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Characterization of Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Seed and Seed Oil
Abstract
In this study, the nutritional composition and phytochemical composition of the rosehip seed, and the fatty acid and sterol compositions of the seed oil were investigated. The rosehip seed contained valuable phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds (2554 μg/g), carotenoids (2.92 μg/g), and ascorbic acid (1798 μg/g). Furthermore, the rosehip-seed oil was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). The rosehip seed and seed oil were found to have antioxidant activity measured by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. It can be concluded that the rosehip seed and seed oil may be utilized as a source of phytonutrients.
... with supercritical CO 2 extraction. Bearing in mind that the chemical profile of rosehip seed was previously well-investigated [4,16], the composition of the oil was not analyzed in this study. Furthermore, the focus of this study was on the valorization of the remaining defatted rosehip and on determining the phenolic profile of extracts obtained using NADES. ...
... with supercritical CO2 extraction. Bearing in mind that the chemical profile of rosehip seed was previously wellinvestigated [4,16], the composition of the oil was not analyzed in this study. Furthermore, the focus of this study was on the valorization of the remaining defatted rosehip and on determining the phenolic profile of extracts obtained using NADES. ...
... The phenolic content of seeds has been scarcely investigated in previous studies and only the total phenolic content, determined with spectrophotometric analysis, was mainly reported. According to Ilyasoğlu et al. [4], the rosehip seed extract obtained with methanol extraction (with shaking at 250 rpm, at room temperature, for 2 h) contained total phenolic content of 255 μg/g seed. Considering the total sum of identified components, which ranged from 20.52 to 22,799.03 ...
Rosehips are processed and consumed in numerous forms, such as juice, wine, herbal tea, yogurt, preserved fruit, and canned products. The seeds share in fruit is 30–35% and they have recently been recognized as an important source of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, after defatting, seed waste may still contain some polar polyphenolic compounds, which have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of the defatted seed waste as a source of polyphenols. For the defatting process, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at 300 bar and 40 °C was applied. The capacity of eight different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the recovery of phenolics from defatted rosehip seed powder (dRSP) was examined. In the extracts obtained with ultrasound-assisted NADES extraction, twenty-one phenolic compounds were identified with LC-MS/MS, among which the most abundant were quinic acid (22.43 × 103 µg/g dRSP) and catechin (571.93 µg/g dRSP). Ternary NADES formulations based on lactic acid proved to be superior. Potential correlations between identified chemical compounds, solvent polarity and viscosity, as well as the compound distributions across studied solvent combinations in PCA hyperspace, were also investigated. PCA demonstrated that more polar NADES mixtures showed improved extraction potential. The established environmentally friendly process represents an approach of transforming rosehip seed waste into value-added products with the potential to be applied in the food industry and to contribute to sustainable production.
... Among all the rosa species, R. canina and R. rugosa are commonly known as wild rose and field rose respectively, and are cultivated for commercial use (Kayahan et al., 2023;Patel, 2013). R. canina is found growing as a shrub in the fields of Western Asia, North America and Europe whereas R. rugosa is native to Korea and Japan (Ilyasoglu, 2014;Kayahan et al., 2023;Milic et al., 2020). ...
... and oleic (14.7-22.1%) acids among others such as palmitoleic acid, gadoleic acid, etc. are present in minor quantities Ilyasoglu, 2014;Kayahan et al., 2023;Turan et al., 2018Guney, 2020. The variation in the fatty acid composition of the RSO varies with the type of extraction process. ...
... Presence of high amount of linolenic, oleic and linoleic acids in RSO make it susceptible to lipid oxidation (Ilyasoglu, 2014;Simopoulos et al., 2016). Seeds should be harvested at right time as study has shown that seeds which ripened late during the season contained higher amount of fat and linoleic acid content which also increased as the fruit ripened (between 50.6 and 54.3%) ...
... Furthermore, rosehip seeds, as a waste (by-product) from the manufacture of rosehip juice or syrup, contain 4.9-17.8% of fatty oil [3]. R. canina seed oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachidic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols, squalenes, minerals, and phytosterols, particularly β-sitosterol [4,5]. Plant oil with a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids possesses the potential health benefits but shows a higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation, as well [6]. ...
... In our previous study [15], the liposomes with sterols showed a higher fluidity, thus a better mobility. Given that the R. canina seed oil possessed phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol-82.1% [4], it can be the explanation for the higher mobility of the oil-loaded liposomes, compared to the plain liposomes (−1.79 ± 0.03 µmcm/Vs, Table 1). However, the UV irradiation has caused a significant influence on the zeta potential, conductivity, and mobility of the oil-loaded liposomes. ...
... The fingerprint region of the Raman spectra of the rosehip oil includes essential bands which correlate with the most important parts of the fatty acids' molecular structure and the region well known to characterize the unsaturation level of the fatty acid chain [49,50]. According to the literature, the dominant compounds in the R. canina seed oil are unsaturated acids, including linoleic, α-linolenic, and oleic acids, while linoleic acid possesses the highest percentage [4,51,52]. Moreover, saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic and stearic acids, are presented in a lower percentage [53]. ...
Rosa canina L. seeds are rich in bioactive components that can add value to the various formulations. The focus of the study was the development of liposomes for R. canina oil to protect its sensitive compounds and prolong their shelf-life. Oil-loaded liposomes were characterized via the determination of the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, conductivity, mobility, density, surface tension, viscosity, and stability. Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy were employed to investigate the chemical composition of the non-treated and UV-treated samples, and the presence of different interactions. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were examined as well. The liposome size was 970.4 ± 37.4 nm, the PDI 0.438 ± 0.038, the zeta potential −32.9 ± 0.8 mV, the conductivity 0.068 ± 0.002 mS/cm, the mobility −2.58 ± 0.06 µmcm/Vs, the density 0.974 ± 0.004 g/cm3, the surface tension 17.2 ± 1.4 mN/m, and the viscosity 13.5 ± 0.2 mPa•s. The Raman and FT-IR spectra showed the presence of lipids, fatty acids, polyphenols, and carotenoids. It was approved that the oil compounds were distributed inside the phospholipid bilayer and were combined with the membrane interface of the bilayer. The UV irradiation did not cause any chemical changes. However, neither the pure oil nor the oil-loaded liposomes showed any antimicrobial potential, while the antioxidant capacity of the oil-loaded liposomes was significantly low. The sizes of the liposomes did not change significantly during 60 days of storage. Due to the proven stability of the oil-loaded liposomes, as well as the liposome’s ability to protect the sensitive oil compounds, their potential application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations could be investigated with a focus on the skin regeneration effects.
... The oil fraction of rosehip achenes, byproducts of rosehip industry products, is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), as well as all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) a naturally occurring derivative of vitamin A that regenerate damaged skin (Concha et al., 2006;Kulaitienė et al., 2020;Mannozzi et al., 2020). In this respect, the oil is mainly used in the cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Zlatanov, 1999;Ö zcan, 2002;Concha et al., 2006;Ilyasoglu, 2014). ...
... Lipids are considered one of the most important components in nutrition, as they are a main source of energy and precursors of many essential compounds in the human body (Ilyasoglu, 2014). Among fatty acids (FAs) which are one of major lipid constituents, UFAs as well as omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs, are the most important ones. ...
... Therefore, they are considered to be essential fatty acids (EFAs), and in order to satisfy human nutritional needs those acids have to be taken through food consumption (Orsavova et al., 2015;Murathan et al., 2016). Lately, EFAs have been considered as functional food and nutraceuticals, and many researchers have delineated their significant roles in metabolic processes, resulting in health benefits (Yoruk et al., 2008;Ilyasoglu, 2014;Orsavova et al., 2015;Dąbrowska et al., 2019). PUFAs such as linoleic (LA), α-linolenic (ALA) and arachidonic (AA) contribute to the prevention of some diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers) and have other important biological roles (Ristić-Medić et al., 2013;Ilyasoglu, 2014;Murathan et al., 2016). ...
Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) seeds are rich in bioactive compounds and nutrients and hence with a great potential to be employed in production of functional foods. This work aimed to evaluate the fatty acid composition of seed oil from wild and cultivated rosehip collected at different locations in the Republic of Serbia. Unsaturated fatty acids were dominant in majority of seed oil samples, with linoleic (LA), α-linolenic (ALA) and oleic (OA) acids (24.53-46.68 %, 4.73-12.39 % and 3.89-13.82 %, respectively) as the most abundant ones. Based on the analyses of most dominant bands in Raman spectra of seeds (~1265 and ~1660 cm-1) characteristic for unsaturated fatty acids, ANOVA revealed significantly higher content in two seed samples (5SW and 10SC). Ratios of UFAs/ SFAs, ω-6/ω-3 and LA/ALA and desirable fatty acids (DFA) indicated that most studied rosehip seed oils showed good quality. Factors such as genetic characteristics and agro-ecological conditions most likely affected FAs composition of seed oils.
... Besides, ex vivo and in vivo cosmetic treatments demonstrated the rejuvenating effect of A. millefolium extract on the appearance and feel of the skin surface (Pain et al., 2011). High concentration of phytonutrients, such as tocopherols (αand γ-tocopherols), vitamin C, carotenoids (xanthophyll and carotenes), polyunsaturated fatty acids (among dominant was linoleic acid), phytosterols (mainly β-sitosterol) among others, have been reported in R. canina fruits including seeds (Chrubasik et al., 2008;Zhong et al., 2016;Ilyasoglu, 2014). Similarly to the A. millefolium, a wide range of pharmacological and cosmetics activities of R. canina constituents have been confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies (Nybom and Werlemark, 2017). ...
... Opposite to the hydrocarbon percentage change, approximately linear increase of sterol relative percentage was observed with the decrease of A. millefolium herbal dust share at the same pressure. Ilyasoglu et al. (Ilyasoglu, 2014) reported higher content of total sterols in R. canina oil compared to the other vegetable oils such as sunflower, soybean, olive and grape-seed oils, resulting in R. canina oil as a good source of phytosterols. According to Chandler et al. (1982), β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol were found to be the main sterols in A. millefolium oil. ...
... respectively). Ilyasoglu et al. (Ilyasoglu, 2014) found relatively higher yields of these sterols in R. canina oil (3.51% and 2.85%, respectively). ...
The present study was designed to demonstrate the potential of supercritical extracts from Achillea millefolium and Rosa canina herbal dust, and their mixtures, as a source of valuable aromatic and lipophilic compounds. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2) was performed at the pressures from 10-30 MPa, providing the total extraction yields (EY) in the range from 0.12 to 10.57%, being the highest when pure R. canina herbal dust was extracted using SFE-CO2 at 30 MPa for 5 h. Chemical profiles of SFE-CO2 extracts were determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. Oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were among the most abundant compounds in the extracts produced from A. millefolium and mixtures with a higher share of A. millefolium herbal dust. In the same mixtures, at the pressure of 10 MPa, a cosolvent effect was observed, which provided enhanced extraction of eucalyptol. The major tocol in A. millefolium and R. canina mixtures was α-tocopherol (589.49 mg/L). By investigating the influence of extraction pressure, it has been determined that higher compound recoveries could be obtained at lower pressures. The results clearly demonstrate that SFE-CO2 extracts of the A. millefolium and R. canina and their herbal dust mixtures are a promising source of valuable compounds to be used in pharmaceutical formulations.
... Dog rose (Rosa canina L.), the well-known and traditionally used European species has been recently considered as a complex of species (the aggregate) due to genetic and related morphological polymorphism [1]. Due to its nutritional value and sensory properties, as well as the abundance of bioactive compounds, rosehip takes a significant place in the human diet and food industry [2,3]. Rosehip fruits contain about 30-35% of seeds [4], which are considered as the waste material in the in production of marmalade, jam, beverages, jelly, syrup, tea, etc. ...
... The fingerprint region of Raman spectra in Rosa canina seed includes essential bands which correlate with the most important parts of the fatty acids molecular structure [15], also the region is well known to characterize the unsaturation level of the fatty acid chain [16]. The predominant fatty acids detected in the rosehip seeds are unsaturated acids (UFAs) (linolenic, linoleic and oleic), with the highest percentage of linoleic acid [2] and in the lower percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (palmitic and stearic) [9]. In the Raman spectra of linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid, there are three or two broad C=C bonds with higher wavenumbers [17]. ...
... Results obtained in this study for UFAs are in line with literature; as it is reported that the most abundant ones were linoleic, oleic, linolenic and α-linolenic in seeds of rosehip (R. canina L.) originating from different regions of the World. On the other hand, variability in qualitative and quantitative composition of FAs in seeds is well documented [2,4,6,7,[23][24][25]. Data about chemical composition and FAs profiles of rosehip seeds could indicate that differences may result from the influence of numerous factors such as climatic, environmental, genetic, etc. ...
