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Study on the Anti-tumor Effects of Extracts from Lepista nuda Mushroom
Abstract
This study was carried to investigate the inhibition effects of Lepista nuda mushroom extracts on the growth of the human cancer (HepG2, KATOⅢ, AGS) cells. The fraction Ⅰ of Lepista nuda mushroom extracts strongly inhibited to 71.4-91.8% for the growth of cancer cells. The growth of cancer HepG2, KATOⅢ and AGS cell which treated with 0.5 and 1㎎/mL of hot water fraction I was inhibited to 71.4% and 85.5%, 45.0% and 86.6%, 71.6% and 90.7% respectively. The growth of cancer cell HepG2, KATOⅢ and AGS which treated with 0.5 and 1㎎/mL of microwave fraction I was inhibited to 79.8% and 85.2%, 78.6% and 88.9%, 85.8% and 91.8%, respectively. The inhibition ratios of cancer cell growth were higher by microwave extracts than hot water extracts. And the more fraction were insoluble for water, the more inhibition ratios of cancer cell growth were lower.
... In a study with the aim to determine the effect of the extraction method on antitumor activity of L. nuda, the extracts strongly inhibited the growth of human HepG2, KATO III, and AGS cancer cell lines by 71.4-91.8% (Lee et al. 2005). The inhibitory effect of hot water extracts against AGS cells was up to 90.7% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, while the microwave fraction gave the highest value of 91.8%. ...
... The hot water and microwave fractions presented 86.6% and 88.9% inhibition against KATO III cells, respectively. Finally, these fractions inhibited HepG2 cells by 85.5% and 85.2%, respectively (Lee et al. 2005). In a study to screen cytotoxic activity of ethanol, cold and hot water extracts of fifteen mushroom species against six different cancer cell lines, some L. nuda extracts displayed significant cytotoxic activity (Beattie et al. 2011). ...
... Lepista nuda:The mycelia, culture broth and fruiting bodies of L. nuda have been found to contain very useful chemical compounds and possess interesting biological properties. Numerous studies have confirmed the antidiabeticShih et al. 2014), antihyperlipidemicShih et al. 2014), antimicrobial(Suay et al. 2000;Dulger et al. 2002;Mercan et al. 2006; Yamac and Bilgili 2006;Barros et al. 2008;Alves et al. 2012), antioxidant(Mercan et al. 2006;Elmastas et al. 2007;Egwim et al. 2011;Keleş et al. 2011;Xu et al. 2015;Bal et al. 2019;Shu et al. 2019;Emsen et al. 2020;Cerig 2021), antitumor(Hobbs 1995;Lee et al. 2005;Shen et al. 2009;Beattie et al. 2011;Wu et al. 2011;Özmen and Değirmenci 2021), and antiviral(Li et al. 2009;Wu et al. 2011;Zhu et al. 2016) activities of L. nuda, amongst others. ...
Lepista irina (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow; Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke - TRICHOLOMATACEAE
Yusufjon Gafforov, Mustafa Yamaç, Milena Rašeta, Manzura Yarasheva, Rainer W. Bussmann, et Sylvie Rapior.
Lepista irina (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow; Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke - TRICHOLOMATACEAE. Pages 1271-1284. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23031-8_118 ; hal-04373847v1
... They determined that the studied mushroom extracts effectively inhibited 71-92 % of cancer cells' growth. They found that the treatment of L. nuda HAMEs inhibited the growth of human liver cancer and gastric carcinoma cells 71 and 85 % at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 86 and 71 % at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively (Lee et al. 2005). Considering that the dose ranges applied to increase antioxidant activity and does not show a cytotoxic effect, this and other studies support the presented study. ...
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke, known as an edible and medicinal mushroom, draws attention as a source of functional food development. Investigation of these fungal species on blood cultures in terms of human health will supplement the literature. In this study, the biomass of T. versicolor and L. nuda were used to prepare hot aqueous mycelium extracts (HAMEs). HAMEs were evaluated for antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on human blood cultures (HBCs) in vitro. HBCs were initially incubated with HAMEs in 0.01-2 g/L dose ranges for 1 and 2 days and then analyzed. Firstly, the antioxidant activity on blood serum was determined by using Rel Assay kits with TAC (total antioxidant capacity), TOS (total oxidant status), and OSI (oxidative stress index) values. Secondly, cytotoxicity on lymphocytes was determined using neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Doses of 0.05 to 0.5 g/L of T. versicolor and L. nuda increased TAC levels and decreased TOS values. 0.01 and 1 g/L did not change the TOS values but increased it by 2 g/L. In the second case, the dose range 0.01-1 g/L did not offer cytotoxic data. However, 2 g/L caused a 2 % increase in LDH and a 7 % decrease in NRU. As a result, this study presented that any evident signs of toxicity did not accompany T. versicolor and L. nuda HAMEs applications at 0.01-1 g/L dose ranges and 1–2 days on HBCs. The lack of toxicity supports the potential usage of T. versicolor and L. nuda in specified doses as a food or dietary supplement.
