No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
Conceptual and methodological ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral
control are clarified. It is shown that perceived control over performance of a behavior,
though comprised of separable components that reflect beliefs about self-efficacy and
about controllability, can nevertheless be considered a unitary latent variable in a hierarchical
factor model. It is further argued that there is no necessary correspondence between
self-efficacy and internal control factors, or between controllability and external control
factors. Self-efficacy and controllability can reflect internal as well as external factors and
the extent to which they reflect one or the other is an empirical question. Finally, a case is
made that measures of perceived behavioral control need to incorporate self-efficacy as
well as controllability items that are carefully selected to ensure high internal consistency.
... Attitudes toward entrepreneurship are shaped by the perception of economic risk and financial uncertainty, which can lead to a lower willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities [40,41]. Subjective norms, on the other hand, are influenced by social and familial expectations, where job stability is often prioritized over entrepreneurial endeavors, especially in contexts of high economic precarity [38,42]. Finally, perceived behavioral control is affected by structural barriers, such as bureaucracy and limited access to capital and financial resources, which reduce students' confidence in their ability to start and sustain a business [40]. ...
... According to the TPB, human behavior is guided by three key components: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control [37]. These elements directly influence a person's intention to engage in a specific behavior, which in turn determines the likelihood of the behavior being executed [39,42]. ...
... Within this framework, attitude toward innovation and creativity represents the extent to which students perceive entrepreneurship as positive and desirable [20,44]. Subjective norms reflect the influence of expectations from significant people in the student's life, such as family members, friends, and academic mentors, on their decision to pursue entrepreneurship [39,42]. Lastly, perceived behavioral control refers to students' perception of their ability to overcome challenges and barriers on the path to creating their own business [15]. ...
This study analyzed the influence of attitude toward innovation and creativity, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and institutional support in the consolidation of an entrepreneurial culture among Peruvian university students, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the theoretical framework. Data were collected from 948 students through a validated 29-item questionnaire, and the data analysis was conducted using the PLS-SEM method. The results showed that both attitude toward innovation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial culture, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy acted as a partial mediator in this relationship. However, external resources and institutional support were not significant mediators between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial culture. This study expands the understanding of TPB in the Peruvian context, highlighting the importance of fostering self-efficacy and an innovative attitude in students to strengthen entrepreneurial culture in universities. Educational institutions should consider these key factors when designing programs that promote entrepreneurship.
... Perceived behavioral control (PBC) is a critical component of the Theory of Planned Behavior, influencing intentions and actions (Ajzen, 2002). Research suggests that PBC is multidimensional, comprising perceived control and perceived difficulty (Trafimow et al., 2002). ...
... Research suggests that PBC is multidimensional, comprising perceived control and perceived difficulty (Trafimow et al., 2002). PBC can be conceptualized as a hierarchical construct with self-efficacy and controllability as lower-level components (Ajzen, 2002). These components may reflect both internal and external factors, challenging the assumption of a strict internal-external dichotomy (Ajzen, 2002;Kiriakidis, 2017). ...
... PBC can be conceptualized as a hierarchical construct with self-efficacy and controllability as lower-level components (Ajzen, 2002). These components may reflect both internal and external factors, challenging the assumption of a strict internal-external dichotomy (Ajzen, 2002;Kiriakidis, 2017). PBC enhances the prediction of intentions beyond attitudes and subjective norms and can directly affect behavior, particularly in high-risk situations (Devellis et al., 1990). ...
This study investigates the role of informal entrepreneurship in empowering youth within Cameroon, with a particular focus on the gender dimensions influencing entrepreneurial experiences. Addressing significant gaps in the literature that predominantly concentrate on formal business sectors, the research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative interviews, observational studies, and quantitative surveys. Data were collected from 30 informal entrepreneurs and 300 youth aged 18-35 across three major cities, revealing both common success factors in informal business ventures and systemic barriers such as lack of financing, societal stigma, and gender-specific challenges women face. The findings indicate a strong positive correlation between awareness of successful informal enterprises and youth intentions to pursue entrepreneurship, with qualitative insights underscoring that community support, adaptability, and resilience are crucial for success. Notably, female entrepreneurs encounter unique obstacles, including limited access to funding and societal perceptions that undermine their legitimacy, highlighting the need for targeted support mechanisms. While this study provides significant contributions to understanding the informal economy's role in youth empowerment, some limitations include relatively small sample size and the concentration on urban areas, which may not fully capture rural dynamics. Future research could explore the impact of cultural factors on gender roles in entrepreneurship and the long-term effects of informal entrepreneurship on socioeconomic mobility among youth. This research emphasizes the potential of the informal sector as a legitimate pathway for economic empowerment, especially for women, and proposes actionable strategies for policymakers and educators to foster a culture of entrepreneurship in Cameroon.
... An attitude toward a behavior indicates the degree to which that behavior may be evaluated as favorable/unfavorable (Ajzen, 1991: 188). Ajzen (2002) also described instrumental and experiential attitudes as distinct components of overall attitude, though their influence may vary by individual and circumstance. Specifically, instrumental attitude indicates whether the target behavior is valuable and beneficial to the individual, while experiential attitude indicates whether the target behavior is enjoyable or pleasant (Ajzen, 2002;Li et al., 2010). ...
... Ajzen (2002) also described instrumental and experiential attitudes as distinct components of overall attitude, though their influence may vary by individual and circumstance. Specifically, instrumental attitude indicates whether the target behavior is valuable and beneficial to the individual, while experiential attitude indicates whether the target behavior is enjoyable or pleasant (Ajzen, 2002;Li et al., 2010). ...
... The measurements for the current study were adopted from the netnography observation and the prior literature, including the attitude scale (Li et al., 2010), the subjective norm scale (Lin, 2016), the perceived behavioral control scale (Ajzen, 2002;Armitage & Conner, 2001;Li et al., 2010;Taylor & Todd, 1995) and the deepfake feature scale (Davis, 1989). All measurement scales were a five-point Likert scale (from strongly disagree [1] to strongly agree [5]). ...
The rapid spread of disinformation and misinformation created by deepfake poses threats and challenges to society. Most studies have analyzed deepfakes in terms of computer science, but there is now a pressing need to study them from the perspective of social science. This study aims to explore the factors that affect individuals’ intentions of watching or sharing deepfakes, the relationships between behaviors related to deepfakes and the impact of deepfakes to individuals or to the society. Accordingly, this study constructs a theoretical model and considers the impacts of deepfake content and quality on individuals’ behavioral intentions of deepfakes. This study adopts SPSS 26.0 to analyze the data set that involves 582 participants (Male = 234, Female = 348) in total. Results showed that attitude toward deepfakes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively influenced the individual’s behavioral intention regarding deepfakes, but perceived behavioral control did not have significant effects on behavioral tendencies on deepfakes when tested with other factors. Meanwhile, the quality of deepfake content was related to the individuals’ behavioral intentions of whether they were willing to watch or to share such videos, and there were gender, age, and education differences in individuals’ behavioral tendencies on deepfakes. Furthermore, the consequences of deepfakes were closely related to individuals’ sharing behaviors. The findings contribute to extended the TPB model, expanding the understanding of individuals’ differences in behavioral intentions of deepfakes. The findings also have implications for guiding the development of educational and training strategies to combat the negative effects of deepfakes.
... As explained by [18], attitude consists of a number of feelings (affection) that lead a person to the acceptance or rejection of an object and its consideration as being agreeable or disagreeable, or good or bad. Attitude is an internal state that influences one's actions on certain objects, people, and events [19]. Attitude describes a feeling of judgement (liking or disliking) by a person, specifically regarding green behavior [20]; [21]; and [22]. ...
... Perceived behavioral control (PBC) suggests that a person's intention to perform a behavior increases when they believe they have the necessary resources and face minimal difficulties (Ajzen, 2002;Kocagöz and Dursun, 2010). A person's ease or difficulty in consuming fish, along with available resources, influences their behavior. ...
In this study, consumers' intention to consume fish in restaurants was explored by expanding Ajzen's (1985) theory of planned behavior (TPB). The
food neophobia (FN) variable was added to the variables of attitude, subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC), which are the main
independent variables of the TPB, and the moderator role of the variable of FN between the variables of attitude and intention to consume fish was also
controlled. A questionnaire was used to reach a total of 517 participants in Antalya/Türkiye. For the analysis of the obtained data, exploratory factor analysis
(EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multiple linear regression analyses were performed using SPSS and Lisrel package programs. It was found
that the variables of attitude, SN and PBC have a significant and positive effect on consumers' intention to consume fish in restaurants. Also, the FN variable
had a significant and negative effect on consumers' intention to consume fish in restaurants. Finally, FN variable had a significant moderator effect between
the variables of attitude and intention to consume fish. In short, individuals with high FN may not translate a positive attitude toward eating fish into a strong
intention to consume it, while those with low neophobia may do so more effectively. FN alters the link between attitude and intention, highlighting its role in
shaping fish consumption decisions. This research offers key insights for public health and the food industry. Findings can guide healthy eating campaigns,
marketing strategies, product development, and efforts to promote sustainable fish consumption, while also considering the impact of social norms within
behavioral economics.
... We adapted measures of self-efficacy (i.e., a person's belief in their ability to carry out an action; Ajzen, 1985Ajzen, , 2002 from Jones and Niemiec (2020) and adapted measures of response and collective efficacy from the Six Americas study (Leiserowitz et al., 2009). Response efficacy is the belief that one's actions will have the intended impact (Witte & Allen, 2000) and collective efficacy is the belief in a group's ability to achieve a common goal (Bandura, 2000). ...
