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Whitening and Anti-wrinkle Effects of Apple Extracts
Abstract
The in-vitro whitening and anti-wrinkle effect of ethanol extracts from apple flesh and peel were investigated. The EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extracts of apple flesh and peel showed in-vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner on ABTS radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power, and had the highest total phenolic contents (84.25 and 318.25 mg GAE/g). In addition, the EtOAc fractions generally showed strong UV absorption within the UV-B range. In the cellular system, the melanin synthesis of the B16/F10 melanoma cells was decreased by the EtOAc fractions of apple peel in a concentration-dependent manner. The EtOAc fractions of apple peel also showed a great elastase inhibition of 46.40% at 100 /mL, thus showing good in-vitro anti-wrinkle characteristics. These results suggest that the EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extract of apple peel can be used as whitening and anti-wrinkle agents as well as antioxidant resources.
... Phytochemicals include quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin, cyanidin-3-galactoside, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, and phloridzin (Boyer and Liu 2004;Jang et al. 2017). Phytochemicals have been reported to be enriched not only in the pulp but also in the peel and seeds (Jeong et al. 2011;Byun 2013). Over the years, there has been a shift in the plantation area due to climate change and the development of various cultivars of apple, and hence, only a few studies on active ingredients and functionality depending on plantation area and/or cultivar are available. ...
This study aimed to investigate the possible use of phenolic compounds extracted from the new Korean apple cultivar Arisoo in cosmetics and food additives by examining its functional properties. We extracted and analyzed total phenolic content of Arisoo and Fuji apples to study their antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic properties. Water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compound yields were 1.84 and 2.14 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. In the antioxidant test, 100 μg/mL of water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compounds (WEP and EEP), respectively, showed (1) scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical by 91.86% and 87.44%; (2) antioxidant protection factors of 2.80 and 1.79; and (3) the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as tested by a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were tested to assess the anti-wrinkle activity of the extracts. WEP and EEP inhibited 12.46% and 51.56% of the elastase activity and 36.93% and 91.74% of the collagenase activity, respectively. The inhibitory activities of WEP and EEP on yeast α-glucosidase were tested to assess their anti-diabetic activities. WEP and EEP from Arisoo apples inhibited 83.92% and 100.0% of the α-glucosidase activity, whereas those from Fuji apples inhibited 63.33% and 92.84%, respectively, suggesting that Arisoo extracts have better anti-diabetic activity. Taken together, the extracts from Arisoo apples exhibited better antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic activities than did the extracts of Fuji apples.
... 이러한 사과를 활용한 화장품 소재로서의 국내 연구로 지 금까지 열매와 꽃잎 추출물의 효능이 보고되어 있다. 사과의 과육과 과피 추출물은 높은 항산화 활성과 미백 효능이 보고 되었으며, 특히 과피의 경우 콜라겐 생합성 증진 효과를 보 여 과육보다는 과피의 효능이 더 높은 것으로 보고되었다 [3]. 꽃잎 추출물에서는 항산화 활성, 미백, 콜라겐 생합성 증 진 효과와 여드름균인 P. acenes에 대해서도 항균 활성을 나 타내었으며, 이러한 효능은 추출물에 함유되어 있는 다량의 페놀성 화합물로부터 기인한 것으로 판단되고 있다 [4] ...
In order to investigate functional characterization of callus extracts of apple 'Hirosaki' for cosmetic materials, biological activities of its extracts including wrinkle improvement, hair growth, and anti-inflammatory effect were investigated. The callus extract showed similar activity with TGF- used as positive control at 50 in the test of collagen synthesis, and increased 40% of proliferation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Especially, in case of anti-inflammatory effect, callus extract inhibited about 50% of COX-2 expression which was known as response for intermediating inflammation, and about 70% of eotaxin-1 production which was increased by atopy dermatitis.
