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Neotropical Ichthyology, 12(2): 389-396, 2014
Copyright © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia
DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130183
Moenkhausia rubra, a new species from rio Juruena, upper rio Tapajós
basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)
Murilo N. L. Pastana1 and Fernando C. P. Dagosta2
Moenkhausia rubra, new species, is described from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The new
species is distinguished from its congeners, except M. hemigrammoides and M. nigromarginata, by the dark pigmentation on
the anteriormost rays of both dorsal and anal fins. Moenkhausia rubra is distinguished from the aforementioned species by
the number of branched anal-fin rays 17-20 (vs. 20-25), presence of a dark blotch on the caudal peduncle extending to middle
caudal-fin rays, absence of longitudinal black zigzag stripes between longitudinal rows of scales on body, and other details of
coloration.
Moenkhausia rubra, espécie nova, é descrita do alto rio Juruena, bacia do rio Tapajós, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A espécie nova
diferencia-se de todos os congêneres, exceto M. hemigrammoides e M. nigromarginata, pela presença de pigmentação escura
nos raios mais anteriores das nadadeiras dorsal e anal. Moenkhausia rubra distingui-se das espécies acima mencionadas pelo
número de raios ramificados na nadadeira anal 17-20 (vs. 20-25), presença de uma mancha escura no pedúnculo caudal se
estendendo até os raios medianos da nadadeira caudal, ausência de faixas em zigue-zague longitudinais entre as séries
longitudinais de escamas no corpo, além de outros detalhes de coloração.
Key words: Amazon, Moenkhausia nigromarginata, Neotropical fishes, Ostariophysi, Tetra.
1Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FFCLRP, Departamento de Biologia. Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900,
14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. murilo_pastana@hotmail.com
2Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ferdagosta@gmail.com
Introduction
The genus Moenkhausia Eigenmann currently comprises
over seventy valid species (Bertaco et al., 2011a, 2011b;
Mariguela et al., 2013) presenting a wide variation in overall
shape and pigmentation patterns (Benine et al., 2004), many
of which have been described recently (e.g., Benine et al.,
2009; Zanata et al., 2009; Marinho, 2010; Marinho & Langeani,
2010; Sousa et al., 2010; Bertaco et al., 2011a, 2011b). The
genus is widely distributed in South America, being present
in coastal drainages of the Guyanas, as well as in the río
Orinoco, rio Amazonas, rio Tocantins and Araguaia, rio São
Francisco, rio Paraná-Paraguay, and Brazilian eastern drainages
(Lima et al., 2003).
According to recent phylogenetic studies (e.g., Mirande,
2010; Oliveira et al., 2011; Mariguela et al., 2013) Moenkhausia
is not a monophyletic group, as previously suggested by
Fink (1979), Costa (1994) and Weitzman & Palmer (1997).
However, these phylogenetic studies included restricted
numbers of species of Moenkhausia, and a phylogeny
encompassing the whole diversity of the group is still lacking.
In the absence of a phylogenetic definition, several authors
still use the characters proposed by Eigenmann (1917) to
allocate new species in Moenkhausia (e.g., Zanata et al., 2009;
Marinho & Langeani, 2010; Bertaco et al., 2011a, 2011b).
During identification of material deposited in Laboratório
de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto (LIRP), an undescribed species
of Moenkhausia was recognized from rio Juruena, rio Tapajós
basin, which is herein formally described.
Material and Methods
Morphometric and meristic data follow Fink & Weitzman
(1974) except for counts of scale rows, which follow Lima et
al. (2007) and with the addition of pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin
origin measured at origin of pelvic-fin through the anal-fin
origin. Measurements were taken with a digital caliper.
Standard length (SL) is given in millimeters (mm), and
New Moenkhausia from upper rio Tapajós
390
morphometric data is given as percentage of SL, or head length
for head subunits. The vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus
were counted as four elements, and the PU1 + U1 as one
element. Counts of maxillary teeth cusps, number and cusps
of small dentary teeth, vertebrae, supraneurals,
pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins, procurrent caudal-fin
rays, and gill-rakers of the first gill-arch were taken from cleared
and stained (c&s) paratypes prepared following the method
of Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Sex was determined based on
the pelvic-fin elongation and confirmed by direct examination
of gonads in 10 specimens following the methodology
described by Vazzoler (1996). In the description, counts are
followed by their frequencies in parentheses with an asterisk
indicating the count of the holotype. Institutional
abbreviations follow Ferraris Jr. (2007).
