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Supernormal Stimuli in the Media

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Abstract

Supernormal Stimuli in the Media: borrowing a concept from ethology to examine modern media by Deirdre Barrett Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen coined the term ‘supernormal stimulus’ after discovering that birds who lay small, pale blue eggs speckled with grey prefer to sit on larger, bright blue eggs with black polka-dots. He found that he could exaggerate the key qualities of any natural stimulus to produce a stronger reaction yet--be it nurturance, courtship, fear or aggression. Animals encounter supernormal stimuli mostly when experimenters build them. Humans can generate their own and media are awash with them: friendly smiling faces more consistently welcoming than ones own friends, animated cartoon characters with wider eyes than any real child’s, seductive bodies exceeding any proportions found in nature, and a huge array of supernatural menaces. This chapter will examine film, television, spectator sports, video games, and social websites as well as more traditional media such as print and musical performance in terms of the concept of supernormal stimuli.
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 &
 &!
!
* &!
!6
! !!!
!<<?!!
!! ?<!
! &
a volleyball.
>*!
 '
!!!
 /!Supernormal Stimuli -@2#2/
*; /
/<
 /4
A4
!!
 
*
 B
!
 7/-#$@8.
 
 /
 &
6!
! !
!
 
*!! >
 &5<<6

C -DE&#$1%.&
* 
;
C!!
 >
! &
5
< F
!!*
! 
+!!
 -D&
DBE?#$1%.
!<!#G =
lower&H! ++?
!!<
5 &!

 
<<
4!4
* &<
*
Scheherazade’s Strategy
5
!<< 
+<<I
*C
! &

 J5!
<< 
&!<6<<
#22#70!
!!5
 >!!
 >* 
6!!
*05 F
!!!<
!4!**
!'//E///0
&Cnames<<&H
4 Friends!*
5
* Sex and the
City4
 Girls 
/!#$=24Leave it to Beaver824
Brady Bunch6!!
 JModern Family*
!4!
 &!'Good TimesMad
About You, Homeland, How I Met Your Mother.
*!!<
!*

!* F

 FJ
/
4<<!&!4
 
*
!
 &'
; !
 ;
!
!*<<! 
D0
!
! -E@22#.K
/,H4?) DFD
<B
 F'
LMB"L
LM"L
L& L
L&( &( L
LMme LFD
L&(LB -H#$%=.
&40 /
0*!C
&!4!5! 
FD4
!<<
!   4*0
* 
 !!9<
 >/
"0 -M5@2#9.
><<
0!<<##N>
 -B#$1#.
4!*
4;
Attack of the Supernormal Stimuli
&!
 F*!
!*! /4
05
 
&**
! &

<<D!B &*
;5 &
C
* 
>0*
<<<<
I!I/ ,
&0
0< &
 

'
pseudospecies 
 >++!
F*// 
+,M6
!
 !5
!<!
pseudospecies 
>!
!+! &
; >
!
!
!!
   !0
0+-#$%1 @$1. :!
/4-@2#2.!/
 H
!!

O/F/#<&FP
5 &
!#22-
.!
! &!
! >4*
>C!*
 
&
'Arachnaphobia, Ticks, Empire of the Ants, Mosquito, The Swarm,
The Savage Bees, Anaconda, Snakes on a Plane, Jaws, Rabid, Infested,
The Rats, Killer Rats, Plague, Outbreak, Virus, The Andromeda Strain,
Avalanche, Tremors, Backdraft, Tornado, Twister, The Perfect
Storm '
>Meteor!4
44 
;
4 &
! &!
!!4
 'B4
4!> >
00!
!

&!
 >
! 0&
&   <   "/4
3/A04
 /4!
&!4!<!

O/F@E9!P
F 
&*6
<<! 
6Jaws 5*
 !"B!Attack of
the Two Headed Shark? Monster Shark? Super Shark? Sand Shark?
Snow Shark? Swamp Shark? Dinoshark? Sharktopus?&<!
<<Sharknado# 984 
/&*
 -@2#9.&
Sharknado II 
!
 +    D6
!DJ7
'L>
07!!
!C
 L-!@2#9.
4 &0
!!! /!/
*!K0?!-@22%.
!*4
!4<#.
@.!9.
!G. 
* 
,,?6F
6!C
*"&
*C

D<* 
C?6 
* &
 
/!
 *
! &
4C >
<*
0 
Nonction Media: How Supernormal Stimuli Drive Broadcast Sports and
News
/<6
6
!! -?@22$.:
!!
<<
 !
C;
! >!
<'
 -@228J G.B<<
 
C!
;!

>5!C
* Q
!#'##'9 
&! 
> &*!
A4*3
! 7
!!!
 
