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Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activity of Cissus sicyoides
Abstract and Figures
In this work we investigated the antidiabetic and antibacterial effect of Cissus sicyoides (CS) from Brazil. Diabetic rats that received water (A group) or extracts from the aerial parts of the plant (Cs group) during four weeks were employed. After this period, serum levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Glycemia was not affected by treatment with CS. However, there was an increased cholesterol and triglyceride level in Cs group. In addition, bioassay-guided fractionation of methanolic extract from aerial parts of CS was performed for isolation of antibacterial compounds.beta-Sitosterol and sitosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 50 mug/ml and 100 mug/ml, respectively. In spite of popular belief, CS did not show antidiabetic activity. However, two compounds isolated from aerial parts of the plant (beta-sitosterol and sitosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside) showed antibacterial activity.
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... Gelliusterol E (101) inhibited the formation and growth of chlamydial trachomatis (IC 50 value 2.3 µM) [28], and siphonocholin (103) inhibited the production of violacein, being an Anti-QS and Anti-biofilm compound (Table 1) [63]. β-Sitosterol (102) was found to exhibit anthelminthic [100], antimutagenic (at 0.5 mg/kg inhibited the mutagenicity of tetracycline) [100], angiogenic [101], antibacterial (Table 1) [102][103][104], antifungal against Fusarium spp. [104], antidiabetic [102,105], analgesic [100,106], antipyretic [107], anti-inflammatory [100,[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114], cytotoxic (Table 1) [108][109][110][111][112][113][114], hypocholesterolemic [115], and immunomodulatory activities [116]. ...
... β-Sitosterol (102) was found to exhibit anthelminthic [100], antimutagenic (at 0.5 mg/kg inhibited the mutagenicity of tetracycline) [100], angiogenic [101], antibacterial (Table 1) [102][103][104], antifungal against Fusarium spp. [104], antidiabetic [102,105], analgesic [100,106], antipyretic [107], anti-inflammatory [100,[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114], cytotoxic (Table 1) [108][109][110][111][112][113][114], hypocholesterolemic [115], and immunomodulatory activities [116]. ...
... [56] Sipholenol L (72) Cytotoxicity (HCT-116, KB-3-1 and KB-C2 cell lines) [8,52] Sipholenol M (73) Cytotoxicity (KB-3-1 and KB-C2 cell lines) [52] Sipholenone A (15-sipholen-10,19-diol-4-one) (76) Cytotoxicity (HCT-116, PC-3, A549, MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines) [8,55,56,58] Antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillis subtilis and Escherichia coli) [56] Reversal effects for KB-C2 [59] Antiproliferative activity (+SA mouse mammary epithelial cells) [58] Anti-angiogenic activity (CAM assay) [ [102][103][104] Antidiabetic [102,105] and LNCaP) [108][109][110][111][112][113][114] Hypocholesterolemic [115] Immunomodulatory (pigs imune) [116] Siphonocholin (103) Anti-QS (inhibit the production of violacein) [63] Anti-biofilm (Paracoccus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudoalteromonas sp. and Bacillus sp.) [63] Ergosta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (104) Cytotoxicity (HCT-116 cell line) [8] 2-bromoaldisine (105) Anti-HIV-1 [117] Inhibitory (Raf/MEK-1/MAPK cascade) [118] Inhibitory (GSK-3, DYRK1A, CK-1) [119] Hymenialdisine (110) Cytotoxicity (SW620 and KB-3-1 cell lines) [65] Kinase inhibitor (CK1, CDK5 and GSK-3β) [65,120] 3-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)one (115) Anti-allergic [121] (1R,3R)-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3carboxylic acid (116a) Anti-oxidant [122] (1R,3S)-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3carboxylic acid (116b) Anti-oxidant [122] 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (119) Inhibitor (Tyrosinase) [123] 5-bromo trisindoline (120) Antibacterial ...
The genus Callyspongia (Callyspongiidae) encompasses a group of demosponges including 261 described species, of which approximately 180 have been accepted after taxonomic reviews. The marine organisms of Callyspongia are distributed in tropical ecosystems, especially in the central and western Pacific, but also in the regions of the Indian, the West Atlantic, and the East Pacific Oceans. The reason for the interest in the genus Callyspongia is related to its potential production of bioactive compounds. In this review, we group the chemical information about the metabolites isolated from the genus Callyspongia, as well as studies of the biological activity of these compounds. Through NMR data, 212 metabolites were identified from genus Callyspongia (15 species and Callyspongia sp.), belonging to classes such as polyacetylenes, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, polyketides, simple phenols, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, cyclic peptides, and cyclic depsipeptides. A total of 109 molecules have been reported with bioactive activity, mainly cytotoxic and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) action. Thus, we conclude that polyacetylenes, terpenoids and steroids correspond to the largest classes of compounds of the genus, and that future research involving the anticancer action of the species’ bioactive metabolites may become relevant.
