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Matéria médica comum: utilização homeopática da patogenesia dos fármacos modernos [Common materia medica: homeopathic use of the modern drugs pathogenesy]
Abstract
Homeopathy is a therapeutic method based on the application of the similitude principle utilizing medicinal substances that awake effects similar to the symptoms being treated. In this process, the organism is stimulated to react against its own disturbances through a vital (secondary, homeostatic, paradoxal) reaction, oriented by the primary effect of the drug employed. This effect should have properties similar to the symptom that is being treated. This secondary reaction of the organism to a medicinal stimulus is observed in hundreds of modern drugs, and is referred to as a rebound effect. In this study we propose the utilization of modern drugs according to the principle of homeopathic cure, employing the rebound effect as a curative reaction. To this end, we suggest the compilation of a Common Materia Medica that would group all primary symptoms awaked by the medications in human individuals (therapeutic, adverse and side effects), utilizing them, a posteriori, following a partial or total similitude, in minimal or ponderous doses. In this way, we can take advantage of the numerous modern pharmacological compendiums, amplifying the spectrum of homeopathic cure with infinity of new symptoms and medications.
RESUMO: A homeopatia é um método terapêutico baseado na aplicação do princípio da similitude, utilizando substâncias medicinais que promovem efeitos semelhantes aos sintomas que se deseja tratar. Nesse processo, o organismo é estimulado a reagir contra os seus próprios distúrbios através de uma reação vital (secundária, homeostática, paradoxal), orientada pelo efeito primário da droga empregada, com propriedades semelhantes ao mal que se deseja combater. Essa reação secundária do organismo a um estímulo medicamentoso é observada em centenas de fármacos modernos, sendo chamada de efeito rebote. Nesse estudo, propomos a utilização das drogas modernas segundo o princípio homeopático de cura, empregando o efeito rebote como reação curativa. Para isso, sugerimos compor uma Matéria Médica Comum que agrupe todos os sintomas primários despertados pelos medicamentos em indivíduos humanos (efeitos terapêuticos, colaterais e adversos), utilizando-os, a posteriori, segundo uma similitude parcial ou total, em doses mínimas ou ponderais. Dessa forma, poderíamos aproveitar os inúmeros compêndios farmacológicos modernos, ampliando o espectro da terapêutica homeopática com um infinidade de sintomas e medicamentos novos.
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OBJECTIVE--To compare the efficacy and safety of a single dose of 1 mg of cabergoline with that of bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days in the inhibition of puerperal lactation. DESIGN--Prospective, randomised, double blind, parallel group, multicentre study. SETTING--University of hospital departments of obstetrics and gynaecology in different European countries. SUBJECTS--272 puerperal women not wishing to lactate (136 randomised to each drug). INTERVENTIONS--Women randomised to cabergoline received two 0.5 mg tablets of cabergoline and one placebo tablet within 27 hours after delivery and then placebo twice daily for 14 days. Those randomised to bromocriptine received 2.5 mg of bromocriptine and two placebo tablets within 27 hours and then 2.5 mg of bromocriptine twice daily for 14 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Success of treatment (complete or partial) according to milk secretion, breast engorgement, and breast pain; rebound symptomatology; serum prolactin concentrations; and number of adverse events. RESULTS--Complete success was achieved in 106 of 136 women randomised to cabergoline and in 94 of 136 randomised to bromocriptine and partial success in 21 and 33 women respectively. Rebound breast symptomatology occurred respectively in five and 23 women with complete success up to day 15 (p less than 0.0001). Serum prolactin concentrations dropped considerably with both drugs from day 2 to day 15; a prolactin secretion rebound effect was observed in women treated with bromocriptine. cabergoline and 36 receiving bromocriptine (p = 0.054), occurring most during the first treatment day. CONCLUSION--A single 1 mg dose of cabergoline is at least as effective as bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days in preventing puerperal lactation. Because of the considerably lower rate of rebound breast activity and adverse events and the simpler administration schedule cabergoline should be the drug of choice for lactation inhibition.
