid, 2α hydroxy
ursolic acid (Das and Mahato, 1982)
n-hexacosanol, α –spinasterol, taraxerol,
taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid
and quercitin (Gupta, 1975)
Ethanolic extract
Triterpene ester- careaborin (Talapatra, 1981)
Tannins (Gupta, 1981)
Absence of saponins, alkaloids and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1969)
Leaves (Forming feed of livestock in North-
eastern hill region)
Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash,
nitrogen free extract, organic matter (Varma,
1982)
Nitrogen (George, 1957)
Energy as fodder 902.4Kcal/Kg,
metabolizable energy 1543.4 Kcal/Kg and
digestible energy 1789.6 Kcal/Kg (Joshi,
1976)
Bark
Sterols and terpenes (Bhattacharjee, 1969)
Absence of alkaloids, saponins and
flavonoids (Kapoor, 1972)
Saponins and tannins (Joshi and Sabnis,
1989)
Pyroligenous acid and other components
(Kedare and Tendolkar, 1953)
Presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
flavonoids and saponins
Traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.
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Anticoagulant activity
Methanolic extract of Careya arborea bark was evaluated for
anticoagulant activity by the assay of activated partial
thromboplastin time (aPTT), Prothrombin time (PT), and
thrombin time (TT). Bark extract caused significant (p < 0.05)
increase in aPTT, PT and TT at all doses were almost
equivalent to the response of warfarin. Prolongation in PT may
be due to decrease in coagulation factors such as VIII, IX, XI,
XII and prekallikrein involved in intrinsic pathway
(SubhadraDevi et al., 2011).
CONCLUSION
Use of herbal medicinal plants has been distinctive in our lives
right from the primitive period till today and provided us with
the data on the use of plants or plant products as therapeutic
agents in treating various ailments by virtue of their
phytoconstituents (Chahlia et al., 2009; Saikia et al., 2006;
Srivastav et al., 2011).
Careya arborea Roxb. is an important medicinal plant.
Extensive literature survey revealed its phytochemical
constituents and pharmacological potential as an important
traditional drug. The drug is enriched with flavonoids, tannins,
terpenoids and sterols. The plant exhibits many
pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant,
antitumor, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoeal,
anticoagulant and diuretic properties. However, a systematic
phytochemical investigation is required to standardize the drug
with reference to the presence of flavonoids with suitable
marker compounds. A systematic phytochemical work is under
progress in Authors’ laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to National Medical Library, New
Delhi; NISCAIR, New Delhi; CDRI, Lucknow; NBRI,
Lucknow and to the HAH Central Library, Jamia Hamdard,
New Delhi, for providing literature survey facility to
accomplish the work.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have no conflicting financial interests.
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... Lecythidaceae is a tropical tree family consisting of about 20 different genera and 450 different species. This family usually lives in tropical humid regions of South America, and there are some genera in Africa and Asia [13] . Careya arborea Roxb is a very attractive tree with a spreading crown. ...
... The fruit is a drupe, berry-shaped, large, green, fleshy, crowned with calyx members, globose and round [7,14] . The bark is dark gray [10] and usually peels off in thin strips [2,13,[15][16] . The wood is medium in texture, hard in texture, heavy, and strong. ...
Article
Full-text available
Preliminary phytochemical screening is an important step in detecting biologically active compounds present in medicinal plants and subsequently leading to drug discovery and development. Use standard methods to perform a preliminary phytochemical screenin root extracts and solvent fractions of phytochemical characteristics of the roots of examination showed that there are various phytochemicals in plant root extracts, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, sterols, phenol, carbohydrates, tannins, and glycosides. The presence of various biologica healers to apply Careya arborea specific characteristics of specific raw drugs, which will be suitable for identification and control to reduce the value of raw drugs.
... [28] Steroids and triterpenoids exhibit central nervous system (CNS) and pain relives properties. [29] Antifungal properties have been observed in the TCM extract of C. arborea root. [17] The root of C. arborea possesses the ability to inhibit fertility. ...
Article
Full-text available
The examination of phytochemicals and identifying the presence of bioactive substances within plants used for medicinal purposes; ultimately promotes the advancement of medication exploration. In this paper, a qualitative analysis was carried out on the root extracts of Careya arborea Roxb with different solvents. The qualitative examination confirmed several phytocompounds in the extracts of C. arborea roots. The water extract had the maximum extraction yield of 18.97 g/100g, while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the lowest extraction yield of 8.28 g/100g. The presence of various bioactive constituents in C. arborea facilitates its use by conventional herbal healers and allows for its application in the treatment of numerous ailments. The research unveiled the distinct attributes of individual raw substances, rendering them appropriate for recognition and regulation in order to improve the market value of the plants.
... We have also observed that some of the wild fruits are abundantly produced in the forest and are available in urban and rural markets (Fig. 6) (Patkar et al., 2012), Capparis zeylanica (Mishra, 2006), Careya arborea (Ambardar and Aeri, 2013), Phyllanthus emblica (Paria, 2005;Sarkar et al., 2016), Solanum torvum (Paria, 2005), Tamilnadia uliginosa (Sudhakar et al., 2012), Terminalia bellirica (Paria, 2005), Terminalia chebula (Paria, 2005) ...