Audience segmentation can be used to identify target audiences in environmental public engagement and communication, but few studies have used segmentation to study biodiversity conservation behavior. This study used segmentation to better understand perceptions and behaviors around different types of actions related to native plant gardening. With a United States representative survey (n = 1,200), we measured beliefs and intentions to engage in personal-sphere (i.e., individual), social diffusion (i.e., encouraging others to act), and civic action behavior (e.g., voting). A latent class analysis (LCA) revealed four distinct groups within the population: Disengaged, Potential Adopters, Potential Amplifiers, and Potential Advocates. Each class comprised approximately one-quarter of the United States population. We found that certain groups are more receptive to personal-sphere behavior, while others may be more receptive to social diffusion behavior or civic action behavior. The groups varied by key distinguishing characteristics: perceptions around civic action, previous personal-sphere and social diffusion behavior, and intentions to engage in personal-sphere action. Findings revealed opportunities to create tailored public engagement strategies to engage different groups in urban biodiversity conservation behavior.
... In the realm of e-commerce, PBC is crucial for shaping online purchasing behavior. Ajzen (2002) explains that PBC involves the subjective degree of control over performing a behavior, which affects an individual's confidence in managing online transactions. When consumers perceive a high level of control over their online shopping experiences, they are more likely to engage in e-commerce activities and complete transactions. ...
... Attitude toward Internet Technology. This study drew the attitude measure based on users' instrumental attitude toward technology (Ajzen, 2002). From multiple items, the DISA survey asked about the importance of Internet technology in respondents' lives (from 1= Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). ...
This study examines the digital divide in older adults in a minority-majority urban community. Grounded in resources and appropriation theory, this study predicts that categorical disparities in society produce an unequal distribution of resources and that an unequal distribution of resources leads to unequal Internet use. To investigate the relationships in an older adult sample, personal (ethnicity and gender), positional factors (income, education, employment, and retirement), and appropriation factors (attitude, access, skills, and usage) were included in analyzing data from a community where minority ethnic groups are the majority. Data was collected from older adults in an urban area in the Southern United States. Hispanics’ Internet skill levels were higher than the other ethnicities. More positive attitudes, access, skills, and usage were found in wealthier residential locations, higher income, and higher education. The results also underscored the crucial role of attitudinal factors in improving material access, Internet skills, and usage in the minority-majority community.
... In this study, UTAUT was chosen as the model to investigate the acceptance of the MyASN application because it has several advantages that make it one of the most widely used models in technology acceptance research. First, UTAUT is a comprehensive model Investigating E-Government Adoption: The Intention to Use MyASN Application by Indonesian National Civil Service Agency (NCSA) as it integrates and extends previous models such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and others (Ajzen, 2002;Davis, 1989;Fishbein et al., 1975;Venkatesh et al., 2003). This allows researchers to consider many factors that influence technology acceptance. ...
This study investigates the implementation of e-government initiatives in Indonesia, specifically focusing on the MyASN application designed for civil servants. Despite the introduction of MyASN, challenges persist in terms of user acceptance, and its complete utilization among civil servants throughout Indonesia is yet to be achieved. The primary goal of this research is to comprehensively identify the factors influencing the adoption of MyASN among civil servants using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology (UTAUT) conceptual model. The target population is respondents who use the MyASN application. The target population is respondents who use the MyASN application. This research obtained a total of 182 respondents who filled out the questionnaire via Google Forms, which were then analyzed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach with SmartPLS software. The findings highlight that behavioral intention, performance expectation, and social influence are factors influencing users' intention to use the My-ASN application. On the other hand, effort expectancy and facilitating condition don’t affect users' intention and behavior in adopting MyASN. Furthermore, concerning moderating variables, only working experience and voluntariness of use influence user behavior, although their impacts are not very significant. Penelitian ini mengkaji terkait implementasi e-government di Indonesia, khususnya berfokus pada aplikasi MyASN yang dirancang untuk Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN). Meskipun aplikasi MyASN ini telah disosialisasikan, namun pada implementasinya masih terdapat tantangan dalam penerimaan penggunanya dan pemanfaatannya yang belum maksimal di kalangan ASN di seluruh Indonesia. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi niat pengguna untuk menggunakan aplikasi MyASN menggunakan metode UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology). Target populasi adalah responden yang menggunakan aplikasi MyASN. Penelitian ini memperoleh sebanyak 182 responden yang mengisi kuisioner melalui Google Forms, kemudian dilakukan analisis menggunakan pendekatan SEM (Structural Equation Model) dengan perangkat lunak SmartPLS. Temuan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa behavioral intention, performance expectation, dan social influence merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi niat pengguna dalam menggunakan aplikasi My-ASN. Disisi lain, effort expectancy dan facilitating condition tidak mempengaruhi niat dan perilaku pengguna dalam mengadopsi MyASN. Selain itu, pada moderating varible, hanya working experience dan voluntariness of use yang mempengaruhi perilaku pengguna, meskipun dampaknya tidak terlalu signifikan.
... Social factors have a big impact on consumer behavior in Pakistani collectivist societies. People's engagement with insurance ads and their intention to purchase policies can be influenced by their perception of their significant others' approval of insurance (Ajzen, 2002). Positive feelings are expected to have a beneficial impact on behavioral intentions toward insurance plans. ...
In this global economy, the effectiveness of advertisements especially in influencing consumer behavior plays a central role towards the success of marketing strategies. This thesis aims at examining the impact of insurance policy advertisements on individuals regarding their behavior in the social context of Pakistani society and adopts the Theory of Planned behavior (TPB) as the theoretical foundation. The research is a quantitative one using a cross-sectional survey method; participants are 200, aged between 18 and 60 years, located in Pakistan. In order to analyze the effects of these feelings and attitudes on the beliefs of the consumers and their decision-making process about advertisements toward insurance policies, the research makes use of statistical packages such as SPSS. The results suggest that perceived persuasive tones of insurance advertisements have direct impact on attitude and behavioral intentions which translate to behaviors. More so, the evaluations are more favorable when the advertisements are a good fit for the prevailing norms and beliefs of the consumers towards insurance policies. Therefore, these findings offer support for the application of TPB to examine consumers’ responses to insurance advertisements and supply valuable guidelines for advertising practitioners in the insurance industry. The study points out on the revelation of how an advertisement should be related to the users’ attitudes which in return assist in the formulation of better advertisement techniques. The findings of the study are crucial for the improvement of consumer knowledge specifically in the insurance sector of Pakistan and pave the way for further research to explore other dominating factors and differences in different demographics.
... Also, future research should try to incorporate personal variables (such as personal characteristics and psychological traits). Previous research has found dierent personal variables to in¯uence ethical decision-making (Banerjee, Cronan et al., 1998;Rest et al., 2000;Ajzen, 2001;Leonard and Cronan, 2001;Salter et al., 2001 among others). Another area of research would be examining how Hofstedes factors in¯uence ethical decision making in dierent cultures (and whether the in¯uence is universal or dependent on each culture). ...
في الآونة الأخيرة ازدادت اهتمامات الباحثين بمجال الأخلاقيات المتعلقة بالإدارة. ولقد تعمقنا في هذه الدراسة في هذا المجال بالمقارنة بين الثقافات المختلفة، وبخاصة ما يتعلق منها بمجال نظم المعلومات. ولقد تمت مقارنة ثقافتين مختلفتين من حيث أخلاقيات الخطوات المتبعة في عملية اتخاذ القرار لسيناريوهات مختلفة تتعلق باستخدام نظم المعلومات، حيث تم عرض سيناريوهات تشمل قطاعات مختلفة من نظم المعلومات لعينات عشوائية تمثل ثقافتين مختلفتين. لقد شملت الاستبانة أسئلة تتعلق بمدى أخلاقية السيناريو المقدم، وكذلك العوامل المؤثرة في الوصول إلى هذا القرار. وتوضح نتائج هذه الدراسة أنه لا توجد أية فروق معنوية ما بين الثقافتين في رؤيتهما لهذه السيناريوهات، وكذلك الأسباب المؤدية لهذه القرارات. كما بينت هذه الدراسة بأن الواجب الأخلاقي للفرد يعد من أكثر الدوافع تأثيراً عند اتخاذ هذا النوع من القرارات.
... El modelo conceptual del proyecto GUESSS se basa en la Teoría del comportamiento planificado de Ajzen (1991), Ajzen (2002), y Fishbein y Ajzen (1975), la cual explica que las intenciones hacia un comportamiento específico son influenciadas por diferentes factores. ...
El GUESSS Chile 2023 muestra las aspiraciones, actividades e intenciones emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios en Chile. Está basado en una muestra de más de 6.000 estudiantes de más de 20 universidades que participaron en la versión 2023. Los resultados muestran desafíos interesantes para las universidades chilenas con las que pueden reorientar sus políticas universitarias pro emprendimiento.
... According to Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), attitude is a "learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object." Additionally, attitude is considered in some versions of the TAM (Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw 1989) as the antecedent of the second factor, which is as an individual's willingness to execute a given behavior (Ajzen 2002). In this study, the acceptance of using bots in insurance procedures is measured on the basis of the intention to use (IU), which, as shown in Table 1, is the mainstream output quantifying acceptance in the use of chatbots in banking and insurance settings. ...
The adoption of conversational robots (chatbots) for customer service is
expanding across many industries. In the insurance sector, where customer
interactions are essential to the use of policies, understanding chatbot
acceptance is particularly relevant. This study explores the factors and con�ditions influencing the acceptance of chatbots for insurance policy manage�ment via the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)
framework. The analysis is conducted on two groups: ordinary policyholders
and policyholders who are also industry professionals. The explanatory
factors evaluated are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social
influence, and trust. The findings indicate that effort expectancy, social
influence, and trust positively impact the behavioral intention to use chat�bots. Additionally, all the variables are found to be necessary for acceptance.
The structural equation model assessment reveals that professional status do
not moderate the relationships between explanatory variables and beha�vioral intention; however, professionals demonstrate a greater intention to
use chatbots. Among ordinary policyholders, effort expectancy has the lar�gest effect size on acceptance. For professionals, trust and performance
expectancy are the most impactful explanatory variables, with very large
effect sizes. These results emphasize that while all variables are essential for
acceptance, the relative importance of each variable varies between policy�holders and professionals, offering insights for implementing chatbot solu�tions effectively within the insurance sector.