>&H*0

 >!
**
 
&;<<<<<
4<!!*!
4!0?R/-#$G$.
M+ 0
R!!!
5!'
<<>
<<4
<4
 R!
!!
!<< &!!!
0! -R/#$G$.
&'
Friends

J 
! 
&4*

 >4
0
;< 
700!4
 <
* >6
0>4
4 +
!4
! J!4
!
 &!
!!!
! F
<<0very
 

Angry birds, happy cows: internet, gaming consoles, and smart phone
apps
/092D<&H<
<<<<&H<!
L:Angry Birds
F! L
/* B
0!
<&H<<4 &
@2#@7-7@2#@.>
@9G
* &
4!@221<@2#@
* >#@9G
&H J@<##@G&H
9#I@ &!@@#@<#8
!@=#1<@G< &9=more
@2#@@221 D%=G1
@2#@ 
&!@
9=!=2 -J:
@221!@22$.4!
<<9#/ 
H0!*
! F
4Sports Yapper0-
50.6
F!
//&H!
 
<<!
!!! 
!5*
74
!! 
!!
! D
5 &
!< 

 First person shooter” games became a
major industry from the 1990’s onward as screens reached a level of detail
allowing great realism for the player who sees through their characters’ eyes as
they raced around shooting villains. In Wolfenstein, the player fought Nazi’s (the
game was banned in Germany). In Doom, a multiplayer level was introduced for
the first time as players battled demons and the undead. In Halflife, the player
enacted the role of a nuclear physicist who had inadvertently opened a portal to
another dimension allowing alien monsters to flood into New Mexico. In Halo,
players are menaced by “The Covenant”-- a group of space aliens who worship
an evil religion. One could read some nasty political metaphors into fighting
aliens in New Mexico or doing battle with the wrong religion, but critics generally
just focus on the extreme violence.()@2#9. All the forst person shooter
games feature the same CGI special effects of action films, but with the viewer
participating. They all had a single player mode--easier, especially before wi-fi
was ubiquitous, but all since Doom have featured a choice between single-player
and a version where multiple players inhabit avatars in the same game--usually
total strangers who happen to log onto the site at the same time. The intense,
realistic fight scenes hook a mostly male audience, but a huge range of ages.
Some of the games make use of the computers’ microphones, allowing players
to hear each other. Grown men can find it disconcerting to shoot at a muscular
hitman or sci-fi monster and hear an 8 year old crying or giggling in response--or
to hear someone’s mother sternly summoning them away from the game. Some
turn the real sound function off for this reason, preferring the synthesized
soundtrack which is as supernormal as the visuals.
<<0
<< &
 /
; /<
5!
!5
!!*
 &4<
!!
; 
30 RockAngry Birds  /4!
* &!0!<
!!<<
I &
'!3!
 &!<!<
!
J
Angry Birds has !1.7 billion times across all platforms.&
!Angry Birds<@22
# @! F*
<!#22
 -?@2#@.>
PC World46
< -)@2##./!*
Angry Birds!!#22
!Angry Birdsmore#22!
! &MIT Entrepreneurship Review -@2##.deemed Angry
Birds L! L
>!4@2#G
+47>

?!
0 0
&cutest7>'
*>-.!
7>4 0&!>
JJ
0-,@2#G. JJ<
!
 
-H?@2#9.
F!30 Rock
<<5
 F!
<!<
! 0/4
! 
BF!!
 &3)&!
 ?
!F! &
!4
F! F<F!
#$N 0Q
%$NF! FF!<
 ->F!@2#2.*<
92K@8N92%2
1NK -S@2#2.
FarmvilleF!Angry Birds 
Farmville F!4T#=%
4@2#2 -J@2#2./
!<!Farmville 2Q
<Farmville J

 &!
> /!Supernormal Stimuli (Barrett, 2010)/

+!!
!!<
! F
 
!
!! /
!!9
 J6
   !!!U0
F0<<
!!!
 /F
+J0B0-/
>0*.
J &
<<
4!!
 >!
 & :
4!F!
 &
!6F!<-/4
0.<Farmville 
FarmvilleL&=2/L
!Time6!L
LLF!0
-F@2#2.
/
<<-4<
?&.!F 
7)QSocial Games on Trial
!
Farmville /9
Cow Clickers! M
F! 
JJ &54F!
 0/ 
0 :
0 J
* 
03
 ><!4 
&6!! 
&<!
!5 +
C0/4C
F! 
!!F
!!'!

 /40
 6
 0-&6@2##.
&JJ
 &!&J
! <<
/40
 D!!!*
+<!
 0F/4
0 :JJ!
F! =222   #2222 &4
;!6! &!
'! &
  
!3!@2222 &5
 &!=%222
F 
&   J   
V#222  BV##2JJ-
!.:*>3
 ; :
0/
"0-+6@2##.?
!!!5
4< 
>
 0&4!4
 &<<
 :!*43
VG22 D
! >
 &5!*4F!
! 0
& 
 4
LB/L L/(J
 
