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Physiological and Whitening Effects of Morus alba Extracts
Abstract
Mulberry extracts can be incorporated into skin-whitening products. The compound attributed to lighten the skin is arbutin, a form of hydroquinone that inhibits melanin release by suppressing the tyrosinase enzyme. For the cosmetic applications, the physiological effects of mulberry (Morus alba) extracts were investigated. The water soluble fraction of mulberry contains higher amount of protein (16.28~4.47%) in contrast to fat (1.55~1.41%). In addition, the fraction abundantly contains succinic acid (972.4-275.8 mg/g) and phosphoric acid (1,628.4-121.9 mg/g) in different parts of mulberry. The free radical scavenging ability in water soluble fraction was found to display remarkable effects in comparison with methanol and ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate-soluble of root and leaf showed remarkable tyrosinase inhibition activity by IC 50 (). The anticancer activity of methanol fraction obtained from mulberry using human cancer cell lines showed growth inhibition effect (270.14 mg/ml in Calu-6 cells, 295.29 mg/ml in HCT-116, and 332.29 mg/ml in MCF-7 cells, respectively). Based on the results, Morus alba extracts include cosmetic ingredients with antioxidizing and whitening properties.
... Other researchers successfully used mulberry leaf in order to substitute the commercial concentrate used for pigs and rabbits. In other studies, mulberry leaf was used to supplement hens' nourishment, and the formulation not only led to bigger eggs, but the yolk color was also improved [65]. Keeping in mind the great potential of the mulberry plant as a promising food supplement, Cai et al. (2019) [66] investigated the toxicity potential of mulberry leaves by using Sprague-Dawley rats. ...
... It is an inhibitor of tyrosinase which is involved in melanin biosynthesis. There have been described several mulberry-based cosmetic products that aim to counterattack hyperpigmented disorders by inhibiting tyrosinase activity [65]. Another significant role played by mulberry is in the environmental safety area, as shown in Figure 3. ...
... It is an inhibitor of tyrosinase which is involved in melanin biosynthesis. There have been described several mulberry-based cosmetic products that aim to counterattack hyperpigmented disorders by inhibiting tyrosinase activity [65]. Another significant role played by mulberry is in the environmental safety area, as shown in Figure 3. Side roles of mulberry in this area are linked to its ability to grow and develop in various environmental conditions, meaning a diverse climate (from very dry areas to temperate countries), altitudes (from below 100 m sea level to over 4000 m above sea level) and soils. ...
One of the major challenges that global society is facing nowadays is finding sustainable and safe methods for crop growth and development. Besides the traditional crops cultivated worldwide (tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, strawberries, etc.), there is a general trend in the exploitation of polyvalent plants. Mulberry (Morus spp.) faced no exception; with its undeniable proprieties, it became suitable not only to be used in the sericulture industry, but in the food chain, the pharma industry, and environmental safety. Spare parts of the plants can be used in a very wide range, starting from introducing mulberry leaves in supplements to increase the protein content of a meal to extracting biologically active compounds from fruits and roots to be used in phytotherapy. However, the outstanding proprieties of this plant come with some requirements related to space availability and watering; requirements that can be easily surpassed by using vertical farming methods, such as hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic systems. The present paper aims to evaluate vertical farming techniques’ applicability to mulberry propagation in a controlled environment and their prospects for a more sustainable and safer agricultural practice.
... Selain itu paparan lain seperti obat dan bahan kimia dapat mempengaruhi. Hal ini menyebabkan kulit tampak lebih gelap dan kusam, sehingga mulai banyak penggunaan agen pemutih untuk mengatasi keluhan yang muncul (Gug, K, 2012). ...
... Pengembangan kemungkinan antioksidan alami dan kosmetik fungsional dengan mengukur efek antioksidan dan pemutihan diharapkan dari daun, cabang, kulit akar, dan buah-buahan mulberry (Gug, K, 2012).. Pada jurnal ini dibahas mekanisme ekstrak mulberi yang dapat berperan sebagai agen pemutih (Łochyńska, M., & Oleszak, G, 2011). ...
... Obat herbal ini telah digunakan sebagai aditif kosmetik sebagai antipenuaan dan pemutih kulit. Senyawa yang dikaitkan dengan mencerahkan kulit adalah arbutin, suatu bentuk alami hidrokuinon yang menghambat pelepasan melanin dengan menekan enzim tyrosinase (Gug, K, 2012). ...
