Le Nyiragongo: volcan de tous les dangers et maîtrise des risques

Abstract

Le volcan Nyiragongo a fait l’objet de toutes les attentions à la suite de sa dernière éruption, en 2002,
alors que des milliers de Hutus étaient hébergés sur les flancs du volcan, fuyant le génocide rwandais.
Depuis cette date, l’O.N.U. participe à la professionnalisation de l’Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (O.V.G.).
Qu’en est-il dix ans plus tard ? Que sait-on du Nyiragongo aujourd’hui ?
Comment s’inscrit-il dans le rift est-africain ? Comment les risques sanitaires (sismiques, volcanique et limnique) qu’il impose à la ville de Goma (plus d’un million d’habitants) ont-ils été appréhendés ?
En quoi le Nyiragongo est-t-il un objet exceptionnel, une passerelle vers de nouveaux paradigmes de coopération scientifique et technique et de développement durable ?

Full text

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I.4 - Composition des laves
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I.5 - Composition des gaz
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I.6 - Origine des magmas et
modèle conceptuel
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II - Profil de risque
1
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:?5:C64E6A2C=6%J:C28@?8@2FI923:E2?ED56=2
CQ8:@? 56 @>2 6A6?52?E =6D C:DBF6D E649
?:BF6DG@=42?:BF6D:D>:BF6=:>?:BF6?65@:
G6?EA2DSEC66?G:D28QDD2?DAC6?5C66?4@>AE6
=64@?E6IE68Q@A@=:E:BF6
II.1 - Risque pays
#6D5@??Q6D565F2FE@>>:DD2C:2E
2FI )Q7F8:QD  >:==:@? 56 A6CD@??6D @?E QEQ
H
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2
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168 138
2005
38 3,2 1,2
103 78
2006
23 1,8 0,7
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A?.;@3<?:J212<B?62?(&R.=?K@92@C.92B?@12'.DF2?!2A.9