... Los dos primeros factores provienen de la Teoría de Acción Razonada. Así, para (Ajzen, 2002), la acción humana está guiada por tres factores: las creencias conductuales, las creencias normativas y las creencias´ de control; las primeras producen una actitud positiva o negativa hacia la conducta, las normativas dan como resultado de una presión social percibida o una norma subjetiva, y las creencias de control, generan un control conductual percibido, cuanto más positiva sea la actitud y la norma subjetiva; y, cuanto mayor sea el control, más fuerte será la intención de la persona a realizar una conducta. Ver figura 4. Bajo los anteriores conceptos del comportamiento, la intención de emprender en una persona se determina: por su actitud para generar esta intención de emprendimiento, de tener una actitud positiva frente al emprendimiento, percibir en su contexto que los demás también lo consideran positivo, y considerar que tiene las capacidades para ser emprendedor. ...
El presente artículo de investigación pretende responder a la pregunta de investigación sobre ¿Cuáles son las diferencias significativas en las intenciones emprendedoras de los estudiantes de Administración de Empresas de las Instituciones de Educación Superior IES César Vallejo de Perú, Santo Tomás y El Bosque de Colombia y Autónoma de Chihuahua de México? Para ello, se utilizó una metodología de revisión dialéctica de fuentes documentales y enfoque de carácter mixto de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo para el manejo de datos obtenidos mediante un instrumento de encuesta validado con enfoque en la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado (Ajzen, 1991). El proceso implementado responde a la lógica de trabajo colaborativo entre las Instituciones de Educación Superior mencionadas, en torno a las preguntas que surgen ante la coyuntura latinoamericana de la responsabilidad de las Universidades frente a la formación para el emprendimiento. Desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes, aborda las cuestiones claves sobre el espíritu emprendedor, a través de variables actitudinales, normas subjetivas, y autoeficacia. Como resultado de la investigación se presentan las diferencias significativas de la intención emprendedora entre los estudiantes de las IES referenciadas para las cuales se define un perfil del estudiante de administración con intención emprendedora.
... Third, our research has focused exclusively on analyzing the EI variable, without taking into account any causal relationships. Therefore, it would be beneficial for future studies to examine attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived control (Ajzen, 2002) or other variables (Turker & Selcuk, 2009) as dependent variables in order to determine the extent to which these variables influence the dissemination of EI among students in nearby regions. ...
This study analyzes spatial patterns in the entrepreneurial intention of university students in Latin America. Studies on the entrepreneurial phenomenon have paid little attention to possible spatial associations, which might explain the dissimilar resultsreported by prior work. The analysis uses a sample of 70,337 university students drawn from the GUESSS survey. The results of the exploratory spatial model reveal significant spatial patterns in Costa Rica and Panama with a high entrepreneurial intention (hot spots). This study can serve as a basis for developing public policies to promote entrepreneurship and, when appropriate, propose articulated and coordinated strategic initiatives between countries located in the identified clusters (hot/cold spots).
... Within this framework, "behavioral beliefs" generate a positive or negative "attitude toward the behavior"; "normative beliefs" contribute to the "subjective norm"; and "control beliefs" give rise to "perceived behavioral control." When combined, these elements-"attitude toward the behavior," "subjective norm," and "perceived behavioral control"-result in the formation of a "behavioral intention" (Ajzen, 2002). ...
Indonesia's national revenue is witnessing substantial annual growth, primarily driven by its diverse natural resources that bolster government income. Among these sources, the tax department is the foremost contributor to the state's revenue. Maintaining the nation's stability and progress requires consistent tax payments from all taxpayers to improve compliance levels. This study examines how taxpayer awareness, understanding of tax regulations, and perceptions of the tax system's effectiveness influence the willingness to pay taxes among individual taxpayers engaged in independent work registered at KPP Pratama Cikarang Selatan. Utilizing random sampling and determining the sample size through the Slovin formula, the study collects responses from 94 respondents within the population of independent workers registered at KPP Pratama Cikarang Selatan. A quantitative approach is employed, with primary data gathered through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results reveal that understanding tax regulations and perceptions of the tax system's effectiveness positively impact the willingness to pay taxes, while taxpayer awareness does not have a significant influence. Furthermore, collectively, taxpayer awareness, comprehension of tax regulations, and perceptions of the tax system's effectiveness significantly affect the willingness to pay taxes among individual taxpayers engaged in independent work registered at KPP Pratama Cikarang Selatan.
... Based on TPB, individuals' attitudes towards a particular behavior act as a predictor of their intention to perform this behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Intention is associated with real behavior (Ajzen, 2002). Conradie et al. (2021) relied on this theory to explain people's attitudes and intentions to perform a particular behavior, in their case individual's intention to join renewable energy consumption. ...
... Perceived behavioral control includes the concept of selfefficacy, or the confidence that one can accomplish a behavior (Ajzen, 2002). Self-efficacy as originally conceptualized by Bandura includes components of mastery experience, social modeling, improving emotional states, and verbal persuasion (Bandura, 1997). ...
This paper presents the development of and validity evidence for a multifactorial survey scale based on the Theory of Planned Behavior to measure STEM students' attitudes/norms, self-efficacy, behaviors, and behavioral intents in inclusive science communication.
... Motivation to comply and normative views have an impact on SN. Therefore, researchers argue that by adding perceived behavioral control, the theory of planned behavior can explain the relationship between attitudes and motivation better than previous theories (Ajzen, 2002;Crawley & Koballa, 1992). Venkatesh et al. (2003), developed a more modern theory known as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). ...
This study determined the mediating role of ICT-based instruction on the relationship between attitudes and motivation of students in science. The quantitative approach using the correlational technique and analysis was utilized in this study with a sample of 309 students coming from the Public Schools in the Division of Bukidnon, Municipality of Kitaotao, Kitaotao I, Kitaotao II, and Kitaotao III Districts using stratified random method of sampling. Data from the respondents was collected using sets of modified survey questionnaires, and the results were analyzed for reliability and content validity. Regression analysis, Pearson-r, and the mean were used to examine the data. The findings showed that the levels of science attitudes of students were rated moderate, and the science motivation of students was rated high. While ICT-based instruction was likewise given a high rating. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the factors. The connection between science attitudes and the science motivation of students was significant. There is also a significant relationship between science attitudes of students and ICT-based instruction. And a significant relationship between ICT-based instruction and the science motivation of students. On the mediating effect, a partial mediation exists between the impact of ICT-based instruction on the correlation between attitudes and motivation of students in science.
... Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to perform a behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) successfully. It is essential for behavioural change, as people's actions are significantly influenced by their confidence in their capability to execute the behaviour (Ajzen, 2002;Fenn et al., 2023). This theory elucidates the connection between PE and OPP among women. ...
Despite persistent challenges in women’s political participation, online political participation (OPP) has created new opportunities, with women’s efficacy in changing political processes. However, the results of the studies on OPP and political efficacy (PE) among women are varied. While existing literature suggests a strong correlation between political efficacy (PE) and OPP behaviours, a systematic analysis of women as a marginalised group is lacking. This study addresses this gap by critically examining the types, theories, variables, and research frameworks related to PE and OPP among women, aiming to construct a comprehensive causal framework. Using the PRISMA, the researchers systematically reviewed ten peer-reviewed articles (2014-2023) from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus. The analysis revealed diverse dimensions of PE and OPP. PE encompassed internal (IPE), external (EPE), online (OPE), and collective political efficacy (CPE), with IPE most frequently studied. OPP behaviours were categorised into active and passive forms, with online political expression predominating. The theoretical frameworks covered five theories across psychology, political science, and mass media. Results indicated that while OPP did not predict PE, PE significantly predicted OPP. The study identified differences based on democratic contexts, suggesting the need for subtle approaches in future. This review contributes to the field by synthesising current knowledge, elucidating the interplay of relevant variables, and highlighting critical gaps in the literature. By providing a holistic understanding of the PE-OPP relationship among women, this study offers valuable insights for researchers and policymakers. Abstrak: Terdapat cabaran berterusan penglibatan politik dalam kalangan wanita, tetapi penglibatan politik dalam talian (OPP) telah mencipta peluang baharu, bersama efikasi wanita dalam mengubah proses politik. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat dapatan kajian berbeza mengenai penglibatan politik dalam talian dan keberkesanan politik (PE) dalam kalangan wanita. Kajian sedia ada mencadangkan korelasi yang tinggi antara efikasi politik dan tingkah laku penglibatan politik dalam talian, namun analisis sistematik mengenai wanita sebagai golongan terpinggir masih terhad. Kajian ini menangani jurang ini dengan mengkaji jenis, teori, pembolehubah, dan rangka kerja penyelidikan yang berkaitan dengan keberkesanan politik dan penglibatan politik dalam talian dalam kalangan wanita, secara kritis untuk membina rangka kerja penyebab yang komprehensif. Pengkaji menggunakan PRISMA untuk membuat sorotan sistematik ke atas sepuluh artikel yang telah dikaji semula secara setara (2014-2023) daripada Web of Science (WOS) dan Scopus. Analisis mendedahkan pelbagai dimensi keberkesanan politik dan penglibatan politik dalam talian. Keberkesanan politik merangkumi keberkesanan dalaman (IPE), luaran (EPE), dalam talian (OPE) dan keberkesanan politik kolektif (CPE), di mana keberkesanan politik dalaman adalah aspek yang paling kerap dikaji. Tingkah laku penglibatan politik dalam talian dikategorikan kepada aktif dan pasif, dengan keutamaan kepada ekspresi politik dalam talian. Rangka kerja teori pula merangkumi lima teori merentasi bidang psikologi, sains politik dan media massa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan walaupun penglibatan politik dalam talian tidak meramalkan keberkesanan politik, ia dapat meramalkan penglibatan politik dalam talian dengan signifikan. Kajian ini juga telah mengenalpasti perbezaan berdasarkan konteks demokrasi dan mencadangkan keperluan untuk pendekatan terperinci pada masa hadapan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada bidang berkaitan dengan mensintesis pengetahuan semasa, menjelaskan hubungan antara pembolehubah yang berkaitan, dan mengenalpasti jurang kritikal dalam kajian. Ia juga membantu membentuk pemahaman holistik tentang hubungan PE-OPP dalam kalangan wanita dan menawarkan pandangan yang berharga untuk penyelidik dan penggubal dasar.