Moenkhausia rubra, new species
Figs. 1-3
Holotype. LIRP 8183, 41.3 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, município
de Sapezal, Pequena Central Hidroelétrica (PCH) Sapezal, rio
Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, 13º16’10"S 59º01’26"W, 01 May 2010,
R. Ilário.
Paratypes. LIRP 7657, 1, 31.1 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso,
município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin,13º22’39"S
59º00’58"W, 23 May 2008, R. Ilário. LIRP 8164, 8, 36.5-54.3 mm
SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio
Tapajós basin, PCH Parecis, 13º04’43"S 58º58’06"W, 24 May 2010,
R. Ilário. LIRP 8177, 6, 37.1-47.2 mm SL, 1 c&s, 45.8 mm SL,
Brazil, Mato Grosso, município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós
basin, PCH Cidezal, 13º22’39"S 59º00’57"W, 3 Jun 2010, R. Ilário.
LIRP 8178, 8, 32.7-47.91 mm SL; 1 c&s, 40.7 mm SL, Brazil, Mato
Grosso, município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin,
collected with holotype, 13º16’10"S 59º01’26"W, 01 May 2010, R.
Ilário. LIRP 8180, 19, 18.9-28.8 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso,
município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, PCH Cidezal,
small beach on the side of a rapid, 13º22’20"S 59º00’51"W, 05 Jan
2008, R. Ilário. MZUSP 109218, 3, 36.5-39 mm SL, Brazil, Mato
Grosso, município de Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, PCH
Cidezal, 13º22’39"S 59º00’57"W, 3 Jun 2010, R. Ilário. MZUSP
114032, 1, 39.8 mm SL, Brasil, Mato Grosso, Campos de Júlio, rio
Juína, tributary of rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, 13°47’41’’S
59°27’20’’W, 8 Set 2013, O. T. Oyakawa, F. C. P. Dagosta, M. M.
F. Marinho & P. Camelier.
Diagnosis. Moenkhausia rubra is distinguished from all
congeners, except M. hemigrammoides Géry and M.
nigromarginata Costa, by the presence of dark pigmentation
on the anteriormost rays of dorsal and anal fins. It can be
distinguished from M. hemigrammoides and M.
nigromarginata by the number of branched anal-fin rays 17-
20 (vs. 20-22 in M. nigromarginata and 22-25 in M.
hemigrammoides). It can be further distinguished from M.
hemigrammoides by the presence of a dark blotch on the
caudal peduncle extending to middle caudal-fin rays (vs.
absence) and from M. nigromarginata by the absence of dark
pigmentation on the anteriormost pelvic fin rays (vs. dark
pigmentation present), absence of dark pigmentation along
the distal margin of anal fin (vs. presence) and absence of
longitudinal black zigzag stripes between longitudinal rows
of scales on body (vs. presence). Moenkhausia rubra can
also be distinguished from its congeners by the combination
of the following characters: 5 or 6 scale rows above and 4 or
5 scale rows below the lateral line, 17-20 branched anal-fin
rays, 33-34 lateral line scales, 3-6 maxillary teeth, one round
humeral spot, absence of reticulated color pattern on body,
absence of a dark broad stripe extending from the opercle to
the caudal peduncle, distal portion of caudal-fin lobes hyaline,
and dark caudal-peduncle spot extending posterior to the
middle caudal-fin rays.
Description. Morphometric data of M. rubra in Table 1. Small-
sized species, largest examined specimen 54.3 mm SL (LIRP
8164). Body compressed and moderately deep (Fig. 1).
Greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin insertion.