High oxidants in the body and exposure from the outside can have an impact on the skin. The skin can become darker and duller. This causes the use of bleaching agents to be increasingly used. Many whitening agents that are made from chemical raw materials are toxic so that breakthroughs in raw materials that are natural and safer are offered. The natural raw material that can act as a whitening agent is mulberry fruit. Mulberry extract is rich in phenol, arbutin, tannin, which works as an antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor in the formation of pigments in the skin.
... The analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ...
... Cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-(6'-coumaroyl)glucoside, 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl-acrylic acid, glucose ester of (E)-p-coumaric acid, and ellagic acid are known to inhibit the growth of human oral (CAL-27 and KB), colon (HT29 and HCT-116), and prostate (LNCaP and DU145) cancer cells (14). Korean raspberry and mulberry contain the antioxidant vitamins A, B, and C (19), flavonoids including quercetin 3-(6-malonylgluco-side), rutin, isoquercitin, cyanidin 3 rutinoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside (20), and phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids (21). These are known to have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative biological properties (19,22). ...
... Korean raspberry and mulberry contain the antioxidant vitamins A, B, and C (19), flavonoids including quercetin 3-(6-malonylgluco-side), rutin, isoquercitin, cyanidin 3 rutinoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside (20), and phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids (21). These are known to have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative biological properties (19,22). ...
Reactive oxygen species are tumorigenic by their ability to increase cell proliferation, survival, and cellular migration. The purpose of the present study was to compare the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of 3 berry extracts (strawberry, Korean raspberry, and mulberry) in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells. Except for raspberry, the ethyl acetate or methylene chloride fractions of berries containing phenolic compounds exerted dose dependent free radical scavenging activities. In the raspberry fractions, the hexane fraction also exhibited potent antioxidant activity. The cytotoxic effects of berries extracts in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells were measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Surprisingly, co-treatment with n-butanol (BuOH) fractions of berries showed stronger cytotoxic effects compared to the other fractions. These findings suggest that potent anticancer molecules are found in the BuOH fractions of berries that have stronger cytotoxic activity than antioxidants.
... Due to skin-whitening properties, the use of tyrosinase inhibitors is becoming increasingly important. Apart from kojic acid, which is commonly known as an inhibitor of tyrosinase, several bioactive compounds from different plant species, including quercetin, chalcones, arbutin, and stilbenes, have also been reported [6,[48][49][50]. A previous study showed that the oxyresveratrol, oxyresveratrol-3-O-glucoside, and mulberroside A found in mulberry roots could suppress the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which involves melanocyte survival and differentiation [51]. ...
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is primarily used in sericulture, and its uses also extend to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Mulberry extracts are rich in many bioactive compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological properties. Mulberroside F (Moracin M-6, 3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), one of the bioactive compounds found in mulberry, has previously been reported as a whitening agent by inhibiting melanin synthesis and exhibiting antioxidant effects. However, there is still limited information on the presence of this compound in plants cultured in vitro. In this study, the mulberroside F content, biochemical, and cytotoxic properties of the extracts from mulberry cultured in vitro were determined. The results revealed that both root and callus were found to be a potential source of mulberroside F. Furthermore, the mulberroside F content was positively correlated with the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity. Cell viability assay also revealed that crude extract of the mulberry root has no cytotoxicity in both human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and Vero cells. Taken together, mulberry tissue culture represents a possible alternative and continuous production of mulberroside F, which could be further utilized in cosmeceutical applications.
... 또한 ascorbic acid, β-carotene, vitamin D와 Ca, Fe, Mg 등의 무기질과 유기산, kaempferol, morusin, rutin 등의 플라보노이드와 같은 다양한 기능성 성분을 함유하고 있다 (Gryn-Rynko et al., 2016). 이러한 뽕잎의 추출 물은 항산화 및 미백 활성이 있고 (Gug, 2012), 뽕잎 분말을 이용한 천 연 팩과 비누가 미백 및 모공 축소 효과를 가진다 (Song et al., 2012) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006). Menthol, menthone, isomenthone, menthofuran, neomenthol, limonene, cineole 등의 다양한 화합물과 (Saleem et al., 2019), rutin, catechin hydrate, quercetin, chlorogenic acid 등의 기능성성분을 함유 하고 있다 (Augšpole et al., 2018). ...