... In addition, the literature contains data on the antimicrobial activity of phytosteroids. For example, β-sitosterol from methanol extracts of the plant Cissus sicyoides has demonstrated efficacy against Bacillus subtilis [33]. B-sitosterol has also been shown to have antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae [34]. ...
This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanol extracts from Gnaphalium uliginosum L. derived from freshly harvested plant biomass, including stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. The extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Two methods were used in the experiments: agar well diffusion and double serial dilution. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with different temperature regimes (25 °C, 45 °C, and 75 °C) and the ultrasonic method at various powers (63–352 W) for different durations (5 and 10 min). It was found that the 70% ethanol extract obtained through the ultrasonic experiment at 189 W power for 10 min and at 252 W power for 5 min had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the maceration method. The most sensitive components of the extracts were the Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis and the Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora spp., with MIC values of 156 μg/mL. Among the fungi, the most sensitive were Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani (MIC values in the range of 78–156 µg/mL). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts using the diffusion method established the presence of a growth suppression zone in the case of C. michiganensis (15–17 mm for flowers, leaves, and total biomass), which corresponds to the average level of antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that G. uliginosum has potential as a source of biologically active compounds for agricultural use, particularly for developing novel biopesticides.
... 25,26 β-sitosterol is known for its antibacterial activity, which may also justify the use of C. rotundifolia in wound healing. 31 Compound 3, isolated as a dark green solid (120 mg) from the DCM extract of the leaves, with molecular ion peak at m/z 871 [M + ] corresponding to C 5 H 74 N 4 O 5 , was identified as pheophytin a. 32 This is the first isolation of pheophytin a from C. rotundifolia, but this compound was isolated from C. assamica and C. quadrangularis in the genus Cissus. 33,34 Pheophytin a may contribute towards the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the crude extract of C. rotundifolia. ...
Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. (Vitaceae) is a wild plant that is commonly used by communities from rural areas as a food and medicine. There are limited studies on the phytochemical composition and the impact of soil quality on the elemental distribution in this plant. In this study, we report a phytochemical analysis to identify the phytocompounds responsible for the reported biological activities of C. rotundifolia. We also examined the impact of soil quality on elemental uptake by the edible parts of C. rotundifolia collected from eight geographical locations in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) to assess the nutritional benefits and potential heavy metal toxicities. Three secondary metabolites (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and pheophytin a) were isolated, and their structures were characterised by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The plant was found to contribute adequately to the recommended dietary allowances for essential nutrients without exceeding tolerable upper intake limits and with low concentrations of toxic heavy metals. The average concentrations of microelements in the edible parts were found to be in decreasing order of Fe>Mn>Se>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Co. The bioaccumulation factors indicate that the plant controls the uptake of metals from the soil and would make a good indicator and biological monitor for cadmium toxicity. However, a health risk assessment exposed carcinogenic risks on regular consumption of the plant obtained from sites close to pollution sources, such as roads and landfills. The findings from this study show the synergies when consuming medicinal plants and provide evidence for C. rotundifolia as a nutraceutical.
... Similar results were stated for crude extracts of different plants containing β-sitoterol against numerous microorganisms (Beltrame et al., 2002;Bayor et al., 2009;Bumrela & Naik, 2011). Though, the concentrations used in these studies are much higher than the concentration used in the present results. ...
Abstract
One of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world is Piper cubeba L., which is a member of the Piperaceae family. Identifying and isolating the bioactive components from P. cubeba L. fractions were the aims of this study. Additionally, Bacillus cereus ATCC33019, B. subtilis ATCC6633, B. pumilus ATCC14884, and B. megaterium ATCC14581 vegetative cells and spores were used to assess the isolated compounds' antibacterial and antispore properties. The separation of these compounds from the dichloromethane (DCM) and n-hexane fractions of the methanolic extract of P. cubeba L berries is described in this report for the first time. The n-hexane fraction yielded compound (1), which was separated, and the DCM soluble fraction yielded compound (2). These compounds were isolated using a variety of sequential chromatographic methods. The first compound is linoleic acid 1 while the second one is cubebin mixture 2. Anti-Bacillus activity of the obtained compounds were evaluated. The results demonstrated that exposure to compound (1) caused a wide inhibition zone with a diameter ranging from 9.31 to 9.61 mm in Bacillus sp. vegetative cells. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for Bacillus sp. was 250.0 g/mL, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 63.0 g/mL. After four hours of incubation, isolated chemical (1) at a concentration of 0.05% inactivated more than 3-Log10 (90.99%) of the Bacillus sp. spores, and at a concentration of 0.1%, all the spores were destroyed. Compound 1 demonstrated good antibacterial activity against vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus sp. However, compound 2 did not show any activity against Bacillus sp. Compound (1) may possess anti-Bacillus effects through its actions. To help increase food shelf life, it might be added to food products as well as preservatives.