Rosehip seeds represent the food industry waste material, in production of marmalade, jam, beverages, jelly, syrup, tea, etc. Agri-food wastes are rich in bioactive compounds and nutrients that can add value to different fields of agriculture and food production. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition of seed from Rosa canina L. hips, with the focus on seed oil fatty acid profile. In this respect, analytical methods in situ Raman spectroscopy (RS) and gas chromatography (GC) were used. Fatty acids in form of methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Raman spectra showed the presence of lipids, fatty acids, poliphenolics and saccharides (including cellulose) as the predominant classes of compounds in seeds. Bands at 1266, 1328, 1369 and 1655 cm-1 , were associated to lipids and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The spectra also indicated cis isomers in the lipid fraction. Seeds contained 5.6 % of oil, and GC analysis confirmed the presence of UFAs, linoleic acid (ω-6) and α-linolenic acid (ω-3) (29.72 and 4.20%, respectively). Raman spectroscopy was applied as the fast and nondestructive analytical method for the chemical evaluation of rosehip seeds. Results of GC analysis showed that rosehip seeds are good source of nutritionally valuable fatty acids that might be utilized in products specified as functional food.
... The average Raman spectra of the rosehip seed samples of the so-called fingerprint region (200-1800 cm −1 ) are presented in figure 3, while characteristic bands and the related assignments are reported in the electronic supplementary material, table S1. The obtained spectra include bands that may be associated with the most important compounds found in rosehip seeds such as fatty acids [14,25,43], proteins [14,41], phenolic compounds and carbohydrates [10,14,25]. ...
... The average Raman spectra of the rosehip seed samples of the so-called fingerprint region (200-1800 cm −1 ) are presented in figure 3, while characteristic bands and the related assignments are reported in the electronic supplementary material, table S1. The obtained spectra include bands that may be associated with the most important compounds found in rosehip seeds such as fatty acids [14,25,43], proteins [14,41], phenolic compounds and carbohydrates [10,14,25]. ...
... The average Raman spectra of the rosehip seed samples of the so-called fingerprint region (200-1800 cm −1 ) are presented in figure 3, while characteristic bands and the related assignments are reported in the electronic supplementary material, table S1. The obtained spectra include bands that may be associated with the most important compounds found in rosehip seeds such as fatty acids [14,25,43], proteins [14,41], phenolic compounds and carbohydrates [10,14,25]. ...
... Nowadays, modern roses (created by artificial hybridization) bear great importance for floriculture (as roses are commercially the most important cut flower on the global market), landscape horticulture, agriculture and agrotourism, as well as for various types of related industries 2,3 . Some roses are cultivated for their flowers (dried for tea, fresh for essential oil, absolute and concrete extraction), while others are cultivated for fruit (rosehips) 4,5 . ...
... According to the unrooted cluster tree (Fig. 2), there are several possible chemotypes of Rosa sp. essential oils: (1) with dominant citronellol, the most abundant chemotype in this study (10 accessions); (2) with dominant Table 1) and comparison with results from this study aliphatic hydrocarbons (heptacosane, tricosane, nonadecane, and nonadecene); (3) a combination of aliphatic hydrocarbons and monoterpenes (geraniol and citronellol), (4) with dominant eugenol; and (5) unspecific class (contains β-phellandrene, phenylethyl alcohol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) and geranyl acetate). Such heterogeneity of volatile profiles of R. hybrida is not surprising. ...
Rose essential oil is one of the most valuable and pivotal raw materials in the
perfume industry. However, the limited yield of essential oil in rose flowers
increased the interest of both breeders and scientists to create and discover
species that have potential for multifaceted applications aiming to increase the
economic viability of rose cultivation. Consequently, garden roses (Rosa hybrida)
through ongoing development emerge as possibly profitable for cultivation and
processing. This opens possibilities for numerous applications in both food and
pharmaceutical industries. The main objective of this study was to identify the
essential oil composition of R. hybrida cv. Mileva and compare it against essential
oil chemical compositions of 32 accessions of other non-commercial (wild and
hybrid) roses available literature. The dominant compound detected in R. hybrida
cv. Mileva essential oil was geranyl acetate (47.9%), followed by nonadecane and
heneicosane. It was shown that the essential oil possesses moderate antimicrobial
activity, good antioxidant potential and strong anti-inflammatory activity.
... It has prophylactic and therapeutic effects against colds, infectious diseases, digestive disorders, urinary tract diseases and inflammatory diseases Wenzig et al., 2008). Rosehip powder has been shown in clinical studies to reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis (Christensen et al., 2008;Ilyasoğlu, 2014). ...
... The lipid fraction of rosehip seeds consists of many polyunsaturated fatty acids (Szentmihalyi et al., 2007). Rosehip oil is utilized in cosmetology to deal with pores and skin disorders (Ilyasoğlu, 2014). ...
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... It has prophylactic and therapeutic effects against colds, infectious diseases, digestive disorders, urinary tract diseases and inflammatory diseases Wenzig et al., 2008). Rosehip powder has been shown in clinical studies to reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis (Christensen et al., 2008;Ilyasoğlu, 2014). ...
... The lipid fraction of rosehip seeds consists of many polyunsaturated fatty acids (Szentmihalyi et al., 2007). Rosehip oil is utilized in cosmetology to deal with pores and skin disorders (Ilyasoğlu, 2014). ...
Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used in the prevention and treatment of diseases since ancient times. Today, they have been used in the production diverse commodities such as food, perfumery, cosmetics, medicine, textile, spices, paints, and pesticides. Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in men. Early treatment of prostate cancer becomes important, and it becomes important to develop different treatment methods.
This chapter envisaged to represent the work performed on caper (Capparis spinosa L.), carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), golden grass (Helichrysum arenarium L.), mallow (Malva parviflora L.), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana L.), gojiberry (Lycium barbarum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Extracts obtained from these plants will be characterized by mass spectrometry and their activities will then be screened on some of the important proteins cancer (Protein Data bank ID: 3RUK, 6XXP, 3A99, 3G1R, 2AMA and 3EQM) by molecular docking approach. Afterwards, ADME/T properties of the promising extract components will be characterized.
... MO was measured from the residue as received without any additional drying treatment. The ASH value in the seed residue is similar to that reported by Ilyasoǧlu for Rosa canina L. seeds [36] and by Jofré et al. for Rosa rubiginosa seeds [4]. The high content of VM and high percentage of O are expected for lignocellulosic biomass [37]. ...
... The high content of VM and high percentage of O are expected for lignocellulosic biomass [37]. Ilyasoǧlu reported an energy value of 17.78 MJ/kg for dry rosehip seed [36], a value similar to the LHV reported in Table 2. The porosity calculated with Eq. (2) using experimental density values was ε p = 0.11, which makes it a low porosity solid. ...
The aim of this work was to analyze the exhausted waste of sweet briar rosehip seeds (RSW) from an oil production industry in order to study its pyrolysis kinetics and the products obtained, for evaluation of its potential for thermochemical processes with the aim of achieving total recovery. Pyrolysis modeling by deconvolution showed the existence of four processes: one related to the loss of remaining moisture, and three pyrolysis reactions linked to the decomposition of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Activation energy was 62.08 kJ/mol for physical evaporation, and 167.96 kJ/mol, 266.28 kJ/mol and 210.16 kJ/mol for the pyrolysis of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin, respectively. The kinetic model that best fit the experimental data was the reaction order with n between 3 and 4.8 for the pyrolysis reactions and n = 2.8 for moisture evaporation. Gases released were CO2, CO, CH4, H2, CH3OH, and water vapor. The highest production of CO2 and CO occurred at 300–350 °C, mainly due to the decomposition of hemicelluloses and cellulose, while the highest production of H2 and CH4 occurred from 350 to 400 °C onwards, mainly as a consequence of lignin decomposition. A total 59 compounds were identified in tar products by GC–MS, most of them phenolic by lignin rupture. SEM analysis of the biochar showed an increase in pore size and interstices on the surface with temperature. The SEM-EDS and XRD analysis of ashes showed high Ca content (53.02 %), with Ca being present in compounds such as hydroxyapatite, portlandite, magnesian calcite and KCaPO4. The study demonstrated the potential of RSW for recovery through thermochemical methods, also revealing the decomposition kinetics in an inert atmosphere, which need to be known for designing pyrolysis, gasification or combustion power plants.
... Additionally, rosehip seed oil (RSO) has been reported to be a rich source of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phytosterols, especially β-sitosterol. It has been reported that both the seed and the oil of the rosehip plant have an antioxidant effect (Ilyasoglu 2014). Studies on rosehip seed and seed oil generally seem to be related to their fatty acid content, total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and total carotenoids, sterol composition, and antioxidant capacity (Ercisli 2007;Ilyasoglu 2014). ...
... It has been reported that both the seed and the oil of the rosehip plant have an antioxidant effect (Ilyasoglu 2014). Studies on rosehip seed and seed oil generally seem to be related to their fatty acid content, total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and total carotenoids, sterol composition, and antioxidant capacity (Ercisli 2007;Ilyasoglu 2014). However, there are very few studies in literature examining the antimicrobial properties of Rosa canina (Butnaru et al. 2019;Kumarasamy et al. 2002). ...
Essential or non-essential-oil-loaded nanoemulsions can be used as an alternative to preserve seafood products. In this study, the effect of rosehip seed oil (RSO) nanoemulsions on some quality characteristics (total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, water activity (aw), color) and microbiological quality (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total psychrophilic bacteria (TPB), total yeast and mold (TYM), Pseudomonas spp. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total coliform bacteria (TCB), and Staphylococcus aureus) of sea bass fillets were investigated. Fillets were stored at 4 ± 1°C for 9 days (11 days for microbiological analysis). Average droplet size of RSO nanoemulsions (RSO25: 25% oil, 75% Tween 80, and RSO50: 50% oil, 50% Tween 80) was 52.36 nm and 92.20 nm, respectively. The lowest TVB-N value was detected in the RSO50 nanoemulsion treatment group with 40.41 mg/100 g, while the highest value was obtained from the control group (49.68 mg/100 g) at the end of the storage. As a result, the microbiological shelf life of the sea bass fillets treated with RSO nanoemulsion was prolonged by 2 days in terms of TMAB values. TPB values of the sea bass fillets in the RSO50 group remained within the limit values for 11 days.
... Szentmihályi et al. (2002) applied different techniques for extraction of oil from R. canina seeds [48]. Ilyasoğlu (2014) has recently characterized the seeds and seed oil of R. canina [59]. The rose hip seed oil was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). ...
... Szentmihályi et al. (2002) applied different techniques for extraction of oil from R. canina seeds [48]. Ilyasoğlu (2014) has recently characterized the seeds and seed oil of R. canina [59]. The rose hip seed oil was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). ...
... Rosehip is a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, being highly utilized in cosmetic, medical, pharmacological and food applications. Rosehip seed oil is abundant in polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids) and phytosterols [52], presenting a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the vegetable oils [53]. Contri et al. showed that the nanoencapsulation of rosehip in chitosan protected the oil from oxidation, resulting in a high stability formulation [54]. ...
... Polymers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Rosehip is a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid noids, and phenolic compounds, being highly utilized in cosmetic, medical, ph logical and food applications. Rosehip seed oil is abundant in polyunsaturated fat (linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids) and phytosterols [52], presenting a higher ant capacity compared to the vegetable oils [53]. Contri et al. showed that the nanoe lation of rosehip in chitosan protected the oil from oxidation, resulting in a high formulation [54]. ...
Several recipes based on PLA, bio-plasticizers, and active agents such as vitamin E and cold-pressed rosehip seed oil encapsulated into chitosan by the emulsion method named here as chitosan modified (CS-M) were elaborated by melt compounding for food packaging applications. Resulted biocomposites have been investigated from the point of view of physical-mechanical, thermal, barrier, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties to select the formulations with the optimum features to produce food trays and films for packaging applications. The obtained results showed that the elaborated formulations exhibit tensile strength and flexibility dependent on their composition being either rigid or flexible, as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, which will potentially lead to prolonged use for food packaging. The recipe with PLA matrix and 40:60 Lapol®108 as masterbarch/polyethylene glycol (MB/PEG) bio-plasticizers ratio was distinguished by an improvement of over 100 times in terms of flexibility compared with neat PLA, while the highest antioxidant activity (36.27%) was recorded for the sample containing a CS-M and MB/PEG ratio of 60:40. An enhancement of ~50% for the water vapor barrier was recorded for PLA/CS-M_100:0 material. By modulating the MB and PEG bio-plasticizers ratio, the design of new eco-friendly food packaging materials with antimicrobial/antioxidant characteristics by using the existing technologies for processing synthetic polymers (melt mixing, compounding, pressing, thermoforming) has been successfully realized.