PD-88823, a thiomorpholine analog of prazosin, induced a consistent dose-related suppression of granulopoiesis with subsequent neutropenia and leukopenia in rats and dogs. Rats treated at 600 mg kg-1 day-1 had neutrophil counts reduced by 44% in males and 30% in females after 13 weeks. A 4-week observation period after drug treatment resulted in a rebound in neutrophil counts to 123 and 215% of control values in males and females, respectively. White blood cell count reductions were less evident in dogs, probably because of the lower doses. In both species, the extent of bone marrow suppression was related to duration of treatment. No other hematologic changes were manifest in either species. The mechanism for bone marrow depression and subsequent granulocytopenia was not established. The lack of reported bone marrow effects by quinazosin analogs suggests that the thiomorpholine group of PD-88823 is involved in toxicity. This correlation may be important to safety considerations for future drug design.
The results of long-term administration of leuprorelin acetate depot (TAP-144-SR), a sustained-release preparation of luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist, to 40 stage D prostate cancer patients who had had no previous hormonal therapy, have been analyzed. The drug was administered by subcutaneous injection once every four weeks at a dose of 3.75 or 7.5 mg. The mean duration of treatment was 480 (141-1,266) days, and treatment continued for more than one year for 60% of the 40 patients. Objective response was evaluated in accordance with Japanese Response Criteria. The best objective response in the overall evaluation was a partial response in 68.6% of the total patient group (3.75 mg, 64.3%; 7.5 mg, 71.4%). During the administration period, 21 patients were diagnosed as having progressive disease (PD), and the mean time to onset of PD was 308 days. The earliest diagnoses of PD were made on bone metastases (17 cases) and prostatic acid phosphatase levels (12 cases). The survival rate, as determined by Kaplan-Meier's method, was 81.2% (3.75 mg, 80.5%; 7.5 mg, 81.3%) two years after starting the regimen and 66.0% (3.75 mg, 65.1%; 7.5 mg, 66.0%) after three years. There was no dose dependency between either of the two drug doses, which we adopted as functions of the objective response rate, and patients' survival. Serum levels of testosterone, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were monitored from the first-dose until the 148th week of administration. In all patients receiving the drug as scheduled, the testosterone level was maintained at less than 1 ng/ml, and the LH and FSH levels were maintained at levels lower than their respective upper normal limits. There were no particular adverse reactions specific to the long-term administration subsequent to the foregoing 12-week administration study. In conclusion, LH-RH analogue treatment is thought to be a long-lasting, effective, palliative measure for patients with previously-untreated, advanced, prostatic cancer.
Attempt has been made to induce ovulation with temporary Anteovin administration, that is with the rebound effect following the discontinuance of treatment in 34 women with anovulatory cycles who suffered from functional sterility. Ovulation could be induced in 9 cases and among the women whose cycles had become biphasic 3 became pregnant and 2 delivered normal healthy babies before closing the study. The results proved that rebound effect may be expected even following the use of Anteovin which is satisfactory from the aspect of a future fertility in women taking the tablet for cotraception.
The influence of a broad concentration range of naturally occurring naphthoquinones and other cytotoxic or cytostatic agents (azathioprine, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, methotrexate and vincristine) on human granulocytes and lymphocytes was investigated in a systematic in vitro study. At high concentrations (100 micrograms-10 ng/ml) nearly all substances showed the known cytotoxic or immunosuppressive effects, whereas most of the same compounds displayed immunostimulating activities at very low concentrations (10 ng-10 fg/ml). After a cold shock or heat treatment lymphocytes became more sensitive against these compounds in the active concentration range than untreated cells. These results possibly give an explanation for the antitumour activity of some plant extracts, for which a direct cytotoxicity due to the applied low dose can be excluded.