... 특히 연보라색을 띄며 독특한 맛과 향을 지니고 있어 구미나 중국 등지에서는 식용으로 널리 이용하고 있다. 특히 유럽에서는 주름버섯 중 2번째로 선호도가 높은 식용버섯으로 28종의 유 리아미노산과 7종의 미량금속원소를 함유하며 [18], 우수한 항 산화성 [10]과 항암성 [11], 항균성 [3], 당대사조절 및 혈전 용해 능이 우수한 버섯으로 알려져 [5,6] 영양학적, 약리학적 가치뿐 만 경제적 가치가 뛰어난 버섯이다. 전세계적으로 분포하는 민자주방망이버섯의 유전학적 연구는 RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) 방법에 의한 송이과 버섯 5종과 L. nuda의 종내, 종간의 계통분류학적 유연관계 [22], CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence)와 RAPD를 이용 한 Lepista 속간의 유연관계 및 배양특성 [4], 재배법 개발 및 품종개량 [9] 형성하였으며, L. nuda03과 04는 0.031의 band change와 16개 의 synapomorphic change를 나타내며, 100%의 jack-knife의 지지도를 나타내었다. ...
A genetic variation of Lepista nuda and two genus Lepista species (L. irina and L. sordida) were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. In the resulting RAPD analysis, 22 out of 40 random primers amplified polymorphic RAPD fragment patterns, the amplified bands were 355, and DNA fragment sizes were 200-400bp. Intraspecific genetic dissimilarity of the 10 L. nuda strains were calculated to range from 0% to 21.60%, L. sordida from 16.93% to 24.82%, L. irina were 20.62% to 25.54%, and intraspecific genetic dissimilarity of L. sordida and L. irina was 23.49%. The 673 base pairs were sequenced during the analysis of the ITS I and II region; six L. nuda strains intraspecific genetic dissimilarities ranged from 1.58% to 11.47%, L. nuda and L. sordida from 3.83% to 12.88%, L. nuda and L. irina from 7.11% to 15.61%, and intra-specific genetic variation between L. sordida and L. irina was 4.79%. The findings showed that RAPD and ITS sequencing could be used for developing molecular genetic markers and screening of unidentified genus Lepista species.
... (Yim et al. 1991;Kim et al. 2001;Cho et al. 2002;Ham et al. 2003;Kim & Lee 2004;Lee et al. 2005;Shin et al. 2007). 최근 여러 종류의 버섯 자실체 및 균사체 추출물 중에서 탁월 한 항암효능과 당뇨병 개선효과를 보이는 생리활성 물질은 β -D-glucan 구조를 갖는 수용성 단백다당체 로 구성되어 있음이 밝혀졌다 (Ikekawa et al. 1968;Lee et al. 1996;Nanda & Kuroda 1998;Park et al. 2009 (Lowry et al. 2005).꽃송이버섯은 ...
Functional effects of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia) have been magnified by various media and internal and external research papers, recently. So, optimum condition of wood chip particle size and cultivation method of high β-glucan content for bulk cultivation generalization of cauliflower mushroom farms researched. As a result, T7 (1 ̃2 mm 25%, 2̃4 mm 50%, over 4 mm 25%) media as mixed media of certain ratio of particle size, showed excellent growth at 11.5 ± 1.0 cm / 44 days. Also, production of fruit body found higher than control and marketable pileus part took 85% ratio. The β-glucan content at media composition condition showed 1.4̃2.4 times higher content in stipe part than pileus part. Also, PCF300 medium found 59.5% highest β-glucan content in stipe part. While β-glucan content showed 33.0% low content in pileus part. Therefore it needed additional study that β-glucan content improved in pileus part. In conclusion, production of high β-glucan content cauliflower mushroom was possible by T7 condition (wood chip particle size: 1̃2 mm 25%, 2̃4 mm 50% and over 4 mm 25%, composition: corn powder, flour and 300 ppm yeast).