... It inhibits specifically plasmin activity without affecting the activity of other serine proteases like trypsin, tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase plasminogen activator 62 . The methanolic bark extract of Careya arborea (lecythidaceae), commonly known as wild guava showed prolonged blood clotting time and has been compared with standard anticoagulant drug warfarin 63 . ...
Article
Thrombosis, a life-threatening disease causes thrombus formation within blood vessels to obstruct the flow of blood through vascular system. The disease causes morbidity and mortality of arterial and venous thrombosis which can result in acute infraction and deep vein thrombosis. Majority of clotting factors are serine proteases and are present as precursors of proteolytic enzymes known as zymogens that circulate in inactivated forms but get activated in response to injury in blood vessels. The serine proteases are involved in coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis. Thrombin and fibrin are the main key therapeutic target for the treatment of thrombosis. Commercially available antithrombotic and thrombolytic drugs are known to be associated with serious side effects like bleeding, hypertension, and haemorrhage therefore natural productshave been suggested as best replacement of synthetic antithrombotic and thrombolytic drugs with less side effects for human health. Plants have been suggested as potential source of anticoagulants against thrombosis with fewer or no side effects.
... C. arborea Roxb. as a whole plant and its different parts has a long history of utilization for a variety of medicinal uses [15] . It is traditionally used in treatment of sores, ear pain, snake bite, inflammation, piles, tumours, cough and cold, toothache, wounds, bronchitis, colic, intestinal worms, haemorrhoids, dyspepsia, dysentery, spermatorrhoea, leukoderma, epileptic fits, abscesses, ulcers and eruptive fevers particularly smallpox [13,14,16,17] . ...
... We have also observed that some of the wild fruits are abundantly produced in the forest and are available in urban and rural markets ( (Patkar et al., 2012), Capparis zeylanica (Mishra, 2006), Careya arborea (Ambardar and Aeri, 2013), Phyllanthus emblica (Paria, 2005;Sarkar et al., 2016), Solanum torvum (Paria, 2005), Tamilnadia uliginosa (Sudhakar et al., 2012), Terminalia bellirica (Paria, 2005), Terminalia chebula (Paria, 2005) Some botanical exploration and publications have emphasized the diversity and food value of wild edible fruit plants (Vartak, 1959;Billore & Hemadri, 1969;Maikhuri et al., 2000;Sundriyal, 2001;Bhattacharjee et al., 2008;Deshmukh and Shinde, 2010). So, from the above-mentioned data, we can say that Purulia is very rich in wild edible fruit-yielding plants and their fruits and byproducts play the important role in the socio-economic upliftment of tribal communities. ...
Book
Plants are a remarkable collection of organisms that have ruled the planet for 400 million years. They’ve gone through a series of evolutionary changes to fit in with their surroundings during evolution. These evolutionary changes included not only morphological changes to adapt to different climates, but also sophisticated physiological changes to synchronize with the former and strengthen adaptability. These physiological changes in the plant subsequently proven to be highly beneficial to humans, who appeared between 6 million and 2 million years ago. Plants’ physiological and biochemical evolution, which coincided with the emergence of various taxa, led to the formation of innumerable biochemical pathways that produced a large number of secondary metabolites, the primary goal of which was to protect the plants from herbivores and insects. Secondary metabolites, on the other hand, have shown to be extremely useful to humans since antiquity, who have unintentionally relied on plants for food and medicine since prehistoric times. Humans became aware of the chemical constituents of plants in the last hundred years or so and began researching their varied useful effects. Agricultural activities evolved in tandem with human civilization, and as the population grew, improved yields and crop protection from disease attacks became a requirement. Protection of plants from pathogens rapidly became a priority in the last fifty years and people and initially chemical methods were adopted to protect the plants from pathogen attack which later proved to be disadvantageous from an environmental point of view. Thus the scientific community delved further in search of biological agents which can prevent infection of plant pathogens. This paved the way for biocontrol agents and consequent development of bio fungicides, biopesticides, and bioinsecticides with fewer side effects on humans and animals but with a more green approach towards fertility enhancement. In this book, an attempt is made to emphasize the usage pattern of plants as a source of food and medicine. The book also covers the role of various microbes which can act as pathogen control and also disease management. Thus ‘Plant - A valuable resource of sustainable agriculture, food and medicine’ provides information related to the mentioned theme. The main purpose of the book is to provide relevant information to the readers on aspects largely cantered on plants. The book is divided into five sections namely Phytodiversity, agriculture and sustainable development, natural resource, and usage pattern, microbes and role in agriculture and disease management, plants as sources of medicine, exploration, and conservation of the genetic resource. Selected chapters in relevance to the sections have been accommodated to provide an overview. The first section deals with plant diversity, and agricultural practices in rural Bengal. This section culminates in the impact of urbanization on agriculture which is of high relevance at present. The second section illustrates the usage of indigenous patterns of plants as food and also the conservation of plants from religious aspects through the concept of sacred groves. The third section contains selected chapters on bioprospection of microbes for agricultural sustainability, disease management, and mitigation of stress. The fourth section contains selected chapters on the uses of plants as medicines and herbal excipients and highlights the usage of herbal remedies for the cure of physical ailments. The book concludes with the fifth section containing a chapter on the importance of field gee banks for the conservation of genetic resources of agricultural importance. Within each chapter of the book, various tables provide a clear and methodical description of the issue being explored. The book is an academic endeavor that will assist the scientific community as well as readers with an interest in plant sciences. Publisher link: http://www.absbooksindia.com/shop/art-humanities/agriculture/plant-a-valuable-resource-of-sustainable-agriculture-food-and-medicine
... Careya arborea extract also has shown the effects of different microorganisms and It is known to have flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids in Careya arborea [25][26][27]. The current study revealed that there is a an antibacterial effect of Careya arborea against all the three microorganisms (B. ...