Key words: anti-Bacillus activity, Bacillus sp., cubebin mixture, linoleic acid, P. cubeba L.
... resistance encourages the search for novel compounds and affordable treatments to effectively treat bacterial infections. In this regard, medicinal plants from the genus Cissus had shown antibacterial activities118,119,204 . Furthermore, the ethnomedical uses of C. trifoliata include the treatment of infections, thus, the extracts from the stems were evaluated against a panel of bacteria that represent the most common type of drug-resistant strains in the clinical setting23 ...
Cissus trifoliata metabolomic profile was analyzed by the hyphenated techniques GC-MS and LCMS. The use of accurate mass spectrometry and spectral data led to the identification of C. trifoliata stems as a high producer of anticancer compounds such as terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, and stilbenes. The MTS and WST-1 antiproliferative assays with the cancer cells A549, HepG2, Hep3B, HeLa, MCF7, and PC3 provide insight on the antitumor activity of the plant. The hexane and aqueous extract showed high cytotoxic activity, and their bioactive triterpenes, sterols, and polyphenols suggested synergistic antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects against the HepG2, Hep3B, and MCF7 cells. The combination of column chromatography, LC-MS, and WST-1 led to the identification of the fraction with the most anticancer properties in the CHCl3-MeOH extract. The bioassay-guided study showed that the content of the fraction F1 includes the antitumor compounds 2-alpha hydroxyursolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, dihydrokaempferol, apigenin, kaempferol, chrysoeriol, naringenin, and resveratrol. The identification of resveratrol in the most active fraction encourages its selection for the evaluation of its mechanism of action. The findings of the microarray study indicated novel mechanisms of action of resveratrol against the proliferation of prostate cancer cells that include the downregulation of the transcription factor Nanog. Therefore, is suggested that resveratrol impairs the cancer stem cell characteristics of PC3 cells by induction of differentiation and the loss of malignancy. According to our results, the metabolic profile of Cissus trifoliata is enriched in anticancer compounds associated with its antiproliferative effects against cancer cells, and the molecular mechanism of an active constituent provides a better understanding of this medicinal plant used in the management of tumors.
The inflammatory disorders represent a serious health issue. Certain Cissus species possess anti-inflammatory effect. Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. leaves' anti-inflammatory activities and phytoconstituents are poorly characterized. In this study, 38 constituents were tentatively characterized in Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. leaves' aqueous methanolic extract (CRLE) using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). Myricetin, β-amyrin, and alliospiroside A, were isolated from CRLE using column chromatography. The anti-inflammatory effect of CRLE and its isolated compounds were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) was used to assess how CRLE and its isolated compounds affected cell viability. Further, its effects on the production of intracellular NO, and inflammatory cytokines cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed by the Griess test, and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. CRLE and its isolated compounds, myricetin, β-amyrin, and alliospiroside A decreased the NO production. Western blotting was performed to assess the protein expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Alliospiroside A downregulated IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 and inhibited the expression of iNOS. CRLE and its compounds represent effective alternative candidate to treat inflammatory diseases.
We examined here the diversity and distribution of Vitaceae species in Ceará state, Brazil, as part of the “Flora of Ceará Project: knowing to conserve”, analyzing the morphological characters of specimens collected in the field, those available in the ALCB, BHCB, EAC, CEN, EAFM, HCDAL, HST, HUEFS, HUVA, HVASF, IAN, IPA, K, MBM, MOSS, NY, P, R, UEC, and US herbaria or in the specialized literature. We include here an identification key, occurrence maps, morphological descriptions, and comments concerning their ecology. The main morphological features for species delimiting were leaf type and symmetry, trichome and tendril types, presence or absence of streaks on branches, stipule, flower bud and fruit shape. Eleven species of Vitaceae included within two genera were recorded in Ceará: Cissus albida, C. blanchetiana, C. campestris, C. erosa, C. gongylodes, C. subrhomboidea, C. sulcicaulis, C. tinctoria, C. verticillata, C. xerophila, and Clematicissus simsiana. The species were registered in 45 municipalities, with C. erosa and C. verticillata
being widely distributed. Those species inhabit different phytoecological areas in Ceará, although preferentially growing in Stepic Savanna (Caatinga). Six species occur in nine legally protected conservation areas. Ceará state holds 40.74% of the registered species of the family found in northeastern Brazil
Objective: To evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of Boswellia carterii and Cissus rotundifolia in rats compared to that of glibenclamide and metformin as common oral hypoglycemic drugs.Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats, divided into six groups of six rats each, were assigned into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg b.w.) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg b.w.). The first two groups were normal and diabetic controls, whereas the other four diabetic groups were treated with water extracts of the medicinal plants; B. carterii (100 mg/kg b.w.) and C. rotundifolia (100 mg/kg b.w.), glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.) and metformin (150 mg/kg b.w.). Body weight and serum glucose were measured on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also measured.Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with the water extracts of B. carterii and C. rotundifolia for four weeks resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in their body weights and a significant decrease in the levels of serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. The effects of the two plant extracts were almost similar to those of glibenclamide and metformin.Conclusion: Water extracts of B. carterii or C. rotundifolia have a hypoglycemic effect resembling those of glibenclamide and metformin, and these findings provide a pharmacological evidence for their anti-diabetic claims in folk medicine.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affected by scarcity in the production of insulin. In the present study, we used the bioinformatics approach to examine the possible inhibitory abilities of phytochemical constituents of Tecoma stans towards thioredoxin interacting protein thioredoxin-interacting protein. All the phytochemicals showed good binding attraction to the binding pocket of thioredoxin-interacting protein. pkCSM server was used to detect pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicological profiles of phytochemical compounds. The amino acids Lysin 117, Lysin 115 and Glycine 119 were exhibited as the key residues for the phytochemicals of Tecoma stans and binding to inhibit the thioredoxin-interacting protein. However further studies are needed to identify the efficacies and activities of Tecoma stans compounds against thioredoxin-interacting protein.
