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Insect Diversity in Non-organic and Organic Chinese Cabbage and Pepper Farms
Abstract
Insect diversities in non-organic and organic Chinese cabbage and pepper fields were studied in 2009. Sixty-two species in 9 orders and 24 species in 6 orders were collected in organic and non-organic Chinese cabbage fields, respectively. In pepper fields, insect diversity was also higher in organic fields than in non-organic ones. Dominance index, diversity index, richness index, and evenness index in organic fields were higher than those in non-organic fields.
... This result indicates that more species distribute in the larch stands compared to the pine stands and that the density of certain species is higher in the pine stands. The diversity index is often considered an indicator of habitat suitability (Jin and Cho 2010), and larch stands, with a higher diversity index, might provide a more favorable environment for bark and woodboring beetles than pine stands. On the other hand, a higher dominance index in the pine stands indicates that specific beetles hold a dominant position in these areas. ...
This study investigated the seasonal occurrence of bark and woodboring Coleoptera in Pinus densiflora (Pinales: Pinaceae), and Larix kaempferi (Pinales: Pinaceae) stands using multifunnel traps baited with pine volatiles in Korea. The number and species of bark and woodboring beetles caught in traps baited with ethanol, α-pinene, and ethanol+α-pinene were compared to determine the effective attractants. In addition, the effects of other pine volatiles, such as (-)-β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, (±)-limonene, β-myrcene, and 3-carene, were investigated. A total of 13,134 woodboring beetles from 150 species were collected from pine and larch stands from 2019 to 2020. Tomicus minor (Hartig) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults were more attracted to traps baited with α-pinene, whereas Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Phloeosinus pulchellus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults were more attracted to traps baited with ethanol. Hylurgops interstitialis (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Shirahoshizo genus group, Rhagium inquisitor (Linne) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Rhadinomerus maebarai (Voss & Chûjô) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more frequently attracted to traps baited with ethanol+α-pinene than to traps baited with other attractants. The addition of 3-carene to ethanol+α-pinene enhanced the capture of H. interstitialis, R. inquisitor, and Hylobius (Callirus) haroldi (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
Most political statements (e.g. convention on biodiversity), referring to existing approaches regarding the development of biotic agrienvironmental indicators focus mainly and nearly exclusively on “biodiversity”, the enhancement of which is almost the overall target for the development of agricultural landscapes towards sustainability. In this regard the understanding of the term “biodiversity” is rather different: mostly it is interpreted as species richness, only occasionally as richness of varieties, cultivars or genetical expressions (e.g. micro-organisms).In this contribution the approach of evaluating the quality of species communities in agroecosystems mainly on the basis of “biodiversity” (in the sense of species richness), will be analysed critically. General difficulties of an exact sampling or establishment of biodiversity especially of invertebrate communities in agricultural landscapes will be highlighted. Arising from this synthesis, it is demonstrated that biotic agrienvironmental indicators should not only address a maximising of species numbers in agricultural habitats, but also a sustainable and long-term stability, and the reproductive potential of populations of species typical of agroecosystems.In this regard alternative biotic indicators for the assessment of the effects of husbandry practices are required that are based on existing knowledge of the reactions of populations and species communities to environmental stress, and which give information about the physiological fitness of populations of species that are relevant members of the agrobiocoenosis from both the qualitative (rarity, endangerment status) and functional point of view (natural enemies, parasitoids, decomposers). Regarding the sensitivity of those indicators it will be indicated that in contrast to many recent scientific experiments it is usually necessary to evaluate and compare cultivation intensities, that are quite similar (e.g. gradual differences in conventional managed farms and landscapes) as well as those displaying much larger differences (e.g. organic farming vs. conventional farming), because conventional farms currently cover nearly 90% of the area under plough in Europe. Finally an assessment of the practicality, the power of indication statements and the remaining work required to validate indicators will be provided for discussion, as well as suggestions for a simplification of indicator systems in order to minimise the input needed for data recording.