Purpose: This study aims to determine the optimal mixing ratio of mulberry and peppermint leaves and evaluates their biological activities to identify whether the estimated ratio is suitable for use in inner beauty and cosmetic ingredients.Methods: Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, and tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities were measured to optimize the mixing ratio of mulberry and peppermint leaves.Results: The mixture of mulberry and peppermint leaves showed a total polyphenol content of up to 46.58 mg TAE/g, a total flavonoid content of up to 45.54 mg QE/g, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of up to 74.18% and 40.60%, respectively. Tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities were up to 67.46% and 35.01%, respectively. In the interest section, the maximum antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were obtained at a mulberry:pepperint mixing ratio of 1.49:0.75 (g:g). In the experimental section, the maximum antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were obtained at a mulberry:pepperint mixing ratio of 1.79:0.80 (g:g). Further, the maximum antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities were obtained at a mulberry:pepperint mixing ratio of 1.11:0.75 (g:g).Conclusion: This study determined the superiority of the antioxidant activity, tyrosinase and elastase activity inhibition efficacies, and optimal mixing ratios of mulberry and peppermint leaves. Based on our findings, we believe that mulberry and peppermint leaves at an optimal mixing ratio will have considerable use as inner beauty and cosmetic ingredients.
... Moreover, also strawberry extracts inhibited the growth of human colon (HCT-116), lung (A549), stomach (SNU-638), and fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cancer cells [27 29]. In addition, previous studies have reported that dietary freeze-dried strawberries and Korean raspberries have the ability to inhibit N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced tumorigenesis in the rat [30,31]. Therefore, all these strong evidences support the findings of the current study which proves that strawberry is a strong anticancer agent which induces apoptosis of KB cells, so the cell viability percentage decreases (Fig. 1). ...
Objective: Berries including strawberry may have beneficial effects against oxidative stress-mediated diseases such as cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of strawberry extract on oral cancer cell line.Methods: Strawberry methanolic extract (SBE) was prepared, and cytotoxic activity of different concentration of SBE on KB cell lines was determined by (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and neutral red dye incorporation test.Results: Strawberry extract exhibits cytotoxic activity over the oral cancer cell lines. On administration of about 100 μg/ml of strawberry extract, about 50% of cell viability could be observed and assessed from the cell lines.Conclusion: Strawberries have a cytotoxic effect on oral cancer cell line due to the presence of anticancer constituents in the berries. These berries can be used as a natural medicine for cancer sufferers.
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in a part of Borneo, which is Sabah, Malaysia, and worldwide. The anticancer activity of white mulberry (Morus alba Linnaeus) has been widely reported. However, cultivation locations, maturity levels, and extraction solvents could influence their phytochemical and pharmacological activities. The lack of anticancer investigation has hampered the development and potential use of Borneo-grown mulberry as an anticancer agent or source. This study investigated the cell cytotoxicity activity of Malaysia-grown mulberry at two maturity stages (fruits: brackish black fully ripe and red mature; leaves: young and mature) extracted using 70% (v/v) methanol, 60% (v/v) ethanol, and 65% (v/v) acetone, against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). As a result, fruits demonstrated maturity-dependent cytotoxicity decrement as the red mature fruits in 70% (v/v) methanol exerted the strongest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 26.83 mg/mL). Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of leaves revealed maturity-dependent increment as mature leaves in 60% (v/v) ethanol exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (IC50 = 2.45 mg/mL). Their cytotoxicity is possibly correlated to the anticancer-possessing phenolic acids and flavonoids in fruits; and the anticancerpossessing alkaloids and terpenes in leaves. Overall, Sabah-grown mulberry possesses substantial cytotoxicity against MCF-7, suggesting its anticancer potential as a complementary treatment for breast cancer.
Arbutin, a hydroquinone glucoside, has been detected in ca. 50 plant families, especially in the plants of the Asteraceae, Ericaceae, Proteaceae and Rosaceae families. It is one of the most widely used natural skin-whitening agents. In addition to its skin whitening property, arbutin possesses other therapeutically relevant biological properties, e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, as well as anticancer potential. This review presents, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the distribution of arbutin in the plant kingdom and critically appraises its therapeutic potential as an anticancer agent based on the literature published until the end of August 2022, accessed via several databases, e.g., Web of Science, Science Direct, Dictionary of Natural Products, PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the search were arbutin, cancer, anticancer, distribution and hydroquinone. Published outputs suggest that arbutin has potential anticancer properties against bladder, bone, brain, breast, cervix, colon, liver, prostate and skin cancers and a low level of acute or chronic toxicity.