... Rosehip oil is made from the seed of Rosa canina sp. and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and phytosterols such as β-sitosterol. 88 Recently, some authors assessed the extract of rosehip against different cancer cell lines, including colon, lung, prostate, cervix, liver, brain, and breast, suggesting its potential role in chemotherapy. 25,89 After treating these cancer cell lines with whole rose hip extract or purified fractions of its most important components, all studies have reported a noticeable decline in cell viability. ...
Purpose
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide affecting more than 19 million people. Traditional cancer therapies have many adverse effects and often result in unsatisfactory outcomes. Natural flavones, such as apigenin (APG), have demonstrated excellent antitumoral properties. However, they have a low aqueous solubility. To overcome this drawback, APG can be encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Therefore, we developed dual NLC encapsulating APG (APG-NLC) with a lipid matrix containing rosehip oil, which is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Methods
Optimisation, physicochemical characterisation, biopharmaceutical behaviour, and therapeutic efficacy of this novel nanostructured system were assessed.
Results
APG-NLC were optimized obtaining an average particle size below 200 nm, a surface charge of −20 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency over 99%. The APG-NLC released APG in a sustained manner, and the results showed that the formulation was stable for more than 10 months. In vitro studies showed that APG-NLC possess significant antiangiogenic activity in ovo and selective antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell lines without exhibiting toxicity in healthy cells.
Conclusion
APG-NLC containing rosehip oil were optimised. They exhibit suitable physicochemical parameters, storage stability for more than 10 months, and prolonged APG release. Moreover, APG-NLC were internalised inside tumour cells, showing the capacity to cause cytotoxicity in cancer cells without damaging healthy cells.
... Rosehip fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds, phytonutrients, and minerals (Murathan et al. 2016b). Due to these compounds, their fruits and seeds have been used for their prophylactic and therapeutic effects against infectious and inflammatory diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, colds, diarrhea, and urinary tract diseases (Ilyasoğlu 2014). A daily consumption of 45 g of rosehip powder lowers serum levels of C-reactive protein and ceratin in patients with osteoarthritis (Szentmihályi et al. 2002). ...
The use of alternative flour in the production of cereal products such as bread
can improve the functional and nutritional properties of bread. However, the
addition of substitute flour to wheat flour may have some technological, sensory,
and rheological disadvantages. To eliminate these problems, alternative flours
should be used in different proportions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
remaining proportions of hemp, safflower and rosehip seeds after oil extraction
and to determine their chemical properties (protein, fat, ash) and to investigate
the effect on rheological dough properties with Mixolab when used as a
substitute for wheat flour. Accordingly, safflower, hemp and rosehip seed flour
were added to wheat flour in five different amounts (5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20%), focusing on displacement. The addition of flour increased the protein, fat, ash,
phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. It was found that the addition of 10%
safflower and hemp seed flour and 7.5% rosehip seed flour had a positive effect
on rheological properties. For all three flour additions, the dough development
time, stability, and percent protein softening values increased, while water
holding capacity decreased. Flours added at 15% or more began to negatively
affect the rheological properties. This study shows that 3 different flours, which
can be added up to 10%, improve the rheological properties, chemically enrich
them and improve their functional properties.
... Rosehip is known for its preventive and curative activities against a wide range of renal, inflammatory, gout, and gastric diseases [1]. Several studies have shown that rosehip and its constituents possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, mild laxative, diuretic, and anti-cancerogenic properties and have a positive effect on dermatoses, ulcers, and other skin diseases [2][3][4][5]. Therefore, rosehip extracts are becoming popular in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agro-food industries. ...
In the present study, rosehip (Rosa canina L.) extract was successfully encapsulated in phospholipid liposomes using a single-step procedure named the proliposome method. Part of the obtained liposomes was subjected to UV irradiation and non-treated (native) and UV-irradiated liposomes were further characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, chemical composition (HPLC analysis), antioxidant capacity, particle size, PDI, zeta potential, conductivity, mobility, and antioxidant capacity. Raman spectroscopy as well as DSC analysis were applied to evaluate the influence of UV irradiation on the physicochemical properties of liposomes. The encapsulation efficiency of extract-loaded liposomes was higher than 90%; the average size was 251.5 nm; the zeta potential was −22.4 mV; and the conductivity was found to be 0.007 mS/cm. UV irradiation did not cause a change in the mentioned parameters. In addition, irradiation did not affect the antioxidant potential of the liposome–extract system. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the extract was completely covered by the lipid membrane during liposome entrapment, and the peroxidation process was minimized by the presence of rosehip extract in liposomes. These results may guide the potential application of rosehip extract-loaded liposomes in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industries, particularly when liposomal sterilization is needed.
... Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) is a pseudofruit derived from the rose plant, scientifically recognized for its abundance of polyphenols, vitamin C, and a diverse array of bioactive compounds [1][2][3]. Most often found as a wild shrub, Rosa canina L. is now gaining popularity as an industrial crop [4]. ...
The resurgence of mead, a honey-based fermented beverage, is attributed to the increasing consumption of fermented foods and beverages, driven by its distinct flavors and perceived health benefits. This study investigates the influence of different yeast strains, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus, and Torulaspora delbrueckii, on the volatile and phenolic compounds of these beverages. Analytical techniques, including HPLC-DAD and GS/MS, were employed to analyze the chemical composition of the beverages. ANOVA analysis of variance was conducted to assess differences in the volatile and phenolic compounds. The findings reveal that yeast selection significantly impacts the chemical profiles of the beverages. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation preserves rosehip-specific flavonoids and phenolic acids. Sequential fermentation with Torulaspora delbrueckii demonstrated proficiency in generating esters, contributing to fruity and floral aromas in the beverages. This study investigates the importance of yeast selection in shaping the chemical composition of rosehip mead, providing insights into the distinct characteristics conferred by different yeast strains. By optimizing yeast selection and fermentation techniques, the overall quality and diversity of these beverages can be enhanced.
... Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) has been substituted in some cases by vitamin C, a key physiological antioxidant. According to various studies, carotenoids and flavonoids increase vitamin C's stability and bioavailability in humans, making rose hips a significant source of beneficial natural sources of vitamin C that prevent oxidation [22,33,19,7,13] . According to Georgieva et al. (2014) [15] , the rosehip tree (Rosa canina) produces fruits that are exceptionally rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants. ...
... In this context, when the seed oil contents of the Rosa L. taxa used in this research were taken into account, it was determined that the data obtained were comparable to the literature data. When the relevant literature is examined, it is possible that the differences in fatty acid composition may be related to environmental conditions (climate and altitude, etc.), which are known to have an effect on fatty acid composition (Ilyasoglu, 2014). The subspecies were determined to have a value above the average (10.01%). ...
In the study, the macro and micro elements and fatty acid contents in rose seeds, which are generally evaluated in the waste category, were determined. Among the plants belonging to these taxa, only the registered varieties belonging to four taxa were used, while the others were genotypes. The plant materials of the study include rosehip (R. canina L.), Yildiz variety of rosehip (R. canina L. cv ‘Yildiz’), Syrup rose (R. heckeliana Tratt. subsp. vanheurckiana), Austrian briar (R. foetida Herrm.), lax rootstock [R. caesia Sm. (Syn: R. laxa Retz.)], wild rose [R. montana subsp. woronovii Chaix subsp. woronovii (Lonacz) Ö. Nilsson L.], hybrid landscape roses (R. x hybrida) and Hosap rose [R. pisiformis (Christ) D.] taxa. It was determined that the contents of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium of the macro elements examined in the seed samples differed statistically from each other. The seeds of different Rosa L. species examined within the scope of the research can be considered as one of the fruit oil sources with its 3.71-10.01% oil content. The fatty acid contents were determined as follows: linoleic acid (ω6) contents in the taxa ranged from 41.63 to 50.11% with an average of 44.88%; oleic acid (ω9) ranged from 20.80 to 30.27% with an average of 24.95%; linolenic acid (ω3) varied between 14.00-28.51% with an average of 19.20%; arachidic acid ranged from 0.75-1.63% and the average was 1.97%; eicosenoic acid ranged between 0.13-0.65% and averaged 0.33%; palmitoleic acid contents ranged from 0.08-0.60; behenic acid varied between 0.08-0.19% with 0.11% average. It was observed that the (ω3/ω6 ratio of the hybrid rose, which is especially used as a landscape rose and whose fruits are not evaluated, had an average value. R. canina ‘Yildiz’ cultivar showed a high (ω3/ω6 ratio, which is important in health terms. The high oleic acid contents found in these taxa are important results.
... -inflammatory and antioxidant activities Restore the barrier function in diverse skin conditions(Meier et al., 2012) Oat oil (Avena sativa)Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid(Anderson, 2001) Avenanthramides(Sur et al., 2008) Ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and coumaric acid (Fernández-Acosta et al., 2019) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities ( Fernández-Acosta et al., 2019; Sur et al., 2008) Increase ceramide levels (70%) through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (Chon et al., 2015) Rose Hip Oil (From seeds of Rosa caninal.)Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and oleic acid( Ilyasoglu, 2014) ...
Background:
Every day the skin is constantly exposed to several harmful factors that induce oxidative stress. When the cells are incapable to maintain the balance between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species, the skin no longer can keep its integrity and homeostasis. Chronic inflammation, premature skin aging, tissue damage, and immunosuppression are possible consequences induced by sustained exposure to environmental and endogenous reactive oxygen species. Skin immune and non-immune cells together with the microbiome are essential to efficiently trigger skin immune responses to stress. For this reason, an ever-increasing demand for novel molecules capable of modulating immune functions in the skin has risen the level of their development, particularly in the field of natural product-derived molecules.
Purpose:
In this review, we explore different classes of molecules that showed evidence in modulate skin immune responses, as well as their target receptors and signaling pathways. Moreover, we describe the role of polyphenols, polysaccharides, fatty acids, peptides, and probiotics as possible treatments for skin conditions, including wound healing, infection, inflammation, allergies, and premature skin aging.
Methods:
Literature was searched, analyzed, and collected using databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The search terms used included "Skin", "wound healing", "natural products", "skin microbiome", "immunomodulation", "anti-inflammatory", "antioxidant", "infection", "UV radiation", "polyphenols", "polysaccharides", "fatty acids", "plant oils", "peptides", "antimicrobial peptides", "probiotics", "atopic dermatitis", "psoriasis", "auto-immunity", "dry skin", "aging", etc., and several combinations of these keywords.
Results:
Natural products offer different solutions as possible treatments for several skin conditions. Significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were reported, followed by the ability to modulate immune functions in the skin. Several membrane-bound immune receptors in the skin recognize diverse types of natural-derived molecules, promoting different immune responses that can improve skin conditions.
Conclusion:
Despite the increasing progress in drug discovery, several limiting factors need future clarification. Understanding the safety, biological activities, and precise mechanisms of action is a priority as well as the characterization of the active compounds responsible for that. This review provides directions for future studies in the development of new molecules with important pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical value.
... Although in the literature there are many studies on the determination of oil content and fatty acid composition of various plants grown in eld conditions [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However studies on the determination of fatty acid and oil content of explants obtained by plant cell culture applications are very rare [40][41][42][43][44]. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators in callus cell culture on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.). Ricinus communis L. are valued for its oil and the performance of oil is closely related to its fatty acid composition. Thus, producing oil in vitro with favored fatty acid profiles is a promising research area and may also offer industrial opportunities. In line with this, the total amount of fat and the fatty acid composition of the samples, which were endosperm and calli obtained by treatment of various doses of plant growth regulators were determined. Results showed that the type and amount of the plant growth regulator used in the media affect the fatty acid composition. In detail, the biggest change was shown by Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), in general, using the plant growth regulators at 5 mgL ⁻¹ , instead of 20 mgL ⁻¹ , was found to have induced larger differentiations. The effect of a natural plant growth regulator (IAA) on fatty acid profiles was larger than the synthetic ones (NAA, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, and 2,4 D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The media containing 5 mgL ⁻¹ of NAA, 20 mgL ⁻¹ of NAA, 20 mgL ⁻¹ of 2,4 D, or 5 mgL ⁻¹ of 2,4 D gave similar results.
... In Serbia it can be found on Fruška Gora, Kopaonik, Avala, Suva Planina, Stara Planina, etc. (Mratinić and Kojić, 1998). The pseudo-fruit of the dog rose is known as rosehip, which can be used as a component of functional food, as well as in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, because it is rich in bioactive compounds, especially antioxidants and essential elements (Ercisli et al., 2007;Ilyasoğlu, 2014;Paunović et al., 2019). Rosehip fruits contain 30-35% of seeds, and the content of oil in seeds may vary from 3-7 % depending on applied extraction method (Zlatanov, 1999;Dabrowska et al., 2019). ...
