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L'insécurité d'attachement comme facteur de vulnérabilité à l'usage excessif d'Internet
Abstract
L’expansion des moyens de connexion pose la question du rapport entre l’individu et le monde numérique. Une des principales motivations à utiliser Internet serait la communication sociale. Parmi le peu de recherches portant sur l’usage d’Internet et l’attachement, la plupart suggère une prédisposition des personnes insécures à l’usage excessif d’Internet. A notre connaissance, une seule étude examine les styles d’attachement par la méthode de l’entretien. Cette méthode permet pourtant une évaluation plus complète de l’attachement et permet notamment de mesurer la part inconsciente des représentations d’attachement de la personne. En utilisant conjointement la méthode de l’entretien et de l’auto-questionnaire, la présente recherche vise une meilleure compréhension du
lien entre l’attachement et l’usage problématique ou non d’Internet. Les résultats pourront apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l’usage problématique d’Internet, notamment sur les raisons motivant les individus à se tourner vers les mondes virtuels. Les participants (n=256), adultes tout-venants, ont rempli quatre auto-questionnaires: Relationship Scale Questionnaire, Social Motives for Internet Use, Internet Motives Questionnaire (IMQ), Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Une partie des participants a également passé un entretien (n=56) : Attachment Multiple Model Interview. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent un lien entre anxiété d’attachement et usage problématique d’Internet. L’attachement anxieux et le score à l’IAT sont liés aux échelles de l’IMQ mesurant l’usage d’Internet dans un but de recherche de contact et d’aide à la communication. Internet pourrait procurer aux personnes ayant un style d’attachement anxieux un environnement plus rassurant pour interagir avec autrui. La facilité d’accès à Internet et l’anonymat pourraient les aider à trouver proximité et soutien. Ces personnes rapportent un sentiment d’intimité élevé lors des interactions sur Internet. De plus, l’usage des réseaux sociaux sur Internet est lié à une réduction du sentiment de solitude. Interagir sur Internet pourrait réduire l’angoisse d’abandon liée à l’anxiété d’attachement. La possibilité d’être constamment en lien avec autrui pourrait inciter ces personnes à rester dans cet environnement virtuel. Une prise en charge thérapeutique visant une réduction de l’insécurité d'attachement pourrait permettre de réduire le recours à Internet.
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This study addresses the adult romantic attachment styles of sexually addicted men. The Sexual Addiction Screening Test and the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised were used to determine the presence of a sexual addiction and the participants' style of romantic attachment. ANOVA revealed that sexually addicted men are more likely to relate with insecure attachment styles. Specifically, sexually addicted men were found to have higher anxiety F(1, 38) = 6.122, p < .05 and avoidance F(1, 37) = 4.685, p < .05 in their romantic relationships. Treatment for male sexual addicts should address both addiction and relationship insecurity.
Insecure attachment and the inability to identify emotions have both been put forward as possible explanations for dysfunction of the emotional system in borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study aimed to test a model according to which the influence of attachment on the development of BPD in adolescence is mediated by alexithymia. Borderline severity was assessed by means of the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Attachment and alexithymia were measured respectively with the Relationship Styles Questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Mediation analyses conducted on 105 participants (54 with BPD and 51 matched controls) suggest that the role of security and negative model of self (i.e., preoccupied and fearful attachment styles) in the development of BPD symptoms are mediated by alexithymia.
This study aims at investigating alcoholic inpatients' attachment system by combining a measurement of adult attachment style (AAQ, 13.
Hazan C., Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987; 52(3)511–524View all references. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3): 511–524) and the degree of alexithymia (BVAQ, 3.
Bermond B., Vorst H. C. Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1998, Unpublished dataView all references. Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire, Unpublished data). Data were collected from 101 patients (71 men, 30 women) admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Belgium for alcohol use-related problems, between September 2003 and December 2004. To investigate the research question, cluster analyses and regression analyses are performed. We found that it makes sense to distinguish three subgroups of alcoholic inpatients with different degrees of impairment of the attachment system. Our results also reveal a pattern of correspondence between the severity of psychiatric symptoms—personality disorder traits (ADP-IV), anxiety (STAI), and depression (BDI-II-Nl)—and the severity of the attachment system's impairment. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are highlighted and implications for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders derives primarily from clinical observations of patients with substance use disorders. Individuals discover that the specific actions or effects of each class of drugs relieve or change a range of painful affect states. Self-medication factors occur in a context of self-regulation vulnerabilities--primarily difficulties in regulating affects, self-esteem, relationships, and self-care. Persons with substance use disorders suffer in the extreme with their feelings, either being overwhelmed with painful affects or seeming not to feel their emotions at all. Substances of abuse help such individuals to relieve painful affects or to experience or control emotions when they are absent or confusing. Diagnostic studies provide evidence that variously supports and fails to support a self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders. The cause-consequence controversy involving psychopathology and substance use/abuse is reviewed and critiqued. In contrast, clinical observations and empirical studies that focus on painful affects and subjective states of distress more consistently suggest that such states of suffering are important psychological determinants in using, becoming dependent upon, and relapsing to addictive substances. Subjective states of distress and suffering involved in motives to self-medicate with substances of abuse are considered with respect to nicotine dependence and to schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with a substance use disorder.
