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... For example, general intelligence is negatively associated with divorce (Gottfredson, 1997), and longitudinal studies observed that individuals with higher general intelligence are more likely to be married by their mid-30s to mid-40s (Terman & Oden, 1959). However, other investigations using large-scale surveys suggest that higher general intelligence may be detrimental to some aspects of romantic relationships, including fertility (Kanazawa, 2014) and frequency of sex (Hopcroft, 2006). ...
... Using data from the 1989-2000 General Social Survey, Hopcroft (2006) observed that intelligence (measured using number of words correct on a vocabulary test) had no effect on frequency of sex. Further, Kanazawa (2014) found that greater childhood intelligence was associated with self-reported intention to remain childless at age 23, and for women only, greater childhood intelligence was associated with a greater likelihood of being childless at age 47. ...
... Conversely, the results of the present study partially contrast those of Kanazawa (2014), who reported that women with higher general intelligence were more likely to remain childless later in life. One possibility, consistent with Kanazawa's (2004) perspective, is that individuals with higher general intelligence have no advantage in solving the evolutionarily recurrent problem of attracting partners and forming relationships, but that for individuals who are able to overcome this initial obstacle, higher intelligence does confer an advantage in navigating certain relationship problems. ...
... Sieviete, vīrietis vai pāris, kurai (kuram) nav bioloģiskā vai adoptētā bērna. Emocionālais fons: neitrāls Kanazawa, 2014;Nelson u.c., 2014;Donath, 2015;Hadley u.c., 2019;Brini, 2020;CukrowskaTorzewska un Matysiak, 2020;Day, 2020;Erato u.c., 2021;Hansen, 2021;Stegen u.c Kanazawa, 2014;Kursīte, 2014;Miettinen un Szalma, 2014;Donath, 2015;Hannum u.c., 2015;Kreyenfeld un Konietzka, 2017;McCutcheon, 2017;Hadley u.c., 2019;Brini, 2020;Chaloupková un Hašková, 2020;Day, 2020;Iram u.c., 2020;Hansen, 2021;Kuipers u.c., 2021;Stegen u.c Lai veicinātu terminoloģijas iekļaušanos latviešu valodas lietojumā, rakstiskajā un mutiskajā komunikācijā autore piedāvā izmantot tikai pamatjēdzienus, kas norādīti 1. tabulā -"bezbērnotība", "bezbērnu", "piespiedu bezbērnotība", "apstākļu spiesta bezbērnotība", "brīvprātīgā bezbērnotība", "pagaidu bezbērnotība", sinonīmus saglabājot kā vienādas vai tuvas nozīmes vārdus skaidrošanai, pētīšanai, izglītošanai un valodas bagātināšanai. Tāpat, veicot integrēto literatūras analīzi, autore secina, ka bezbērnotības jautājuma terminoloģija ir skatāma plašākā kontekstā, jo tā ļoti cieši saistīta ar psihoemocionālo fonu un mentālo veselību, kas būtu ņemams vērā. ...
... Sieviete, vīrietis vai pāris, kurai (kuram) nav bioloģiskā vai adoptētā bērna. Emocionālais fons: neitrāls Kanazawa, 2014;Nelson u.c., 2014;Donath, 2015;Hadley u.c., 2019;Brini, 2020;CukrowskaTorzewska un Matysiak, 2020;Day, 2020;Erato u.c., 2021;Hansen, 2021;Stegen u.c Kanazawa, 2014;Kursīte, 2014;Miettinen un Szalma, 2014;Donath, 2015;Hannum u.c., 2015;Kreyenfeld un Konietzka, 2017;McCutcheon, 2017;Hadley u.c., 2019;Brini, 2020;Chaloupková un Hašková, 2020;Day, 2020;Iram u.c., 2020;Hansen, 2021;Kuipers u.c., 2021;Stegen u.c Lai veicinātu terminoloģijas iekļaušanos latviešu valodas lietojumā, rakstiskajā un mutiskajā komunikācijā autore piedāvā izmantot tikai pamatjēdzienus, kas norādīti 1. tabulā -"bezbērnotība", "bezbērnu", "piespiedu bezbērnotība", "apstākļu spiesta bezbērnotība", "brīvprātīgā bezbērnotība", "pagaidu bezbērnotība", sinonīmus saglabājot kā vienādas vai tuvas nozīmes vārdus skaidrošanai, pētīšanai, izglītošanai un valodas bagātināšanai. Tāpat, veicot integrēto literatūras analīzi, autore secina, ka bezbērnotības jautājuma terminoloģija ir skatāma plašākā kontekstā, jo tā ļoti cieši saistīta ar psihoemocionālo fonu un mentālo veselību, kas būtu ņemams vērā. ...
... Papildus jāpiebilst, ka vairāku pētījumu autori (Kanazawa, 2014;Bodin et al., 2019;Brini, 2020;Chaloupková & Hašková, 2020;Stegen et al., 2021) norāda uz to, ka, piemēram, brīvprātīgā bezbērnotība biežāk raksturīga augsti izglītotām, inteliģentām un strādājošām sievietēm nekā vīriešiem un ka tā biežāk novērojama valstīs ar augsti attīstītu labklājības līmeni (piemēram, Zviedrija, Norvēģija). Citi pētījumi (Chaloupková & Hašková, 2020), kuros analizēti dažādi bezbērnotības aspekti terminoloģijas kontekstā, atklāj, ka lielākajā daļā Eiropas valstu bezbērnotība biežāk sastopama vīriešiem ar zemu izglītības līmeni, jo viņiem ir ierobežoti ekonomiskie resursi, viņi biežāk dzīvo bez partnera nekā vīrieši ar augstāku izglītību. ...