Dorsal profile of head strongly convex from snout tip to vertical
through nostrils, straight to slightly concave from that point
to tip of supraocciptal spine; convex from tip of supraoccipital
spine to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin straight along its base,
straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin terminus to adipose-
fin origin, concave between latter and origin of anteriormost
dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile of head convex
from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin, slightly straight from
pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base,
posterodorsally inclined, concave between last anal-fin ray
to anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray.
Mouth terminal. Posterior margin of maxilla approximately
at vertical through middle of orbit. Premaxillary teeth in two
rows. Outer premaxillary tooth row with 4(13) or 5*(15)
tricuspid teeth with median cusp more developed than others
(Fig. 2); inner tooth row with 5*(28) pentacuspid teeth.
Premaxillary teeth gradually decreasing in size laterally. Maxilla
with 3(1), 4(3), 5*(18), or 6(6) uni- to tricuspid teeth. Dentary
with 4*(27) or 6(1), pentacuspid teeth followed by a series of
10-15 small conical teeth (Fig. 2). First gill arch with 17(2) gill
rakers, 6 (2) rakers on epibranchial, 1 (2) between epibranchial
and ceratobranchial, 8 (2) on ceratobranchial, 1 (2) between
ceratobranchial and hypobranchial, and 1 (2) on
hypobranchial. Four branchiostegal rays (2): three
branchiostegal rays articulating with anterior ceratohyal and
one with posterior ceratohyal.
Scales cycloid, without circuli on exposed portion of
scales, usually up to 6 divergent radii extending to posterior
margin of scale. Lateral line complete, slightly curved
ventrally, with 33*(11) or 34(15) pored scales on longitudinal
series. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6
(26) or 5*(2); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin
origin 5*(27) or 4(1). Predorsal scales 8(1), 9*(13), 10(11), or
11(1). Circumpeduncular scale rows 14*(21) or 15(1).
Pectoral-fin rays i,10(2), i,11*(24) or i,12(2) rays reaching
pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(28), reaching origin of
anal fin in some specimens. Supraneurals 4(2). Dorsal-fin rays
ii,9*(28), first unbranched anal-fin ray about one-half the
length of second unbranched ray. Dorsal-fin origin at
M. N. L. Pastana & F. C. P. Dagosta 391
midbody, slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin,
base of posteriormost dorsal-fin ray slightly anterior to vertical
through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting
posterior to neural spine of 9th(2) vertebrae. Adipose fin
present. Anal-fin rays iii,17(3), iii,18(8)*, iii,19(14) or iii,20(2).
Distal border of anal fin concave. Caudal fin forked, with scales
covering proximal half of caudal-fin lobes. Principal caudal-
fin rays i,9/8,i* (28). Dorsal caudal-fin procurrent rays 13(2)
and ventral caudal-fin procurrent rays 10(1) or 11(1). Precaudal
vertebrae 14 (2), caudal vertebrae 18 (2), total vertebrae 32 (2).
Color in alcohol. Background body coloration pale yellow
(Fig. 1). Dorsal and dorsolateral portion of head grey with
dark chromatophores scattered on dorsal surface of head,
opercle and infraorbital bones. High concentration of dark
chromatophores on dorsal midline of body, from tip of
supraoccipital spine to anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray.
Diffuse, dark and round humeral spot with borders not well
delimited, extending horizontally along two to three scales,
and vertically by three scale rows. Diffuse longitudinally
stripe extending along flanks from humeral spot to median
caudal-fin rays, more diffuse anteriorly, gradually wider
posteriorly. Stripe wider at caudal peduncle and extending
onto middle caudal-fin rays. Unbranched and first to third
anteriormost branched dorsal-fin rays with dark
chromatophores along its length, densely concentrated on
its distal portion; remaining rays with few scattered dark
chromatophores along their length. Unbranched and first to
fifth anteriormost branched anal-fin rays with dark
chromatophores along their length, densely concentrated on
distal portion; remaining rays with few scattered dark
chromatophores along its length. Caudal, pectoral, and pelvic
fins with few scattered dark chromatophores mainly on
interradial membranes.
Fig. 1. Moenkhausia rubra, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sapezal, Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH) Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós
basin: (a) LIRP 8183, holotype, female, 41.3 mm SL, (b) LIRP 8164, paratype, male, 47.4 mm SL.