Aloe vera is an herbal plant that has been used extensively for centuries as a natural medicine. Aloe vera therapy activities can be used to treat skin lesions, such as burns. The gel has healing, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity, besides being a powerful moisturizing and protective skin agent. The speed of healing in the aloe vera group is better than the conventional group. Effects produced by aloe vera gel with reference to wound contraction, wound closure, decrease in wound surface area, tissue regeneration at the wound site. Aloe vera contains important nutrients such as vitamins A, C and E, which act as antioxidants, minerals (calcium, copper, magnesium, potassium, and zinc), enzymes, glycoproteins, amino acids, carbohydrate constituents, such as polysaccharides and salicylic acids
This study was conducted to determine the optimal extraction condition of temperatures and kinds of extraction solvent, and antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf and organic acid against foodborne microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract at for 6 hour against foodborne microorganisms was stronger than those at . Also, the ethanol extract showed stronger antimicrobial activity than those of water and methanol extract. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes, was but, the minimal inhibitory concentration was against S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa and over against E. coli O157:H7, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the lactic, citric, acetic acid and the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes was 2500, 5000, 1250 and , respectively. The combined effect of each organic acid and the ethanol extract against B. cereus was not observed but, synergistic effect was observed against L. monocytogenes. In the meantime, when the ethanol extract was combined with each organic acid at sub-lethal concentration, the combination did not increase the inhibitory effect of the most active single compound alone against E. coli O157:H7, respectively.
Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is a twining shrub commonly found in India, which was known to have wide pharmacological actions. 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid (HMBA) and a number of pregnane glycosides were believed to be responsible for its various bioactivities. Until now, there are no reports regarding the antioxidant properties of phenolics from H. indicus
To establish the role of phenolics in the properties of H.indicus.
Hemidesmus free phenolic fraction (HDFP) and Hemidesmus bound phenolic fraction (HDBP) have been isolated from H. indicus, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated for inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DNA protection, free radical scavenging (FRS), reducing power and cytoprotective activities.
HDFP and HDBP exhibited potent inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC(50) - 19.5 ±0.5 and 21.7 ±0.5 μg gallic acid equivalent - GAE/mL), FRS (IC(50) - 7 ± 0.2 and 8.6 ± 0.2 μgGAE/mL), reducing power (110.3 ± 2 and 33.5 ± 1 U/g) and red blood cell protection (14.8 ± 0.4 and 14.5 ± 0.5 mg GAE/mL). HDFP is constituted by gallic (18%), caffeic (17%), ferulic acids (16%) and HDBP by syringic acid (35%) as major phenolic acids. Besides, both HDFP and HDBP contained significant levels of HMBA; in HDFP (10%) and HDBP (57%), respectively. Results indicated a 34-and 27-folds better contribution to the antioxidant activity by HDFP and HDBP, respectively, than that of HMBA.
Potent antioxidant activities of phenolics may be one of the mechanisms by which H.indicus is effective against several health disorders as encountered in traditional medicines.
Several vegetables were selected to study their flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that both green and purple leaves of sweet potatoes (185.01 and 426.82 mg kg⁻¹ respectively) and the outer leaves of onion (264.03 mg kg⁻¹) possessed higher amounts of flavonoids, and more than 85% of free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, green leaves of sweet potatoes and the outer leaves of onion showed higher reducing power and higher antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system as compared to cabbage, spinach, potato and crown daisy. Blanching of green leaves of sweet potatoes for 30–60 s retained more flavonoids and higher free radical scavenging activities as compared to more than 1 min of blanching. The storage test showed that green leaves of sweet potatoes stored at 4–10 °C maintained better quality than those stored at room temperature.
© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The efficacy of extraction from Inonotus obliquus was examined from the points of antioxidative characteristics and some antioxidative compounds. To enhance the efficient extraction for the effective components from Inonotus obliquus, temperature-stepwise water extraction method was applied. Temperature-stepwise water extracts were prepared for 8 hrs as follows: the first extract at 80^{\circ}C, the second extract from the residue of the first extract at 100^{\circ}C, and the third extract from the residue of the second extract at 120^{\circ}C. Antioxidativeactivities were determined by electron-donating ability of DPPR - free radical, scavenging ability of ABTS.^{ }radical cation, and by inhibiting ability of linoleic acid autoxidation. In results, the first extract showed the least antioxidant capacity, and the third extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity. The third extract also had the greatest amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Amounts of phenolic compound from each extract were almost proportional to the radical scavenging activities and linoleic acid autoxidation inhibiting ability (r
Several vegetables were selected to study their flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that both green and purple leaves of sweet potatoes (185.01 and 426.82 mg kg(-1) respectively) and the outer leaves of onion (264.03 mg kg(-1)) possessed higher amounts of flavonoids, and more than 85% of free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, green leaves of sweet potatoes and the outer leaves of onion showed higher reducing power and higher antioxidant activity in a Linoleic acid system as compared to cabbage, spinach, potato and crown daisy. Blanching of green leaves of sweet potatoes for 30-60 s retained more flavonoids and higher free radical scavenging activities as compared to more than 1 min of blanching. The storage test showed that green leaves of sweet potatoes stored at 4-10 degrees C maintained better quality than those stored at room temperature. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Total and individual organic acid contents of Malus domestica Borkh, cultivars, Tsugaru, Fuji Jonathan (Hong-Ok), and New Jonagold(Sin-Heung) apples, were investigated. Average titratable acidities measured by titration method and total organic acids content determined by HPLC were 241.64-444.52 and 364.23-680.80mg%, respectively. Average total organic acid contents were Jonathan 630.80mg%, New Jonagold 471.04mg%, Fuji 403.80mg%, and Tsugaru 364.23mg%, Contents of DL-malic, citric, fumaric, and quinic acid were 351.98 (Tsugaru)-579.88mg% (Jonathan), 2.14 (Fuji)-12.95mg% (Jonathan), 0.012 (Fuji)-0.060mg% (Jonathan), and 8.91 (Tsugaru)-14.20mg% (Fuji), respectively. Succinic acid was detected only from Jonathan (27.53mg%) and New Jonagold (5.20mg%), while maleic acid was not detected from all cultivars. Ratio of L-malic acid and DL-malic acid contents were 0.98-1.02 in all apple cultivars.
This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of UV-protection activities and skin-whitening effects from Angelica gigas Nakai extracts on ultra high pressure extraction process. Extraction at treated by ultra high pressure for 15 minute and associated with ultrasofication (HPE15) was showed more than double yield, compare conventional extraction, as 12.24% (w/w) from A. gigas. Extracts of HPE15 reduced expression of MMP-1 on UV-irradiated CCD-986sk cells as 122.2% and revealed high inhibitory potency on tyrosinase as 69.4% by adding samples. Extracts of HPE15 from A. gigas showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 82.4% by adding extracts. From the preliminary observations, we considered that the extracts from A. gigas could be potent natural materials for skin-whitening agent, and could be used as a potential anti-aging agent for the photo-damaged skin.
Objectives : This study was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of ratio-related Angelicae Radix and Astragali Radix compositions by DPPH radical scavenging activity. Methods : The species of Angelicae Radix was compared as Angelica gigas, A. sinensis and A. acutiloba. Then various compositions of Angelicae Radix with Astragali Radix were prepared with different ratio. Diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was measured after 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Each extracts were tested by 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 concentrations. Results : The results showed that Angelica gigas, A. sinensis and A. acutiloba scavenged DPPH radical with 66.8, 61.7 and 56.7% in 1,000 concentration, respectively. According to this result, Angelicae Radix and Astragali Hadix compositions with 100:0, 10:1, 5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:10 and 0:100 ratio were scavenged DPPH radical with 56.3, 49.9, 61.2, 55.7, 54.7, 55.0, 52.8 ,md 50.2% in 1,000 concentration, respectively. The extract of Angelicae Radix and Astragali Radix compositions with 100:0, 10:1, 5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:10 and 0:100 ratio scavenged DPPH radical with the being 85,21, 1016.26, 656.51, 785.67 and 956.74 respectively. Conclusion : In conclusion, the extract of Angelicae Radix and Astragali Radix compositions with 1:1 ratio showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity.