Objective : Siegesbeckia Herba can treat various skin disease by expelling wind and removing dampness and clearing away heat and toxic material effects. This study was designed to investigate effects of Siegesbeckia Herba Extracts(SHE) on skin elasticity and whitening using B16F10 cell lines. Method : In this experiment, We observed effect of SHE on cell viability, inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Results : 1. SHE treated group showed decreased cell viability rates significantly compared with non-treated group. More than SHE 250?g/ml, 500?g/ml and 1,000?g/ml of treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. 2. SHE significantly showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro, SHE increased tyrosinase inhibitory activity and elastase inhibitory activity in B16F10 cells, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro. 3. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity and elastase inhibitory activity in B16F10 cells, tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro were not accepted statistical significance compared with non-treated group. 4. SHE treated group showed increased SOD-like activity rates significantly compared with non-treated group. More than SHE 250?g/ml, 500?g/ml and 1,000?g/ml of treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that SHE can inhibit melanin synthesis and tyrosinase inhibtory activity. So, We suggest that SHE can be maintained skin whitening.
To observe the functionality of Fuji apples, this study compared and analyzed the general and anti-oxidative components of apples based on production region. This study found that DPPH radical scavenging activities among parts of apple from the Chungju region were 82.84% in peels, 26.98% in peel-flesh, and 18.89% in apple flesh, and these values were lower than those from other regions (P<0.01). Antioxidative was 48.64% in the apple core, which was higher than those in peel-flesh and apple flesh. ABTS radical scavenging activity was highest (79.80%) in peels of apples from the Andong region, whereas values in peel-flesh and apple flesh were highest in apples from the Yesan region (P<0.01). For antioxidative activities in the apple core, apples from the Chungju region showed more than twice the value (52.34%) of other regions. Phenol contents in peels were significantly high [12.03 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g] in apples from the Muju region, whereas phenol contents in peel-flesh were high (6.01 mg GAE/g) in those from the Andong region. Antioxidative activity in apple flesh was significantly high (5.57 mg GAE/g) in apples from the Yesan region. For antioxidative activities in the apple core, apples from Chungju region showed a relatively high value (6.53 mg GAE/g) (P<0.01), although values were low in apple peel, peel-flesh, and apple flesh. For the combined amount of flavonoids, values in apples from the Yesan region were high in apple peel, peel-flesh, and apple core [56.23 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g (P<0.01), 4.05 mg QE/g (P<0.05), and 4.00 mg QE/g (P<0.01), respectively], whereas flavonoid content in apples from the Andong region was high in apple flesh [4.35 mg QE/g (P<0.01)]. The results show that anti-oxidative activities were relatively higher in apple peel than flesh. © 2015, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.
Objective : Lycii Fructus Extracts(LFE) can do Anti-hypertension activity, Antidepressant, Anti-diabetic activity. This study was designed to investigate effects of LFE on skin whitening and elasticity using melanoma cells. Methods : In this experiment, effect of LFE on cell viability, inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Results : More than of LFE treated group showed lowered proliferation rates significantly compared to non-treated group. More than of LFE treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. LFE showed inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activities in vitro. And, LFE suppressed tyrosinase activities in B16F10 cells significantly. Finally, LFE suppressed elastase type I and IV activities in dose-dependent manner in vitro. And LFE also slightly suppressed elastase activities in vivo. Conclusion : These results suggest that LFE can inhibit melanin synthesis through ihhibitory action on tyrosinase activity and inhibt elastase activity, and also suggest that these results can be used for the study on maintaining skin elasticity or whitening.