... C. arborea Roxb. as a whole plant and its different parts (Fig. 1) has a long history of utilization for a variety of medicinal uses (Ambardar and Aeri 2013). It is traditionally used in treatment of sores, ear pain, snake bite, inflammation, piles, tumors, cough and cold, toothache, wounds, bronchitis, colic, intestinal worms, hemorrhoids, dyspepsia, dysentery, spermatorrhoea, leukoderma, epileptic fits, abscesses, ulcers and eruptive fevers particularly smallpox (Satish et al. 2010;Khaliq 2016;Kirtikar and Basu 1980;Warrier 1993). ...
Article
Careya arborea Roxb. (Family: Lecythidaceae) is commonly called as Slow match tree and is an important medicinal plant. Its diferent parts viz. bark, leaves and seeds have been reported to show many pharmacological activities. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a simple, fast and precise technique for the detection of phytochemicals present in the plant. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the phytochemical profle for various secondary metabolites using HPTLC for C. arborea bark, leaves and seeds extracts, which revealed the confrmation of these phytochemicals. The present study suggested that the bark contains all the classes of compounds tested namely alkaloids, anthracene derivatives, arbutin derivatives, bitter compounds, cardiac glycosides, coumarin derivatives, essential oils, favonoids, lignans, pungent-tasting principles, saponins, triterpenes and valepotriates. Whereas, alkaloids are not detected in leaves, and alkaloids and arbutin derivatives are not detected in seeds.
Article
Background People have been using different plants to treat a wide variety of illnesses ever since the dawn of human civilisation, medicinal plants have been employed. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 80% of people living in developing countries lack the financial means to purchase synthetic drugs. As a result, these individuals turn to traditional medicines, the majority of which are derived from plants, to satisfy their fundamental requirements for health care. Plants have been used as medicine from the beginning of time to cure a broad variety of ailments, including gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary problems, hepatobiliary discomfort, as well as psychiatric and respiratory issues. Method In order to get the necessary data, the procedure involves scouring multiple search engines, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Sci Finder, for citations that pertain to the topic at hand. Regarding anti-inflammatories, anti-pyretic, analgesics, and antioxidants. Results For a considerable amount of time, many different plants have been used as a treatment for fever, and recent scientific research has demonstrated that these treatments reduce the temperature of the human body. The significance of medicinal plants as a kind of treatment for fever is brought into sharp focus by this analysis. Conclusion This review can also assist researchers and scientists in locating new antioxidants, antipyretic compounds, and plants that have been utilized for a considerable amount of time.
Thesis
Full-text available
Floral diversity is the natural resources and wealth of a country and acquiring the knowledge of it is of immense scientific importance. Plant community plays a vital role in the sustainable management by maintaining biodiversity and conserving the environment. The present studies highlight the importance of floral wealth of the urban areas and recommend to do plantation in some selected parts of study areas to keep urban environment clean and pollution free. Floristic survey was carried out in the urban areas of Bhubaneswar from December 2019to March 2020. Data are obtained from the survey which led us to gathering some ideas, information about the different species of plants found there. From the enumerated and documented data, the species diversity is known. “Ethnobotanical studies” has been carried out in order to properly understand the significance of floral diversity on the environment. Three plants viz. Mesua ferrea, Magnolia champaca, Saraca asoca belong to family Culsiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae respectively are selected for phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. Mesua ferrea is commonly found in tropical countries like India, Burma, Thailand and New Guinea. Magnolia champaca is commonly found in tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia, including Southern China. Saraca asoca is found in all over India, especially in Himalaya, Kerala, Bengal and whole South region. Samples of these three plants are collected from different places of urban area of Bhubaneswar. The collected samples are dried, grinded and Phytochemical screening carried out by using 3 solvents Aqueous, Acetone & Methanol on leaf extract of each plant for test of primary and secondary metabolites.The phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities showed their sound pharmacological potential.
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In the present communication 126 useful and medicinal plants are reported from the Chandrapur district (Maharashtra State).
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The uses of 52 plants in traditional medicine of the people of Nepali ethnic origin of Assam in northeastern India are presented.