This study was carried out to investigate the genotoxicity in comet and in vitro micronucleus assay and mutagenicity in Ames test of the extracts from leaves and stem of Morus alba L. The samples showed a very weak cytotoxicity on the NIH/3T3 cells by SRB assay. The cell viability of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stems of Morus alba L. was 80% over at , and that of the chloroform fractions from leaves and stems showed lower than others. The genotoxicity at of 100% EtOH and water extracts on the NIH/3T3 cells in comet assay was about 40% compared to positive control, and most fractions from 100% EtOH extract of the leaves showed stronger genotoxicity than that offractions from the stem. The genotoxicity with S-9 mix in vitro micronucleus assay of the 100% EtOH and water extracts form Morus alba L. did not indicate any significant difference as compared with control group. The cytokinesis-binucleated cells were showed in the hexan, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions from the extract of the leaves without S-9, and sample with S-9 showed CB cells in the chloroform fraction from the leaves. In the Ames test, the water and 100% ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. did not have a strong mutagenicity in TA98 and TA100, but the fractions of organic solvents of the ethanol extract had of mutagenicity on the TA100 strain.
To develop physiological functionality of Omija extracted with water was evaluated on antioxidative activity. Omija, high acid material with pH 3.6, contain of moisture, and of crude fat. This material have of carbohydrate and of crude protein as well, but ash and crude protein contents were found less than 10%. 10 mineral contents were also found, too; K and Ca showed the highest level, then Al, Mg, Na and Mn were followed. In composition amino acid contents, glutamic acid took the largest portion, mg/100 g, aspartic acid , and other composition amino acid under 50%. In case of free sugar contents, 7 types were found. Most of them were glucose and fructose. Total phenolic compounds showed the highest level, mg/100 g. mg/100 g of flavonoid and mg/100 g were included. In terms of electron donating ability, radical scavenging ability activated as the amount of Omija extract increased. In particular, Omija extract in 1,000 demonstrated almost similar electron donating ability, , to BHT. It was also found that antioxidant activities of electron donating ability, SOD-like ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and nitrite scavenging ability were highly promoted as Omija extract concentration increased. The nitrite scavenging ability was significant when the extract belonged to strong acid region and doping concentrations increased.
Several vegetables were selected to study their flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that both green and purple leaves of sweet potatoes (185.01 and 426.82 mg kg−1 respectively) and the outer leaves of onion (264.03 mg kg−1) possessed higher amounts of flavonoids, and more than 85% of free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, green leaves of sweet potatoes and the outer leaves of onion showed higher reducing power and higher antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system as compared to cabbage, spinach, potato and crown daisy. Blanching of green leaves of sweet potatoes for 30–60 s retained more flavonoids and higher free radical scavenging activities as compared to more than 1 min of blanching. The storage test showed that green leaves of sweet potatoes stored at 4–10 °C maintained better quality than those stored at room temperature.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The application of a novel process based on the hydrothermal treatment of olive oil waste (alperujo) led to a final liquid phase that contained a high concentration of simple phenolic compounds. This study evaluated the effects of time (15-90 min) on the composition of the phenolic compounds isolated at a fixed temperature of 160 °C. Phenolic compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate. Both qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses of the extracts showed variation of the concentrations of phenolic compounds with time. In addition, new phenols that were not present in the untreated control have been characterized. The antioxidant activities of different phenolic extracts was measured by various assays conducted in vitro: antiradical capacity (using DPPH and ABTS radicals), ferric reducing power (P(R)), inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation in lipid systems, and other tests, such as inhibition of tyrosinase activity. The results show that the phenolic extracts inhibited oxidation in aqueous and lipid systems to a significantly greater extent than the untreated control, and they performed as well as or better than vitamin E in this capacity.
Synopsis
Screening for tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors potentially useful for control of skin pigmentation has been hampered by the limited availability of human TYR. To overcome this hurdle, we have established human embryonic kidney (HEK293)‐TYR cells that constitutively express human TYR. In the current study, we assayed human TYR inhibition activities of 50 plant extracts using the lysates of transformed HEK293‐TYR cells. The strongest inhibition of human TYR was shown by the extract of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunberg, followed by the extract of Morus bombycis Koidzumi. The former extract did not inhibit mushroom TYR activity whereas significant inhibition was observed with the latter extract, demonstrating the importance of using human TYR in the screening for human TYR inhibitors. Upon liquid‐liquid partitioning of the extract from V. bracteatum , the active constituents were enriched in the ethyl acetate fraction, and the subsequent preparatory thin‐layer chromatography identified p‐coumaric acid (PCA) as the main active constituent. The hypo‐pigmentation of PCA was verified in the MelanoDerm™ Skin Model. This study demonstrates that transformed HEK293‐TYR cells could expedite the discovery of human TYR‐specific inhibitors from natural sources which might be useful in the control of skin pigmentation.