New Moenkhausia from upper rio Tapajós
392
Color in life. Overall background color ranging from yellowish
to reddish, mainly on mid-dorsal area (Fig. 3). Midventral area
silvery. Snout and gular area orange. Eye mostly orange,
dorsal portion blue to green. Opercular region and circumbital
bones silvery. Dark longitudinal stripe at mid-body. Humeral
spot round and diffuse. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Anal
and dorsal fins with unbranched and first to third branched
anteriormost rays with dark marks. Dorsal, adipose, and caudal
fins intense orange to reddish, except for distal hyaline portion
on dorsal and caudal fins.
Sexual dimorphism. Males and females/immature specimens
were sexed based on the pelvic-fin elongation (Fig. 4). Sex
was confirmed by dissection in 10 specimens (male n=5;
female n=5). Adult males with pelvic-fin rays slightly longer
than females or juvenile specimens, with pelvic-fin length
ranging from 17.4-19.5% of SL in mature males (vs. 14.7-17.6%
SL in mature females/immature specimens). Bony hooks were
not observed on fins of any analyzed specimen.
Fig. 2. Moenkhausia rubra, paratype, lateral view of left side
of upper and lower jaws, LIRP 8178, 40.7 mm SL.
H Range Mean SD
Standard length (mm) 41.3 32.7 - 54.3 45.1 -
Percents of standard length
Body depth 39.2 36.0 - 42.1 39.1 1.6
Predorsal distance 53.1 50.8 - 55.8 52.1 1.0
Prepelvic distance 51.4 49.4 - 53.4 51.0 1.0
Prepectoral distance 29.6 28.2 - 30.9 29.7 0.7
Preanal distance 68.8 66.1- 69.6 68.1 0.8
Pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin 19.1 17.4 - 19.7 18.7 0.7
Caudal peduncle depth 12.0 11.3 - 12.6 12.1 0.3
Caudal peduncle length 13.8 11.7 – 15.1 13.5 0.9
Dorsal-fin base 13.2 13.2 - 14.8 14.1 0.4
Anal-fin base 27.1 24.7 - 28.3 26.7 1.0
Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin origin 52.4 51.3 - 55.8 53.1 1.0
Pectoral-fin length 20.4 20.1 - 24.7 22.9 1.3
Pelvic-fin length 16.6 14.7 - 19.5 17.4 1.1
Dorsal-fin length 25.0 24.9 - 30.4 27.7 1.4
Eye to dorsal-fin origin 38.8 36.6 – 40.7 38.7 0.9
Anal-fin length 17.5 15.0 - 20.7 17.8 1.5
Head length 29.0 27.4 - 30.4 29.2 0.7
Percents of head length
Snout length 24.7 21.4 - 25.2 23.4 1.0
Orbital diameter 38.0 35.0 - 41.0 38.3 1.5
Upper jaw length 49.9 46.9 - 51.1 49.0 1.1
Interorbital width 33.4 30.1 - 34.6 32.7 1.1
Table 1. Morphometric data of holotype (H) and paratypes of
Moenkhausia rubra from Mato Grosso, upper rio Juruena,
rio Tapajós drainage (n = 28). SD = standard deviation.
Fig. 3. Moenkhausia rubra, paratypes: (a) LIRP 8180, 29.1
mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sapezal, rio Juruena, immediately
after capture; (b) MZUSP 114032, 39.8 mm SL, Brazil, Mato
Grosso, Campos de Júlio, rio Juína, immediately after capture.
Fig. 4. Moenkhausia rubra, pelvic-fin length as function of
standard length by sex and maturity. Gray circles = males (n=
13); black squares = females/ immature specimens (n= 10).
M. N. L. Pastana & F. C. P. Dagosta 393
Distribution. Moenkhausia rubra is known from rio Juína
and rio Juruena, rio Juruena basin, upper rio Tapajós drainage,
Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Fig. 5).
Etymology. From the latin ruber (red), in allusion to the reddish
coloration of the body, and the dorsal, adipose, and caudal
fins in live specimens. An adjective.