... This can be seen from the low number of correct answers to questions 5, 5,6,7,8, and 9. The level of knowledge can determine a person's behaviour towards certain health behaviours, although it is not the only factor (Ajzen, 2002). Research by Azrimadaliza et al. (2021) also showed that respondents' knowledge and attitudes related to nutrition efforts in increasing body immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic were quite good. ...
The latest COVID-19 pandemic has taught the importance of nutrition and immunity to prevent diseases, in which case the fatality rate exceeded 2.58%. Immunity is believed to be one of the critical efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This is, for sure, inseparable from nutritional intake, exercise, and environmental factors. However, that needed to be better understood by many people. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of online-based nutrition education in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy to maintain a balanced nutritional intake and implement hygiene. Online-based nutrition education was done using video conference by Zoom conference and text-based education methods using Telegram. Each session is held for approximately two hours. Samples were all collected voluntarily, comprising an adult population aged 19 – 5 . Knowledge and self-efficacy were measured using a structured questionnaire. In total, 217 samples were recruited. 92.2% of participants were female, the average age was 29 ± 10.04, 34.1% worked as civil servants, and the majority, 52.1%, came from East Java. Education with the digital learning method succeeded in increasing nutritional knowledge from a score of 55.9 to 91.8 (p<0.000) and significantly increasing self-efficacy of consuming balanced-nutritious food and self-efficacy of a clean and healthy lifestyle (p<0.000). In conclusion, online-based nutrition education proved effective in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy. Hence, program duplication with a broader range of subjects can be done nationally.
... Self-efficacy has long been studied and is recognized as a part of social cognitive theory [21]; it can be explained as people's perception of their capabilities to perform a certain task [36]. According to the social cognitive theory, self-efficacy is a key determinant of behavior [37], and it can be applied as a proxy to measure perceived behavioral control in the TPB [38]. Self-efficacy can also be affected by personal and environmental variables, which in turn influence behavioral intention or decision-making [39]. ...
Smart tourism technologies (STTs) enable tourists to obtain travel information instantly and to conduct several contactless transactions, which are preferred by travelers to limit the amount of unnecessary contacts after the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper surveyed 451 tourists and investigated the influence of attitudes and self-efficacy on an intention to visit smart tourism destinations. Attributes of STTs and tourists’ expertise and personal innovativeness were explored to understand their influence on attitudes and self-efficacy. Furthermore, we examined the moderating effect of being domestic or international tourists to address the differences in self-efficacy, attitudes, and behavioral intention. Our research findings show that attitudes have a stronger effect on behavioral intention than self-efficacy does, and interactivity has the strongest effect, among other factors, on attitudes. The finding suggests that by focusing on providing interactive services that can respond quickly to tourists’ requests together with personalized information, tourism providers would be able to enhance tourists’ intention to visit smart tourism destinations. Tourist type (domestic vs. international) did moderate the effects of interactivity and personalization on attitudes towards STTs. The finding highlights the differences between the two groups of travelers and provides an initial point for future research.
... The outcome explained in this work is behavioural intention, which refers to a person's willingness to perform a specific behaviour [35]. In this case, the outcome is the intention to use BBLPs (INT). ...
Citation: Arias-Oliva, M.; Gené-Albesa, J.; Andrés-Sánchez, J.d.; Llorens-Marín, M. Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Loyalty Programmes Powered with Blockchain via an UTAUT2 Framework. Information 2024, 15, 757. Abstract: (1) Background: Loyalty programmes are business strategies aimed at increasing customer fidelity to brands. One of the most promising technologies of the 21st century is blockchain, whose application to the management of loyalty programmes can increase transparency and reliability, enable interoperability, and facilitate centralised management. (2) Methods: This study evaluates the antecedents of the acceptance of blockchain-based loyalty programmes (BBLPs) using a model grounded in the technology acceptance model UTAUT2. The four basic constructs of UTAUT, which we call the UTAUT-baseline, are considered explanatory factors: performance expectancy (PER), effort expectancy (EFF), social influence (SOC), and facilitating conditions (FAC). Additionally, we consider the constructs introduced in UTAUT2: hedonic motivation (HED) and perceived price value (PRI), to which we add innovativeness (INN) and trust (TRU), and we refer to these as UTAUT-extended, along with the moderating variables of UTAUT and UTAUT2: gender, age, and experience. The analytical approach used is complexity theory, which aims to capture the configurations that lead to both acceptance and rejection positions regarding BBLPs. This analysis is performed via fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). (3) Results: Eight explanatory configurations of the acceptance of BBLPs have been obtained, in which the presence of all UTAUT-baseline and UTAUT-extended constructs is a condition in at least three prime implicates. The constructs with the greatest presence as core conditions are PER, EFF, and TRU. On the other hand, nine configurations leading to the rejection of BBLPs have been identified. The absence of all UTAUT-baseline and UTAUT-extended variables is a condition in at least three configurations. The core conditions with the greatest presence in the rejection of BBLPs are the lack of FAC, HED, and PRI. (4) Practical implications: The results obtained are of great interest to business owners, as they allow for the characterisation of different profiles of people potentially engaged with BBLPs, as well as the profiles of consumers reluctant to adopt them.
... Employee acceptance of technology is an issue that organizations and their managers need to monitor it over time, as it is normal for employee beliefs and attitudes to change over time (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000). Wall et al., (1990) introduced a theoretical framework that articulates how advanced manufacturing technology can affect key characteristics of jobs, with subsequent effects on employee outcomes, dependent on the level of specialization and employee autonomy, distinguishing between the role of specialist control and operator control (Ajzen, 2002), which has broader responsibility and action in the event of problems. ...
This research analyzes the acceptance of robotics at work by employees. Robotization represents an opportunity for companies to improve their overall performance. However, this automation process may represent a challenge if it is not properly integrated within the organization and if potential risks are not minimized. In relation to the general trend towards automation, there are external and internal conditions that organizations need to manage simultaneously in accordance with their stakeholders’ expectations. This research considers employees both as users of these robots at work and as key stakeholders to shed light on how to manage robotization most effectively, from an organizational perspective. Based on the CAN Model, this research provides additional input about the acceptance of robots at work. For this purpose, data from 422 participants from different geographies, wide range of profiles and from numerous industries have been collected. The findings from this research confirmed elements of the CAN model, showing that employee’s attitude has a positive relationship with the intention to work with robots, and that attitude is positively influenced by the Performance Expectancy, Perceived Risk and Positive Emotions of employees. Based on these findings, in addition, it has been addressed an analysis, to determine implications on innovation, workplace and performance management. According to these findings, some high-level recommendations for managers, researchers and other stakeholders are shared in an attempt to illustrate that organizations should address specific managerial strategies to gain greater acceptance by employees regarding the implementation of robotization, which should be translated into employee’s attraction, retention, and engagement.
... Three factors determine intentions: (1) attitude (ATT) towards a behaviour, (2) subjective norms (SN) related to perceived social pressure, and (3) perceived behavioural control (PBC). An attitude towards a behaviour consists in the evaluation that a person makes of the behaviour that can be favourable or unfavourable (Ajzen, 2002). The intention is the motivation of the individual for certain behaviours (Alshebami et al., 2020) while the entrepreneurial intention concerns the desire to establish a business as influenced by attitudes towards entrepreneurial behaviour (Mensah et al., 2021). ...
Businesses generate employment and are recognised as catalysts for the economy. Aperson who creates and manages a business is an entrepreneur and in a continuallychanging and complex environment, people capable of creative and innovative thinkingwill tend to become more entrepreneurial. Running a business successfully requires skillsand knowledge, and universities are centres where students can acquire the knowledgeand skills that enable them to become entrepreneurs. The purpose of this research was todetermine the effect of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behaviouralcontrol (PBC) on the entrepreneurial intention (IE) of Peruvian university students enrolled during the period 2019-2020 and pursuing a variety of career paths. This study is quantitative, cross-sectional, and causal. The sample involved 642 students. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is used to explain entrepreneurial intention. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed for data analysis. The findings show that subjective norms and perceived behavioural control have a positive effect on entrepreneurialintention. Accordingly, it is suggested that the structure of academic programmes be improved to enhance the competencies and skills of future job creators.
... Similarly, one's attitude towards behavioral outcomes, individual standards, and perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy) are the three determinants of intention (Schwarz et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2023). Self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control are comparable constructs, as both involve a person's perception of the difficulty in performing a particular task, because both focus on one's perceived capacity to act, perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy are closely related (Ajzen, 2002;Xu et al., 2023). Furthermore, a person with high self-efficacy for a specific task is likely to set and achieve higher goals, work harder for extended periods, persist through difficulties, and develop more effective strategies to accomplish those goals (Shane et al., 2003;Xie et al., 2024), consequently, an individual's tendency toward entrepreneurship increases with their level of self-confidence. ...
... There may be a need to address and promote self-efficacy if, as our findings suggest, some participants feel helplessness around invasive species management. Perceptions of selfefficacy can heavily influence an individual's behavior (Ajzen, 2002). These perceptions can enhance motivation to continue a behavior if positive change is perceived, as has been demonstrated in many examples regarding human health, such as dietary changes or smoking habits (Gwaltney et al., 2009;Prestwich et al., 2013). ...