Objective : Paeoniae radix alba(PRA) can enrich the blood and regulate menstruation, astringe yin and arrest sweating, calm the liver and arrest pain. This study was designed to investigate effects of PRA on skin whitening and elasticity using melanoma cells. Methods : In this experiment, effect of PRA on cell viability, inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Results : 1. More than of PRA treated group showed lowered proliferation rates significantly compared to non-treated control group. 2. All of treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. 3. PRA did not show inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activities in vitro. But, PRA suppressed tyrosinase activities in B16F10 cells significantly. 4. PRA suppressed elastse type 1 activities in dose-dependent manner in vitro. But, PRA slightly suppressed elastase type 4 activities in vitro, and PRA also slightly suppressed elastase activities in vivo. Conclusion : These results suggest that PRA can inhibit melanin synthesis through ihhibitory action on tyrosinase activity and inhibt elastase activity, and also suggest that these results can be used for the study on maintaining skin whitening or elasticity.
Quantitative difference in five phenolic acids between white and red ginsengs was measured in this study. As the results, white ginseng has higher contents of cinnamic acid, quercetin and p-coumaric acid than red ginseng. Maltol was mainly included in red ginseng. These five compounds were recently reported to have tyrosinase inhibitory effects. These reports led us to investigate the de-pigmenting effect of ginseng products. In our examination of effect on tyrosinase activity, UV-protection and melanin production in melan-a cells, ethyl acetate traction of white ginseng extract and cinnamic acid showed potent de-pigmenting properties. The results indicated that white ginseng might be useful as skin whitening material and cinnamic acid proved to be one of active ingredient. ??? ? ? ??? ??? ÷?? ? 저 ??? ??? 죷?? ? 저 ??? ??? ??? ? 저 냰?? ??? 壹?? ? 저 샰?? 룰?? ??? ? ? 탰?? 죰?? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ? n?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ??? 惺?? ?
The nutritional components, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of water and a 50% methanol extract from litchi fruit pericarp were investigated. The most abundant mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid were K, proline, and palmitic acid, respectively. In addition, the total water phenolics and 50% methanol extracts were 8.02 and 12.28 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the water and 50% methanol extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. In a cell viability assay using MTT, almost all extracts showed a protective effect against -induced neurotoxicity, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage was also inhibited by the pericarp extracts. In particular, the 50% methanol extract showed a higher cell membrane protective effect than the water extract at the highest concentration. Consequently, these data suggest that litchi fruit pericarp can be utilized as an effective and safe functional food substances for natural antioxidants and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.
The in vitro antibacterial activities of anti-acne agents prepared from the extracts of natural sources were investigated against several bacteria including antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes. SD-1 and SD-2 were prepared with different formulations and they showed strong antibacterial activities. The anti-acne agents completely inhibited the growth of the tested strains at the concentration of 0.5%. There was no difference in antibacterial activity between antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant P. acnes. The inhibitory activities of two agents showed time-dependent manner. In S. aureus, time-kill curve demonstrated 2.8- and 3.4-log]o-unit killing after 8 h with SD-1 and SD-2, respectively. In P. acnes, time-killing curve demonstrated 5.1- and 6. l-logi0-unit killing after 24 h with SD-1 and SD-2, respectively. SD-2 showed stronger antimicrobial activity than SD-1. From these results, we expect that SD-1 and SD-2 have strong antibacterial activities and have advantages for treating acne.
In this study, the nutritional components and functional activities of Sasa borealis leaf tea were evaluated. The proximate compositions were as follows; moisture 5.68%, crude protein 16.38%, crude fat 4.68%, nitrogen free extracts 32.37%, crude fiber 32.36%, and ash 8.53%, respectively. The mineral elements were as follows: K 2,133.83, Ca 1,144.09 and P 543.00 mg%, respectively. The amino acid contents of the Sasa borealis leaf tea were very rich in proline (1,275.26 mg/100 g) and deficient in cystine (71.49 mg/100 g). The major fatty acid components were linoleic acid (50.52%), palmitic acid (18.52%), and oleic acid (14.16%). Finally, based on our sensory evaluations, the 80°C extracted Sasa borealis leaf tea evidenced the best overall quality. The contents of total phenol and total flavonoids of the 80% methanol and hot water extracts were 15.09, 7.69 mg/g and 12.03, 6.12 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS + radical scavenging activities of the 80% methanol extract from Sasa borealis leaf tea were 86.87% and 83.85% at a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. The 80% methanol and hot water extracts evidenced reducing power and inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner.