Conference Paper
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The problem of an inclusive workplace environment has become a trend over the world in many organizations. Employers speak about different inclusion issues but still there are some that are ignored. Childlessness is one of them, it’s unrecognized at the workplace which creates unhealthy attitudes, unfriendly atmosphere and even discrimination. This is mostly because of lack of understanding of childlessness from society, leaders and co-workers. The purpose of this paper is to compile and create terminology of childlessness in Latvian language for promoting an inclusive workplace environment in higher education institutions. First steps in this completely new topic have been made by the author of this paper in an integrative literature review about emotional intelligence as an attribute of effective leadership with the main conclusion to review terminology of childlessness not only in English but especially in Latvian. This is another integrative literature review that generates a new conceptual framework of terminology in Latvian language providing a comprehensive understanding of a particular subject. The importance of the results lies in the fact that there is a lack of terminology in Latvian language. Findings show that only one main concept “childlessness” is officially accepted by formal institutions of Latvia. This paper is the first attempt towards the improvement of the situation in management science and is concerned with such related concepts as “childless not by choice”, “childfree” and others. The findings could be significant not only for the development of higher education institutions but also for business organizations in general. Keywords: childlessness, terminology, inclusive workplace environment, higher education institutions Atslēgas vārdi: bezbērnotība, terminoloģija, iekļaujoša darba vide, augstākās izglītības iestādes
... A related set of studies have directed attention to the association between initial skill endowments (mainly intelligence) and fertility (see, e.g., Chen et al. 2013;Kanazawa 2014;Meisenberg 2010;Wang et al. 2016), thus focusing on the impact on fertility of endowments that are predetermined at the time when schooling and fertility choices are made. Generally, the above studies document a negative association between intelligence and fertility for women and a relationship close to zero for men. ...
... Previous research on the raw association between cognitive ability/intelligence and fertility has produced two robust findings for women. First, intelligence is negatively associated with completed fertility (Chen et al. 2013;Kanazawa 2014;Meisenberg 2010;Wang et al. 2016). Second, intelligence is positively correlated with AFB (Rodgers et al. 2008). ...
... Several recent papers report small negative associations between intelligence and completed fertility (Chen et al. 2013;Meisenberg 2010;Wang et al. 2016). Kanazawa (2014), however, does not find any relation between intelligence and childlessness, and Woodley and Meisenberg (2013) even find a positive association. Kolk and Barclay (2019), using data from Sweden, report that intelligence is positively associated with both completed fertility and AFB for men. ...
Article
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Many previous studies have shown that skilled and educated women have fewer children. By comparing twins and close siblings in Swedish register data, we show that the negative association between human capital and fertility mostly reflects family background factors. For males, human capital measures are unrelated to fertility in the overall population, but this again masks the influence of family background factors as high-skilled males tend to have more children than their less-skilled twins or siblings. Hence, family background factors have a strong negative impact on the overall association between human capital measures and fertility for both women and men. Non-cognitive abilities deviate from these patterns—these abilities remain strongly complementary to fertility both within and across families. Our results can be reconciled with a stylized model where family-specific preferences for fertility are shared across generations and shape investments in skills and traits when children are young.
... While a certain level of intelligence is undoubtedly necessary in the modern environment, the ancestral evolutionary environment did not provide as strong of a pressure to be smart. As a matter of fact, intelligence does not always maximize the reproductive fitness of individuals (Kanazawa, 2014) and, what is more, the average intelligence seems to be declining (Shayer & Ginsburg, 2009), which indicates that intelligence is not universally selected for in the modern world. ...
... However, when we consider the trait of openness as an expression of a mechanism that is evolved to deal with evolutionarily novel situations (Nettle, 2006) -it makes perfect sense. The common thing between enjoying seemingly unrelated things, such as sky-diving and classical music is that those things are novel and, therefore, they pique the interest of more intelligent people, who, based on the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis, would be more likely to engage in evolutionarily novel behaviors (Kanazawa, 2010a(Kanazawa, , 2014Kanazawa & Perina, 2012). ...
... The Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis proposes that more intelligent individuals will be more likely to engage in evolutionarily novel behaviors and have evolutionarily novel values (Kanazawa, 2014). Previous studies have shown that this is true for staying up late at night (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009), holding liberal values (Kanazawa, 2010b), having fewer children (Kanazawa, 2014), and liking classical music (Kanazawa & Perina, 2012). ...
Article
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The present study investigates and provides support for the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis regarding pro-environmental values. Study 1 showed that the highest attained education level is a significant predictor of pro-environmental concern, while Study 2 showed that the trait of openness to experience plays a unique role in predicting biospheric values, but not other values, lending support for the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis. Acting to preserve the natural environment is an evolutionarily novel challenge, and therefore, is more actively addressed by individuals who more readily adopt novel ideas and seek out new ways of behaving. Kodėl aukšto intelekto žmonės labiau rūpinasi aplinka? Santrauka. Šis tyrimas nagrinėja ir pateikia empirinį pagrindimą Savanos ir intelekto sąveikos hipotezei gamtai drau-giško elgesio vertybių atžvilgiu. Pirmasis tyrimas parodė, kad aukščiausias įgyto išsilavinimo lygis yra reikšmingas susirūpinimo aplinkos problemomis prognostinis kintamasis. Antrame tyrime buvo atskleista, kad atvirumo bruožas turi unikalų vaidmenį prognozuojant biosferos vertybes, bet ne kitokias vertybes, taip suteikiant empirinį pagrindą Savanos ir intelekto sąveikos hipotezei. Gamtai draugiškas elgesys yra evoliuciškai naujas iššūkis, kurį noriau priima asmenys, linkę į naujoves, patirti naujų dalykų, priimti naujas idėjas ir atrasti naujų būdų elgtis. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: gamtai draugiškas elgesys, vertybės, asmenybė, atvirumas patyrimui, intelektas.