... Several bioactive extracts from C. nuda have been found to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [14][15][16][17][18], but few reports have described medicinal activities or health benefit in human disorders. To our knowledge, only three papers have shown that C. nuda extract affects cancer cells in vitro [19][20][21]. However, no studies have specifically reported immunologic effects of C. nuda. ...
This work represents the first evaluation of the effects of water extract of C. nuda (WE-CN), an edible mushroom, on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the potential pathway through which the effects are mediated. Our experimental results show that WE-CN could induce phenotypic maturation of DCs, as shown by the increased expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules. In addition, it also induced the proinflammatory cytokines expression on DCs and enhanced both the proliferation and IFN- γ secretion of allogenic T cells. Therefore, since WE-CN did not induce maturation of DCs generated from mice with mutated TLR-4 or TLR-2, suggesting that TLR4 and TLR2 might function as membrane receptors for WE-CN. Moreover, the mechanism of action of WE-CN may be mediated by increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and increased NF- κ B p65 activity, which are important signaling molecules downstream of TLR-4 and TLR-2. Finally, coimmunization of mice with WE-CN and a HER-2/neu DNA vaccine induced a HER-2/neu-specific Th1 response that resulted in significant inhibition of HER-2/neu overexpressing mouse bladder tumor (MBT-2) growth. These data suggest that WE-CN induces DC maturation through TLR-4 and/or TLR-2 and that WE-CN can be used as an adjuvant in cancer vaccine immunotherapy.
Mushrooms are an emerging natural resource to meet the current demands of functional food and therapeutics. Modern pharmacological as well as clinical trials of new‐age drugs have presented the nutritional and medicinal attributes of mushrooms in light. One such resource is the genus Lepista of the family Tricholomataceae, which is yet to be explored wholly. In recent years the abandoned taxon Lepista has been in focus for the reason of its palatability, farming procedure and curative importance. The key message of the review is to update the present status of the genus Lepista with reference to its significance as functional food, a new source of bioactive components and therapeutic value, which will put forward beneficial guidance and new approaches for its advancement as a potent mycomedicine.
This study was performed to investigate the storage properties of emulsion-type sausage added with Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Curcula longa hot water extracts (GCHE) extracted at 10^{\circ}C for 35 days. The TBARS values of sausages containing 1.0 and 5.0% GCHE were lower than that of control. The bacterial count and VBN contents of all the samples were significantly increased during the storage periods, except the group with 5.0% GCHE. The redness of all the samples was lower than that of control, while yellowness of all the samples was higher than that of control. The nitrite scavenging abilities of the sausages containing 1.0 and 5.0% GCHE were higher than that of the control. It is suggested that the addition of 1.0% hot water extracts extracted from these plants may be a potential substitute for the use of nitrite to extend shelf-life of sausages.
β-Glucan is a polysaccharide expressed on the cell walls of fungi. It is known that β-glucan is recognized by a family of C-type lectin receptors, dectin-1, which is expressed mainly on myeloid immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Raw 264.7 cells were treated with β-glucan from Schizophyllum commune. β-Glucan was not cytotoxic up to 400 μg/mL as measured by MTT assay. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-α assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with β-glucan for 24 hr significantly increased production of NO and TNF-α compared with control groups (p<0.05), indicating activation of macrophages. To measure inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, MTT assay was performed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell viability was significantly decreased in the group treated with 400 μg/mL of β- glucan for 48 hr (p<0.05) compared to the control group. However, tumor volume was decreased in the groups administered 200 μg of β-glucan/mouse compared to the control group. These results indicate that β-glucan inhibits breast cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis.
In this study, twelve of Lepista nuda were collected from various localities in Korea. Also thirteen exotic L. nuda species were collected from Japan, France, Switzerland and Portugal. Spores were isolated under optical microscope. These spores were placed on the surface of YM medium for inducing to germination. Eleven mating-groups were selected by morphological characters of fruit body such as size, color and stipe patterns. Intra-isolate crosses were made between two single-spore isolates derived from mating-groups. Also, dikaryotic crossing using the isolates from L. nuda were carried out to evaluated tetrakaryon formation. Cross-mating compatibility tests also verified its dikaryotic state by microscopic or molecular genetic observation of clamp connection and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band pattern. To analyze the growth rate of hybrids and parents mycelium in dikaryons obtained from compatible mating groups were placed on PDA medium. Intra-isolate crosses determined eleven mating-groups within L. nuda. The typical clamp connection were mostly observed in mating-groups of Korean L. nuda in , , , , , , , , , , and . Korean L. nuda type of dikaryon, shown to cross-incompatibility with L. sordida, it seemed that mating induce more rapidly than wild types in a view of growth rate. In conclusion, it would be useful to improve mass production with better morphological characteristics through a special mating of L. nuda.