Discussion
Although some recent works dealing with the phylogeny
of the Characidae have included species of Moenkhausia
(e.g., Mirande, 2010; Oliveira et al., 2011, Mariguela et al.,
2013), no published account has delved into the definition of
the genus which therefore still lacks a phylogenetic definition.
Thus, the new species described is herein assigned to
Moenkhausia according to the traditional definition of the
genus proposed by Eigenmann (1917).
Overall body and life coloration of Moenkhausia rubra
resembles M. aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho and M.
nigromarginata (Fig. 6), both from upland areas of the
Brazilian shield (M. aurantia: upper rio Tocantins basin and
M. nigromarginata: upper rio Tapajós basin). The new species
differs from M. aurantia by the presence of dark pigmentation
on the anteriormost rays of anal and dorsal fins and by having
fewer number of branched anal-fin rays 17-20 (vs. 21 or more).
Moenkhausia rubra is further distinguished from M. aurantia
by the length of the anal fin ranging from 24.7-28.3 % of SL
(vs. 30.8-35.7% of SL), and by having the pectoral, pelvic and
anal fins hyaline in life (vs. reddish). The new species can be
diagnosed from M. nigromarginata by the absence of
longitudinal black zigzag stripes on both sides of body (vs.
presence), and by the absence of dark pigmentation on
lateralmost rays of pectoral fins (vs. presence).
The new species was syntopically collected with six other
congeners: Moenkhausia lopesi Britski & Silimon, M. cosmops
Lima, Britski & Machado, M. cotinho Eigenmann, M.
oligolepis Günther, M. phaeonota Fink, and M. pirauba
Zanata, Birindelli & Moreira. Besides the absence of dark
pigmentation on the anteriormost rays of dorsal and anal fins
of the aforementioned species, M. rubra is readily
distinguished from M. cosmops, M. oligolepis, and M. pirauba
by having 33-34 scales scales on longitudinal series (vs. 32 or
fewer in M. cosmops, M. oligolepis, and 43 or more in M.
pirauba), from M. cotinho by the caudal spot extending
posteriorly to the distal margins of the middle caudal-fin rays
(vs. not reaching the distal tip of the middle caudal-fin rays),
from M. lopesi by the presence of a dark and round humeral
spot (vs. humeral spot absent), and from M. phaeonota by
the absence of a dark, broad stripe, from the opercle to the
end of the caudal peduncle (vs. presence).
In most characids the dorsal and anal fins are hyaline
(e.g., Géry, 1977), however several species (e.g., “rosy tetra”
species) present dark pigmentation in these fins ranging in
size, shape, and position of marks. The evolutionary meaning
of these characters have been little studied in Characidae, yet
the presence of dark marks in fins seems to have been
independently acquired in different lineages of characids. The
presence of dark pigmentation along the length of first rays
of both the dorsal and anal fins, as found in Moenkhausia
rubra (Fig. 1), is uncommon among other Moenkhausia
species, with only M. hemigrammoides and M.
nigromarginata (Fig. 6b) presenting a condition that
resembles the one found on the new species. Nevertheless,
the position and shape of the dark marks on the dorsal and
anal fins of M. hemigrammoides are similar to the condition
found in Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill), and differs from
that seen in M. rubra and M. nigromarginata. In M.
hemigrammoides the dark mark of the dorsal fin covers all the
dorsal-fin rays (vs. covering up to four anteriormost dorsal-
fin rays in M. rubra and M. nigromarginata) and the anal-fin
dark mark is oblique to the main axis of the fin (vs. perpendicular
to the main axis in M. rubra and M. nigromarginata).
The ichthyofauna of the upper rio Tapajós drainage is
poorly known (Bertaco & Garutti, 2007; Britski & Lima, 2008)
and highly endemic (Lima et al., 2007; Britski & Lima, 2008).