... The goal is to see whether a decrease in the ideal number of children may explain the decrease in the number of children among smarter people . A prior study, Kanazawa (2014), has shown a very weak association between childhood IQ and wishing to remain childless of about 0 .02, though this did attain significance . ...
... Nevertheless, we can cautiously assert that intelligence is negatively associated with desiring children in the OKCupid sample . Unlike the NLSY-based study, we find that this relationship exists and we find that it is much stronger than that unearthed by Kanazawa (2014) employing a British study . ...
Chapter
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A body of research indicates that people who are more intelligent tend to have fewer children than do those who are less intelligent, at least since around 1900 (Lynn, 2011). Nyborg (2012) has predicted that the consequent IQ decline will lead to the eventual decay of Western civilization. However, there is little research on fertility intentions and intelligence. Do smarter people end up with fewer children because they ideally desire fewer, or is it due to competing interests, such as a desire for money and status combined with more efficient use of contraception, as Nyborg (2012) observes? We analysed the OKCupid dataset of predominantly Western, English-speaking online users. Employing an ad hoc intelligence test composed of 14 160 Intelligence, Race and Sex questions on the dating service, we find that intelligence does indeed negatively relate to fertility intentions (β = -0.15, ordinal regression), even adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (β = -0.14). We also replicate the usual pattern of a negative association between intelligence and actual fertility, though the dataset was suboptimal for this analysis as fertility was only a binary outcome.
... Galton (1869) was the first to propose the existence of dysgenic effects on cognitive abilities and this has been considered in detail by Lynn (2011), with Woodley of Menie and Fernandes (2015) suggesting that the negative trend for BDS score concerning year of publication could Year of publication also be explained by dysgenic fertility on the more g-loaded tasks, as found in several studies (Peach, Lyerly, & Reeve, 2014 . That is, it has been proposed that more intelligent men and women in developed countries tend to have fewer offspring and also more highly educated woman are more likely to desire childlessness (Kanazawa, 2014;Livingston & Cohn, 2010;Meisenberg, 2010). Speculatively, this might support a steady decline in cognitive ability in some advanced industrial nations (Kanazawa, 2014). ...
... That is, it has been proposed that more intelligent men and women in developed countries tend to have fewer offspring and also more highly educated woman are more likely to desire childlessness (Kanazawa, 2014;Livingston & Cohn, 2010;Meisenberg, 2010). Speculatively, this might support a steady decline in cognitive ability in some advanced industrial nations (Kanazawa, 2014). Using data from a handful of developed and developing countries, several attempts have been made to estimate the theoretical IQ lost due to the action of dysgenic selection, these countries including the UK and US (for a meta-analysis see Woodley of Menie, 2015), Taiwan (Chen, Chen, Liao, &Chen, 2013), andKuwait (Abdel-Khalek &Lynn, 2008). ...
Article
The Flynn effect has been investigated extensively for IQ, but few attempts have been made to study it in relation to working memory (WM). Based on the findings from a cross-temporal meta-analysis using 1754 independent samples (n = 139,677), the Flynn effect was observed across a 43-year period, with changes here expressed in terms of correlations (coefficients) between year of publication and mean memory test scores. Specifically, the Flynn effect was found for forward digit span (r = 0.12, p < 0.01) and forward Corsi block span (r = 0.10, p < 0.01). Moreover, an anti-Flynn effect was found for backward digit span (r = − 0.06, p < 0.01) and for backward Corsi block span (r = − 0.17, p < 0.01). Overall, the results support co-occurrence theories that predict simultaneous secular gains in specialized abilities and declines in g. The causes of the differential trajectories are further discussed.
... "More intelligent men and women are more likely to desire childlessness" (Kanazawa 2014). ...
Research Proposal
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How should we honor him?
... In the context of Islamic Religion, religious education plays a key role in shaping and strengthening students' interpersonal intelligence. Islamic Religious Education teaches and reinforces moral values that are important in interpersonal relationships (Kanazawa, 2014). Students are taught to respect, love and care for others and to practice honesty, justice, patience and humility. ...
Article
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The purpose of the study is to reveal how the internalization of religious education values contributes to the development of students’ interpersonal intelligence. Methodology: This study employs a literature research approach. The search for scientific articles related to ‘internalization of religious education’ was conducted through Google, ScienceDirect, Emerald, and Tandfonline. Main findings: Islamic religious education contributes to the growth of students’ interpersonal intelligence through the internalization of religious values, educational experiences, the selection of role models, self-reflection, and a commitment to continuous learning. Applications of this study: Islamic religious education should prioritize moral values, prosocial behavior, empathy, cooperation, forgiveness, interfaith dialogue, togetherness, experiential learning, critical thinking, self-reflection, and respect for diversity novelty/originality of this study: This study introduces a novel approach by integrating Islamic education with the development of interpersonal intelligence.