Increased neuronal oxidative stress (OxS) induces deleterious effects on signal transduction, structural plasticity and cellular resilience, mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation in membranes, proteins and genes. Major markers of OxS levels include the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase. Lithium has been shown to prevent and/or reverse DNA damage, free-radical formation and lipid peroxidation in diverse models. This study evaluates OxS parameters in healthy volunteers prior to and following lithium treatment. Healthy volunteers were treated with lithium in therapeutic doses for 2-4 weeks. Treatment with lithium in healthy volunteers selectively altered SOD levels in all subjects. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the SOD/CAT ratio was observed following lithium treatment, which was associated with decreased OxS by lowering hydrogen peroxide levels. This reduction in the SOD/CAT ratio may lead to lower OxS, indicated primarily by a decrease in the concentration of cell hydrogen peroxide. Overall, the present findings indicate a potential role for the antioxidant effects of lithium in healthy subjects, supporting its neuroprotective profile in bipolar disorder (BD) and, possibly, in neurodegenerative processes.
The active ingredients and bioactivities (anti-oxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-proliferative and estrogenic activities) of soybean and soybean products (Cheonggukjang, Meju, Makjang, Doenjang and soy sauce) produced by different fermentation processes were compared. There were high correlations between active ingredients and bioactivities. Free phenolic acids extracted from soybean products were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Overall, the components and activities in fermented soybean products were different than those in soybeans. Total phenolic content (TPC), protein content (PC) and anti-oxidant activity increased as fermentation time increased. TPC and PC showed strong negative correlations with anti-oxidant activity. Doenjang and soy sauce, two long-term fermented products, showed lower total flavonoid content (TFC) and estrogenic activities than short-term fermented soybean products. This might be explained by the decomposition and hydrolysis of flavonoids due to the long fermentation time and high temperature. Strong anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines, which was highly correlated with TFC, was found in Meju and Cheonggukjang. Soybean and all fermented products except Meju exhibited effective tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Fermented products showed stronger estrogenic activity than soybeans, which was highly correlated with syringic acid.
The effects of meat-curing agents on germination and outgrowth of putrefactive anaerobe 3679h (PA 3679h) spores were studied in microcultures. Nitrite concentrations up to 0.06% at pH 6.0 or between 0.8 and 1% at pH 7.0 allowed emergence and elongation of vegetative cells but blocked cell division. The newly emerged cells then lysed. With more than 0.06% nitrite at pH 6.0 or more than 0.8 to 1% at pH 7.0, the spores lost refractility and swelled, but vegetative cells did not emerge. Even as much as 4% nitrite failed to prevent germination (complete loss of refractility) and swelling of the spores. Sodium chloride concentrations above 6% prevented complete germination (i.e., the spores retained a refractile core). In the presence of 3 to 6% sodium chloride, most of the spores germinated and produced vegetative cells, but cell division was often blocked. Sodium nitrate had no apparent effect on germination and outgrowth at concentrations up to 2%.
1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of Japanese whiskey after various aging periods in oak barrels was measured to evaluate the antioxidative effects of whiskey. The activity of the whiskey increased with the aging period with high correlation. The activity of various types of whiskey was measured and shown to be correlated to the potentiation of the GABAA receptor response measured in a previous paper. However, the fragrant compounds in the whiskey which potentiated the GABAA receptor response had low DPPH radical scavenging activity, while phenol derivatives had high radical scavenging activity. The whiskey was extracted by pentane. The aqueous part showed the scavenging activity, whereas the pentane part did not. Thus, both the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the potentiation of the GABAA receptor response increased during whiskey aging in oak barrels, but were due to different components. The whiskey protected the H2O2-induced death of E. coli more than ethanol at the same concentration as that of the whiskey. The changes that occurred in the whiskey during aging may be the reason aged whiskies are so highly valued.