Environmental managers struggle with communicating accurate and relevant information and with gaining trust from the communities they serve, problems that are especially pronounced in minority and colonized communities. An important step in developing successful management strategies is partnering directly with the communities involved, but community perceptions are rarely surveyed thoroughly when developing these strategies. We held discussions with 73 people across 22 small groups about their perceptions of environmental issues, with a focus on invasive species, on the island of Guåhan (Guam), a US island territory with a long and continued history of colonization by Western countries. We conducted these small group discussions with long‐time residents to learn about their environmental concerns and perceptions of invasive species and management efforts. Using grounded theory, we identified themes concerning apathy, proenvironmental behaviors, frustrations with efficacy, and disconnectedness from environmental decision‐making among residents of Guåhan. Residents expressed feeling disconnected from management decisions, which they critiqued as ineffective, but largely felt helpless to affect. Still, residents related to us their proenvironmental behaviors (e.g., picking up litter and controlling invasive species) and expressed a desire to learn more about management efforts. Our results highlight a clear need for improvement and expansion of engagement with Guåhan residents about environmental management, as well as opportunities to engage with a concerned and potentially proactive community.
... PBC or perceived behaviour control measures people's perception of the difficulty of an activity or behaviour, such as COVID-19-related travel (Hsu & Lam, 2006). PBC includes resource accessibility (Ajzen, 2002;Buess, 2012) and action ability (Soliman, 2021) as well as the confidence to finish a task. It modulates TPB decision-making (Ajzen, 1991;Lee et al., 2012;Todd & Taylor, 1995) and helps establish intention (Ajzen, 1991;Lee et al., 2012). ...
The disastrous impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry in Malaysia have been extensively discussed, especially in educational institutions that teach practical and
hands-on skills. However, not many studies have looked at the pandemic’s effect on students of higher education institutions (HEIs), especially regarding their education and future careers. The disruptions and changes in the tourism, hospitality, and event (THE) industry can potentially the perspectives of HEI students on their future careers. Therefore, the current study investigated students’ perceptions of the effects of educational changes during COVID-19 on future careers. The study employed a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with final-year students from a Malaysian public university that offers THE undergraduate programmes. The findings reveal that the majority of THE students struggled to excel in their studies in a remote learning environment, especially in acquiring
the requisite industry skills, during the pandemic. Regarding future career plans, students became more aware of the industries’ susceptibility and thus, were prepared for career alternatives. The study suggests HEIs devise alternative teaching strategies to provide a holistic learning environment during crises, while simultaneously developing effective career opportunities for their students.
... According to the TPB, a stronger intention to carry out the behavior is produced by a more positive attitude toward behavior, a subjective norm, and a higher perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1985). People are ultimately expected to act on their intentions when given the chance, provided they have a sufficient level of actual control over their behavior (Ajzen, 2002). This results in actual behaviour. ...
Background : Ethiopia has made significant strides in reducing unintended pregnancies and empowering individuals to manage their family size through the national reproductive health strategy. This strategy has decentralized services to provide a comprehensive range of family planning options, ensuring quality. However, the intention to use and actual utilisation of immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives is still low, contributing the least to the contraceptive mix. Hence this study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with the intention to use immediate-postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives among third-trimester pregnant women in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia. Methods : A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 6 July to 2 August 2024. A total of 373 third-trimester pregnant women were includedin the study using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire developed based on a qualitative elicitation study. And analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27. Multiple linear regression was employed, variables with a p-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The strength of the associations was estimated using beta coefficient and their 95% confidence interval. Result : The prevalence of the intention was found to be 35.6%. Direct attitude (β=0.286, p=0.012), direct subjective norm (β=0.182, p<0.001), direct perceived behavioural control (β=0.504, p<0.001), history of long-acting reversible contraceptive use (β=-1.765, p=0.029) and age of women (β=0.098, p=0.019) were significantly associated factors. Conclusion : Local health authorities should prioritise addressing beliefs behind the constructs through targeted social and behavioural change communication campaigns and capacity building of healthcare professionals to improve intention to use of these contraceptives. Non governmental organisations working in maternal and child health are encouraged todevelop culturally applicable educational materials targeting the beliefs identified and advocate benefits of using these methods.
The aim of this study is to determine the factors that hinder participation in leisure and recreational activities in tourist destinations. Within this framework, an attempt was made to reach out to the local residents living in the Sinop destination and determine their opinions through a prepared questionnaire. During the data collection process, a total of 431 questionnaires were collected using the convenience sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical programs. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the local residents consider time restraints, transportation problems, inadequacy of facilities, individual psychology, lack of companionship and lack of information as obstacles to their participation in leisure and recreational activities. It was found that the majority of local residents have 6-10 hours of leisure time per week, sometimes find it difficult to use their leisure time, and spend most of their leisure time participating in household activities and social events. The majority of the participants in the study consider the recreational facilities of the Sinop destination to be partially sufficient, use the recreational facilities of their destination for 1-5 hours per week, and spend most of their leisure time outside the destination. In addition, the results of the analysis were interpreted within the framework of theoretical and practical contributions, and some recommendations were made for the industry and future research.
Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, Tourism and Destination, Leisure, Recreation
Positive attitudes held by general classroom teachers toward the principles of inclusion and toward students with disabilities are central in ensuring the successful progress of the inclusive movement. To underline the critical nature of teacher attitudes, this comparative study draws on a sample of the literature from Western nations implementing sophisticated policies: the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The general tenor of the research indicates that while contemporary teachers typically exhibit positive attitudes toward the principles of inclusion, some feel under siege and unprepared to comply with the broad array of policy requirements. And, despite the idiosyncratic nature of national priorities, legislation, teacher training, and implementation, attitudes transcend national boundaries to the extent that teachers’ views on various facets of the inclusive agenda tend to be remarkably consistent across time and across nations.
Purpose
The purpose of our research is to explore the role of employee AI identity in influencing employee proactive behavior and its boundary conditions in AI workplace.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the IT identity theory and motivation theory, our research discusses the effects of employee AI identity on employee proactive behavior and regarded the proactive work intention as a mediating variable. Meanwhile, we considered organization inducement as a boundary condition and discussed the moderating effects of it and its two sub-dimensions (development rewards and material rewards). Data were collected from 326 employees and partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyzed and draw the conclusions.
Findings
Findings showed that employee AI identity significantly affects employee proactive behavior, in which the proactive work intention play a mediating role. Moreover, three subdimensions (relatedness, emotional energy, dependence) of employee AI identity have different effects on formation of employee AI identity. And organization inducement acts as a positive moderating role, development rewards and material rewards play different roles in the formation of organization inducements.
Originality/value
Our research explores the different paths that influence employee proactive behavior and their boundary moderation, while analyzing the results of these influences in different subdimensions, deepening the research on employee AI identity and organization inducement. Our research is conducive to the development of the identity theory and organizational behavior research and provide suggestions for managers to improve their organizational management level.
Considering the proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, it has become crucial to integrate AI-related knowledge and skills education into business management curricula. This is a significant concern for both academics and practitioners. However, in the context of university business management education, few studies have investigated the relevant factors that affect individuals’ behavioral intention to learn AI knowledge and skills. This study develops a preliminary conceptual model of AI knowledge/skills learning behavior by integrating insights from AI education research within the context of university business management education. This study validates business management students’ behavioral intention to learn AI knowledge and skills from the perspectives of AI self-efficacy, AI anxiety, perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, and control, based on an integrated perspective of the hedonic-motivation system adoption model (HMSAM) and individual differences. This research investigates a theoretical model via a cross-sectional survey, collecting data from 230 business management students in higher education institutions. The analysis is conducted using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The findings indicate that perceived usefulness, curiosity, and control influence behavioral intention to learn AI knowledge and skills. AI self-efficacy positively correlates with perceived usefulness, curiosity, joy, and control. Additionally, AI anxiety is positively associated with perceived usefulness and curiosity. The results of this study expand our understanding of the relationship between the learning behavior of business management students in the context of AI knowledge/skills and AI education. Additionally, this study provides significant theoretical and practical implications for enhancing the advancement, teaching, learning and evaluation of AI education in higher education settings.
This study examined the effect of individuals' attitudes towards food waste on intention not to waste and the mediating role of moral norms in this relationship. The study, which was created within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), addressed the main factors shaping individuals' intentions not to waste food. In the data collection process, an online survey form was used to reach participants and the survey was delivered to the participants via digital means. A total of 423 valid surveys were used in the analyses. According to the results obtained, attitudes towards food waste do not affect intention not to waste food, while subjective norms and perceived behavioral control affect intention not to waste food. In addition, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control affect moral norm, and moral norm affects intention not to waste food. However, according to the indirect effect analysis results, moral norm has a mediating effect on the effect of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on intention not to waste food. In this context, awards can be given to individuals or businesses that demonstrate good practices in order to strengthen moral norms (for example, certificates for restaurants that reduce waste). Awareness programs can be created for different segments of society (students, housewives, restaurant workers, etc.) that emphasize the moral dimensions of food waste.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a widely used framework in rehabilitation that provides standardized measures to describe health and health-related states of people. The strength of the ICF lies in its provision of a common language for describing rehabilitation progress. However, personal factors are not classified within the ICF due to their significant variability across cultures, which may render it not adequately capturing the subjective and social dimensions of disability. Our objective in this research was to propose theoretical frameworks that could help identify relevant personal factors for inclusion in the ICF. We discuss the Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) Theory to identify personal variability in goal pursuit, highlighting the importance of emotions like negative and positive affect in handling adverse situations and managing habitual behaviors. Additionally, the theory helps to determine personality factors relevant to patients, facilitating the resolution of potential issues that may emerge during the goal achievement process. We also emphasize the role of goal setting in rehabilitation and suggest the Goal-Oriented Action Linking (GOAL) model as a useful tool for understanding how motivational values change over time, distance, and progress. Following from this, we discuss the importance of self-efficacy and its relationship to effort and goal achievement, while noting potential issues in its assessment. Finally, we propose viable assessment methods for measuring the potential components to be incorporated as personal factors.