This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional component of Lepista nuda in order to estimate its nutritional and functional values. The content of moisture were carbohydrate , crude protein , ash , and crude fat , respectively The reducing sugar was . Total amount of free sugar was 97.32 mg, which were mainly composed of galactose (51.98 mg) and trehalose (22.48 mg). In the results of mined analysis, the content of K was the highest as , followed by of Mg. The total content of hydrolyzed amino acid was 310.39 mg which consist of essential amino acids including valine (25.40 mg), leucine (22.52 mg), lysine (21.34 mg) and 198.89 mg of non-essential amino acids including glutamic acid (60.72 mg), aspartic acid (30.17 mg), and alanine (29.72 mg), as the major amino acids. free amino acids were 220.86 mg which were composed of essential amino acids (36.21 mg) inclusive of isoleucine (21.57 mg) and threonine (11.20 mg) and non-essential amino acids (184.65 mg) including glutamic acid (42.78 mg) and aspartic acid (32.44 mg) as major amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 187.85 me and that of hydroxyproline was highest as 121.50 mg.
This study analyzed the contents of vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, and evaluated the inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of Lepista nuda extract prepared by the reflux and microwave-assisted methods. The vitamin C content of the fresh L. nude was mg/100 g. The content of phenolic compounds in the fresh L. nuda was . The ethanol extracts prepared by reflux method and microwave-assisted method showed the highest phenol contents of , respectively. The inhibitory rates on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of ethanol extracts prepared by the microwave assisted method showed the highest value of 99.78% and 30.30% at the concentration of . The inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased depending on the extract concentration.
The yield of oleoresin content and functionality of fresh garlic were compared according to varying extraction conditions by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) methods. When different extracting conditions were applied, there was no significant difference of extraction methods in the oleoresin content. However, in the case of the CE, the optimum extraction time was two hours, while the other was about five minutes which meant that the extraction time was shortened drastically. The electron donating abilities showed a similar level which was 64% by both methods, using water. And, in the case of ethanol extraction, it resulted 63% and 51% by CE and MAE, respectively. The nitrite scavenging effect diminished while pH was increasing and especially, in the case of pH 1.2, it showed a high elimination effect of more than 90%. There was no difference of extraction methods. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect was 47% and 60% by CE and MAE, respectively in the case of the water extract. The ethanol extract showed similar or a slight lower inhibition of 45% and 39%. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory effect showed more powerful activity in the case of MAE extract than CE extract, but there was not an increase relating to reaction time of enzyme. Also, pyruvic acid content was per one gram of a garlic by CE and MAE, respectively when water was used, and was by CE and MAE when ethanol was used. Again, there was no big difference between CE and MAE methods.
Five different beta(1 leads to 3) glucans were tested for immune adjuvant activity on the in vivo induction of alloreactive murine cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The beta(1 leads to 3) glucans, lentinan, pachyman, pachymaran, and two differently substitute hydroxyethylated pachymans strongly enhanced the in vivo generation of alloreactive CTL. The augmenting effect of i.p.-administered beta(1 leads to 3) glucans exhibited a clear dose-response relationship and was strictly dependent on the injection schedule used. Injection of high doses of beta(1 leads to 3) glucans as well as the injection during the late phase of the immune response markedly suppressed the magnitude of the lytic CTL activity induced. When the optimal conditions for enhanced CTL responses were chosen, the augmented CTL activity within spleen cells and mesenteric lymph node cells persisted for more than 25 days. Since beta(1 leads to 3) glucans are chemically defined substances without obvious toxic side effects, they may be of potential use to augment in vivo antigen-specific T-cell responses.
The blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were significantly reduced by Maitake feeding for 8 weeks period beginning at a time when the animals were 10 weeks of age with well-established high blood pressure. There was no difference in the plasma total and free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels between the Maitake fed animals and the control. On the other hand, Shiitake mushroom did not reduce the blood pressure, but significantly lower the plasma free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in compared with the control. The results suggest that dietary Maitake mushroom reduce the blood pressure.