!!"L
L&(L L&
 L
&Cow ClickerL
L 
L/(!'.L ->*@2##.
was /4
 4cute<<

 &
,M6-#$1#I#$81.'
!!!!
 /
!<<< 
The Origin of SpeciesL!
L-#1=$ ##.
*!*
 &4
6 /5
!!* 
<4
Farmville!
&!4
*!
 /4!<<
5
B
!! &
!
!
 *6
 !*
 &AA
!!A??4<<!
!!4
! &
!!!
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... Most scholarship on this medical history has tended to view the sudden 'invention' of menopause as a purely cultural phenomenon. But bodily lifeways were also undergoing sudden marked changes in this time as urban affluence produced both new physiological stressors and new 'supernormal stimuli' [17]. Women were more commonly lacing themselves into tight corsets that compressed their abdominal organs and produced core-muscle atrophy with chronic use. ...
... The concept of evolutionary mismatch, originally proposed by Nicholas Tinbergen, has been explained in relation to modern human health problems by psychologist Deidre Barrett and by biologist George Diggs [17,27]. Here I am using it to consider that the conditions in which human menopause evolved were unique to hunter-gatherer lifeways, while both agrarian settlement and industrial contexts have produced successive "supernormal stimuli" that have impacted women's experience of reproductive ageing. ...
... Supernormal stimuli, in turn, are designed to exploit our evolutionarily hardwired instincts (instincts that prompt animals to pay special attention to some salient patterns in nature) by supplying stimuli that are more attractive than what the original response evolved for. Though initially contained Page 7 of 11 8 Vol.: (0123456789) within evolutionary theory (see [24], the concept of supernormal stimuli has found application in the social sciences as well, especially in media analysis [25]. Supernormal stimuli, if the proponents of applying the idea to the social realm are to be believed, are characteristic of a broad variety of everyday phenomena aside from the digital goods and services: from food, through movies, paintings, and TV shows to news, sports broadcasts and serialized novels. ...
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Is it wrong to distract? Is it wrong to direct others’ attention in ways they otherwise would not choose? If so, what are the grounds of this wrong – and, in expounding them, do we have to at once condemn large chunks of contemporary digital commerce (also known as the attention economy)? In what follows, I attempt to cast light on these questions. Specifically, I argue – following the pioneering work of Jasper Tran and Anuj Puri – that there is a right to attention, and that its existence underlies some of our claims regarding the wrongness of distractions. However, I depart from both these authors in two respects: first, I present a new way of deriving the right to attention, grounding it in the more fundamental right to mental integrity. Second, I remain agnostic on whether the contemporary business practices of capturing attention in exchange for a variety of digital products and services are plagued by routine violations of the right.
... [14] Niko Tinbergen -a Nobel Prize laureate in Biology -used dummies to elicit (nurturing, mating or fighting) responses in animals and found out that some of the dummies elicit even stronger responses than those occurring naturally. [15] He coined the term supernormal stimuli for "exaggerated, often artificial or simulated versions of natural stimuli, for which evolved responses exist, thereby provoking naturalistic or even stronger reactions by the recipient". [16 p55] Supernormal stimuli (in popular culture for example junk food or pornography) are often preferred to natural ones (because they activate reward pathways in our brains more in comparison to stimuli for which these systems were originally intended) [17] making them prone to excessive consumption and a precursor of an addiction. ...
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BALÁŽIKOVÁ, M., MAGO, Z.: Resurrection of evolutionary psychology in gaming: How can old principles contribute a new domain. In: AD ALTA : Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, vol. 11, no. 2 (2021). ISSN 1804-7890, pp. 171-176. The multidisciplinary character of game studies enables the implementation of knowledge from various study fields, and so explores games in different terms. However, not all approaches have so far gained sufficient attention. This study introduces the meaning of evolutionary psychology as well as points out its significance and certain neglect in relation to present digital games research. The exploratory study aims to contribute to the creation of a theoretical framework for the research of digital games from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Partial goals include summarization, characteristics, and applications within the gaming discourse illustrating far-reaching ways in which evolutionary theory could potentially advance digital games research and hence enrich the game studies in general.
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In the modern jungle of burgers, couches, and remote controls, obesity is an enormous and growing epidemic. Weight-loss books and diet gurus urge us to "listen to our bodies," but our instincts are designed for the African savannah, not food courts. The sugary and fatty foods that we, as hunter-gatherers, are programmed to forage used to be hard to come by. Now they're as close as the vending machine down the hall. Radical changes are necessary and, fortunately, are biologically easier than small or gradual changes in diet. Barrett tells us how to reprogram our bodies, break food addictions, and ignore our attraction to "supernormal stimuli"—artificial creations that appeal to our instincts more than the natural objects they mimic. Barrett delves into scientific research—from animal ethology to evolution—to show the disastrous direction in which our instincts have led us, and how, using our intellect, we can get back on course. {Download is longer summary and TOC}
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Ethology: the objective study of behaviour Behaviour as a reaction to external stimuli The internal factors responsible for the 'spontaneity' of behaviour Further considerations of the external stimuli An attempt at synthesis The development of behaviour in the individual The adaptiveness of behaviour The evolution of behaviour.
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