To evaluate environment of farm lands using indicator insects and evaluation indices, the insect abundance of which is one of the major criteria for the evaluation of agricultural environment of farm land in urban areas and industrial complex, three sites (Ansan, Daesan, Suncheon) were designated and monitored from 2004 to 2006. The flora of agricultural land was more than urban areas and industrial complex of that in three sites. Soil, water and air pollution of urban areas and industrial complex were more serious than those of agricultural land in three sites. Overall population of insects were high from June to August in the surveyed three sites. Collected insects in agricultural land were 12 order, 106 family and 166 species, those in urban areas were 11 order, 102 family and 148 species, and in industrial complex were 11 order, 100 family and 152 species. Species and population belonging to Coleoptera was dominant in the surveyed sites. The insect diversity indices of farm land were 2.36 in agricultural land, 1.92 urban areas and industrial complex. And agricultural environment of agricultural land was good, urban areas was common and industrial complex was poor. Based on the major criteria of evaluation items, the criteria were selected as diversity index over 2.1, insect indicator Pheropsophus javanus in agricultural land, diversity index 1.5-2.0, insect indicator Nephotettix cincticeps in urban areas, diversity index below 1.5, insect indicator Pagria signata in industrial complex.
To find out the affection of the sampling techniques to the result of a faunistic study, we surveyed the insect fauna of the Chungbuk National University (four different sites) for a year, from spring to fall. For each site, four different collecting methods: light trap, net sweeping, pitfall trap, and window trap, were applied and the collecting was done every other week for a total of 16 times. A total of 14 orders and 672 species were collected. 501 species were collected by the light trap, which covers about 75% of the total number of species, turn out to be the most effective, while other methods could only cover 18% or less. On average, only about 30% of the species collected at a given time of collecting were re-collected at the next collecting, which means about 70% of the species collected from the first collecting remains not collected in the next collecting if you collect insects every other week. The result suggests that, in addition to applying diverse collecting methods, frequent sampling, or narrow sample window, is another very important factor for a good representation of species diversity in an insect faunistic study.
To select indicator insects, the abundance of which is one of the major criteria for the evaluation of agricultural environment, was designated and monitored in the three sites (Hongcheon A, B, and Yangpyeong) from 2001 to 2003. Characteristics of rice cultivation are usual cultivation with 2 or 3 times sprayed chemical agents per year in Hongcheon A site, duck cultivation with non-sprayed chemical agent, green manure and mowing in Hongcheon B site, and pond snail with non-sprayed chemical agent, green manure and mowing in Yangpyeong site. Dominant floral species are Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zuccarini) H. Gross, Echinochioa crus-galli (L.) Beauvois, and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. in Hongcheon A site, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zuccarini) H. Gross, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauvois in Hongcheon B site, and Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., and Persicaria langiseta (De Btuyn) Kitagawa in Yangpyeong site. Degree of green naturality (DGN) was higher in Hongcheon B site (2.0) and Yangpyeong site (3.6) than in Hongcheon A site (1.6). Number of species and individual of insects collected in the three sites were abundant on August and September. The species diversity was higher in Hongcheon B and Yangpyeong than in Hongcheon A. And Coleoptera was dominant in the all sites. The dominance index (DI) was the lowest, but diversify index (H'), evenness index (E) and richness index (RI) were the highest in Hongcheon B site. Based on three results, indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment were selected as Dolichus halensis in Hongeheon A site, as Pheropsophus. javanus and Polionemobius mikado in Hongcheon B and Yangpyeong sites.
In order to preserve the soundness of agro-ecosystem and products safety in agriculture, this study was evaluated environmental impact in relation to the INM (Integrated Nutrient Management) and IPM (Integrated Pest Management) at paddy fields at Ok-Chun and Yang-Pyung region. By introduction of INM with the application of BB(bulk-blanded) fertilizer based on soil analysis and IPM, the application rate of fertilizer was reduced to about and the yield of brown rice was increased to about compared to conventional practices. The concentrations of COD, , and in irrigation water flowed to the environmental-friendly agriculture practices were 15.0, 0.67, and 1.39 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of COD, , and from paddy fields in drainage water were 12.4, 0.29, and 2.42 mg/L, respectively. The total number of the freshwater invertebrates was higher in field treated with fertilization by prescription with soil testing. Also, the population density of aquatic insects was higher than the other fields at both demonstration villages. In conclusion, it was possible to reduce the amount of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals application, and increase the yield of rice by application of the environmental-friendly agriculture practices.