The underlying cellular mechanisms for the antitumor effects of biological response modifiers (BRMs) have not been clearly resolved. We have investigated this issue in the Lewis lung (3LL) peritoneal carcinomatosis model in which treatment with the BRM MVE-2 slows tumor growth and enhances survival. MVE-2 is a potent inducer of cytotoxic macrophages (m phi s); however, in the vivo tumoricidal properties of these m phi s remain to be firmly established. To directly establish that m phi s were at least in part responsible for the in vivo efficacy of MVE-2, a novel method of obtaining highly enriched m phi suspensions was developed which gave high purity, satisfactory yield, and excellent viability without affecting antitumor activity. Using the 3LL peritoneal carcinomatosis model and adoptive transfer techniques, we directly demonstrate that the majority of antitumor activity was associated with the adherent cell fraction enriched for m phi s. Histological observations supported this conclusion, indicating that MVE-2 treatment initially activated cells associated with nonspecific immunity, retarding tumor growth in the ascites long enough for a multifaceted immune response to develop.
This study was carried out particularly focusing on the antitumor effects of extracts obtained from mushroom, Daedalea dickinsii against Hela cell, Hep G2 cell, L 929 cell and Sarcoma-180. Antitumor effect of hot water extracts obtained from Daedalea dickinsii against Hela cell showed at the highest level of 70% when adiministrated at the concentration of 1.5 mg/100 ml, however Hep G2 cell inhibited 40% at the same concentration of hot water extracts. Antitumor effects of methanol extract of Daedalea dickinsii against Hela cell indicated at the highest level of 60% when 4 mg/ml was administerated. Antitumor effect of hot water extract of Daedalea dickinsii inhibited 51.03% against L929 cell. The solid tumor sarcoma-180 growth inhibition of methanol extract of Deadalea dickinsii inhibited 45.67% when administrated at the concentration of 60 mg/kg, and the life prolongation was higher 30.88% than that control group.
Three groups of polysaccharides from the edible mushroom "Maitake, " the cultured fruiting body of Grifola frondosa, were extracted with hot water, 3% NH4-oxalate (100°C), and 5% sodium hydroxide solution (30°C) in this order. The three fractions, FI, FII and Fill, were divided into several sub-fractions using various chromatographic techniques. The fractions with host-mediated antitumor activity were as follows: Water-soluble β-(1→ 3)-o-glucan: FI0-a-β1, [α]D +9° (water), MW 1, 000, 000, N 0%, degree of branching = 3, average chain-length = 5, ID50 (the dose level, mg/kg in mice, inhibiting tumor growth in 50% of animal controls) = 5.8. Water-soluble acidic β-D-glucan: FA-la-β1, [a]D +5° (water), MW 500, 000, component sugars; Glc 82.4% and GlcUA 8.8%, ID50=12.9. Water-insoluble acidic xyloglucan: FII-3, [α]D + 56° (NaOH), MW 50, 000, component sugars; Glc:Xyl=100:82, GlcUA 16.5%, ID50 = 23.8. Acidic hetero-glycan: Fill-la, [α]D +6° (NaOH), MW 100, 000-250, 000, protein content 3.8%, component sugars; Glc:Xyl: Man: Fuc= 100: 58:34:14, GlcUA 20.4%, ID50 = 16.1. Acidic glycoproteins: FIII-2a, FIII-2b and FIII-2c: [a]D +58°, +43°, -11° (NaOH); MW 1, 000, 000, 70, 000- 100, 000, 20, 000- 50, 000; ID50= 38.5, 13.9, 9.3 respectively; component sugars; major = Glc, minor = Fuc, Xyl, Man, and Gal. None of the polysaccharides intraperitoneally active against mouse-implanted Sarcoma 180 had any activity orally.
In order to study antibiotic activities of basidomycetes (mushroom), 68 species of mushroom were extracted with petroleum ether, 80% ethanol, and distilled water in that order. A total of 204 extracts were obtained. Antibiotic activities against Microsporum gypseum were observed from the petroleum ether extracts of Abortiporus DGU-L6 mushroom, and the water extracts of Clitogbe DGU-7 mushroom. Antibiotic activity against Aspergillus niger were observed from the 80% ethanol extracts of Cortinarius DGU-51 and Marasmminus DGU-L67 mushroom. The petroleum ether extracts of Hetero DGU-L25 mushroom showed various antibiotic activities, particularly strong activities against M. canis. and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was . The extracts also showed antibiotic activities against A. niger (KCTC 2025), A. niger (KCTC 2118), A. versicolor (KCTC 2120), A. flavus (KCTC 2117), M. gypsem, Pyricularia oryzae, and Trichopyto mentagrophytes, and MIC for each fungus was , respectively.