... The temperature program included starting from 90•C to 195•C with a 25•C min −1 rate, then increasing to 230•C and 250•C with a 15•C min −1 and 10•C min −1 rates. The column temperature was 250•C (Ilyasoğlu, 2014). The fatty acids were identified by comparing the mass spectra and retention indices with published literature and the MS computer library. ...
Water deficiency is the most prominent constraint for crop production worldwide which is exacerbated by climate change. Developing drought-resistant species is a cost-effective solution to resolve the water lack problems in arid and semi-arid regions. A two-year study was conducted with the aim of developing the cultivation of Lallemantia royleana drought-resistant ecotypes in desert climates. Drought treatments were included control (−0.5 atm), mild (−3.5 atm), moderate (−6.5 atm), and severe (−9.5 atm). Balangu ecotypes were collected from Kalat in Khorasan Razavi province, Zakheh in Kurdistan province, Kondor in Alborz province, and Jupar in Kerman province. The results showed that Kondor and Jupar were drought-resistant ecotypes, and Kalat and Zakheh were drought-sensitive ecotypes. Growth traits, RWC, photosynthetic pigments content, seed yield, seed oil amount, and omega-6 fatty acids contents in all ecotypes decreased in drought conditions. On the contrary, the content of seed mucilage and soluble carbohydrates, the activity of APX, CAT, SOD, and POX, and the amount of phenol and proline increased. However, the drought-tolerant ecotypes produced more dry matter and seed yield under drought conditions. They can use a large amount of photosynthetic energy for biomass and seed production up to −6.5 atm of soil water potential. However, this ability is retained up to −3.5 atm of soil water potential in drought-sensitive ecotypes.
... A plant that possesses polyphenols in its chemical composition is rosehip. Both fresh and dried rosehip fruits are used as a raw material for extracts, nectars, supplements, and marmalade [13][14][15]. For a long time, rosehip has been used in folk medicine due to its preventive and curative effects against colds, infectious and inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and diseases of the urinary tract [16]. ...
Concentrated products feature a longer shelf life, easier transportation because of lower weight, and a shorter recovery time. Many food products, in particular beverages, are thermolabile. When they are exposed to high temperatures, their native properties are lost, the chemical composition changes and the quality may deteriorate. Therefore, concentrates of such products benefit from low temperatures treatment. Lyophilization, or vacuum freeze-drying, allows to effectively preserve physico-chemical properties of raw materials in food concentrates and avoid high temperatures treatment. Nowadays, plant extracts are used as important additives in the food industry due to their content in biologically active substances such as polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and play an important role in the fight against free radicals. A plant that possesses polyphenols in its chemical composition is rosehip. The article describes experiments conducted to study the effect of lyophilization on the change in physico-chemical properties of rosehip fruit extract. An analysis was carried out to evaluate the dry matter concentration, total content of polyphenolic compounds, chromaticity, turbidity and pH losses of the extract under the developed mode of lyophilization. Based on the research results, lyophilization allows to obtain the concentrated rosehip extract with a high level of preservation of the dry matter concentration, total content of polyphenols, chromaticity, turbidity and pH.
... The common sugars are fructose, glucose, sucrose, pectines, and cellulose. Among organic acids, malic, citric, oxalic, tartaric, quinic, and succinic are most represented in various parts of described plants (Barros et al. 2010;Babalau-Fuss et al. 2018;Cunja et al. 2016;De Biaggi et al. 2018;Ilyasoğlu 2014;Kubczak et al. 2020;Milić et al. 2020;Nađpal et al. 2016;Özderin et al. 2016;Paunović et al. 2018;Popović-Djordjević et al. 2021;Sikora et al. 2013;Vasić et al. 2020). Moreover, they are rich in secondary metabolites especially polyphenolic compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins (Alirezalu et al. 2020;Bajić-Ljubičić et al. 2018;Bekbolatova et al. 2018;Cunja et al. 2016;Garofulić et al. 2018;Gironés-Vilaplana et al. 2012;Guimaraes et al. 2013Guimaraes et al. , 2014Jiménez et al. 2017;Kerasioti et al. 2019;Kubczak et al. 2020;Liu et al. 2011;Medveckiene et al. 2020;Milenković-Andjelković et al. 2015;Moldovan et al. 2016;Nađpal et al. 2016;Okan et al. 2019;Ouerghemmi et al. 2016;Natić et al. 2019;Popović et al. 2020;Pozzo et al. 2020;Polumackanycz et al. 2020;Szumny et al. 2015;Veličković et al. 2014;Zhang et al. 2020;Živković et al. 2015). ...
Wild fruits are underutilized plants that are well adapted to the local climatic conditions. Extreme environmental conditions due to climate change or variability are a threat to wild-growing species, crop production, productivity, and livelihood. Wild fruit fields could be affected by not meeting winter chilling requirements, which is specific for every fruit species. On the other hand, the plants’ secondary metabolites and other bioactive compounds can be attributed to the changing conditions as a response to various types of environmental stresses which affect their production. Secondary metabolites refer to small molecules that are non-essential for the growth and reproduction of plants, but have a wide range of effects on the plant itself and other living organisms. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.), dog rose (Rosa canina L.), and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) are important wild plants with powerful health-promoting properties. Due to their chemical composition and nutritive value, they have a strong effect on regional food security and poverty alleviation. Positive health effects, forceful impact on the quality of life, and market potential are additional attributes of these plants, which may have significant economic impact.
... The rosehip oil was found to contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid (19.37%), linoleic acid (54.05%) and phytosterols mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). Presence of active constituents like flavonoids, tannins, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, phenolic acids, galacto-lipids, pro-anthacyanides, minerals, carotenoids in the oil have been responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions and proven to provide protection against oxidative stress and inflammation (Ilyasoglu, 2014;Lin et al., 2018). Francesca l. et al. evaluated the in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects of rosehip extracts by testing it on carrageen-induced rat paw oedema and its anti-oxidant potential was also assessed. ...
Background: Atopic eczema a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting 2-3% of world's population worldwide and is characterised by the appearance of rashes, itchiness and excessive dryness on the skin. The manifestation is triggered by the genetic and environmental factors hampering with the integrity of skin barrier and increasing its susceptibility to enhanced penetration by various allergens/pathogens worsening the condition further and could result in lethal hypersensitivity reactions too therefore listing as one of the most serious ailments globally.
Methods: Application of synthetic drugs suffers from the worst kind of side effects and long-term adverse reactions affecting the quality of life adversely. As per the literature available, medicinal plants possess compounds with varying chemical configuration including free fatty acids, phenolic compounds, sterols, terpenoids, alkaloids destined to modulate pathological conditions hence used. The article reviews many such structures and their related chemistry along with the recent advances in knowing their mechanism of action and pharmacological function executed by them owing to the presence of stereo-specific and regio-selective chemical structures present in them.
Discussion and Conclusions: Nimbidin, nimbolide, morgolon, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, rosmarinic acid, gamma linoleic acid are some of the prominent ones used to manage the skin infections, possessing the excellent ability to heal the eczematous skin and the lesions associated with atopic eczemaby maintaining the integrity of skin, retaining its hydration capacity and normal tone, balancing skin pH and supporting its microbial flora. They have been found to protect the outer layers of epidermis from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, virus and many more invaders as they do possess the effective penetration tendency and able to seep into the depth of stratum thus providing complete relief in comparatively short duration with almost minimal side effects.
... This is mainly due to eugenol and eugenol acetate compounds, which are the main components of clove essential oil and the main contributors to its total antioxidant activity [49]. The antioxidant activity of rosehip oil comes mainly from the radical scavenger compounds in the composition such as phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and tannins, [16,50,51]. However, these are minor components compared with the fatty acids, which represent over 95 wt % of the rosehip vegetal oil [52]. ...
A major disadvantage of conventional food packaging materials is the difficulty in disposal and recycling, due to their high stability to environmental and thermal stress. The trend now is to develop new eco-friendly food packaging that can substitute fossil fuel derived materials. Cellulose, the main constituent of paper-based food packages, is a favorable starting material for such purpose. In this study we present a new method to obtain bioactive paper based materials suitable for food packaging applications. By combining eco-friendly activation processes (cold plasma or gamma irradiation) and bioactive plant oils (clove essential oil and rosehip seeds vegetal oil) for modification of kraft paper, new materials with antioxidant and antibacterial activity were obtained. The oil-loaded bioactive paper based materials presented increased hydrophobicity (from 97° in the case of kraft paper to 115° for oil-loaded sample) and decreased water adsorption (a one-quarter decrease). Due to differential interactions with the functional groups of plant oils, the modified kraft paper presents different antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Essential clove oil imprinted higher antioxidant activity (owing to the high content in eugenol and eugenol acetate phenolic compounds and were more efficient in reducing the bacterial growth on fresh beef meat and especially on fresh curd cheese. The cold pressed rosehip seeds oil acted as aslightly better antibacterial agent against Listeria monocytogenes (+), Salmonella enteritidis (-) and Escherichia coli (-) bacterial strains. Thus, the newly developed bioactive paper could be used as effective packaging material that can help preserving food quality for longer time.
... The rosehip seed oil has been applied in dermatological and cosmetic applications to treat pigmentation, ulceration, and scarring problems. Due to its high bioactive contents, rosehip oil has antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties [17]. ...
Recently, the use of oils obtained from waste vegetable sources in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries has been increasing. Rosehip fruit is a good source of waste, resulting in a large number of waste seeds after processing for various products in the food industry. Waste rosehip seed was obtained from the rosehip marmalade canning industry. The main aim of this study is to determine fatty acid contents of waste rosehip seed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Eighteen components comprising 100% of the total peak area were determined in the petroleum ether extract. Oleic acid methyl ester (9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester) (36.42%) was determined to be the dominant fatty acid.
... R. canina is processed in products including tea, jam, and nectar. R. canina seeds consist of nearly 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are used in cosmetic industry due to their healing effect on skin (Ilyasoğlu, 2014). ...
Natural products play an important role in medicine. They have been used extensively in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. In this work, quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in methanol, acetonitrile and dichloromethane extracts of Rosa canina L. waste seeds were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) LC-MS/MS. Mineral analysis of R. canina seeds was determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fe, Mn, K and Zn were found as chief elements. Quantitative analysis revealed that catechin was the major flavonoid in all extracts. This work offers a viewpoint for recycling the R. canina waste seeds into the economy due to their bioactive content.
... With the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid, it acts as a potential source to prevent obesity and hyperlipidaemia. Besides, rosehip oil also contains high phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmastenol, and campesterol) and tocopherols (Grajzer et al., 2015;Ilyasoglu, 2014). The findings from Ilyasoglu (2014) and Grajzer et al. (2015) indicated the presence of bioactive compounds as good sources of phytonutrients in rosehip seed and seed oil. ...
The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognized for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV‐induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds was discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation due to their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti‐inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provides a better understanding of the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation.
In recent years, there was an increase in the commercial offer of vegetable oils from unconventional sources, such as fruit, vegetable, and herb seeds. The paper presents a synthesis of available scientific information on 27 oils obtained from the seeds of 14 fruit species (apple, apricot, chokeberry, black berry, blackcurrant, blue berry, cherry, Japanese quince, pear, plum, quince, raspberry, rosehip, and strawberry), 8 vegetable species (broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, parsley, radish, and tomato), and 5 herb species (basil, coriander, fennel, fenugreek, and perilla). A review of the literature showed that oil content in these seeds ranges from ca. 5% for fenugreek to over 55% for apricot kernels. A recommended n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio below 4-5/1 was noted in 11 species. Japanese quince, blackcurrant, and fenugreek seed oils seem to be good sources of phytosterols. Radish seed oil was mostly abundant in tocols, Japanese quince seed oil in squalene, and blackcurrant seed oil in carotenoids. Unfortunately, actual data on the composition of these seed oils are highly variable, making it difficult to precisely identify the most nutritionally valuable oils.
Rosehip seeds (RS) are rich in important dietary antioxidants such as polyphenolic substances, vitamins and carotenoids. In the present study dried RS samples were exposed to gamma-irradiation at doses of 10 and 25 kGy. Free radicals, induced in seeds by ionizing rays and their time stability were investigated. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) study revealed that carbon-centered radicals from the cellulose are generated in the samples irradiated by both doses, in addition spectrum, attributed to starch free radicals was observed at 25 kGy irradiated seeds. The EPR signals were reduced significantly for 120 days after treatment. The effect of irradiation on antiradical activity of rosehip defatted seed extracts was evaluated using the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results show that free radical scavenging activity increased in irradiated rosehip seeds samples with approximately 19% compared to that of untreated seeds. For evaluation of antiradical activity of the sample extracts before and after irradiation the IC50 as well as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) value were calculated.