... Whatever the case may be, any sexual selection in humans based upon any weak correlate to intelligence is negated when considering that all interested parties can find a partner and reproduce if so desired. Moreover, there is evidence to support the findings that more intelligent humans tend to have fewer children on average [31][32][33][34][35]. This negative correlation between intelligence and number of offspring would run counter to an increase in human intelligence over time. ...
... Whatever the case may be, any sexual selection in humans based upon any weak correlate to intelligence is negated when considering that all interested parties can find a partner and reproduce if so desired. Moreover, there is evidence to support the findings that more intelligent humans tend to have fewer children on average [31][32][33][34][35]. This negative correlation between intelligence and number of offspring would run counter to an increase in human intelligence over time. ...
... The limited number of studies reporting results separately for women and men prevented a subgroup analysis. Only one study showed results separately for gender and found a clear difference by gender: a positive association of individual income with voluntary childlessness among women and a negative association among men (Kanazawa 2014). Further studies are warranted to examine how individual income and partner's income affect the transition to parenthood and if a gender difference exists. ...
Chapter
The past half-century has seen a sharp decline in the fertility rate worldwide and an increase in the number of people who choose not to have children. Understanding factors associated with voluntary childlessness may help explain this shift and inform future population policies. Thus, this chapter systematically identified and synthesized demographic, socioeconomic, family, and psychosocial factors associated with voluntary childlessness from observational studies. Factors that were positively associated with voluntary childlessness include older age, perceived adverse consequences of having children, and egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles. Being of an ethnic minority, belonging to a religious affiliation, having higher religiosity, being currently/previously married, having a partner, having a husband with higher income, and perceiving having children to be beneficial were negatively associated with voluntary childlessness. The identified modifiable factors (i.e., perceived adverse consequences of having children and egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles) may serve as potential targets for future population policies. Further research with longitudinal designs, clear definitions of voluntary childlessness, and subgroup analysis by gender may provide a better understanding of voluntary childlessness.
... A steady stream of studies has found a weak negative relationship, of about r = -.1, between intelligence and fertility in developed or wealthy countries. This relationship has been found in the US (Meisenberg, 2010;Reeve et al., 2013), Britain (Kanazawa, 2014;von Stumm et al., 2011), Russia (Chmykhova et al., 2016), Taiwan (Chen et al., 2012(Chen et al., , 2017, and China (Wang et al., 2016). This relationship has been replicated in one developing country: A weak negative correlation between IQ and completed fertility has been found on the Caribbean island of Dominica (Meisenberg et al., 2005). ...
Article
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Many studies have shown a small negative correlation between intelligence and fertility in developed countries. Several studies have provided evidence of a similar relationship in developing countries, notably in several Arab nations. The present study contributes to this body of research by testing whether this small negative relationship also exists in a poor region of the Sultanate of Oman, thus contributing to the important issue of understanding whether intelligence is in decline beyond the West even in poorer areas. The study used a sample of 1406 students aged 10 to 19 years from schools in the Dhofar Governorate in Oman. The correlations between children’s IQ and family size and between parents’ education and family size were computed, with parent education being a robust proxy for intelligence. This yielded a small negative relationship between children’s IQ and their family size, and a moderate-sized negative relationship between parental education and family size. It is concluded that there is a negative relationship between education and fertility in Oman and that this suggests a small negative relationship between parents’ intelligence and the number of their children. These data suggest that at the genetic level, intelligence is slowly declining in the Arab world although test scores are still rising due to educational and economic advances.
... A steady stream of studies has found a weak negative relationship, of about r = -.1, between intelligence and fertility in developed or wealthy countries. This relationship has been found in the US (Meisenberg, 2010;Reeve et al., 2013), Britain (Kanazawa, 2014;von Stumm et al., 2011), Russia (Chmykhova et al., 2016), Taiwan (Chen et al., 2012(Chen et al., , 2017, and China (Wang et al., 2016). This relationship has been replicated in one developing country: A weak negative correlation between IQ and completed fertility has been found on the Caribbean island of Dominica (Meisenberg et al., 2005). ...
Article
Many studies have shown a small negative correlation between intelligence and fertility in developed countries. Several studies have provided evidence of a similar relationship in developing countries, notably in several Arab nations. The present study contributes to this body of research by testing whether this small negative relationship also exists in a poor region of the Sultanate of Oman, thus contributing to the important issue of understanding whether intelligence is in decline beyond the West even in poorer areas. The study used a sample of 1406 students aged 10 to 19 years from schools in the Dhofar Governorate in Oman. The correlations between children’s IQ and family size and between parents’ education and family size were computed, with parent education being a robust proxy for intelligence. This yielded a small negative relationship between children’s IQ and their family size, and a moderate-sized negative relationship between parental education and family size. It is concluded that there is a negative relationship between education and fertility in Oman and that this suggests a small negative relationship between parents’ intelligence and the number of their children. These data suggest that at the genetic level, intelligence is slowly declining in the Arab world although test scores are still rising due to educational and economic advances.
... At the same time, the share of households with three or more children decreased, from 11% to 6% in Hungary (Figure 1). This trend might be explained by changes in values and the economy, which resulted in a preference for more investment in fewer children (Kanazawa, 2014). Postponement of first childbirth can also lead to fewer children as it narrows the age-interval in which women have their children (OECD, 2011b). ...