Abstract
Purpose– Inadequate empirical evidence on the effect of personality traits, entrepreneurship education and
university entrepreneurial support on green entrepreneurial intention outcomes among technical university
students in Africa has hindered concrete policy interventions. Based on the planned behaviour and social
cognitive theories, we assess the influence of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on green
entrepreneurial intention of undergraduates at technical universities in Ghana.
Design/methodology/approach– We employed an explanatory cross-sectional survey comprising 1,329
Ghanaian undergraduate students to assess the research gap. An adapted 60-item instrument was used to
measure outcomes for ten constructs (six personality traits, entrepreneurship education and green
entrepreneurial intention) for the participants. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to model green
entrepreneurial intention as a function of personality traits, entrepreneurship education and university
entrepreneurial support while controlling for respondents’ background characteristics.
Findings– We observed a significant direct positive effect of all the personality traits, except subjective social
normsandneedforachievement, ongreenentrepreneurial intention. There was also a significant direct positive
effect of entrepreneurship curriculum, teaching methods and university entrepreneurial support on green
entrepreneurial intention. Our findings further provide empirical data to inform educators, researchers,
policymakers and practitioners on the design of pragmatic curriculum, policies and interventions to inspire
students into green start-ups.
Originality/value– This study is valuable for its novel approach of using an integrated theoretical and
conceptual model to provide empirical validation for the burgeoning discourse around the impact of personality
traits and entrepreneurship education on thegreen entrepreneurial intentions of technical university students in a
developing nation. By synthesising diverse theoretical perspectives, this research enriches the understanding of
how individual characteristics and educational experiences influence environmentally conscious
entrepreneurial aspirations.
The study investigated Perceived Social Support Self-efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intentions among youths in Ikwerre local Government Area of Rivers State. The study was guided by four research questions and four alternate hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted descriptive survey with purposive sample involving two hundred and three participants (N=203) from Ikwerre Local Government Area. The instrument for data collection were the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). The reliability coefficient was obtained through Cronbach Alpha. The data collected were analysed using simple linear regression. While the R values were used in answering the research questions, the ANOVA associated with the regression analysis were used in dealing with the hypotheses.
This study seeks to establish the influence of the Big Five personality traits, which include Openness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion, on growers’ willingness to embrace crop insurance schemes. Furthermore, it explores the role of Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control, as proposed in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), on this relationship. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 412 growers of arecanut and pepper. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via Smart-PLS 3.3. The analysis revealed that Perceived Behavioral Control (β = 0.462**), Subjective Norms (β = 0.260**), and Attitude (β = 0.115**) positively influenced growers’ behavioral intentions. Interestingly, the Big Five personality traits themselves did not have a direct effect on these intentions. Further mediation analysis demonstrated that Attitude and Subjective Norms fully mediated the effects of Extraversion (α = 0.026**, β = 0.069), Neuroticism (α = 0.019**, β = –0.016), and Openness (α = 0.024**, β = 0.069) on Behavioral Intention. However, these variables did not mediate the relationship between Agreeableness (α = 0.011, β = 0.058), Conscientiousness (α = –0.017, β = –0.080), and Behavioral Intention. Additionally, perceived behavioral control mediated the link between personality traits and intention, though this was not the case for Conscientiousness. This study contributes to the application of the TPB by incorporating the Big Five personality traits and exploring their interaction with the TPB dimensions.
Purpose
This study aims to address the gap in current knowledge on the social acceptance of political violence against, or in response to, the Canadian oil and gas industry. Specifically, this research sought to determine if environmental attitudes and behaviours can be predictors for support of various degrees of violent pro-environmental protest.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing upon Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour and Oreg and Katz-Gerro’s model for predicting pro-environmental behaviour, the study examines data from a survey of 409 Canadians and uses step-wise regression to measure the association of predictors linking environmental attitudes with support for protester violence.
Findings
Findings suggest that personal willingness to sacrifice for the environment and a perception of environmental threat and concern are primary predictors linking environmental attitudes with support for protester violence. The study also identifies contextual factors such as age, activism history and police response tactics as influential.
Practical implications
The research contributes to understanding the complexities of environmental conflict and its implications for energy security policy. The results suggest that policies which encourage environmental sensitivity and commitment may be encouraging greater levels of activism and potentially violence against oil and gas companies.
Originality/value
While there exists research on the level of acceptance behind modern political violence in general, particularly against government in a broad sense, there is a noticeable absence of available literature on the risks of such political violence as it pertains specifically to oil and gas development and infrastructure in Canada.
This study examined household food waste behavior building upon a framework that integrates the motivation‐opportunity‐ability model (MOA), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and norm activation model (NAM) enriched with insights from social practices theory (SPT). Using a dual‐country sample (Germany and South Africa), an online survey ( n = 1065) measured how motivation, opportunity, and ability drive self‐reported food waste behavior. The results show that the ability to reduce food waste, that is, habits and perceived and actual knowledge, unfold a strong influence on reported food waste behavior. Quite surprisingly, motivation to engage in food waste reduction, due to attitude, values, and ascription of responsibility, has the lowest impact on reported food waste behavior. Our findings enhance the current understanding of food waste drivers and highlight the significance of socio‐psychological determinants of behavior, specifically ability and habits. The implications for both research and practical applications are discussed.
Une myriade de résultats de recherche identifie la motivation comme étant un très fort prédicteur du comportement. Toutefois, la motivation ne suffit pas à engager l’individu dans le comportement souhaité. Dans le but de mieux comprendre par quel processus un individu maintient le contrôle sur un comportement motivé jusqu’à sa mise en action, la littérature portant sur le concept de contrôle comportemental a été consultée, révélant deux principales conceptualisations : celle du lieu de contrôle et celle de la perception du contrôle comportemental. Celles-ci ne concordent pas avec celle suspectée pas les autrices de la présente étude, à savoir la tendance à faire ce qu’on a prévu de faire. Dans cette optique, une courte échelle de type Likert a été élaborée pour confronter cette idéation à des items des deux conceptualisations repérées dans la littérature auprès d’étudiants francophones du postsecondaire. Les résultats de cette exploration initiale indiquent de bonnes qualités psychométriques aux quatre items de l’échelle de la tendance à s’activer (ETA). En découlent des propositions de démarches de validation supplémentaires pour affirmer la fiabilité de l’ETA. L’échelle est discutée en fonction des besoins qui ont justifié son élaboration et de son potentiel en termes de développement d’interventions pédagogiques.
Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
Several hypotheses about the influence of persuasive communication on behavior were derived from Fishbein's extension of Dulany's theory of propositional control and tested using a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma game. According to the theory, a persuasive message will influence a player's behavioral intention (BI), and hence his behavior (B), only if it affects either A-act, his attitude toward the act, and/or NBs(Mcs), his normative beliefs (i,e., his perception of the other player's expectations), multiplied by his motivation to comply with the norms. Two types of persuasive messages were given, one directed at A-act, the other at NBs. Orthogonal to the message type, two motivational orientations were created, cooperation and competition. Consistent with earlier findings, A-act was found to be more important than NBs(Mcs) in predicting BI and B under competition but less important than NBs(Mcs) under cooperation. It was therefore predicted that the attitudinal message would change behavior more effectively in the competitive than in the cooperative situation while the normative message would be more effective in cooperative than in competitive groups. The results supported this hypothesis.
There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951). Being neither capricious nor frivolous, human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans. Before attending a concert, for example, a person may extend an invitation to a date, purchase tickets, change into proper attire, call a cab, collect the date, and proceed to the concert hall. Most, if not all, of these activities will have been designed in advance; their execution occurs as the plan unfolds. To be sure, a certain sequence of actions can become so habitual or routine that it is performed almost automatically, as in the case of driving from home to work or playing the piano. Highly developed skills of this kind typically no longer require conscious formulation of a behavioral plan. Nevertheless, at least in general outline, we are normally well aware of the actions required to attain a certain goal. Consider such a relatively routine behavior as typing a letter. When setting this activity as a goal, we anticipate the need to locate a typewriter, insert a sheet of paper, adjust the margins, formulate words and sentences, strike the appropriate keys, and so forth. Some parts of the plan are more routine, and require less conscious thought than others, but without an explicit or implicit plan to guide the required sequence of acts, no letter would get typed.
The theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1985, 1987) is offered as a comprehensive framework for understanding of leisure participation. Salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs, theoretically the basic determinants of behavior, were assessed with respect to five leisure activities: spending time at the beach, jogging or running, mountain climbing, boating, and biking. College students completed a questionnaire containing measures of these beliefs and of global expressions of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. One year later the participants reported how often they had performed each behavior in the preceding 12 months. Behavioral beliefs were found to partition into beliefs about affective reactions and beliefs about costs and benefits. Participation in leisure activities was influenced by these affective and instrumental beliefs, as well as by normative beliefs about the expectations of important others and by control beliefs about required resources and other factors that impede or facilitate leisure participation.