Background:
Each year, over 100 million patients are afflicted with new scars from medical procedures worldwide. Natural compounds have shown promise in the treatment of scars and skin disorders. Rosehip oil (RO), produced from the pressed fruit of the rosehip (Rosa canina L.) plant, is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The use of this plant in the treatment of scars has yet to be reviewed.
Aims:
This review aims to analyze the current findings on the use of RO in the treatment of postsurgical scars.
Methods:
This literature search considered published journal articles (clinical trials or literature reviews). Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE) and reference lists of respective articles. Additional articles were identified through Google Scholar. Only articles available in English were included in this review.
Results:
There is a scarcity of high-quality studies assessing the therapeutic potential of RO. From the two human clinical trials using RO, there is some evidence to suggest its potential as an active ingredient in topical formulations for the treatment of wounds. Topical treatments containing RO extract may reduce the size and erythema of postsurgical scars through the polarization of macrophages and the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines.
Conclusions:
Some evidence suggests that RO may improve postsurgical scars. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of RO for the treatment of wounds. Further investigation is required to establish its therapeutic effects on human skin and its potential use as an ingredient in topical formulations.
Rosehips (Rosa spp., Rosaceae) are wild rose bushes with more than 100 species. Its fruits vary in colour and size, depending on the species, and are recognised for their nutritional characteristics. Ten samples of Rosa canina L. and Rosa rubiginosa L. fruits were collected at different geographical points from Southern Chile. Nutrients such as crude protein and minerals and functional properties such as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and also antioxidant activities were evaluated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed a high content of bioactive compounds, primarily ascorbic acid (6.0 to 8.2 mg g-1 fresh weight (FW)), flavonols (427.9 ± 0.4 μg g-1 FW) and antioxidant activity. We established a relationship between the antioxidant activity using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-diphenyl radical (DPPH) methods and the concentration of uncoloured compounds, such as flavonols and catechin. This antioxidant activity was primarily associated with the samples from Gorbea, Lonquimay, Loncoche, and Villarrica localities, and all of them were of the species Rosa rubiginosa L. The results here obtained represent novel information of rosehip fruits. In this sense, the reported information about compounds and antioxidant activities in rosehip fruits allowed us to continue new lines of research in relation to the potential formulation of new functional foods and also in the treatment and/or prevention of some diseases.
Wild fruits possess important bioactive chemicals that may prove useful in alleviating several health ailments. In many places around the world, wild fruits have played an essential role in providing nutrition and dietary requirements to the poor. Nutraceuticals are gaining wide acceptance for their flavor and nutritional benefits. One such resource in India with untapped potential is the fruits of wild Rosa species. Rose hips are used to make a variety of foodstuffs and beverages, including jams, jellies, teas, and alcoholic beverages. In traditional medicine, the rose hips are used to treat eczema, cold, cough, bronchitis, stomachic diseases, kidney diseases, peptic ulcer, cardiac diseases, asthma, rheumatism, cancer, and hemorrhoids. Biochemically, the fruits of these species are rich in carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, tocopherols, terpenes, carotenoids, fatty acids, galactolipids, vitamins, minerals, and tannins. The rich phytochemical composition attributed several pharmacological properties to the rose hips such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulator, cardioprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties are attributed to the rich phytochemical composition of rose hips. In addition to nutritional benefits, these may assist in the alleviation of hunger in hilly areas of India, particularly in the Himalayan region if explored scientifically. This chapter attempts to provide detailed information on the phytochemical and nutritional composition of the wild species of Rosa found in India.KeywordsNutritional compositionTherapeutic applicationsEthnomedicinal usesWild roses
In addition to being a renewable energy source, biodiesel is an alternative energy type that
attracts a lot of attention today because it causes less air pollution than many other energy sources.
Large quantities of crude glycerol (over 1 million tons in 2021) are produced as the main by-product
of biodiesel produced by the transesterification reaction on a commercial scale. Biodiesel production
results in two main products, biodiesel, and glycerol. The purity of unprocessed glycerin obtained from
biodiesel production is approximately 15-80%. This glycerol contains high amounts of water, alcohol,
free fatty acids, salts, and undesirable reactants. Therefore, the most important step in the formation of
glycerol is the purification of glycerol. Since a significant amount of glycerol is released as a by-product
during biodiesel synthesis, many scientific studies have been carried out on converting glycerol into
various valuable products. This article aims to gather all the scientific studies on this subject, analyze
and compare the findings from many studies, and collect data that can help those who turn glycerol into
valuable goods gain perspective. While writing this article, five basic criteria were taken into consideration. These are the catalyst effect, the catalyst support effect, the synthesis method of the catalyst, the
particle size of the catalyst, its durability, and finally the pH effect. The production processes of many
value-added chemicals are detailed in articles focusing on these variables.
The rosehip fruits from Romanian spontaneous flora were valorized in three different customized variants, including jellified products, juices, and a nutraceutical. Prior to the technological design, the rosehip samples were characterized for individual polyphenolic content. The samples (non)-enzymatically treated showed epicatechin as the major compound, whereas the enzymatic treatment enhanced the extraction of quercetin (40.23 ± 0.48 mg/100 g DW extract), gallic acid (9.74 ± 0.24 mg/100 g DW extract), and kaempferol. Different ratios and types of sugars were added to obtain jellified products, leading to a significantly different bioactive profile. The sugar-free and steviol samples showed the highest content in carotenoids (89.36 ± 0.06 mg/g dry weight (DW) and 39.22 ± 1.16 mg/g DW, respectively), leading to the highest antioxidant activity (8.19 ± 0.80 mMol Trolox/g DW and 20.16 ± 0.31 mMol Trolox/g DW, respectively). The gelling capacity increased with the increase in sugar content. The enzymatically treated rosehip fruit pulp was mixed in various ratios with apple juice, followed by pasteurization. The polyphenolic content was approximately two times higher in the blended juices (20.75 ± 1.40 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL). The overall impression highlighted the preferences of panelists for sugar-free products, whereas adding apple juice significantly influenced their preferences. The fresh pulp was enhanced with pectin, followed by inoculation with Lactobacillus acidophilus, and freeze-dried showed satisfactory cell viability (approximately 7 log CFU/g DW), whereas an antidiabetic, anti-tyrosinase and anti-obesity potential of the powder was suggested. Our results provide enough evidence for customized processing of rosehip fruits in foods and nutraceuticals as a response to consumers’ choices, highlighting the bioactive compounds and nutrient contents, whereas selected in vitro health-related evidence was suggested.
Antioxidants are bioactive and plant-derived compounds that are mostly comprised of herbal formulation. Most bioactive substances such as flavonoid, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acids show antioxidant activity. According to various research articles, rosehip is one of the plants considered to be providing antioxidant property
The supercritical fluids extraction (SFE) was used to extract the oleoresins from rosehip, followed by an in-depth phytochemical analysis and the development of two design-customized powders for different food and pharmaceutical applications. The SFE experiments allowed obtaining an oleoresins extraction yield of 11.85%. Two fractions were separated (S40 and S45), with significantly different phytochemical profile (p < 0.05), highlighting the efficiency of extraction of fatty acids in S40 extract, whereas the extraction of polyphenols, phytosterols, carotenoids and polyphenols was favored in S45 extract. The phytochemical profile revealed that the linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) represented approximatively 82% and 58% from the total fatty acid content in S40 and S45, respectively. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol prevailed in both extract fractions, with a higher concentration in S45 (229.66 mg/g dry matter (DM) and 112.36 mg/g DM, respectively), whereas β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in S45 fraction (118.75 mg/g DM). The S40 fraction was used to design two microencapsulated powders, by combining emulsification, complex coarcevation and freeze-drying. In order to develop new wall materials, with unique properties, the soy protein isolates were used for cross-linked reactions, by using an approach in one step (transglutaminase mediated) (coded as N) and two-steps (heat-induced and transglutaminase mediated) (coded as T). The N powder showed a better phytochemical content, leading to a higher antioxidant activity (5.27 mM Trolox equivalents/g DM), whereas for variant T, the bioactive were apparently doubled encapsulated.
The evolution of living conditions and consumer demand for healthier and more functional products are giving a new direction to the food sector. Moreover, zero-waste projects and waste management are gaining importance day by day to solve the food supply problems caused by the growing population and seasonal influences. In this study, an attempt was made to use the rosehip seed powder
obtained from the production of rosehip seed oil, which is used in the cosmetic industry, to make muffin cakes. In this context, rosehip seed powder was added to wheat flour in 5 different ratios (5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20%) and muffin cakes were prepared. The structural properties (volume index, symmetry index, uniformity index, upper shrinkage value, lower shrinkage value and total volume index), chemical properties and color values of the muffins were determined. The results show that the addition of rosehipseed powder increases the protein content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant capacity of the muffins. While the addition of rosehip seed powder at 5% improved the structural properties of the muffins,
negative effects occurred at higher addition levels. As a result, it was found that the rosehip seed powder can be used in cake making and increases the functionality of the products to which it is added
New food packaging technologies are developing rapidly in line with the demands of consumers and the trends of the food industry. In the presented study, it was aimed to synthesize a new and smart hydrogel (p (Gelatin‐co‐DMAAm)/CA‐Rh) (GDCa‐Rh) from dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm), gelatin, citric acid (CA), and Rosehip (Rh) using the redox polymerization technique and use it as a color sensor in food packaging materials. To impart antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anthocyanin properties to the synthesized smart hydrogel, Rh was added to the reaction mixture. The structure/mechanical properties of GDCa‐Rh were elucidated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of GDCa‐Rh was tested against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, to determine the effectiveness of synthesized GDCa‐Rh on real samples, whole‐pasteurized milk/cheese was selected as real samples. The results showed that GDCa‐Rh was a good color indicator and exhibited good antimicrobial activity on whole‐pasteurized milk/cheese. By means of synthesized smart GDCa‐Rh hydrogels, harmful effects such as oxidation reaction, external moisture absorption or loss, physical damage, and biological degradation can be observed in the packaged product, and this new material will be a solution to the deficiencies faced by today's food packaging.
Rosa canina belongs to rosacea family. Rosa. canina has a high concentration of phyto-constituents such as flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpene and vitamins as vitamin C, E, and A Rosa canina have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The antioxidant effect belongs to presence of large quantities of phytochemicals such as flavonoids and polyphenols. Rosa canina has been used for arthritis gout, osteoarthritis, urinary tract disorder, diabetes, inflammation and cancer. After grinding the leaves of Rosa canina, they are extracted by using ethanol solvent (cold extraction method), then the extract concentrated by rotary evaporator at 40 c° and leaving it to dry. Median lethal dose (LD50) has been examined on 84 mice (male and female) divided into seven groups, each one contains 12 (6 male and 6 female). The animals were monitored for signs and any behavior changes after administration of Rosa canina ethanol extract. Acute toxicity study was done on 20 rats (male and female for fourteen days. The weight of animals was taken at day 0, 7, and 14. At day fourteen, relative organ weight as well as histopathological examination for (heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, abdominal stomach, testes and ovaries) were taken. In addition to the serum biochemical tests for) blood glucose, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST and total bilirubin (were done at day fourteen. The result of this study, indicated that lethal dose 50 was 16.527 gram/kilogram. Acute toxicity study, revealed that there is no significant difference between relative organ weight of controlled and treated groups for all organs that were selected and mentioned above. In addition, there is no significant difference between serum biochemical tests for both controlled and treated groups. Finally, no changes have been found between controlled and treated groups regarding histopathology examination due to the p value was P ˃ 0.05. Conclusion According to the presented study, ethanol extract of Rosa canina showed wide range of safety depending on the result of lethal dose 50h (16.527 g/kg). Therefore, the extract considered nontoxic. No cytotoxic effect appeared by using ethanol extract of Rosa canina in acute toxicity study. This belongs to the results obtained, which include no significant difference between control and treated male and female rats in biochemistry tests and histopathological examination.
Background:
Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) is an important agricultural pest with a protective wax shell. Insecticides generally fail to achieve the desired control effect due to the difficulty in penetrating the wax shell. Plant essential oils (PEOs) are rich in terpenoids and have strong penetrating ability and expansibility, which can enable rapid penetration and absorption of insecticides, thereby improving the control effect. Matrine is a botanical insecticide with contact and stomach toxicity, low toxicity to non-target organisms and environmentally friendly. In this study, we tested the insecticidal activity of rosehip oil (Ro) and matrine combinations, and revealed the synergistic mechanism of Ro and its components with matrine from the aspects of physiology and biochemistry.