Article
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This paper analyses the impact of socio-demographic trends on income inequality over the past two to three decades. The main socio-demographic trends in Hungary were largely in line with OECD-wide changes. Family structures are becoming increasingly complex and there is a growing disconnect between nuclear families and households. There has been a general retreat from marriage and a growth in both cohabitation and multigenerational households, as well as in the share of single person households. Births outside of marriage increased as well as the share of children living in other than two-parent family structures, and the number of children per household decreased. These changes in family structure fed into the broader cross-sectional development of ageing populations. However, most of these demographic changes had only a modest (upward) impact on trends in income inequality. In Hungary, three of the examined trends had a more significant impact than in other OECD countries: assortative mating; decline in the number of children; and changes in household types taken together. The inequality impact was typically larger on market than on disposable incomes, highlighting the strong inequality mitigating effect of the tax-benefit systems.
... The equilibrium condition is (9) not (10). A negative reproductive fitness might be accepted for CRISPR edits that confer intelligence [41] or long life or other desirable personal attributes. ...
Preprint
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Background: This paper investigates the propagation of behaviorally transmitted traits with negative effect on host fitness. Methods: We analyze equilibrium between genetically transmitted and behaviorally transmitted competing propagators and consider whether a behavioral propagator is linked to reproduction (e.g. vertical culture transmission), or not. We employ combined genetic and behavior-induced fitness components for hosts, while behavioral propagators have replication factors to distinguish from what’s good for the host (fitness). Results: A trait which spreads faster than its marginal host fitness contribution reduces population will establish itself. The often transient nature of laterally transmitted traits may be a defense against accumulation of deleterious traits. Laterally transmitted traits with high spreading rate often do not equalize with genetic traits, spreading outside natural selection of the hosts. Vertical transmission reduces replication rate and allows group selection against deleterious behaviorally transmitted traits. Competing mutually exclusive propagators contribute to inequality and altruism, but compete through adverse fitness since exclusivity assumes low conversion. Conclusion: Behaviorally transmitted traits, in some cases a tremendous advantage, may also be a significant problem in the development of societies.
... However, among cohorts born in the second half of the 20th century, research suggests a small to moderate negative intelligence-fertility gradient. Outside the US, Von Stumm, Batty, and Deary (2011) found no overall association between childbearing and intelligence for men or women in Scotland; Kanazawa (2014) found small negative associations between entry to parenthood and intelligence for women in the UK; and Woodley et al. (2016) found no clear pattern for men or women in the UK. Recent data from East Asia has found negative gradients between IQ and fertility in Taiwan (Chen, Chen, Liao, & Chen, 2013) and China (Wang, Fuerst, & Ren, 2016). ...
Article
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Recent evidence suggests a positive association between fertility and cognitive ability among Swedish men. In this study we use data on 18 birth cohorts of Swedish men to examine whether and how the relationship between cognitive ability and patterns of childbearing are mediated by income, education and marriage histories. We examine whether the expected positive associations between cognitive ability and life course income can explain this positive association. We also explore the role of marriage for understanding the positive gradient between cognitive ability and fertility. To address these questions we use Swedish population administrative data that holds information on fertility histories, detailed taxation records, and data from conscription registers. We also identify siblings in order to adjust for confounding by shared family background factors. Our results show that while cognitive ability, education, income, marriage, and fertility, are all positively associated with each other, income only explains a part of the observed positive gradient between fertility and cognitive ability. We find that much of the association between cognitive ability and fertility can be explained by marriage, but that a positive association exists among both ever-married and never-married men. Both low income and low cognitive ability are strong predictors of childlessness and low fertility in our population. The results from the full population persist in the sub-sample of brothers.
... Os riscos médicos associados à idade materna avançada são subvalorizados pela noção de que as mulheres podem escolher quando começar uma família (Santos 2018). Associados a esta tendência não só estão em causa os problemas de sustentabilidade social decorrentes das alterações demográficas, em especial a não renovação geracional, com o consequente envelhecimento da população (Mendes et al. 2016;Santos 2018), como também o decréscimo do capital humano, quer em termos quantitativos, quer em termos qualitativos, no que diz respeito à eventual diminuição da inteligência humana sugerida por Kanazawa (2014) por serem as mulheres mais inteligentes, segundo esta autora, que optam por não serem mães. ...
Article
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This study is part of a broader investigation that aims to understand the transition process of women in late maternity. Methodology: Grounded Theory using semi-structured interviews, Photovoice and field notes. The results are presented in two categories: «Awareness of the desire to be a mother» and «Choosing the right moment». Conclusion: In this process the identity of the participants was changed from a questioned identity to a planned identity adjusting the old, independent and organized self around their own needs, highlighting the positive aspects and abolishing the negative ones.
... Both religiosity and self-deception have been argued to have adaptive benefits (Hrgović & Hromatko, 2019;von Hippel & Trivers, 2011). So far, we have not seen any evidence that the inability to adopt and systematically apply epistemic norms represents an impediment to reproductive success (if anything, there is evidence to the contrary; see, e.g., Boutwell et al., 2013;Kanazawa, 2014). ...
Article
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It is no news that evolutionary behavioral sciences have been received with skepticism, in both popular and scientific outlets. Interestingly, even though evolutionary behavioral scientists traditionally aim to provide the ultimate explanations of behavior, they lag behind in applying the same level of causation in explaining the cold reception of their discipline. Here, we differentiate between the “how” and the “why” to explain human determination in proving their exceptionalism from the rest of the natural world. Deeper understanding of these motivations might result in interventions aimed at changing the popularly held view of this field as “bad science.”
... SatoshiKanazawa (2014) reviews the data and argues that education and IQ do not have an independent negative correlation with fertility, contrary to what others have found. We do not take a position on this issue. ...