The description of M. rubra and many other species in the
last decade (e.g., Britski & Garavello, 2005; Bertaco &
Carvalho, 2005a; 2005b; Fisch-Muller et al., 2005; Vari et al.,
2005; Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006; Menezes, 2006; Bertaco &
Garutti, 2007; Bertaco & Malabarba, 2007; Britski & Garavello,
2007; Britski & Lima, 2008; Scharcansky & Lucena, 2007;
Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira, 2010; Sousa et al., 2010; Carvalho
& Datovo, 2012; Varella et al., 2012), all restricted to the upper
rio Tapajós, confirm both facts.
Comparative material examined. Astyanax anterior: Brazil:
Pará: MZUSP 99853, 1, 59.96 mm SL, Jacareacanga, rio Teles-
Pires, rio Tapajós basin. Astyanax argyrimarginatus: Brazil: Mato
Grosso: MZUSP 88276, 1, 45.29 mm SL, Gaúcha do Norte, rio
Culuene, rio Xingu basin. Astyanax novae: Brazil: Maranhão:
MZUSP 87287, 1, 33.08 mm SL, Estreito, rio Tocantins basin.
Astyanax saltor: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 101440, 1, 59.02 mm SL,
Novo Progresso, Teles-Pires, rio Tapajós basin. Astyanax
scintillans: Brazil: Tocantins: MZUSP 113847, 2, 26.78-29.99
Fig. 5. Distribution of Moenkhausia rubra. Black star
represents type locality. Symbols may represent more than
one lot.
New Moenkhausia from upper rio Tapajós
394
mm SL, Conceição do Tocantins, rio Palmas, rio Tocantins basin.
Paratypes of Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli,
Sousa, Mariguela & Oliveira, 2013: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 110999,
2, 26.17-22.82 mm SL, Altamira, rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin.
Gymnocorymbus thayeri: Brazil: Amazonas: MZUSP 92494, 9,
63.35-33.07 mm SL, Igarapé Castanha, rio Negro basin.
Hemigrammus belotii: Brazil: Roraima: MZUSP 113274, 1, 22.84
mm SL, Caracaraí, Caicubi stream, rio Branco basin. Hemigrammus
brevis: Brazil: Bahia: MZUSP 42198, 6, 14.61-21.97 mm SL,
Ibraba, rio São Francisco basin. Hemigrammus erythrozonus:
Guiana: Potaro-Siparuni: MZUSP 108875, 2, 20.59-20.74 mm
SL, rio Kuribrong, rio Essequibo basin. Hemigrammus geisleri:
Brazil: Amazonas: MZUSP 84994, 2, 20.43-22.21 mm SL, rio
Tiquié, rio Negro basin. Hemigrammus levis: Brazil: Roraima:
MZUSP 112920, 6, 28.87-35.09 mm SL, Caicubí stream, rio Negro
basin. Hemigrammus ora: Brazil: Goiás: MZUSP 113814, 2,
31.35-31.73 mm SL, Monte Alegre de Goiás, rio Paranã, rio
Tocantins basin. Hemigrammus parana: Brazil: Minas Gerais:
MZUSP 82853, 3, 25.18-26.89 mm SL, Nova Ponte, rio Araguari,
rio Paranaíba basin. Hemigrammus pretoensis: Brazil: Amazonas:
MZUSP 17627, 6, 39.38-50.81 mm SL, Fonte Boa, rio Solimões
basin. Hemigrammus unilineatus: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 105777,
10, 28.8-37.2 mm SL, Barcarena, rio Tocantins basin.
Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 101249,
15, 23.16-41.47 mm SL, Novo Progresso, rio Tapajós basin.
Hyphessobrycon loweae: Brazil: Mato Grosso: MZUSP 95611,
14, 13.35-25.44 mm SL, Gaúcha do Norte, rio Culuene, rio Xingu
basin. Hyphessobrycon melanostichos: Brazil: Mato Grosso:
MZUSP 110406, 11, 22.62-28.91 mm SL, Nobres, Lagoa Azul,
rio Paraguay basin. Hyphessobrycon moniliger: Brazil: Goiás:
MZUSP 113810, 15, 18.71-27.68 mm SL, Monte Alegre de Goiás,
rio Paranã, rio Tocantins basin. Jupiaba acanthogaster: Brazil:
Fig. 6. Live specimens of: (a) Moenkhausia aurantia, MZUSP 113835, 48.3 mm SL, Brazil, Goiás, rio Tocantins basin; (b)
Moenkhausia nigromarginata, MZUEL 8009, 50.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Tapajós basin.