More than 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes mellitus have been recorded, but only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. Traditional treatments have mostly disappeared in occidental societies, but some are prescribed by practitioners of alternative medicine or taken by patients as supplements to conventional therapy. However, plant remedies are the mainstay of treatment in underdeveloped regions. A hypoglycemic action from some treatments has been confirmed in animal models and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and various hypoglycemic compounds have been identified. A botanical substitute for insulin seems unlikely, but traditional treatments may provide valuable clues for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agents and simple dietary adjuncts.
A phytosterol glucoside acylated with stearic acid has been isolated from the methanol extract of the rhizome of Alisma Plantago-aquatica, and its
Seven new compounds, isolated from Cissus quadrangularis, have been characterized as 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-tricos-2-en-22-one, 9-methyl-octadec-9-ene, heptadecyl octadecanoate, icosanyl icosanoate, 31-methyl-tritriacontan-1-ol, 7-hydroxy-20-oxo-docosanyl cyclohexane and 31-methyltritriacontanoic acid. Taraxeryl acetate, friedelan-3-one, taraxerol and iso-pentacosanoic acid were also isolated for the first time from this plant.
Pallidol, a new 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene dimer, isolated from the stemwood of Cissus pallida is assigned the structure 5,11-p-hydroxyphenyl-2,4,8,10-tetrahydroxydibenzo[a,e]tetrahydropentalene on the basis of spectral evidence.
Two new unsymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoids onocer-7-ene-3α,21β-diol and onocer-7-ene-3β,21α-diol together with sitosterol, δ-amyrin and δ-amyrone have been isolated from Cissus quadrangularis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1H NMR, mass spectral and chemical evidence.
An enzymatic method is described for determination of total serum cholesterol by use of a single aqueous reagent. The method requires no prior treatment of sample and the calibration curve is linear to 600 mg/dl. Cholesterol esters are hydrolized to free cholesterol by cholesterol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13). The free cholesterol produced is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to cholest 4 en 3 one with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidatively couples with 4 aminoantipyrine and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a chromogen with maximum absorption at 500 nm. The method is reproducible, and the results correlate well with those obtained by automated Liebermann Burchard procedures and the method of Abell et al. The present method affords better specificity than those previously reported and has excellent precision.
We describe an enzymatic method for rapid, precise measurement of serum triglycerides with use of sample:reagent ratios as large as 1:200. Hydrolysis of triglycerides is catalyzed by lipase to produce glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol generated is then phosphorylated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the presence of glycerol kinase. Oxidation of the resulting glycerol 3-phosphate to produce hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase. An intense red chromogen is produced by the peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of 4-aminoantipyrene and sodium 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonate with hydrogen peroxide. This sensitive chromogen system not only permits use of unusually small sample volumes, it also facilitates a linear response to serum triglyceride concentrations up to at least 10 g/L while displaying good Ringbom (measure of accuracy) characteristics.
Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae) is a tree commonly found in wet soils of 'Pantanal' of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and used in folk medicine against infections and asthma. We have studied different extracts and some isolated compounds from this plant for antibacterial activity. From the extracts of the stem bark beta-sitosterol, betulinic acid and sericic acid were isolated. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus were: ethanolic extract (MIC = 1.5 mg/ml); ethyl acetate extract (MIC = 2.0 mg/ml); and sericic acid (MIC = 1.0 mg/ml). Escherichia coli was resistant until 5 mg/ml.