Article
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A central debate in bioethics is whether parents should try to influence the genetic basis of their children’s traits. We argue that the case for using mate selection, embryo selection, and other interventions to enhance heritable traits like intelligence is strengthened by the fact that they seem to have positive network effects. These network effects include increased cooperation in collective action problems, which contributes to social trust and prosperity. We begin with an overview of evidence for these claims, and then argue that if individual welfare is largely a function of group traits, parents should try to preserve or enhance cognitive traits that have positive network effects.
... lálták, hogy azok, akik aránylag korán eldöntik, hogy gyermektelenek akarnak lenni, szignifikánsan nyitottabbaknak és önállóbbnak bizonyultak összes többi társuknál, de extraverzió és barátságosság terén nem mutattak eltérést.A gyermektelenség mellett határozók és gyermekre vágyó társaik között intelligencia tekintetében is mutatkoznak különbségek.Kanazawa (2014) eredményei szerint mind férfiak, mind pedig nők esetén a magasabb intelligencia nagyobb eséllyel jár együtt a gyermekmentes életút vágyával, de csak magas intelligenciájú nők esetén válik valószínűbbé az, hogy valóban így határoznak. A gyermekkori intelligencia szintjének egy standard deviációval (15 IQ-pont) való növelése 21-25%-os csö ...
Article
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This theoretical study summarizes the results of major research papers on psychological and sociological aspects of voluntary childlessness with respect to both international and domestic circumstances. To this end, I mainly looked at studies available in English-language databases using a systematic keyword search method, but I also relied on the Hungarian literature. This topic is one of the important and diverse elements of social change today, however it is a peripheral phenomenon. It is scarcely present in Hungarian scientific literature, while in international literature it is very mosaic - there are great time and spatial differences between the publication of each related study. For this reason, one purpose of this paper is to take a more uniform approach to these issues, and summarize knowledge not only on the topic itself, but also on the present situation of the research of this topic. A clear conclusion derived from the literature seems to be that the decidedly childless form a special group within childless individuals, one without homogeneity, yet they could be distinctly differentiated from others due to some specific psychological and socio-demographic characteristics they do share. However, it is difficult to set up categories within this group, and even opinions on the exact conceptual background are divided. It can also be said that in Hungary the research of the phenomenon is in its infancy - Hungarian authors have so far primarily studied the phenomenon using a sociological or demographic approach. The small number of research aimed at revealing the psychological cause-effect mechanisms and the fragmentation of their results also make it difficult to derive conclusions about the personality and developmental psychological aspects of the subject. The examination of the possibilities of accepting choices of childlessness as alternative lifestyles instead of interpretations as deviance within pronatalist societies and exploring the possibilities of abolishing stigmas are less-researched, although some studies raise the need for such actions. Overall, the main goal of the study is to present the above-described outcomes and for further psychological research related to this topic. Keywords: voluntary childlessness, childbearing, childbearing attitudes, childfree, motherhood role
... One explanation may be more intelligent women are more deliberate in their decisions regarding childbearing than equally intelligent men. This proposition is supported by Kanazawa (2014), who found that more intelligent young men and women at 23 are more likely to desire to remain childless for life than less intelligent young men and women do, but, by age 47, intelligent men were no more likely to have remained childless than less intelligent men, whereas more intelligent women did in fact remain childless than less intelligent women. More intelligent women, it seems, were able to implement their desire to remain childless for life, whereas more intelligent men did not do so. ...
Article
The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between general cognitive ability and fertility among modern humans. Our goals were to (a) evaluate the state of the extant literature, and (b) provide a quantitative summary of effect sizes to the extent possible (given the limitations of the literature). A thorough search identified 17 unique datasets that passed the inclusion criteria. Using a Random Effects Model to evaluate the data, the overall weighted effect was r = −0.11, although the data also indicated a sex effect (stronger correlations among females than males), and a race effect (stronger correlations among Black and Hispanic populations compared to Whites). Importantly, the data suggest the correlation has been increasing in strength throughout the 20th century (and early 21st). Finally, we discovered several notable limitations of the extant literature; limitations that currently prohibit a psychometric meta-analysis. We discuss these issues with emphasis on improving future primary studies to allow for more effective meta-analytic investigations.
... If true, this will be reflected in a higher likelihood of preference for the evolutionary novel stimuli among people with higher scores on intelligence tests. Previous research has confirmed the relationship between intelligence and substance use (Kanazawa & Hellberg, 2010), liberal political views and atheism (Kanazawa, 2010b), circadian rhythms (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009), homosexuality (Kanazawa, 2012), childlessness (Kanazawa, 2014), enjoyment of TV programs (Kanazawa, 2006a), health (Kanazawa, 2008), wealth of states (Kanazawa, 2006b), and music preferences (Kanazawa & Perina, 2012). ...
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Music is a component of human culture of a historically universal presence. Enjoyed by many and irrelevant to few, music continuously receives interest from academia and the public alike. Capable of uniting, as well as dividing, music is often in a focus of individual comparisons. In this study, we combine the approaches of evolutionary and social psychology to investigate the relationship between intelligence, music preferences, and uses of music. We collected data from 467 high school students. We used the Nonverbal Sequence Test, the Uses of Music Questionnaire, and the Scale of Music Preferences. Confirming our expectations based on the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis, we found intelligence to be a significant predictor of the preference for instrumental music, but not of the preference for vocal-instrumental music. Furthermore, we revealed the significant role of cognitive use of music as a predictor of the preference for instrumental music. We conducted factor analysis of the Scale of Music Preferences, and revealed five factors: reflective, popular, conservative, intense, and sophisticated. We also found the cognitive use of music to be significantly correlated with the preference for instrumental music, as well as music of reflexive, intense and sophisticated factors. Taken together, our findings support the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis.