M. N. L. Pastana & F. C. P. Dagosta 395
Mato Grosso do Sul: MZUSP 83586, 2, 21.11-47.25 mm SL,
Coxim, rio Capivari, rio Paraguay basin. Jupiaba apenima: Brazil:
Tocantins: MZUSP 113831, 1, 40.46 mm SL, Almas, Rio do Peixe,
rio Tocantins basin. Paratypes of Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco,
Jerep & Carvalho, 2011: Brazil: Goiás: MZUSP 107827, 8, 27.7-
40.0 mm SL, Nova Roma, rio Tocantins basin. MZUSP 113835,
25, 33.0-49.5 mm SL, São João da Aliança, rio Tocantins basin.
Paratypes of Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino, 2004:
Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul: LIRP 4273, 2, 31-41.2 mm SL, rio
Paraguay basin; Holotype of Moenkhausia chlorophthalma Sousa,
Netto-Ferreira & Birindelli, 2010: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 99412,
67.2 mm SL, rio Xingu basin. Moenkhausia cosmops: Brazil:
Mato Grosso: LIRP 8181, 2, 44.9-53.7 mm SL, Sapezal, rio
Tapajós basin. Moenkhausia cotinho: Brazil: Mato Grosso: LIRP
8179, 2, 37.2-41.1 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Tapajós basin.
Moenkhausia heikoi: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 83536, 1, 46.8 mm
SL, Altamira, rio Xingu basin. Moenkhausia hemigrammoides:
Brazil: Amazonas: MZUSP 92501, 10, 27.0-32.7 mm SL, rio
Negro basin. Paratype of Moenkhausia nigromarginata Costa,
1994: Brazil: Mato Grosso: MZUSP 45289, 1, 40.1 mm SL, rio
Juruena, rio Tapajós basin. Moenkhausia oligolepis: Brazil: Mato
Grosso: LIRP 7672, 2, 69.4-70 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio
Tapajós basin. Moenkhausia phaeonota: Brazil: Mato Grosso:
LIRP 7658, 2, 21.1-25 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós
basin. Moenkhausia pirauba: Brazil: Mato Grosso: LIRP 7653,
2, 75.8-90.6 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin.
Paratypes of Moenkhausia tergimacula Lucena & Lucena, 1999:
Brazil: Goiás: MCP 20287, 2, 34.7-49.3 mm SL, Minaçu, rio
Tocantins basin. Pristella maxillaris: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 18031,
49, 19.01-25.22 mm SL, Vila Maiauatá, rio Tocantins basin.
Tetragonopterus carvalhoi: Brazil: Amapá: MZUSP 101803, 3,
55.11-62.78 mm SL, Laranjal do Jari, rio Jari basin. Tetragonopterus
chalceus: Brazil: Pará: MZUSP 111878, 2, 42.92-55.99 mm SL,
Altamira, rio Iriri, rio Xingu basin.
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to André Esguicero, who
deposited an ichthyological collection from rio Juruena at
LIRP. Ricardo Castro and Flávio Bockmann allowed us to use
the equipment for image capture and digital illustration
(FAPESP: 04/09219-6; 09/54931-0). We are grateful to José
Luís O. Birindelli who made photographs (a) and (b) in Fig. 6
and to Rodrigo Ilário for the photograph (a) in Fig. 3. We
thank Túlio Teixeira for confirming the sexual dimorphism
found in Moenkhausia rubra. Lots MZUEL 8009, MZUSP
113835, MZUSP 114032 were collected during expeditions
funded by the South American Characiformes Inventory
(FAPESP 2011/50282-7, http://www.projeto-saci.com). We
thank also Manoela Marinho, Osvaldo Oyakawa, and Priscila
Camelier for help in the field. Authors were funded by FAPESP
(2012/22685-2, MNLP; 2011/23419-1, FCPD).
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Submitted October 10, 2013
Accepted April 24, 2014 by George Mattox
Published June 30, 2014