Results:
Ro and matrine combinations have strong penetrating power, so that matrine can quickly penetrate the wax shell of I. aegyptiaca and enter the insect body, which improves the insecticidal activity and enhance the inhibitory effect on AChE activity. Ro and its main chemical constituents, cineole and (+)-camphor showed synergistic effects on matrine, and the synergic ratios of these three substances with matrine were 4.79, 3.49 and 4.21, respectively.
Conclusion:
The combinations of Ro, cineole, (+)-camphor with matrine have good insecticidal effects on I. aegyptiaca while maintaining safe to the environment. These combinations of biological insecticides have excellent development prospects and provide a new reference for the pest management of scale insects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the last days of 2019 in China, medical experts and organizations worldwide have proposed guidelines for its prevention and treatment. However, despite the availability of state-of-the-art technologies, modern medicine specialists have so far not been successful in controlling it. This has led traditional medicine experts to propagate their knowledge to prevent and cure COVID-19, creating an open debate. According to scientific literature, traditional medicine experts claim beneficial effects of herbal medicines against viral infections and their effectiveness in controlling the symptoms of respiratory disorders. Modern medicine specialists express their concerns about the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines, in addition to the risk of herb-drug interactions and the lack of randomized clinical studies. Herbal medicines have been popular since prehistoric times, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, they are increasingly used worldwide. The lack of definite cure and the high cost of available modern medicines have also promoted the use of herbal medicines. An evidence-based approach using herbal medicines with proven antiviral activities or containing compounds providing symptomatic relief in COVID-19 can be considered for clinical studies. The interaction of herbal medicines with modern drugs should also be considered in patients taking them. Traditional and modern medicine aim to provide effective and safe treatment and prevent COVID-19 infection. Considering the ground realities of the COVID-19 crisis and keeping in view the worldwide use of herbal medicines, in our opinion, the pros and cons of their use should be carefully weighed, and practical solutions should be considered.
Heterocyclic aromatic amine (HCA) compounds, which are formed by heat treatment in foods, have the potential to cause serious negative effects on human health (carcinogen) when consumed with food. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) and rosehip seed oil (RSO) on the formation of HCA compounds in beef meatballs cooked by using different cooking methods (pan frying and oven methods) and different temperatures (150°C, 200°C, and 250°C). 2‐amino‐3‐methyl‐3H‐imidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline (4,8‐DiMeIQx), 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), 1‐methyl‐9Hpyrido[4,3‐b]indole (harman), and 9H‐pyrido[4,3b]indole (norharman) compounds were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). IQ, MeIQx, and 4,8‐DiMeIQx were quantified with diode array detector. PhIP, norharman, and harman were quantified with fluorescence detector. In general, the total HCA formation was higher in the pan‐cooked samples compared to the oven‐baked samples, while an increase in HCA concentrations was determined with an increase in temperature. Although both oils had significant (p < .05) effects on HCA compounds compared to the control group, the inhibitory effect of PSO on HCA compounds was higher than RSO. With the addition of PSO and RSO at different concentrations (1% and 2%), HCA formation in meatballs could be inhibited by 19.95%–83.14% and 22.21%–77.23%, respectively. In this study, pumpkin seed oil (PSO) and rosehip seed oil (RSO) were added to the meatballs in the ratio of 1% and 2% to show the effects of these extracts on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HCA) formation. Control and enriched samples were cooked at 150°C, 200°C, and 250°C in a pan and oven, and the effects of cooking method and also temperature on HCA amounts in meatball samples were evaluated. The formation of HCA compounds in meatballs, which is one of the most widely consumed meat products, could be inhibited significantly by the addition of 1% and 2% natural antioxidant PSO and RSO. The highest total HCA formation in meatball samples was obtained in the control samples (26.94 ng/g) cooked at 250°C. In general, the total HCA content of the meatballs cooked in the pan was higher than those cooked in the oven, and it was seen that the total HCA formation decreased as the oil content increased. PSO and RSO were effective natural antioxidants for inhibiting HCA formation. These natural antioxidants could be used for the enrichment of different cooked meat products for decreasing the formation of carcinogenic compounds such as HCAs. The obtained results could be used to estimate the human intake of HCAs and supplied to the search of good food additives that reduce the threat of exposure to HCAs, and thus to advance the food security and quality.
Rosehips fruit contains organic and inorganic substances, the most valuable compounds among organic substances are vitamins, which are accumulated in the flesh of the fruit, and they have important physiological effects for living organisms. The obtained experimental data were statistically processed by the method of analysis of variance. Many selected varieties of rosehips were unique not only in the size of the fruit, but also in the high seed yield: an average of 28.7 ± 0.65 pieces in the fruits of “Sijjak-5”, 29.1 ± 0.66 pieces in the fruits of “Sijjak-6”, 33.9 ± 0.93 fruits in “Sijjak-7”, 28.7 ± 0.66 fruits in “Sijjak-15” and 29.3 ± 0.64 fruits in “Burchmullo-18”. Rosehips seeds contain “rosehips oil”, which contains 10 mg% carotene, 200 mg% vitamin E, linoleic (56.71%) and oleic (29.32%) acids. “Sijjak-3”, “Sijjak-6”, “Sijjak-12” and “Chimgan-19” were selected as promising varieties, taking into account the valuable economic and biological characteristics of the fruit, such as size, productivity and fertility. Varieties “Parkent-21” and “Parkent-24”, according to the size of fruits and the amount of fruit flesh, whereas Parkent-26, “Kumushkon-29”, “Parkent-23”, “Chimgan-31”, “Koronkul”-32 were classified as promising varieties based on the highest yield.
In this study were investigated the effects of Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) oil added to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.) diets in different proportions on the growth performance, feed efficiency and survival rate of fish. For this purpose, Rosehip oil in 4 different concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 6 ml / kg) was added to the feed of juvenile trout with an initial average weight of 1.7 ± 2.8 g, for 90 days (pH 7.15-8.33, temperature 12,3-15.9 °C and dissolved oxygen in the range 6.85-10.8 mg / l). The experimental groups were planned with 2 replications and 200 juvenile fish were placed in each tank and a total of 1600 fish were studied. At the end of the experiment, the highest increase in live weight was obtained in the IV. Group in which 53.71 ± 1.12 g and 0.71 ± 0.02 feed conversion rate and 6 ml / kg Rosehip oil was added and the difference was statistically significant compared to the other groups (P
Antioxidant activity of three different extracts (ethanolic, chloroformic, and hexanic) of red flesh pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed using free radical scavenging assay, linoleic acid model system, and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method was determined. Ethanolic extract inhibit 74.76% of free radicals at 1000 μg/mL, while chloroformic extract gave the highest inhibition using linoleic acid model system (98.90% at 100 μg/mL) and FTC (96.34%) method. Total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents of the seed were 13.56 ± 2.04 and 0.36 ± 0.01 mg/g, respectively, while catechin was the major flavonoid detected. In conclusion, the study showed that both polar and non-polar compounds contribute to the antioxidative activity measured.
In vegetable oils, phytosterols occur as free sterols or as steryl esters. Few analytical methods report the quantification
of esterified and free sterols in vegetable oils. In this study, esterified and free sterols were separated by silica gel
column chromatography upon elution with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (90∶10 vol/vol) followed by n-hexane/diethyl ether/ethanol (25∶25∶50 by vol). Both fractions were saponified separately and the phytosterol content was
quantified by GC. The analytical method for the analysis of esterified and free sterols had a relative standard deviation
of 1.16% and an accuracy of 93.6–94.1%, which was comparable to the reference method for the total sterol analysis. A large
variation in the content and distribution of the sterol fraction between different vegetable oils can be observed. Corn and
rapeseed oils were very rich in phytosterols, which mainly occurred as steryl esters (56–60%), whereas the majority of the
other vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, palm oil, etc.) contained a much lower esterified sterol content (25–40%). No difference
in the relative proportion of the individual sterols among crude and refined vegetable oils was observed.
Solid by-products from white and red wine industry were subjected to evaluation as potential sources of antioxidant phytochemicals on the basis of their content in phenolics and in vitro antioxidant activity. Furthermore, several other common plant solid wastes, including apple, potato and onion peels, as well as carob pods and olive tree leaves were also considered, in order to carry out a comparative assessment. The results showed that extracts from grape seeds (either white or red) contain exceptionally high amounts of total polyphenols (10.3–11.1% on a dry weight basis), a great part of which is composed of flavanols. Red grape pomace and stems contained appreciable amounts of polyphenols, whereas potato and white grape peels were the tissues with the lowest polyphenol content. The in vitro antiradical activity and reducing power were shown to be highly dependent on the total flavonoid and total flavanol content (P<0.001), but the hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity did not exhibit the same trend, suggesting dependence on particular structural features. The results indicate that wine industry by-products, including grape seeds but also red grape pomace and stems, are very rich sources of antioxidant polyphenols compared with other agri-food solid wastes, and therefore their exploitation as a source of added-value products may be more cost-effective and merits a profounder investigation.
The chemical fingerprinting of the unsaponifiable fraction of different Punica granatum seed oils was performed in order to evaluate their potential as a functional food ingredient. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of tocopherol, aliphatic alcohol (including policosanol), squalene, phytosterols and triterpene contents were performed by GC-MS. A high yield (3.1-4.2%) of unsaponifiable matter was obtained and consistent levels of squalene (up to 800 mg/kg) and policosanol (118-185 mg/kg) were noticed. β-sitosterol (up to 8069 mg/kg) and cycloartenol (5916-7766 mg/kg) were predominant in phytosterol and triterpene fractions, while β- and δ-tocopherol were the most abundant vitamin E forms. Some minor variations were noticed between samples. From the results obtained, it can be suggested that the seed oil of P. granatum can be considered an interesting alimentary source of substances of nutraceutical value involved in the modulation of cholesterol metabolism.
The lipid composition of chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seeds was investigated. The seeds contain 19.3 g kg⁻¹, 22.0 g kg⁻¹ and 8.2 g kg⁻¹ glyceride oil respectively. The content of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, was 2.8 g kg⁻¹, 1.3 g kg⁻¹ and 1.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The total amounts of sterols were 1.2 g kg⁻¹, 1.4 g kg⁻¹ and 0.4 g kg⁻¹. The main component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and Δ⁵ -avenasterol. In the tocopherol fraction (55.5 mg kg⁻¹ in chokeberry oil, 249.6 mg kg⁻¹ in black currant oil and 89.4 mg kg⁻¹ in rose hip oil), α-tocopherol predominated in chokeberry oil (70.6 mg kg⁻¹). γ-Tocopherol was the main component in black currant oil (55.4 mg kg⁻¹) and rose hip oil (71.0 mg kg⁻¹). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, individual phospholipids and sterol esters was also identified. In the phospholipids and sterol esters, the more saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, and long chain fatty acids predominated.
Plant sterols are an essential component of the membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. They are either synthesised de novo or taken up from the environment. Their function appears to be to control membrane fluidity and permeability, although some plant sterols have a specific function in signal transduction. The phytosterols are products of the isoprenoid pathway. The dedicated pathway to sterol synthesis in photosynthetic plants occurs at the squalene stage through the activity of squalene synthetase. Although the activity of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A (HGMR) is rate-limiting in the synthesis of cholesterol, this does not appear to be the case with the plant sterols. Up-regulation of HGMR appears to increase the biosynthesis of cycloartenol but not the Delta(5)-sterols. A decline in sterol synthesis is associated with a suppression of squalene synthetase activity, which is probably a critical point in controlling carbon flow and end-product formation. The major post-squalene biosynthetic pathway is regulated by critical rate-limiting steps such as the methylation of cycloartenol into cycloeucalenol. Little is known about the factors controlling the biosynthesis of the end-point sterol esters or stanols. The commonly consumed plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol which are predominantly supplied by vegetable oils. The oils are a rich source of the steryl esters. Less important sources of sterols are cereals, nuts and vegetables. The nutritional interest derives from the fact that the sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, and have the capacity to lower plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product. Stanols (saturated at C-5) occur in low amounts in the diet and are equally effective in lowering plasma cholesterol and do not cause an increase in plasma levels, unlike the sterols which can be detected in plasma. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Four cultivars of Shanxi-grown pomegranate seeds were investigated for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties. Pomegranate seed oils were extracted and analysed for their fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol and carotenoid contents. The defatted flours were extracted with 50% acetone or 80% methanol, and evaluated for levels of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, and scavenging capacities against DPPH and ABTS+ and their ferric ion reducing abilities. Pomegranate seed oil was rich in punicic acid (73.5–78.8 g/100 g oil) and total tocopherols (5.3–12.0 μmol/g). The 50% acetone and 80% methanol were appropriate solvents for extraction of total phenolic and total flavonoid, respectively. The four cultivars were significantly different in levels of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and their antioxidant properties (P < 0.05), generally flowing an order: Suanshiliu > Tianhongdan > Sanbaitian ≈ Jingpitian. This study will assist in the cultivar selection of the above pomegranate seeds for commercial production to meet the market demand.