... Third, cross-regional differentials in the selectivity of internal migration (see Jokela, 2014;Lynn, 1980): natives with higher IQs might have been more likely to relocate to some regions than to others. Fourth, cross-regional differentials in the strength of the relationship between IQ and fertility (see Lynn & Van Court, 2004;Meisenberg, 2010;Chen, Chen, Liao, & Chen, 2013;Reeve et al., 2013;Kanazawa, 2014;Hopcraft, 2014;Woodley et al., 2013), such that fertility might have had a more positive genetic effect in some regions than in others. ...
Article
Differences in intelligence have previously been found to be related to a wide range of inter-individual and international social outcomes. There is evidence indicating that intelligence differences are also related to different regional outcomes within nations. A quantitative and narrative review is provided for twenty-two countries (number of regions in parentheses): Argentina (24 to 437), Brazil (27 to 31), British Isles (12 to 392), to 79), Spain (15 to 48), Switzerland (47), Turkey (12), the USA (30 to 3100), and Vietnam (61). Between regions, intelligence is significantly associated with a wide range of economic, social, and demographic phenomena, including income (r unweighted = .56), educational attainment (r unweighted = .59), health (r unweighted = .49), general socioeconomic status (r unweighted = .55), and negatively with fertility (r unweighted = −.51) and crime (r unweighted = −.20). Proposed causal models for these differences are noted. It is concluded that regional differences in intelligence within nations warrant further focus; methodological concerns that need to be addressed in future research are detailed.
... Также, авторы отмечают, что добровольно бездетные женщины имеют относительно более высокие доходы, которые они используют для совершенствования своих профессиональных навыков и для улучшения условий проживания в городской среде.Авторы В. Варен и Х. Палс [16] отмечают, что чем больше женщины вкладывают средства в образование, тем более они подвержены идеям «чайлдфри», что не так выражено у мужского населения. Исследователь С. Каназава [10]также отмечает, что данное соотношение у мужчин не нашло схожего результата. ...
... It is also expected that the sex difference would be more prominent at completed fertility as the larger variance in male reproductive years enables those with a higher IQ to continue reproducing for longer. Higher IQ males are furthermore more tolerant of hypogamy (marrying down) than are females of equivalent ability (Johnson et al., 2012); hence, higher IQ males are less likely than females of equivalent ability to be childless (Kanazawa, 2014). This has the effect of attenuating the negative IQ fertility association among males at completed fertility to a greater degree than among females (Woodley of . ...
Article
Utilizing a newly released cognitive Polygenic Score (PGS) from Wave IV of Add Health ( n = 1,886), structural equation models (SEMs) examining the relationship between PGS and fertility (which is approximately 50% complete in the present sample), employing measures of verbal IQ and educational attainment as potential mediators, were estimated. The results of indirect pathway models revealed that verbal IQ mediates the positive relationship between PGS and educational attainment, and educational attainment in turn mediates the negative relationship between verbal IQ and a latent fertility measure. The direct path from PGS to fertility was non-significant. The model was robust to controlling for age, sex, and race; furthermore, the results of a multigroup SEM revealed no significant differences in the estimated path coeficients across sex. These results indicate that those predisposed towards higher verbal IQ by virtue of higher PGS values are also predisposed towards trading fertility against time spent in education, which contributes to those with higher PGS values producing fewer offspring at this stage in their life course.
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
The contributors to this volume assert the importance of queer kinship to queer and trans theory and to kinship theory. In a contemporary moment marked by the rising tides of neoliberalism, fascism, xenophobia, and homo- and cis-nationalism, they approach kinship as both a horizon and a source of violence and possibility. The contributors challenge dominant theories of kinship that ignore the devastating impacts of chattel slavery, settler colonialism, and racialized nationalism on the bonds of Black and Indigenous people and people of color. Among other topics, they examine the “blood tie” as the legal marker of kin relations, the everyday experiences and memories of trans mothers and daughters in Istanbul, the outsourcing of reproductive labor in postcolonial India, kinship as a model of governance beyond the liberal state, and the intergenerational effects of the adoption of Indigenous children as a technology of settler colonialism. Queer Kinship pushes the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of queer theory forward while opening up new paths for studying kinship. Contributors. Aqdas Aftab, Leah Claire Allen, Tyler Bradway, Juliana Demartini Brito, Judith Butler, Dilara Çalışkan, Christopher Chamberlin, Aobo Dong, Brigitte Fielder, Elizabeth Freeman, John S. Garrison, Nat Hurley, Joseph M. Pierce, Mark Rifkin, Poulomi Saha, Kath Weston
Chapter
John Updike (1932–2009) was one of America’s most acclaimed writers and literary critics. It is easy for some to share his pessimism about the human condition and the probable fate of humanity, reflected in the above quotation. He may be right.
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Fundamentals of Cognitive Science draws on research from psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, linguistics, evolution, and neuroscience to provide an engaging and student-friendly introduction to this interdisciplinary field. While structured around traditional cognitive psychology topics, from attention, learning theory, and memory to information processing, thinking, and decision making, the book also looks at neural networks, cognitive neuroscience, embodied cognition, and magic to illustrate cognitive science principles. The book is organized around the history of thinking about the mind and its relation to the world. It considers the evolution of cognition and how it demonstrates how our current thinking about cognitive processes is derived from pre-scientific philosophies and common sense, through psychologists' empirical inquiries into mind and behavior as they pursued a science of cognition and the construction of artificial intelligences. The architectures of cognition are also applied throughout, and the book proposes a synthesis of them, from traditional symbol system architectures to recent work in embodied cognition and Bayesian predictive processing. Practical and policy implications are also considered but solutions are left for the readers to determine. Using extended case studies to address the most important themes, ideas, and findings, this book is suitable for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in psychology and related fields. It is also suitable for general readers interested in an accessible treatment of cognitive science and its practical implications.