For the development of antibiotics from Korean mushrooms, the biological activities of extracts from 98 species of mushrooms and from 25 mushrooms were tested against 9 different Gram-negative bacteria and 8 fungi, respectively. Fruiting bodies of each mushrooms were extracted with petroleum ether (P), 80% ethanol (E), and distilled water (H) in that order. P, E, or H extracts from 20 mushroom samples exhibited the antibacterial activity against 8 different Gram-negative bacteria containing Klebsiella pneumoniae, selectively. Among the mushroom extracts with antibiotic activity, E extracts of Boletus umbriniporus, Armillariella tabescens, Rhodophyllus sinuatus, and Suillus luteus showed various antibiotic activities against several bacteria. E extracts of Abortiporus biennis, Phellinus gilvus, and Polyporus dispansus are highly active against Salmonella typhi and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was all . E extract of Armillariella tabescens showed the antifungal activity against Trichopyton mentagrophytes, and its MIC was .
In order to determine of trace mineral elements of wild edible mushrooms in Korea, the dried carpophores of Armillariella mella(Vahl.ex Fr.) karst., Armillariella tabescens(Scop.) Sing., Lepista nuda(Bull.ex Fr.) Cooke and Lepista sordida(Schum.ex Fr.) Sing., Hygrophorus russula (Schaeff.ex Fr.) Qu'el., Hygrocybe conica(Scop.ex Fr.) Kummur were incinerated and analyzed by an atom adsorption spectrophotometry. The six mushrooms contained ubiquitously potassium, iron, zinc, sodium, manganase, copper and calsium in that order, and the content of potassium was the highest than other inorganic components and the content of zinc in Hygrocybe conica was especially the most than the other five mushrooms. Total contents of inorganic components(except Cd) were universally the highest in Hygrocybe conica than other five mushrooms, and decrease in order Hygrophorus russula, lepista nuda, lepista sordida, Aarmillariella mella and Armillariella tabescens. Calsium was not present in Amillariella mella and lepista nuda, and copper not in Hygro cybe conica, and content of cadimium in Hygrophorus russula and Hygrocybe conica were trace.
Extracts from 65 species of mushrooms in mount Chiak were screened for their fibrinolytic activities. Extracts from Armillariella mellea, Calocybe sp., Lepista nuda and Trichaptum abietinum showed to have almost twice of activity of plasmin 1.5 U/ml, 193%, 213%, 198%, and 193% respectively. Collybia maculata showed 98% of activity, and Coprinus comatus and Lepiota sp. 56% and 58% activities, respectively. Other two, Agrocybe sp. and Stropharia rugosoannulata were less than 10% of activities.
To find antitumor components with low toxicity in the Basidiomycetes of Korea, the carpophores of Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Singer were extracted with hot water for eight hours. The extract was purified by dialyzing through Visking tube and a protein-bound polysaccharide fraction was obtained as pale brownish amorphous powder after freeze-drying. The fraction was examined for antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 implanted subcutaneously in the left groin in ICR mice. The inhibition ratio of this fraction against the tumor was 62.3% at the dose of 10mg/kg/day for the period of ten days. The tumors in three of the ten treated mice were completely regressed. The chemical analysis of the antitumor component by anthrone and Lowry-Folin methods showed that it consisted of a polysaccharide (42.4%) and a protein (24.5%). The hydrolysis of the polysaccharide moiety with 3% HCl-MeOH and trimethysilylation of the hydrolyzate yielded five monosaccharides which were identified by G.L.C. Several amino acids were identified by an amino acid autoanalyzer in the acid hydrolyzate of the protein moiety.
Anti-complementary assay for immuno-stimulating polysaccharide screening, human tumor colony-forming assay for discovering anti-tumor drugs, and toxic assay against mouse were performed to examine pharmacological activities of polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies of Jang-soo mushroom (Fomitella fraxinea). Hot water , 1% ammonium oxalate solution , and 5% sodium hydroxide solution were used for extraction of three polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of it. Anti-complementary activity of FF-I was more effective than the others. FF-I was further fractionated into three groups of polysaccharide by DEAE-Sephadex A25 column chromatography (FF-NP, FF-AP1, and FF-AP2). FF-AP1 showed not only the highest anti-complementary activity but also the growth-inhibitory activity against Snu-I (human stomach cancer cell) among 9 kinds of human tumor cell lines. But FF-AP2 exhibited its activity against Hep-2(larynx cancer) and KB(mouth epidermal cancer) cell lines at although its anti-complementary activity was lower than it of FF-AP1. When FF-I was orally administrated to mice with dosage of 5000 mg/kg, no remarkable changes were observed in viewpoint of tissue-pathology.