This paper reviews findings from 58 prospective studies of illicit substance use (ISU) among adolescents. It arranges 384 findings according to three types of influence (viz., social, attitudinal, and intrapersonal) and four levels of influence (viz., ultimate, distal, proximal, and immediate). The bulk of evidence reconfirms the importance of several predictors of ISU (e.g., intentions and prior substance-related behavior, friendship patterns and peer behaviors, absence of supportive parents, psychological temperament), reveals that a few variables thought to be well-established predictors may not be (e.g., parental behaviors, parental permissiveness, depression, low self-esteem), and uncovers several variables where findings were either sparse or inconsistent (e.g., the role of public policies concerning ISU, mass media depictions of ISU, certain parenting styles, affective states, perceptions of parental disapproval for ISU, and substance-specific refusal skills). Directions for future research are discussed.
The aim of the study was to investigate biobehavioural organisation in infants with different qualities of attachment. Quality of attachment (security and disorganisation), emotional expression, and adrenocortical stress reactivity were investigated in a sample of 106 infants observed during Ainsworth’s Strange Situation at the age of 12 months. In addition, behavioural inhibition was assessed from maternal reports. As expected, securely attached infants did not show an adrenocortical response. Regarding the traditionally defined insecurely attached groups, adrenocortical activation during the strange situation was found for the ambivalent group, but not for the avoidant one. Previous ndings of increased adrenocortical activity in disorganised infants could not be replicated. In line with previous ndings, adrenocortical activation was most prominent in insecure infants with high behavioural inhibition indicating the function of a secure attachment relationship as a social buffer against less adaptive temperamental dispositions. Additional analyses indicated that adrenocortical reactivity and behavioural distress were not based on common activation processes. Biobehavioural associations within the different attachment groups suggest that biobehavioural processes in securely attached infants may be different from those in insecurely attached and disorganised groups. Whereas a coping model may be applied to describe the biobehavioural organisation of secure infants, an arousal model explanation may be more appropriate for the other groups.
discuss a significant connecting link between these two central areas of inquiry, that is, an association between unresolved loss of attachment figures (or other attachment-related trauma) as experienced by the parent, and the infant's failure to fit to one of the traditional, organized Strange-Situation response categories / this is in essence the discovery of a second-generation effect of unresolved loss of attachment figures, with the infants of parents who are judged unresolved with respect to this potentially traumatic experience being found to fit to a new (fourth) infant attachment category now termed "disorganized/disoriented" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Salivary cortisol levels were assessed in 19-month-old infants following the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. 38 infants participating in Project STEEP at the University of Minnesota served as subjects. Project STEEP is a longitudinal intervention program designed to promote healthy parent-child relationships and to prevent emotional problems among children born to mothers who are at high risk for parenting problems. Following the Strange Situation, saliva samples were collected and assayed for cortisol, a steroid hormone frequently examined in studies of stress. Behavior during the Strange Situation was coded by trained coders, and attachment classifications were determined for each infant. Cortisol concentrations did not differ between the 6 Avoidant/Resistant (A/C) and 17 Securely Attached (B) toddlers. Toddlers (n = 11) who were classified as having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) attachments exhibited higher cortisol concentrations than toddlers in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study were consistent with a model of stress reactivity that conceptualizes the organization of coping behaviors as a factor that mediates physiological stress responses.
The study investigates individual differences in the mental representation of attachment and their impact on the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis (IST). It was hypothesized (a) that in IST insecure attachment is more prevalent than in a non-clinical control group and (b) that subjects with dismissing attachment respond with higher physiological arousal to a specific stimulus activating the attachment behavioural system than subjects with secure attachment.
20 patients with IST and 20 healthy controls matched for age and sex underwent the Adult Attachment Interview, an hour-long, semiclinical interview on attachment experiences. During the interview salivary cortisol levels were monitored. The subjects' mental state with regard to attachment was classified using the attachment Q-sort method. Anxiety and depression were measured as potential covariates of the adrenocortical stress response.
Compared to the non-clinical group, dismissing attachment was strongly overrepresented in IST. In IST, but not in the healthy control group, dismissing attachment correlated with an elevated cortisol response to the interview.
In clinical, but not in non-clinical samples dismissing attachment may be associated with increased vulnerability to psychosocial stress. The factors contributing to this interaction are not yet fully elucidated.