In this work, oil obtained from seeds of different red grape varieties, grown in the Autonomous Regions of Castilla-La Mancha and Murcia (Spain), was characterized by determining physicochemical and sensory quality parameters, stability, and the composition in fatty acids and sterols. The physicochemical quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide index, K270 and wax) scored high (meaning low quality) compared with virgin olive oils, while the negative sensory attributes stood out over the positive ones. Therefore, the oil was not considered suitable for table use without undergoing a refining process. The samples showed high linoleic and low linolenic acid contents, while β-sitosterol was the main sterol found. Drying grape seeds with hot air before extraction gave higher physicochemical quality, total phenolic content and stability, and lower wax content in comparison to air-drying of seeds. The drying process affected the sterol composition but not the fatty acid composition.
Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) and Vitamin A (carotenoid) contents of six vegetables obtained from six cities in the United States at two seasons of the year were determined. Mean RAA content (mg/100g) of cabbage was 45.2, carrots 7.8, celery 6.0, corn 6.5, onions 8.4, and tomatoes 15.3. Vitamin C in cooked cabbage was 22.1, corn 6.2, and onions 5.7 mg/100g. Mean vitamin A activity (I.U.) of carrots was 15,228, cabbage 114, celery 133, corn 219, and tomatoes 750. In cooked cabbage and corn, vitamin A content was 89 and 217 I.U., respectively. The RAA and vitamin A content of vegetables from the six geographical areas varied significantly. Vitamin concentrations were generally lower than tabulated values. Retention of RAA in cooked cabbage was 52%; in onions, 58%; and in corn, 98%. Vitamin A retention in cooked cabbage was 82%, and in cooked corn was 98%.
Several exotic fruits are used in folk medicine as potential sources of healthy compounds. Rosa canina L. (dog rose) fruits and other parts used to be widely consumed in rural areas from Portugal. The present work intends to highlight the presence of bioactive compounds in those different parts, in order to improve their use based on scientific studies. The antioxidant activity was screened through: radical scavenging effects, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates. Phytochemical characterization included determination of sugars by HPLC-RI, fatty acids by GC-FID, tocopherols by HPLC-fluorescence, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometric techniques. Galls revealed the highest antioxidant potential, ripen hips showed the highest tocopherols and β-carotene contents, as also the most adequate n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratios. Unripe hips gave the highest levels of ascorbic acid and petals revealed the highest concentration of sugars. Ethnobotanical studies conducted have mentioned different use-reports for seeds, petals, flowers and galls, as well as for fruits in different stages of maturity and, therefore, the comparison between chemical compounds and antioxidant properties of those different parts is a key-point of the present study. Furthermore, the levels of antioxidants found would make them suitable sources of compounds to be used commercially to retard rancidity in fatty materials in food manufacturing, to reduce the effects of ageing and to help to prevent oxidative-stress related diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
Rosehip extracts of 18 samples representing six taxa in the genus Rosa were evaluated for antioxidant activities by use of different test systems. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the crude extracts ranged from 983.4 to 2187.1 µmol FRAP g−1 dry matter and from 457.2 to 626.2 µmol TEAC g−1 dry matter. The high antioxidant capacity was related to high contents of phytonutrients. The overall mean of antioxidants was 23.23 mg g−1 total carotenoids and 76.26 mg g−1 total phenolics. The phenolic component made a major contribution to the total antioxidant activities in both assays (overall mean was 90.5% and 75.7%), whereas the ascorbate made a minor contribution (8.6% and 16.9%) and the lipophilic component made an even smaller one (0.9% and 7.3%). However, the lipophilic component was the most effective when the comparison was based on the ratio of antioxidant activity to content of antioxidants. The crude extracts exhibited 50.9% (46.6–60.3%) inhibitory effect against the lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 85.0% (80.1–90.2%) inhibition in 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH) assay at a concentration of 250 µg ml −1. Ascorbate acted as an antioxidant in both peroxy radical-induced lipid peroxidations, but as a pro-oxidant in the metal ion-induced lipid peroxidation. The crude extracts showed a large inhibitory effect in the ferric ion-induced lipid peroxidation and caused 83.7% inhibition at a concentration of 25 µg ml −1 dried rosehip powder.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Plant sterols are an essential component of the membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. They are either synthesised de novo or taken up from the environment. Their function appears to be to control membrane fluidity and permeability, although some plant sterols have a specific function in signal transduction. The phytosterols are products of the isoprenoid pathway. The dedicated pathway to sterol synthesis in photosynthetic plants occurs at the squalene stage through the activity of squalene synthetase. Although the activity of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A (HGMR) is rate-limiting in the synthesis of cholesterol, this does not appear to be the case with the plant sterols. Up-regulation of HGMR appears to increase the biosynthesis of cycloartenol but not the Δ5-sterols. A decline in sterol synthesis is associated with a suppression of squalene synthetase activity, which is probably a critical point in controlling carbon flow and end-product formation. The major post-squalene biosynthetic pathway is regulated by critical rate-limiting steps such as the methylation of cycloartenol into cycloeucalenol. Little is known about the factors controlling the biosynthesis of the end-point sterol esters or stanols. The commonly consumed plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol which are predominantly supplied by vegetable oils. The oils are a rich source of the steryl esters. Less important sources of sterols are cereals, nuts and vegetables. The nutritional interest derives from the fact that the sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, and have the capacity to lower plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product. Stanols (saturated at C-5) occur in low amounts in the diet and are equally effective in lowering plasma cholesterol and do not cause an increase in plasma levels, unlike the sterols which can be detected in plasma.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The lipid composition of chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seeds was investigated. The seeds contain 19.3 g kg−1, 22.0 g kg−1 and 8.2 g kg−1 glyceride oil respectively. The content of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, was 2.8 g kg−1, 1.3 g kg−1 and 1.4 g kg−1, respectively. The total amounts of sterols were 1.2 g kg−1, 1.4 g kg−1 and 0.4 g kg−1. The main component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and Δ5 -avenasterol. In the tocopherol fraction (55.5 mg kg−1 in chokeberry oil, 249.6 mg kg−1 in black currant oil and 89.4 mg kg−1 in rose hip oil), α-tocopherol predominated in chokeberry oil (70.6 mg kg−1). γ-Tocopherol was the main component in black currant oil (55.4 mg kg−1) and rose hip oil (71.0 mg kg−1). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, individual phospholipids and sterol esters was also identified. In the phospholipids and sterol esters, the more saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, and long chain fatty acids predominated.© 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Pomegranate seeds are byproducts of the pomegranate juice industry. Because of the presence of large amounts of certain pharmaceutical and nutraceutical components in the seeds, a proper extraction method to obtain these components is highly demanded in the food industry. In this study, the effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents of the oil extracted from pomegranate seeds of the Malas variety from Shahreza, Iran, was investigated. Four different extraction methods including normal stirring, Soxhlet, microwave irradiation and ultrasonic irradiation using two types of organic solvents as well as a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO2 as solvent were applied. The different organic solvents of this study did not indicate any significant differences in the total phenolic contents of the extracted oils, but the extracted oils from the various conditions of SFE indicated wide changes in the amount of phenolic compounds (7.8–72.1 mg/g). The total phenolic content of the extracted oil from one of the SFE runs was several times greater than those in the extracted oils using organic solvents.
Thirty-eight types of fruits commonly consumed in Singapore were systematically analysed for their hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), total phenolic content (TPC), ascorbic acid (AA) and various lipophilic antioxidants. Antioxidant composition and concentration varied widely across different fruits. Many of the tropical fruits tested were high in antioxidants. Amongst all fruits tested, sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) had the highest H-ORAC and TPC whilst guava had the highest AA per gram fresh weight. Papaya, red watermelon and cantaloupe had the highest β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and β-carotene per gram fresh weight, respectively. On the other hand, durian and mangosteen were high in tocopherols and tocotrienols, respectively. Based on consumption data, Chinese Singaporeans appear to have a higher intake of carotenoids and tocopherols rich fruits compared to the US population. As fruits are a rich source of diverse antioxidants, efforts to promote consumption of a variety of fruits should be continued for public health benefits.
Black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf were extracted with 50% acetone and 80% methanol, and evaluated for their radical-scavenging activities against cation (ABTS+), DPPH, peroxyl (ORAC) and hydroxyl (HO) radicals. For each extract, total phenolic content (TPC) and chelating activity were also determined. The extracts of all botanical samples showed significant radical-scavenging capacities, TPC and chelating abilities. The 50% acetone extract of cinnamon had the highest ABTS+-scavenging capacity of 1243 μmol TE/g and the greatest ORAC value of 1256 μmol TE/g on a per weight basis. The 50% acetone extracts of black peppercorn and cinnamon showed higher ABTS+-scavenging, ORAC, Fe+2 chelating ability and TPC value, but lower DPPH value than the corresponding 80% methanol extracts. The 80% methanol extract of nutmeg had greater ABTS+, ORAC and TPC values than the 50% acetone extract. Electronic spin resonance (ESR) measurements demonstrated that cinnamon had the strongest HO-scavenging activities among all the tested botanical materials. These data indicate that black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf may serve as potential dietary sources of natural antioxidants for improving human nutrition and health. The extracting solvent may alter the antioxidant activity measurement for selected botanicals, including spices and herbs.
The polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity in the seeds of 11 red grape varieties (five international and six native) widely cultivated in Turkey were investigated. Total phenolic, total flavanol and total polymeric procyanidin content ranged from 79.2 to 154.6, 89.2 to 179.4, and 27.0 to 43.3mg/g seed, respectively. While (+)-catechin (4.71-23.8mg/g seed) was found as main flavanol, galloylated catechin monomer and dimeric procyanidin amounts varied between 2.89-17.2 and 0.97-2.97mg/g seed, respectively. All seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50) and oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC) ranging from 2.71 to 4.62μg/mL and 1425.9 to 3009.2μmol Trolox equivalent/g seed, respectively. With high amount of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, seeds of Okuzgozu, Papaz Karasi, Ada Karasi and Kalecik Karasi varieties could be evaluated as dietary supplement.
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Grape seed oil (Oleum vitis viniferae) representing a promising plant fat, mainly used for culinary and pharmaceutical purposes as well as for various technical applications, was subject of the present investigation. HS-SPME-GC-MS was applied to study volatile compounds in several seed oil samples from different grape oils. The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of these oils was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. In addition the total phenol content and the antioxidant capacity (using TEAC) of these oils were determined. The headspace of virgin grape oils from white and red grapes was dominated by ethyl octanoate (up to 27.5% related to the total level of volatiles), ethylacetate (up to 25.0%), ethanol (up to 22.7%), acetic acid (up to 17.2%), ethyl hexanoate (up to 17.4%) and 3-methylbutanol (up to 11.0%). Triacylglycerol composition was found to be dominated by LLL (up to 41.8%), LLP (up to 24.3%), LLO (up to 16.3%) and LOO (up to 11.7%), followed by LOP (up to 9.3%) and LOS/OOO (up to 4.3%). Total phenol content ranged between 59μg/g and 115.5μg/g GAE. Antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was analyzed to range between 0.09μg/g and 1.16μg/g.
Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The studies presented in this short communication demonstrate that an aqueous extract of rosehip from Rosa canina L. inhibited the chemotaxis as well as chemiluminescence of human peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. Using a bioassay-guided fraction of the extract, the active principle was shown to be a galactolipid named GOPO®. These in vitro studies demonstrate that rosehip powder exhibits anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant activities.
Different edible tissues of citrus fruit, namely juice sacs (JS), segment membrane (SM), and segment (Seg), of four species, were examined for contents of bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacities (TAC) by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Two flavanones (naringin and hesperidin) were identified by HPLC; hesperidin accounted for 18.5–38.5% of the total phenolics in the species Citrus unshiu, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus sinensis, while naringin was only found in Citrus changshanensis and it accounted for 53.7% of the total phenolics in SM of this species. In SM of all selected species, the contents of phenolic compounds and TAC were significantly higher than those in JS and Seg. Highest total phenolics, total flavonoids, naringin, and TAC were found in SM of C. changshanensis, while the highest carotenoid content was found in JS of C. reticulata. The contribution of vitamin C to TAC ranged from 26.9% to 45.9% in JS and Seg of all selected species. In SM, however, a high contribution from hesperidin was observed in C. unshiu (54.0%), C. sinensis (46.7%) and C. reticulata (30.0%). The results indicated that SM of citrus fruit were high in contents of bioactive compounds and TAC; it is thus recommended to consume citrus fruit with all edible tissues rather than juice or JS alone.