Extracts of 67 wild mushrooms were tested for their fibrinolytic activities. The extract of Marasmius pulcherripes showed 112% higher increased activity as compared with a positive control, plasmin (0.75 U/ml). Helvella elastica and Psathyrella sp. showed 60% and 49% of activities to that of plasmin, respectively. Three mushrooms such as Lepista sordida, Fomitella fraxinea, and Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus showed 40% of plasmin activity. The other 60 mushroom extracts did not show any fibrinolytic activity.
Free amino acids in water-extracts and total amino acids in hydrolysates of three cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were analyzed by amino acid analyzer to know the compositional differences depending on species and portions (pileus and stipe). Eighteen amino acids were identified and quantified. The total nitrogen and protein nitrogen contents were in the range of 1.67-6.24% and 0.88-2.42% (dry basis), respectively. The considerable differences were often found among species and portions of mushrooms. All of them were found to be higher in the pileus part. The free amino acids conents in water-extracts were in the range of 10.04-37.85mg/g(dry weight) and the total amino acids contents in hydrolysates were in the range of 53.37-120.15mg/g(dry weight). Glutamic acid, serine, histidine, and alanine were dominent in the free amino acids pool and glutamic, aspartic acid, histidine, and alanine were in the total amino acids pool.
This article describes the latest advances in a patented microwave-assisted extraction process. The fundamental physical phenomena at play are reviewed and discussed in terms of their role in methods development work. The process offers new sample preparation techniques for matrices such as plant and animal tissues, soils, water, consumer products, cosmetics, and others. Two main areas of extractions are discussed, namely liquid-phase and gas-phase extraction.
A rapid colormetric microtiter assay has been developed to detect cytotoxic lymphokines produced by human lymphocytes activated with lectins or tumor cells. The viability of lymphotoxin-treated target cells was detected using a tetrazolium dye that is reduced to a blue formazan by living but not dead cells. The amount of dye formed was quantitated using a microplate spectrophotometer (ELISA plate reader) and visual observations confirmed the amount of formazan dye produced was directly proportional to the number of viable target cells. The advantages of using this colormetric method are that it requires no washing steps or radioisotopes and its precision and rapidity. Optimal conditions were established using the murine L929 and human ESH-5L cell lines as target cells for detecting lymphotoxins produced by human lymphocytes. The data indicate that the L929 cell line was 10–50-fold more sensitive than the ESH-5L line to the lytic activity of cytotoxins produced by human phytohemagglutinin-P-activated T lymphocytes, or the cytotoxins produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with various tumor cell lines. This assay system was also useful in detecting antibodies capable of neutralizing lymphotoxin activity and thus should be a suitable method to aid in the molecular characterization of these lymphokines.
Effect of PS-K on tumor growth and antibody production was studied in inbred C57BL/6, SL, C3H/He, and AKR mice, and in colony-bred ICR mice. (1) PS-K exhibited antitumor activity on sarcoma-180 in ICR mice, but not in AKR mice. Growth of sarcoma-180 was suppressed to the intermediate extent in other strains. (2) In ICR strain, antibody production against trinitrophenyl was depressed in mice bearing sarcoma-180 and restored by PS-K. In AKR mice, on the other hand, antibody production was not depressed in tumor-bearing state and was not augmented by PS-K. Other strains showed intermediate degrees of suppression of antibody-producing capacity by sarcoma-180 and its restoration by PS-K.CR strain, the growth of Ehrlich tumor as the challenge tumor was enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 as compared to that in controls. After the treatment with PS-K in this strain, however, not only the growth of sarcoma-180 but also of Ehrlich tumor was inhibited completely. On the other hand, the growth of Ehrlich tumor in AKR strain was neither enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 nor inhibited by PS-K.
The fruit bodies of Pleurotus species as a class of "Edible Fungal Foods" have been discovered to have definite nutritive and medicinal values. They are a good source of nonstarchy carbohydrates, dietary fiber (that can help in reducing the plasma cholesterol), most of the essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins of B group, and folic acid (necessary to counteract pernicious anaemia) in particular. Considering the essential amino acid index, biological value, in vitro digestibility, nutritional index, and protein score, Pleurotus species fall between high grade vegetables and low grade meats. Fractions of water-soluble polysaccharides are reported to possess antitumor activity. The physiological processes such as changes in water content, respiratory rate, texture, color, and activities of enzymes like proteases and polyphenol oxidases during the after-harvest life are delineated. The problems and prospects of processing the fruit bodies by various methods are discussed. Potentialities for production and consumption of the fruit bodies in different parts of the world are brought out.