Tested the hypothesis that self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms mediate the effects of goal systems on performance motivation. These self-reactive influences are activated through cognitive comparison requiring both personal standards and knowledge of performance. 45 male and 45 female undergraduates performed a strenuous activity with either goals and performance feedback, goals alone, feedback alone, or without either factor. The condition combining performance information and a standard had a strong motivational impact, whereas neither goals alone nor feedback alone effected changes in motivation. When both comparative factors were present, the evaluative and efficacy self-reactive influences predicted the magnitude of motivation enhancement. The higher the self-dissatisfaction with substandard performance and the stronger the perceived self-efficacy for goal attainment, the greater was the subsequent intensification of effort. When one comparative factor was lacking, the self-reactive influences were differentially related to performance motivation, depending on the nature of the partial information and on the type of subjective comparative structure imposed on the activity. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
When people encounter problems in translating their goals into action (e.g., failing to get started, becoming distracted, or falling into bad habits), they may strategically call on automatic processes in an attempt to secure goal attainment. This can be achieved by plans in the form of implementation intentions that link anticipated critical situations to goal-directed responses ("Whenever situation
x arises, I will initiate the goal-directed response
y!"). Implementation intentions delegate the control of goal-directed responses to anticipated situational cues, which (when actually encountered) elicit these responses automatically. A program of research demonstrates that implementation intentions further the attainment of goals, and it reveals the underlying processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Past work has documented and described major patterns of adaptive and maladaptive behavior: the mastery-oriented and the helpless patterns. In this article, we present a research-based model that accounts for these patterns in terms of underlying psychological processes. The model specifies how individuals' implicit theories orient them toward particular goals and how these goals set up the different patterns. Indeed, we show how each feature (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) of the adaptive and maladaptive patterns can be seen to follow directly from different goals. We then examine the generality of the model and use it to illuminate phenomena in a wide variety of domains. Finally, we place the model in its broadest context and examine its implications for our understanding of motivational and personality processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest. 40 children (7.3–10.1 yrs of age) who exhibited gross deficits and disinterest in mathematical tasks pursued a program of self-directed learning under conditions involving either proximal subgoals, distal goals, or no goals. Results of the multifaceted assessment provide support for the superiority of proximal self-influence. Under proximal subgoals, Ss progressed rapidly in self-directed learning, achieved substantial mastery of mathematical operations, and developed a sense of personal efficacy and intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities that initially held little attraction for them. Distal goals had no demonstrable effects. In addition to its other benefits, goal proximity fostered veridical self-knowledge of capabilities as reflected in high congruence between judgments of mathematical self-efficacy and subsequent mathematical performance. Perceived self-efficacy was positively related to accuracy of mathematical performance and to intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This research sought to integrate C. S. Dweck and E. L. Leggett's (1988) model with attribution theory. Three studies tested the hypothesis that theories of intelligence—the belief that intelligence is malleable (incremental theory) versus fixed (entity theory)—would predict (and create) effort versus ability attributions, which would then mediate mastery-oriented coping. Study 1 revealed that, when given negative feedback, incremental theorists were more likely than entity theorists to attribute to effort. Studies 2 and 3 showed that incremental theorists were more likely than entity theorists to take remedial action if performance was unsatisfactory. Study 3, in which an entity or incremental theory was induced, showed that incremental theorists' remedial action was mediated by their effort attributions. These results suggest that implicit theories create the meaning framework in which attributions occur and are important for understanding motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
presents an attributional model of achievement motivation, guided by the general cognitive approach / [the model] is based upon the assumption that beliefs about the causes of success and failure mediate between antecedent stimulus-organism transactions and ensuing achievement behavior / summary of evidence indicating the need to distinguish between the model's components
leading contemporary theory of achievement motivation [Atkinson, 1964], and the data accumulated to support Atkinson's conception are reinterpreted in the language of the attributional model / experiments generated by ideas concerning causal ascriptions for success and failure are reported
model subsequently is employed in the analysis of experimental extinction / research is presented to demonstrate the role played by casual inferences in the extinction process
implications of this motivational approach are examined (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reports 6 experiments which relate achievement motivation to causal ascription. Exp. I, II, and III revealed that the evaluation of achievement-related outcomes is positively related to the amount of expended effort, but inversely related to level of ability. Evaluative differences between social classes (Exp. II), and disparities between self- and other-judgments (Exp. III) also were examined. In Exp. IV and V individual differences in locus of causality were related to level of achievement needs. Results indicate that Ss high in resultant achievement motivation are more likely to take personal responsibility for success than Ss low in achievement motivation. Clear differences in perceived responsibility for failure were not exhibited between the 2 motive groups. In Exp. VI risk-preference behavior and J. W. Atkinson's (see 33:2) theory of achievement motivation were construed in attribution theory language. It is contended that cognitions about causality mediate between level of achievement needs and performance. (36 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The present experiment was designed to test the theory that psychological procedures achieve changes in behavior by altering the level and strength of self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy influences level of performance by enhancing intensity and persistence of effort. Adult phobics were administered treatments based upon either performance mastery experiences, vicarious experiences., or they received no treatment. Their efficacy expectations and approach behavior toward threats differing on a similarity dimension were measured before and after treatment. In accord with our prediction, the mastery-based treatment produced higher, stronger, and more generalized expectations of personal efficacy than did the treatment relying solely upon vicarious experiences. Results of a microanalysis further confirm the hypothesized relationship between self-efficacy and behavioral change. Self-efficacy was a uniformly accurate predictor of performance on tasks of varying difficulty with different threats regardless of whether the changes in self-efficacy were produced through enactive mastery or by vicarious experience alone.
Tested the hypothesis that perceived controllability and stringency of performance standards would affect self-regulatory mechanisms governing performance attainments of a simulated organization. Ss who managed the simulated organization under a cognitive set that organizations are not easily controllable displayed low perceived self-efficacy, even when standards were within easy reach, and lowered their organizational goals. Ss who operated under a cognitive set that organizations are controllable maintained a strong sense of self-efficacy, set increasingly challenging goals, and exhibited effective analytic thinking. The divergent changes in these self-regulatory factors were accompanied by large differences in organizational attainments. Path analyses revealed that perceived self-efficacy, which was affected by prior accomplishments, influenced subsequent organizational performance through its effects on analytic strategies. After further experience, the performance system was regulated more extensively and intricately by Ss' self-conceptions of efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy affected subsequent organizational attainments both directly and indirectly through its influence on personal goal challenges. Personal goals, in turn, enhanced organizational attainments directly and through mediation of analytic strategies.
The present article examines the nature and function of human agency within the conceptual model of triadic reciprocal causation. In analyzing the operation of human agency in this interactional causal structure, social cognitive theory accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-reflective, and self-regulatory processes. The issues addressed concern the psychological mechanisms through which personal agency is exercised, the hierarchical structure of self-regulatory systems, eschewal of the dichotomous construal of self as agent and self as object, and the properties of a nondualistic but nonreductional conception of human agency. The relation of agent causality to the fundamental issues of freedom and determinism is also analyzed.
The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summarizes several experiments which define group differences in behavior when Ss perceive reinforcement as contingent on their behavior versus chance or experimenter control. The report also describes the development of tests of individual differences in a generalized belief in internal-external control and provides reliability, discriminant validity and normative data for 1 test, along with a description of the results of several studies of construct validity.
Two experiments based upon Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions are described. In both experiments, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions from Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour were used to measure participants' motivation prior to an intervention in which participants made implementation intentions specifying where and when they would take a vitamin C pill each day. Behaviours were assessed by self-report and pill count at both 10 days and 3 weeks in Experiment 1, and at 2 weeks and 5 weeks in Experiment 2. Results supported the view that participants who formed implementation intentions were less likely to miss taking a pill every day compared to controls. Evidence suggested that implementation intentions were effective because they allowed participants to pass control of behaviour to the environmental cues contained in the implementation intention. Implications of the study and some suggestions for future research are outlined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence to support the addition of 6 variables to the TPB is reviewed: belief salience measures, past behaviodhabit, perceived behavioral control (PBC) vs. self-efficacy, moral norms, self-identity, and affective beliefs. In each case there appears to be growing empirical evidence to support their addition to the TPB and some understanding of the processes by which they may be related to other TPB variables, intentions , and behavior. Two avenues for expansion of the TPB are presented. First, the possibility of incorporating the TPB into a dual-process model of attitude-behavior relationships is reviewed. Second, the expansion of the TPB to include consideration of the volitional processes determining how goal intentions may lead to goal achievement is discussed. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a widely applied expectancy-value model of attitude-behavior relationships which has met with some degree of success in predicting a variety of behaviors present paper examines avenues for development of this theory as a way of furthering our understanding of the relationship between attitudes and behavior. This is achieved in two ways: a review of the evidence supporting the addition of six different variables to the TPB, and a review of two avenues for expanding this theory. Six additional variables are reviewed: belief salience, past behaviodhabit, perceived behavioral control versus self-efficacy, moral norms, self-identity, and affective beliefs. Two avenues for model expansion are considered: multiple processes by which attitudes influence 'Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mark Conner, School of Psychology , University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT. United Kingdom.
The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) and two versions of theory of planned behavior (Ajzen 1985) are compared in terms of their ability to predict intentions and behavior. Two behaviors are examined: one involves a high degree of volitional control (voting), and the other is goal-directed; i.e., it involves a low degree of volitional control (weight loss). By using recently advocated confirmatory analytic procedures, we show that for voting behavior, the first version of the theory of planned behavior offers a more parsimonious model for predicting behavioral intention than the theory of reasoned action. For weight loss, the second version of the theory of planned behavior offers the more parsimonious representation for predicting behavior.
A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) theory of reasoned action, was tested in two experiments. The extended theory incorporates perceived control over behavioral achievement as a determinant of intention (Version 1) as well as behavior (Version 2). In Experiment 1, college students' attendance of class lectures was recorded over a 6-week period; in Experiment 2, the behavioral goal was getting an “A” in a course. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were assessed halfway through the period of observation in the first experiment, and at two points in time in the second experiment. The results were evaluated by means of hierarchical regression analyses. As expected, the theory of planned behavior permitted more accurate prediction of intentions and goal attainment than did the theory of reasoned action. In both experiments, perceived behavioral control added significantly to the prediction of intentions. Its contribution to the prediction of behavior was significant in the second wave of Experiment 2, at which time the students' perceptions of behavioral control had become quite accurate. Contrary to expectations, there was little evidence for interactions between perceived behavioral control and the theory's other independent variables.
Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposes that the relation between personality and behavior is mediated by the social-cognitive constructs contained within the TPB. The purpose of the present studies was to examine the mediational role of the TPB in the exercise domain using the Five Factor Model (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1992) as the personality framework. Two studies provided data to answer this question. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design with self-reported exercise behavior from 300 female undergraduate students. Study 2 used a prospective design with objective attendance records from 67 female participants enrolled in structured exercise classes. As expected, extraversion (E), conscientiousness (C), and neuroticism (N) were significantly related to exercise behavior. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the relation between personality and exercise behavior was only partially mediated by the TPB. Specifically, hierarchical regression analysis of both data sets indicated that E had a direct relation with exercise behavior even after controlling for the TPB. We concluded that personality as operationalized by the FFM may need to be integrated into social-cognitive models applied to exercise behavior. To this end, we suggested that a more sophisticated theoretical description of the relations among personality, the TPB, and exercise behavior is needed.
Two experiments based upon Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions are described. In both experiments, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions from Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour were used to measure participants' motivation prior to an intervention in which participants made implementation intentions specifying where and when they would take a vitamin C pill each day. Behaviours were assessed by self-report and pill count at both 10 days and 3 weeks in Experiment 1, and at 2 weeks and 5 weeks in Experiment 2. Results supported the view that participants who formed implementation intentions were less likely to miss taking a pill every day compared to controls. Evidence suggested that implementation intentions were effective because they allowed participants to pass control of behaviour to the environmental cues contained in the implementation intention. Implications of the study and some suggestions for future research are outlined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This article examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. The areas of overlap with some of the most widely applied psychosocial models of health are identified. The models of health promotion and disease prevention have undergone several generational changes. We have shifted from trying to scare people into health, to rewarding them into health, to equipping them with self-regulatory skills to manage their health habits, to shoring up their habit changes with dependable social supports. These transformations have evolved a multifaceted approach that addresses the reciprocal interplay between self-regulatory and environmental determinants of health behavior. Social cognitive theory addresses the socio structural determinants of health as well as the personal determinants. A comprehensive approach to health promotion requires changing the practices of social systems that have widespread detrimental effects on health rather than solely changing the habits of individuals. Further progress in this field requires building new structures for health promotion, new systems for risk reduction and greater emphasis on health policy initiatives. People's beliefs in their collective efficacy to accomplish social change, therefore, play a key role in the policy and public health approach to health promotion and disease prevention.
Notes that meta-analyses of research using the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior show that these models explain on average between 40% and 50% of the variance in intention, and between 19% and 38% of the variance in behavior. This paper evaluates the performance of these models in predicting and explaining intentions and behavior. The distinction between prediction and explanation, the different standards of comparison against which predictive performance can be judged, and the use of percentage of variance explained as a measure of effect size are discussed. Reasons why the models do not always predict as well expected are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Following concerns in the literature about the conceptualization and operationalization of the perceived behavioral control (PBC) construct within the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). 2 studies were conducted to examine whether questionnaire items explicitly assessing perceived difficulty and perceived control issues would attract a different pattern of responses. In applications of the theory of planned behavior to the reduction of red meat consumption and the reduction of potato chip (French fries) consumption, Principal Components Analysis showed that items reflecting perceived difficulty and items reflecting perceived control loaded onto different components. Furthermore, measures of perceived difficulty and not measures of perceived control contributed independent predictive effects in multiple regressions of respondents' behavioral intentions to make the dietary changes.
The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. However, there have been few attempts to assess the proposed causal links between beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviour. The present study was designed to assess the predictive validity and causal ordering of TPB constructs over a 3-month period. Findings indicated good internal and test-retest reliability of assessed components; evidence for a distinction between two processes of perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy and perceived control); support for inclusion of self-identity into the model; and predictive validity of the TPB over 3 months. Perhaps more importantly, there was some evidence to support causal ordering between predicted TPB variables. In particular, cross-lagged panel correlation analysis supported the causal impact of self-efficacy on intention. The present study supports the use of the TPB as a reliable predictor of intentions and behaviour over time. It also highlights the need for further research on the relationship between attitudes, perceived behavioural control and their underlying beliefs.
This study investigates the semantic-differential item easy-difficult in order to evaluate whether it can be considered a measure of attitude or self-efficacy in relation to consistent condom use with sex partners. Using confirmatory factor analysis and comparing a set of logically nested models, our findings suggest that easy-difficult acts most like an attitude item in relation to this particular behavior, especially for males rating condom use with their main sex partners. However, for females and to a less extent males with nonmain sex partners, easy-difficult acts as a measure of both attitude and self-efficacy. Therefore, the use of easy-difficult items should be avoided or used with caution in this research context.
The aims of the present study are fourfold: to apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to eating a low-fat diet; to consider differences between self-efficacy and perceived control over behavior (PCB); to examine self-identity as a potential addition to the model; and to identify beliefs which may provide useful targets for interventions. Findings support the efficacy of the TPB as a predictor of low-fat diet. Evidence for the distinction between self-efficacy and PCB was provided by principal components analysis, patterns in prediction of intention, and the control beliefs associated with the two constructs. Self-identity was found to independently predict intention and may prove a useful addition to the TPB. Finally, specific beliefs distinguished intenders from nonintenders, providing potential targets for health interventions. The findings are discussed in the context of previous TPB research and the need for multimethod assessments of behavior.
The aim of this study was to test the cross-cultural validity of Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action, Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, and Triandis' theory of interpersonal behavior and to apply them to understanding the intention to use a condom with a new partner in three ethnocultural communities: Latin American, English-speaking Caribbean, and South Asian. All respondents were recruited from multiple ethnocultural-venues using predetermined sampling frames and quotas for each community. The results indicated that the three theories have cross-cultural validity, but the theories of Ajzen and Triandis performed better than the theory of Fishbein and Ajzen. It is recommended that role beliefs and moral norm (personal normative belief) be added to Ajzen's model to maximize its predictive and explanatory ability.
We examined whether perceived behavioral control (PBC) and self-efficacy (S-E) can be distinguished empirically, and whether they make different contributions to the prediction of intentions and behavior. The behavioral criterion was performance in 3 high-school examinations. Measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, S-E, and intention were taken before the examinations. Grade achieved served as the behavioral measure. Factor analysis of items intended to measure PBC and S-E extracted 2 factors: confidence in ability to achieve the behavioral outcome, and belief that the outcome can be influenced by own efforts. Scores on these factors were labeled S-E and perceived control, respectively. Behavior was predicted better by S-E than by intentions, and intentions were more closely related to S-E than to attitudes, subjective norms, or perceived control.
Ajzen (1991) invited researchers to identify additional predictors of intentions and behavior after the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) have been taken into account. Findings from 3 correlational studies showed that anticipated regret and descriptive norms contributed substantial variance in intentions to play the lottery after the theory's predictors had been controlled. Study 4 used an experimental manipulation to confirm that anticipated regret increased intentions to play. Intentions were found to predict lottery play to a similar extent as other behaviors. Importantly, however, anticipated regret moderated the intention-behavior relation such that lottery play was greatest when participants both intended to play and anticipated regretting not playing.
This study explored whether self-efficacy and time perspective of homeless adults (N= 82) living in a shelter affected their coping strategies related to obtaining housing and employment. Participants with high self-efficacy searched more for housing and employment and stayed at the shelter for a shorter duration, whereas participants with low self-efficacy were more likely to request an extension of their stay at the shelter. Those high on future orientation had shorter durations of homelessness and were more likely to enroll in school and to report gaining positive benefits from their predicament, whereas those with a high present orientation had more avoidant coping strategies. Despite the predictive power of self-efficacy and future orientation of proactive search behaviors, there were no predictors of obtaining stable housing, which is a scarce resource in the area. However, a high present orientation predicted obtaining temporary housing. A present temporal perspective may be adaptive in finding short-term solutions to an unstable situation, such as homelessness. The role of time perspective in crisis situations is discussed, as well as the severe environmental constraints on the exercise of personal control over reality dictated by social, economic, and political forces.
This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence to support the addition of 6 variables to the TPB is reviewed: belief salience measures, past behavior/habit, perceived behavioral control (PBC) vs. self-efficacy, moral norms, self-identity, and affective beliefs. In each case there appears to be growing empirical evidence to support their addition to the TPB and some understanding of the processes by which they may be related to other TPB variables, intentions, and behavior. Two avenues for expansion of the TPB are presented. First, the possibility of incorporating the TPB into a dual-process model of attitude–behavior relationships is reviewed. Second, the expansion of the TPB to include consideration of the volitional processes determining how goal intentions may lead to goal achievement is discussed.
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of per- sonal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of ob- stacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more de- pendable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived self- efficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and be- havioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
The present study was undertaken to assess the utility of the theory of planned behaviour, using separate measures of the two variables that are considered to comprise the notion of perceived behavioural control, namely, beliefs concerning the controllability of the behaviour and efficacy expectancies. The study was concerned with the prediction of intentions to engage in regular exercise (for at least 20 minutes, three times a week for a fortnight) and actual exercise behaviour. A sample of 146 undergraduate subjects participated in the study. It was prospective in design; measures of attitudes, norms, intentions, perceived control and self-efficacy were obtained at the first wave of data collection, while actual behaviour was assessed two weeks later. The results of the study revealed support for the view that separate measures of self-efficacy and perceived behavioural control should be employed in the theory of planned behaviour. In the first instance, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the two variables could be empirically distinguished. Second, the effects of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy on behavioural intentions and actual behaviour differed. As predicted, efficacy expectancies influenced behavioural intentions, but not actual behaviour. In contrast, levels of perceived behavioural control had no effect on behavioural intentions, but emerged as a significant (positive) predictor of actual behaviour (there was also evidence that the effects of intentions on behaviour were moderated by the level of perceived behavioural control).