Phenolic compounds of seven grape seed samples originating from mechanical seed oil extraction were identified and quantified by HPLC–DAD before (intact seeds) and after (press residue) the oil recovery process. Total amounts of all identified compounds ranged from 4.81 (‘Cabernet Mitos’) to 19.12 g/kg (‘Schwarzriesling’) of defatted dry matter (DM; ‘Schwarzriesling’) for integral grape seeds, whereas their content in the press residues ranged from 2.80 (‘Cabernet Mitos’) to 13.76 g/kg of defatted DM (‘Spätburgunder’). This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of individual phenolic compounds comprising all polyphenolic subclasses of press residues from grape seed oil production also covering the determination of the antioxidant activities of each subclass (Folin–Ciocalteu, FRAP and TEAC assays). Additionally, the effects of different solvents on the yields of phenolic compounds were determined. Maximum yields were obtained using methanol/0.1% HCl (v:v), water [75 °C] and a mixture of ethanol and water [3:1; v:v], respectively, whereas pure ethanol resulted in poor polyphenol extraction. The results of the present study confirm the press residues of grape seed oil production still to be a rich source of polyphenolics with strong antioxidant activity.
The chemical composition and biological properties of three wild fruits (strawberry-tree berries, sloes and dog rose hips) were evaluated, in order to valorise these products as sources of nutrients and nutraceuticals. The analysed fruits contain very useful bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolics, vitamins (ascorbic acid and tocopherols) and carotenoids. All the samples proved to have antioxidant activity (measured by four different in vitro assays) being more significant for rose fruits (EC50 values lower than 90 μg/ml). The combination of bioactive compounds and rich nutritional composition (high contents in carbohydrates, low contents in fat with the precious contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids, precursors of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids) of the studied wild fruits make them a very special food. .
Fruits of Rosa canina, Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri, Rosa dumalis subsp. antalyensis, Rosa villosa, Rosa pulverulenta and Rosa pisiformis were assayed for total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, total dry weight, total fat, fatty acids, pH, acidity, moisture, fruit colour and macro- and micro-elements. The highest total phenolic content was observed in Rosa canina (96 mg GAE/g DW). Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri had the highest total fat content (1.85%), followed by Rosa pulverulenta (1.81%) and Rosa canina (1.78%), respectively. Nine major fatty acids were determined in rose species and α-linolenic acid was found to be dominant for all species. Total soluble solids, total dry weight, moisture and ascorbic acid contents of rose species varied from 29.42% (Rosa villosa)–37.33% (Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri), 33.85% (Rosa villosa)–40.35% (Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri), 59.65% (Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri)–66.15% (Rosa villosa) and 727 mg/100 g FW (Rosa villosa) and 943 mg/100 g FW (Rosa dumalis subsp. boissieri), respectively. Nitrogen and mineral compositions of the rose species, e.g., N, P, K, Ca and Mg, were (averagely): 1.26%, 513 mg/100 g DW, 639 mg/100 g DW, 196 mg/100 g DW and 114 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The present study shows that the native rose genotypes are extremely rich sources of phenolics, carbohydrates and ascorbic acid, demonstrating their potential use as a food or food additive.
Nutrients and technological properties were determined in developing Rosa canina L. fruits (rosehips) from Konya (Hadim) and Kastamonu to investigate potential uses. Completely ripe fruits contained ash, crude oil, crude energy, crude fiber, crude protein, ascorbic acid, dimethyl sulfite (DMS), and minerals including K, P, Mg, Ca and Fe. Also, technological properties such as length and width of fruit, weight of 1000 fruits, projected area, porosity, bulk density, hectoliter weight, skin break resistance were measured. In general, dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, ascorbic acid, water-soluble extract, acidity, DMS, Na, K, P, Mn and Mg contents of Kastamonu rosehip fruits were higher than those of Hadim fruits. Ascorbic acid was also present at high concentrations in the rose fruits. Also, length of fruit, width of fruit, weight of 1000 fruits, projected area and fruit bulk of Kastamonu rose fruits were found to be higher than those of Hadim fruits. Results of the static and dynamic coefficients of friction for both rose fruits were found to be similar.
The aim of the present study was to compare powdered rose hip with and without fruits (Rosae pseudofructus cum/sine fructibus, Rosa canina L., Rosaceae) with regard to their phytochemical profile and their in vitro anti-inflammatory and radical-scavenging properties. The two powders were subsequently extracted with solvents of increasing polarity and tested for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2) and of 5-LOX-mediated leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) formation as well as for DPPH-radical-scavenging capacity. While the water and methanol extracts were inactive in the COX-1, COX-2 and LTB(4) inhibition assays, the n-hexane and the dichloromethane extracts inhibited all three enzymes. In the active extracts, the triterpenoic acids ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and betulinic acid were identified, although only in minute amounts. Furthermore, oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid were identified apart from several saturated fatty acids. Even though unsaturated fatty acids are known to be good inhibitors of COX-1, COX-2 and LT formation, no clear correlation between their concentration in the extracts and their activity was found. We suggest that other, yet unidentified, lipophilic constituents might play a more important role for the observed in vitro inhibitory activity on arachidonic acid metabolism. Some of the extracts also showed considerable DPPH radical scavenging activity, the methanolic extracts being most potent. The radical scavenging activity of the extracts correlated very well with their total phenolic content, while ascorbic acid contributes only little to the radical-scavenging activity due to its low concentration present in the extracts. In summary, extracts derived from powdered rose hip without fruits were more effective in all assays carried out compared with extracts derived from powdered rose hip with fruits.
From the rose hip seed, which is generally a waste material, valuable oil can be obtained for medicinal use. Various extraction methods have been compared: traditional solvent extraction with ultrasound-, microwave-, sub- and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA: oleic-, linoleic- and linolenic acid; 16.25-22.11%, 35.94-54.75%, 20.29-26.48%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA:linoleic- and linolenic acid) content were over 90% and 60% in the recovered oils. The oils contained different amounts of metals. The concentration of some metals, particularly iron in microwave oil (27.11 microg g(-1)) is undesirable from the aspect of stability. By traditional solvent extraction, oil was obtained in 4.85 wt/wt%. Subcritical FE appeared to be the best method for the recovery of rose hip oil with highest oil yield (6.68 wt/wt%), carotene- (145.3 microg g(-1)) and linoleic acid content (54.75%). Supercritical FE without organic solvent is suitable for mild recovery of oil. The oil was rich in UFA and PUFA (92.7% and 76.25%) and contained the lowest amount of carotene and pheophytin (36.3 and 45.8 microg g(-1)). Oil yield in most new extraction methods (microwave extraction, super- and subcritical FE) was higher than in the case of traditional Soxhlet extraction. The main benefit of supercritical FE with CO2 is the solvent free oil while in the case of other extractions evaporation of the solvent is needed. Although the content of bioactive compounds in oils was different, all oils may be appropriate for medicinal use.
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an inverse association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and morbidity and mortality from degenerative diseases. The antioxidant content of fruits and vegetables may contribute to the protection they offer from disease. Because plant foods contain many different classes and types of antioxidants, knowledge of their total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which is the cumulative capacity of food components to scavenge free radicals, would be useful for epidemiologic purposes. To accomplish this, a variety of foods commonly consumed in Italy, including 34 vegetables, 30 fruits, 34 beverages and 6 vegetable oils, were analyzed using three different assays, i.e., Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP). These assays, based on different chemical mechanisms, were selected to take into account the wide variety and range of action of antioxidant compounds present in actual foods. Among vegetables, spinach had the highest antioxidant capacity in the TEAC and FRAP assays followed by peppers, whereas asparagus had the greatest antioxidant capacity in the TRAP assay. Among fruits, the highest antioxidant activities were found in berries (i.e., blackberry, redcurrant and raspberry) regardless of the assay used. Among beverages, coffee had the greatest TAC, regardless of the method of preparation or analysis, followed by citrus juices, which exhibited the highest value among soft beverages. Finally, of the oils, soybean oil had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by extra virgin olive oil, whereas peanut oil was less effective. Such data, coupled with an appropriate questionnaire to estimate antioxidant intake, will allow the investigation of the relation between dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress-induced diseases.
In this work, a study about the effect of various operational conditions on the quantity of oil and soluble solids capable of being extracted from rosa mosqueta rosehip seeds is undertaken. Both the particle sizes assayed (0.6mm, 0.6-1mm, and 1-2mm) and the solvent-to-solid ratios (15:1, 25:1, and 50:1) showed a remarkable influence on the extraction efficiency. Extracted substances obtained by using the minor particle size or the maximum solvent-to-solid ratio doubled, at least, those attained by working under any other conditions. A major weight of kinetics upon equilibrium factors can be inferred from the short extraction times and high effective diffusivity values (being the lower one 1.97x10(-11)m(2)s(-1)) assessed for any condition. The antioxidant power of extracts was evaluated by ability to scavenge the DPPH radical. Results noteworthy depended on the solvent used to extract; whilst an approximately 80% DPPH inhibition percentage was reached in ethanol extracts, values of 52.2% or 41% were found in methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. Even so, antioxidant capacity of Rosa rubiginosa extracts was much higher than that reported for other agricultural matrixes.
Rose hip, rose hip and seed and rose hip seed, all were negatively monographed by the German Commission E due to insufficient evidence of effects and effectiveness. Therefore a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to summarize the pharmacological and clinical effects of Rosa canina L. to reevaluate its usefulness in traditional medicine.
For various preparations of rose hip and rose hip and seed, antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects have been demonstrated. Lipophilic constituents are involved in those mechanisms of action. The proprietary rose hip and seed powder Litozin R has been employed successfully in a number of exploratory studies in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and low back pain. However, the sizes of the clinical effects for the different indications need to be determined to assure clinical significance.
There is also a rationale behind the use of Litozin R as part of a hypocaloric diet based on the rose hip probiotic, stool regulating and smooth muscle‐relaxing actions, as well as the rose hip seed lipid‐lowering, antiobese and antiulcerogenic effects. Further research is needed to clarify the importance of the reported promising experimental effects in clinical use and to characterize the optimum rose hip seed oil preparation for topical use in the treatment of skin diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)--of a hip powder of Rosa canina (rosehip) preparation for symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), in order to estimate the empirical efficacy as a pain reducing compound.
RCTs from systematic searches were included if they explicitly stated that OA patients were randomized to either rosehip or placebo. The primary outcome was reduction in pain calculated as effect size (ES), defined as the standardized mean difference (SMD). As secondary analysis the number of responders to therapy was analyzed as Odds Ratios (OR), and expressed as the Number Needed to Treat (NNT). Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) methods were applied for the meta-analyses using mixed effects models.
The three studies (287 patients and a median trial-duration of 3 months)--all supported by the manufacturer (Hyben-Vital International)--showed a reduction in pain scores by rosehip powder (145 patients) compared to placebo (142 patients): ES of 0.37 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.60], P=0.002. Test for homogeneity seemed to support that the efficacy was consistent across trials (I(2)=0%). Thus it seems reasonable to assume that the three studies were measuring the same overall effect. It seemed twice as likely that a patient allocated to rosehip powder would respond to therapy, compared to placebo (OR=2.19; P=0.0009); corresponding to a NNT of six (95% CI: 4-13) patients.
Although based on a sparse amount of data, the results of the present meta-analysis indicate that rosehip powder does reduce pain; accordingly it may be of interest as a nutraceutical, although its efficacy and safety need evaluation and independent replication in a future large-scale/long-term trial.
Characterization of a potential nutraceutical ingredients: Pomegranate (Punica granutum L.) seed oil unsaponifiable fraction. Plants Food Human Nutrition
- A Caligani
- F Bonzanini
- G Palla
- M Cirlini
- R Bruni
Caligani, A.; Bonzanini, F.; Palla, G.; Cirlini, M.; Bruni, R. Characterization of a potential
nutraceutical ingredients: Pomegranate (Punica granutum L.) seed oil unsaponifiable fraction.
Plants Food Human Nutrition 2010, 65, 277-283.
Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages, and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different vitro assays
- N Pellegrini
- M Serafini
- B Colombi
- D Del Rio
- S Salvatore
- M Blanchi
- F Brighenti