Lentinan, a linear β (1-3) glucan from Lentinus edodes, with antitumor activity was tested for its activity on various immune responses. Lentinan had only minor effects on the plaque forming cell response to sheep red blood cells but significantly stimulated antibody dependent, cell mediated immunity. This effect was due to stimulation of T helper cell priming by Lentinon, which amplified antibody synthesis. Lentinan, however, could not be demonstrated to increase sensitization of T killer cells in an allogeneic system.
Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction (GF-1) extracted from cultured fruiting bodies of a fungus, Grifola frondosa, was examined on allogeneic and syngeneic tumors in mice. GF-1 had a marked inhibitory activity against the growth of subcutaneously (s.c.) inoculated Sarcoma 180 by the intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection at 0.5-5.0 mg/mouse for 10 successive days. A significant antitumor activity was also observed when GF-1 at 4.0 mg/mouse was i.p. injected successively on days +1-+5, +7-+11, +14-+18 or +21-+25 if the tumor cells were inoculated s.c. on day 0. Similar results were obtained by a single i.p. injection of GF-1 at 2.0 mg/mouse on day +1, +7, +14 or +21. When GF-1 was injected i.p., intravenously (i.v.) or intratumorally (i.t.), all of them showed an equivalent level of higher inhibitory activity (inhibition ratio; over 90%). However, the oral (p.o.) administration was not effective. The pretreatment of mice with GF-1 at 2.0 or 4.0 mg/mouse for 5 times before tumor inoculation did not show a significant antitumor activity. In addition, GF-1 administered i.p. at varying times before and/or after the tumor inoculation showed no antitumor activity against ascites form of Sarcoma 180. In the syngeneic systems, GF-1 exhibited an antitumor activity against solid form of Meth A fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice and MM46 carcinoma in C3H/He mice.
A water-soluble polysaccharide, FI, and water-insoluble polysaccharides, FII and FIII were extracted from Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushrooms. After fractionation, the antitumor activity of the fractions against Sarcoma 180 implanted in mice were examined, and the following active polysaccharides were obtained: Water-soluble polysaccharides FIo: A heteropolysaccharide containing 9.8% protein, and composed of glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose. FA-2-b-beta: A glycoprotein consisting of glycan:protein = 40:60 w/w, with the glyco-chain composed of glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and fucose. FA-3: A glycoprotein consisting of glycan:protein = 50:50 w/w, and glycan moiety consisting of glucose, galactose, xylose, mannose, and fucose. Water-insoluble polysaccharides. FIII-1: Protein-containing beta-D-glucans, FIII-1-a, and -b were obtained from FIII-1 by gel filtration, composed of glucan:protein = 80:20, and 68:32 w/w, respectively. The glucan moieties of both were almost all (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan, and their molecular weights were 68 x 10(4) and 40 x 10(4). FIII-2: Protein-containing beta-D-glucans, FIII-2-a, and -b, were obtained from FIII-2 by gel filtration, with molecular weights 190 x 10(4) and 120 x 10(4), respectively. Both were almost all composed of glucan:protein = 87:13 w/w. Both glucan moieties were mainly (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan.
Sparassis crispa is an edible mushroom recently cultivable in Japan. Polysaccharide fractions were prepared from the cultured S. crispa by repeated extraction with hot water (SCHWE), cold NaOH (SCCA), and then hot NaOH (SCHA). HWE was further separated by 1 volume (SCHWE1v) or 4 volumes (SCHWE4v) of ethanol-precipitable fractions. By chemical, enzymic, and NMR analyses, the primary structures of SCHWE1v, SCCA, and SCHA were 6-branched 1,3-beta-glucan, having one branch in approximately every third mainchain unit. All of these fractions showed antitumor activity to the solid form of Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice with strong vascular dilation and hemorrhage reaction. These fractions also showed enhanced hematopoietic response to cyclophosphamide induced leukopenic mice following intraperitoneal or peroral administration.
Aroma characteristics of Neungee
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Optimization of extraction conditions for soluble ginseng compounds using microwave extraction system under pressure
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Studies on constituents of higher fungi of Korea (XVII) Production of antintoplastic components by the submerged culture of Lentinus edodes
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Chemoprevention effect of Polyozellus multiplex, a wild and edible mushroom
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Illustrated book of Korean medicinal mushrooms
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Studies on immumo-modulatory and antitumor effects of crude polysaccharides extracted from Korean wild medicinal mushrooms
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