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Why do some individuals support nationalist policies while others don’t? The Savanna-IQ Interaction Hypothesis in evolutionary psychology suggests that more intelligent individuals may be more likely to acquire and espouse evolutionarily novel values whereas less intelligent individuals may be more likely to hold evolutionarily familiar values. Nationalism is evolutionarily familiar, so the Savanna-IQ Interaction Hypothesis suggests that less intelligent individuals may be more likely to be nationalist. The analyses of the General Social Survey (GSS) data in the US and the National Child Development Study (NCDS) data in the UK confirmed the prediction. Less intelligent Americans were more likely to have nationalist attitudes, and less intelligent British voters were more likely to support nationalist parties in five general elections over three decades. The tendency of less intelligent individuals to be more nationalist and belligerent may, among other things, form the microfoundation of democratic peace in international relations.
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Background: Unintended childlessness is a distressing, and often unintended, consequence of delayed childbearing and reproductive ageing. The average maternal age at first birth has risen steadily in many industrialised countries since the 1980s. There are many societal factors involved in the decision to postpone motherhood. As a result, many women are postponing having children until it is too late. In this review, we aim to summarise the reasons behind delayed childbearing, the impact of delayed childbearing and the scientific advances that seek to reverse reproductive ageing and ensure reproductive autonomy for women. Methods: An extensive literature search of PubMed was conducted to include all published articles on delayed childbearing and the consequences of reproductive ageing. Secondary articles were identified from key paper reference listings. Conclusion: If the current reproductive trends continue, many women will find themselves in the harrowing position of being unintentionally childless. In addition, many will inevitably turn to assisted reproductive technologies in an effort to protect and preserve their reproductive autonomy. However, it is not always possible to reverse the effects of reproductive ageing.
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A negative relationship between intelligence and fertility in the United States has been described repeatedly, but little is known about the mechanisms that are responsible for this effect. Using data from the NLSY79, we investigate this issue separately for Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. The major findings are: (1) Differential fertility would reduce the average IQ of the American population by up to 1.2 points per generation in the absence of migration and environmental changes; (2) About 0.4 points of the effect is caused by selection within racial and ethnic groups, and the rest is caused by between-group selection; (3) Differential fertility by intelligence is greatest in Hispanics and smallest in non-Hispanic Whites; (4) The fertility-reducing effect of intelligence is greater in females than males; (5) The IQ-fertility relationship is far stronger for unmarried than married people, especially females; (5) High intelligence does not reduce the desire for children; (6) High intelligence does not reduce the likelihood of marriage; (7) Education is the principal mediator of the IQ effect for married women.
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Recent developments in patterns of family life in Western Europe can be related to historical features pertaining to the demographic transition and cultural change. Factor analyses performed on a set of such indicators for regional aggregates show that at least a century-old basic dimension of traditionalism versus nonconformism emerges each time new behavioral trends take off. The current developments with respect to family life are therefore interpreted as a continuation of a long historical process that has its roots in the shift of the Western ideational system to further secular individualism. This cultural interpretation leaves room for trend accelerations linked to economic conditions, but does not consider the recent demographic changes with respect to family formation as temporary phenomena occasioned by the weakened economic position of the younger cohorts.
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Using a hazards framework and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004), we analyze the fertility patterns of a recent cohort of white and black women in the United States. We examine how completed fertility varies by women's education, differentiating between intended and unintended births. We find that the education gradient on fertility comes largely from unintended childbearing, and it is not explained by child-bearing desires or opportunity costs, the two most common explanations in previous research. Less-educated women want no more children than the more educated, so this factor explains none of their higher completed fertility. Less-educated women have lower wages, but wages have little of the negative effect on fertility predicted by economic theories of opportunity cost. We propose three other potential mechanisms linking low education and unintended childbearing, focusing on access to contraception and abortion, relational and economic uncertainty, and consistency in the behaviors necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. Our work highlights the need to incorporate these mechanisms into future research.
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The mating mind' revives and extends Darwin's suggestion that sexual selection through mate choice was important in human mental evolution - especially the more 'self-expressive' aspects of human behavior, such as art, morality, language, and creativity. Their 'survival value' has proven elusive, but their adaptive design features suggest they evolved through mutual mate choice, in both sexes, to advertise intelligence, creativity, moral character, and heritable fitness. The supporting evidence includes human mate preferences, courtship behavior, behavior genetics, psychometrics, and life history patterns. The theory makes many testable predictions, and sheds new light on human cognition, motivation, communication, sexuality, and culture.
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The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
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Gender differences in religiosity are well known. Past studies have consistently shown that females tend to be more religious than males. We propose that gender differences in risk preferences are related to differences in religiosity. Building on the classic concept of "Pascal's wager," we conceive of religious behavior as risk averse and nonreligious behavior as risk taking. Analysis of data from the Monitoring the Future data set shows that the addition of risk preference strongly attenuates gender differences in religiosity. Risk preference also is a significant predictor of religiosity within each gender. Implications of this study are discussed.
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