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5QA=@C6C'2C2:==6FCD=2)@44FA6=2
6
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5QG6=@AA6>6?E 9F>2:? 5F 'C@8C2>>6 56D
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6DED:EFQ66?A@D:E:@?DFC52?D=64=2DD6
>6?E 56D A2JD =6D A=FD 4@CC@>AFD QG2=F2?E =6D
25>:?:DEC2E:@?D AF3=:BF6D 6E =2 4=2DD6 A@=:E:BF6
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56(?.;@=.?2;0F;A2?;.A6<;.9
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12@A?<6@>B.?A@129.=<=B9.A6<;.0A6C2A?.C.6992=<B?92@20
A2B?6;3<?:29);4?<B=21R2E=2?A@;<::J2;7B6;
=.?920<;@26912@J0B?6AJ12@".A6<;@);62@.1J;<;0J92
0<;A?M92129.=9B=.?A12@@6A2@:6;62?@129R2@A1B=.F@=.?
12@4?<B=2@.?:J@699J4.BE 2;6C2.B120<??B=A6<;2@AB;
12@=9B@J92CJ@1B:<;12.9<?@>B292?2C2;B=.?5./6A.;A
2@A92=9B@3.6/9213?6>B2@B/@.5.?62;;22;C6?<;
129.=<=B9.A6<;C6A.C20:<6;@12 1<99.?@=.?7<B? P
2?D464@?E6IE6E@FE62:569F>2?:E2:C6@F
24E:@?5^&%6DED@F>:D6OD@?4@CER86565:7
7:4F=EQD 64: D@F=:8?6 =^:>A@CE2?46 56D EC2G2FI
>6?QDA2C=^&-6E=2?Q46DD:EQ56?6A2D32:D
D6C=6D3C2D6E564@?E:?F6C56AC@76DD:@??2=:D6C=2
5Q>2C4966?EC6AC:D656AF:D
II.2 - Risque sismique
#2 A@D:E:@? 56 @>2 O =^2A=@>3 5F C:7E
=36CE:?6EAC@4965656FIG@=42?D24E:7D=2:DD6
6?G:D286C=2AC@323:=:EQ5^@44FCC6?4656DQ:D>6D
AC@7@?5D 6E568C2?56 2>A=6FC )2AA6=@?D BF6
=6DD6AEDE2E:@?DD:D>:BF6D56=^&-@?EQEQG2?
52=:DQ6DA6?52?E=28F6CC64:G:=6?
D6F=6D56FIDE2E:@?DQE2:6?E6?4@C6@AQC2
E:@??6==6D =@CD BF6 =6 %J2>FC28:C2 QE2:E 6?
QCFAE:@?56AF:D7QGC:6C:=?^QE2:EA2DA@DD:
3=62G64D6F=6>6?E56FIDE2E:@?D56D2G@:CD:=6D
D:8?2FIQE2:6?E2DD@4:QDO=^F?@F=^2FEC656D56FI
G@=42?D #^2?2=JD6 56 5:G6CD EC2:?D 5^@?56D 2
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E:@?5F%J:C28@?8@?@E2>>6?E6?;2?G:6C
%Q2?>@:?D=6DAC:?4:A2FID:8?2FID6D@?EAC@
5F:ED2=@CDBF6=^Q5:7:46QE2:E6?QCFAE:@?F?646?
E2:?656D64@FDD6D56$#2D:D>:BF66DEF?
3@?:?5:42E6FC>2:D6==65@:ESEC64@>A=QEQ6A2C
5^2FEC6D2?2=JD6D56D:8?2FI8Q@49:>:6@3D6CG2
E:@?6;@6AB :?4=:?@>REC6DE:=E>REC68Q@5:>REC6D
II.3 - Risque volcanique
#6 C:DBF6 G@=42?:BF6 6DE 2DD6K QG:56?E =6D
2?4:6??6D4@F=Q6DBF:@?E9:DE@C:BF6>6?E2EE6:?E
@>26?2EE6DE6?E#672:EBF6=6DQCFAE:@?DD6>
3=6?ED6AC@5F:C656 A=FD6?A=FD7CQBF6>>6?E
DFC=6D7=2?4D5FG@=42?6?724656@>24@?DE:
EF6 F? Q=Q>6?E 4@>A=Q>6?E2:C6 56 ACQ@44FA2
E:@??7:?=2ACQD6?46AC@323=65^F?CQD6CG@:C
>28>2E:BF6D:EFQD@FD=2G:==656@>24@>>6
46=22QEQQG@BFQ6?6DE2=2C>2?E646CE2:?D
QG6?ED56=^QCFAE:@?56QE2?E>S>6=@42=:DQD
6? G:==6 @>>6 ?@FD =^2G@?D GF 46EE6 G:==6 D6
D:EF66I24E6>6?E52?D=^2I65FC:7E=36CE:?2?D
464@?E6IE6=6C:DBF6G@=42?:BF65@:ESEC64@?D:
5QCQ4@>>6>2;6FC
?8Q?QC2==6D4@F=Q6D56=2G6?64@?DE:EF6?E
A2D CQ6==6>6?E F? 52?86C A@FC =6D A@AF=2E:@?D
2?D =6 42D 5F %J:C28@?8@ 2G64 D6D =2G6DECRD
7=F:56D6E=2A6?E62DD6K23CFAE66?5:C64E:@?56
@>2:=4@?G:6?E56AC6?5C6=6C:DBF66?4@?D:
5QC2E:@? 3:6? BF6 =6D G@=F>6D D@:6?E 8Q?QC2=6
>6?E72:3=6D
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D=2?56E?26?*:4:=6?8Q?QC2=@?A6FE2DD6K
3:6? ACQ5:C6 =6 A2C4@FCD 56D 4@F=Q6D 6CE2:?6D
K@?6DA@FCC2:6?EGC2:D6>3=23=6>6?E SEC6:56?E:
7:Q6DDFC=6EC24QAC@323=656D4@F=Q6D6ESEC62>Q
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C2=BF^F?72:3=6G@=F>6
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II.4 - Risque limnique
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