The potential antiproliferative and antiradical activities of an enzymatic extract of Ecklonia cava together with its crude polysaccharide (CpoF) and crude polyphenolic fractions (CphF) were evaluated in vitro. Tested extracts showed strong selective cell proliferation inhibition on all cancer cell lines tested, especially CphF extract, containing high polyphenol amount, showed 5.1 microg/ml of IC(50) value on murine colon cancer (CT-26) cell line. According to the nuclear staining experiment, antiproliferative effect of CphF was associated with apoptotic cell demise in CT-26. In addition, The CphF at 5 microg/ml scavenged 70% of DPPH radical, which is much higher than those of BHA and BHT at same concentration. Further more CphF exhibited interesting antiradical properties, expressed by its capacity to scavenge superoxide anion (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and hydroxyl radical (OH()). In reducing power assay, CphF extract at 5 microg/ml was found to be as high as that of BHT at same concentration. Also, in total antioxidant assay the effect of CphF at 50 microg/ml was equivalent or slightly higher than those of commercial counterparts at 5 microg/ml concentration. Taken together, the CphF may be a promising alternative to synthetic substances as natural compound with high antiproliferative and antiradical activity.
Inhibition of intestinal α-glycosidase activity ans postprandial hyperglycemia by moranoline and its N-alkyl derivative
- Y Yoshikumi
Y. Yoshikumi, "Inhibition of intestinal α-glycosidase activity ans postprandial hyperglycemia by
moranoline and its N-alkyl derivative", Agric. Biol.
Chem. Vol. 52, pp. 121-126, 1994.
Antioxidative activities of temperature-stepwise water extracts from lnonotus obliquns
- S O Lee
- M J Kim
- D K Kim
- H J Choi
- S O Lee
- M J Kim
- D K Kim
- H J Choi
Antihyprtglycemic cinsituent of aralia elata root bark(I-II)
- E B Lee
- O K Kim
E. B. Lee and O. K. Kim, "Antihyprtglycemic cinsituent of aralia elata root bark(I-II)", Korean J.
Pharmacon., Vol. 24, pp. 213-222. 1993.
Antihyperlipidemic effects of methanol extracts from muberry leaves in cholesterol-induced hyperglycemia rats
- S Y Kim
- W C Lee
- A J Kim
- S K Kim
S. Y. Kim, W. C. Lee, A. J. Kim and S. K. Kim,
"Antihyperlipidemic effects of methanol extracts
from muberry leaves in cholesterol-induced hyperglycemia rats", J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., Vol.
27, pp. 1217-1222, 1998.
Antioxidant and antibacterial effect of Korean Isodon japonicus, H
- B J An
- J M Park
- H J Bae
- J R Pyun
- M A Song
B. J. An, J. M. Park, H. J. Bae, J. R. Pyun and M.
A. Song, "Antioxidant and antibacterial effect of
Korean Isodon japonicus, H", J. Korean Soc. Appl.
The lnhibitory effects of Ramulus mori extract on melanogenesis of normal human melanocytes
- J H Lee
- J H Park
- J S Lee
- K U Whang
J. H. Lee, J. H. Park, J. S. Lee and K. U. Whang,
"The lnhibitory effects of Ramulus mori extract on
melanogenesis of normal human melanocytes",
Korean J. Investi. Dermato., Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 86-90, 2001.
Immune supression and stimulation of antioxidants 2-Effect of propyl gallate on Murine cell mediated Immune functions
- C K Ryu
- M K Hwang
C. K. Ryu and M. K. Hwang, "Immune supression
and stimulation of antioxidants 2-Effect of propyl
gallate on Murine cell mediated Immune functions",
Korean J. Food Hygiene, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 41-48,
1990.
Changes in Physico-chemical characteristics of Buckwheat Sprouts during germination
- E H Lee
E. H. Lee, "Changes in Physico-chemical characteristics of Buckwheat Sprouts during germination",
MS Thesis, Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 2006.
Prospects for biofortification of grains by genetic engineeriong or plant breedin
- I M Chang
I. M. Chang, "Current Trend of Natural Products
Industry and Utilization of Herbal Materials", Prospects for biofortification of grains by genetic engineeriong or plant breedin, pp. 28-37, 2002.
Characterization of secondary metabolites in fermented pine extract
- G Y Park
G. Y. Park, "Characterization of secondary metabolites in fermented pine extract", MS thesis, Dept. of
Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, 2008
- S M Kim
- I Y Song
- M K Yang
- J S Jeong
S. M. Kim, I. Y. Song, M.K. Yang, and J.S. Jeong,
"Dermatology", Hyunmoon, pp. 130-131, 2006.
Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the extracts of Morus alba L
- H J Jun
- H Y Lee
- J D Kim
- M Y Heo
- J H Lee
H. J. Jun, H. Y. Lee, J. D. Kim, M. Y. Heo and J.
H. Lee, "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the
extracts of Morus alba L", Korean J. Medicinal
Crop. Sci., Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 217-225, 2005.