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Volcanospéléologie en ISLANDE perspectives scientifiques et émergence du géotourisme

Authors:
  • Schematics Ltd

Abstract and Figures

Les tunnels de lave islandais apparaissent dans les sagas dès le XIIIe siècle mais leur étude scientifique est très récente. La prise de conscience de l’intérêt des tunnels de lave n’a réellement eu lieu que depuis une trentaine d’années. Nous retraçons les grandes étapes des découvertes de ce monde souterrain particulier qui a inspiré les hommes, du voyage au centre de la Terre à la naissance de la volcanospéléologie. Nous présentons un rapide état des connaissances en matière de tunnels de lave et de spéléothèmes (lavacicles) volcaniques. Nous jetons alors les bases de la contribution de la volcanospéléologie aux géosciences. Enfin, nous présentons une dizaine de tunnels de lave islandais remarquables avant de conclure sur le développement du géotourisme et l’intérêt croissant suscité par les zones volcaniques et géothermales auprès des voyageurs.
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Volcanospéléologie en ISLANDE
perspectives scientifiques et émergence du géotourisme
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Nom Pays État Longueur (m) Dénivelé (m)
1 Kazumura Cave USA Hawaï 65 500
27 785
26 554
20 744
17 032
16 000
11 749
10 800
9 152
8 928
8 707
6 500
6 450
6 315
6 197
6 100
5 547
5 439
5 145
4 952
1 101,5
2 Hualalai Ranch Cave USA Hawaï 441,7
232,3
436,8
560,0
350,5
494,7
408,0
185,9
102,7
143,0
72,0
300
188,1
54,0
160,6
3 Kipuka Kanohina (Kula Kai Caverns) USA Hawaï
4 Emesine Cave (1881 System) USA Hawaï
5 Cueva del Viento-Cueva del Sobrado Espagne Canaries
6 Pahoa Cave(s) (segmentation?) USA Hawaï
7 Bilemot Gul Corée du Sud Île de Cheju
8 Hue Hue Cave USA Hawaï
9 Leviathan (longest segment) Kenya Chyulu Hills
10 Manjang Gul Corée du Sud Île de Cheju
11 Keala Cave USA Hawaï
12 Roiho Cave System Chili Easter Island
13 Pueo Cave USA Hawaï
14 Cueva de Don Justo Espagne Canaries
15 Ferrocarril-Mina Inferior Mexique Morelos
16 Complejo de la Cueva de los Jameos - Verdes Espagne Canaries
17 Lama Lua System USA Hawaï
18 Gruta das Torres Pico Portugal Açores
19 Iglesia-Mina Superior Mexique Morelos
20 Kaupulehu System USA Hawaï
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5 000
4 012
3 490
1 970
1 913
1 584
1 520
1 500
1 360
1 108
1 100
1 096
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L’éruption du volcan islandais Eyjafjöll a provoqué une paralysie aérienne sans précédent depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Mais d’autres éruptions bien plus puissantes sont à craindre
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Fáir þekkja þá undraveröld sem leynist víða undir hraunbreiðum landsins; hellana. Með gott vasaljós að vopni, hjálm og hlýjan fatnað má kynna sér þennan sérstæða heim sem allajafna er myrkri hulinn en býr í reynd yfir ótal litum, formum og furðum. Hellahandbókin eftir Björn Hróarsson hefur að geyma leiðsögn í máli og myndum um 77 hraunhella sem telja má aðgengilega og hættulitla fyrir ferðafólk, þó að ávallt beri að fara með gát. Í bókinni eru uppdrættir að mörgum hellanna og gerð grein fyrir staðsetningu þeirra. Rætt er um útbúnað og umgengni í hellaferðum og stuttlega fjallað um myndun hellanna. Fjölmargar ljósmyndir eru í bókinni sem gæða efnið lífi. Höfundurinn, Björn Hróarsson, er jarð- og hellafræðingur og hefur stundað rannsóknir á hraunhellum í yfir aldarfjórðung. Hann hefur ritað fjölda bóka um íslenska náttúru, þar á meðal stórvirkið Íslenskir hellar sem er kjörin lesning fyrir þá sem vilja kynna sér nánar hella á Íslandi.
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Volcanic caves have been considered of little mineralogic interest until recent years. As a consequence, very few papers have been printed on this topic in the past. In reality volcanic cavities are a very favorable environment for the development of different minerogenetic processes. Cave minerals actually present in volcanic environments constitute up to 40% of secondary chemical deposits found in all the caves of the world, and 35 of them (corresponding to ~10% of the actually known cave minerals) are restricted to such a environment. In the present paper, the six minerogenetic mechanisms active in the volcanic caves (degassing, solubilization, alteration, karst process, biogenic activity, phase change) are described following the decrease of cave temperature. The genesis of some of the most important secondary chemical deposits is discussed and a tentative list of the most interesting volcanic caves for hosted speleothems is given.
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Kazumura Cave is a lava tube located in Puna District on the Island of Hawaii. A brief description and history of the cave is included. Compass and tape surveys in 1994 and 1995 extended the system significantly. This provided an excellent opportunity to study a long master lava tube. Lava deposition and thermal erosion are primary factors affecting the cave morphology. This is demonstrated by passage configuration, multiple levels, invasion of extraneous tubes, and the development of lava falls. Other tube features such as windows, balconies, and rafted breakdown are also discussed. Some features in Kazumura Cave are similar to those associated with carbonate caves and surface water streams.
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Lava tubes are often coated with spectacular lava stalactites that are thought to form by a process of lava remelting. Here, we present results from lava stalactites collected inside a master lava tube that fed the 1792−1793 Etna ß ank eruption, which show features rather different from their Hawaiian or Icelandic counterparts. We analyzed three types of stalactites recognized at Mt. Etna on the basis of their morphology, and compared their features with those of the lava ß ow hosting the tube. Three-dimensional morphologic analyses by SEM, petrographic observations, and mineral and glass composition measured by SEM-EDS, allowed us to infer processes and conditions of stalactite formation. Our results indicate that in all the analyzed stalactites, the nature, abundance and composition of phenocrysts is similar to that of the host lava ß ow. This Þ nding suggests a common mechanical origin for different types of stalactites, caused by drainage of the tube and dripping of ß uid lava from the roof. However, the composition of interstitial glass is signiÞ cantly different from that of the glassy groundmass measured in historical volcanic rocks of Mt. Etna and suggests that, once stalactites solidi Þ ed, they were affected by a process of partial melting. Partial melting involved between 12 and 25% of the bulk rock, causing the wide compositional variation and enrichment in K2O measured in our samples. published 1413-1421 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani JCR Journal