Plants and their extracts can be utilized as inexpensive and rich resources of active constituents in the cosmetic field, as well as the food, pharmaceutical and medicinal fields. Until now, Aster glehni Fr. Schm. had no known active effect, except on anti-oxidation, that was found during investigations for application in the cosmetic field. In this study, we examined the inhibition of enzymatic reactions to protein levels in inclusive B16F10 melanoma cell lines. Significant inhibition of enzymatic reactions was observed in the EtOAc extract, which advanced to tyrosinase protein and TRP-1 in the B16F10 melanoma cell line. These results indicated that the effect of EtOAc extract inhibited expressions of tyrosinase protein and TRP-1 in the B16F10 melanoma cell line by 30.5% and 41.5% at 100ug/ml respectively. On the other hand, antimicrobial activity was evaluated to the four fractions in normal flora of the skin. Hexane extract was only exhibited in the higher clear zone in all strains. In conclusion, any cosmeceutical effects of Aster glehni Fr. Schm. may have a potential meaning, as well as possible value for further studies regarding the effects of chemical constituents of Aster glehni Fr. Schm.
In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on elastase, and components of Quercus glauca extracts were investigated. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of extract I fractions of Quercus glauca leaf was in the order: 50% ethanol extract < ethyl acetate fraction < deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction . Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of some Quercus glauca leaf extracts on ROS generated in system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activity was 50% ethanol extract < deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction < ethyl acetate fraction . Ethyl acetate fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract / fractions of Quercus glauca leaf on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The Quercus glauca leaf extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a dose dependent manner, particularly deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect , 398.67 min at ). Aglycone fractions obtained from the deglycosylation reaction of ethyl acetate fraction among the Quercus glauca leaf extracts, showed 2 bands in TLC and 2 peaks in HPLC experiments (360 nm) as well. Two components were identified as quercetin (55.77%), and kaempferol (44.23 %). TLC chromatogram of ethyl acetate fraction of Quercus glauca leaf extracts revealed 6 bands , Among them, isoquercitrin (QG3), hyperin (QG4), and rutin (QG6) were identified. The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction on tyrosinase and elastase was high. These results indicate that extract / fractions of Quercus glauca can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. And component analysis of Quercus glauca leaf extract and inhibitory activity on tyeisinase and elastase of the aglycone fraction could be applicable to new functional cosmetics.
The effect of cellulolytic (Viscozyme) and pectolytic (Pectinex) enzyme treatments on extraction of total polyphenol and antioxidant activity of extract from apple peel have been examined. Extraction was carried out with a dosage of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% (v/v) of Viscozyme, Pectinex and Viscozyme+Pectinex at 30~50°C for 12~24 hours. Total polyphenol contents (mg/mL) of extracts obtained with 2% of Viscozyme, Pectinex or Viscozyme+Pectinex treatment for 12 hours were 0.30±0.02, 0.16±0.01, and 0.33±0.02 at 30°C, 0.34±0.01, 0.19±0.01, and 0.35±0.02 at 40°C and 0.34±0.01, 0.22±0.01, and 0.38±0.02 at 50°C respectively. The result shows that Viscozyme was more effective than Pectinex at all experimental temperatures, and Viscozyme+Pectinex resulted in the highest phenolic content at 50°C. Antioxidant activities determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were increased with concentrations of extracts produced by 2% of Viscozyme+Pectinex treatment, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.40 vit. C eq mM for 5~25 mg of dried matters, from 0.09 to 0.28 vit. C eq mM for 1~5 mg of dried matters, and from 0.06 to 1.85 FeSO4 eq mM for 1~5 mg of dried matters, respectively.