The goal of "strict inventory" (as opposed to community characterization) is to obtain species lists for specific sites. Quantitatively structured inventory can improve inventory efficiency (defined as the steepness of species accumulation curves). As part of the Arthropods of La Selva project (ALAS), a structured inventory of the ants of a lowland tropical rain forest was carried out. A novel method of sample processing was developed, in which parataxonomists prepared specimens based on their own sorting of morphospecies within samples (repeating the process for each sample, and thus not attempting to cross-reference morphospecies among samples), and a taxonomic specialist later sorted the resultant pool of prepared specimens. Efficacy of stratifying by sampling method (Berlese samples, Malaise traps, and canopy fogging), habitat, and time was investigated. Novel methods of analysis were used, including (1) curves depicting cost in prepared specimens of adding species to the inventory, as a function of number of species already captured, (2) within- vs. among-treatment species accumulation curves, and (3) matched rank-abundance plots. Over 400 species of ants are known from the site, of which the structured inventory captured 253. Projection of the species accumulation curve revealed that continuation of the same methods would not be an efficient method of capturing additional species, and that additional methods would be needed. Considered separately, Berlese, Malaise, and fogging samples were similarly efficient. Berlese samples combined with either Malaise or fogging samples were far more efficient than single methods because the faunas they sampled were highly complementary. Combining Malaise and fogging samples did not increase efficiency because the faunas they sampled had low complementarity. At the scale of our sampling, there was little evidence that spatial, temporal, or habitat stratification increased efficiency of inventory for Berlese and Malaise samples. For canopy fogging, processing a portion of the catch from multiple trees was more efficient than processing the entire catch from one tree. However, stratifying by tree species did not improve efficiency.
Microarthropods have a variable but generally significant effect on litter disappearance and therefore on detrital standing crops. An average increase in litter decomposition rates of 23% was noted for 15 studies that ranged from 9-30 months in duration. Increased mineralization of N, P and K was seen in only about half of those studies reporting microarthropod effects on nutrient dynamics. Mass loss is more affected than are nutrients owing to stimulation of microbial respiration by microarthropods. This respiration results in carbon mineralization but converts other elements into microbial tissues, most of which is recycled within the detritus. Mineralization of N, P and cations will probably increase in older litter as a result of microarthropod feeding activities. Directions for future research are indicated.-from Author
ECOLOGISTS have become increasingly interested in general properties of communities and the relationships among species diversity, biomass, productivity, dominance and stability. Both verbal1 and mathematical2 models have been proposed to relate these properties. These models are important as initial generalizations in a developing predictive theory of ecology. The available data, however, are largely from planktonic systems and these data are contradictory. For example, Margalef3 has concluded from his extensive studies of marine systems that productivity and dominance are inversely related to stability and diversity. Increasing species diversity in the community leads to decreased dominance and productivity but increased stability. Patten4, however, has concluded that “high productive capacity is associated with high diversity” in summer plankton communities of Virginia's York River. Studies of grasslands on California's San Francisco peninsula, reported here, provide the first rigorous development of the relationships among diversity, dominance, productivity and stability of terrestrial communities. This report extends Margalef's general model to terrestrial systems and provides strong support for it as a valid description of general properties of communities.
The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of old-growth spruce (Picea abies) forest was compared with that from managed mature and overmature forests in southern Finland. Samples were collected from 9–11 sample plots in each case using 10 window-flight traps in each stand. These yielded a total of 43,289 beetles and 553 species of which 232 were associated with dead wood. The species richness of these saproxylic species was significantly higher in old-growth forests than in managed forests, and had very significant positive correlations with most dead-wood variables. Seventy eight percent of the saproxylic species were more abundant in old-growth than in mature managed forests, and their assemblages in managed and old-growth forests were distinctive with almost no overlap. On the other hand, species richness and assemblages of non-saproxylic species did not differ between the managed and old-growth forests. Obviously these species do not require as much attention as saproxylic species when conservation measures are planned in managed forests. An increase in the general level of decaying wood would improve the situation of many declining saproxylic species. Although the species richness of Coleoptera as a whole was higher in overmature than in mature managed stands, the value of long-rotation stands in preserving species assemblages typical of old-growth forests may be limited.
A critical review of biological parameters used to indicate pollutant impact on soil quality was conducted. These parameters mention some soil invertebrates. The value of an indicative organism depends on its life expectancy, life style and specific importance. Nematodes, mites, collembolans, enchytraeids, earthworms, isopods and molluscs are good potential biological indicators. Biological indicators of bioaccumulation and biological indicators of effects (toxicological and ecological) can be distinguished. Bioaccumulation studies are difficult to interpret, as wide variations could be found, depending on taxonomic group, habitat, organ studied, soil type or even pollutant type. Some groups, such as Collembola, require in depth bioaccumulation studies. It is suggested to use a pool of macro-concentrators, including at least some earthworm, isopod and gastropod species. Toxicological indicators have been well studied and their lethal and sublethal pollutant effects are well known. However, studies have focused on only a few species, such as the earthworm Eisenia foetida or the collembolan Folsomia candida. These studies should be extended to other zoological groups, as well as to several species from the same group, to generate a representative test battery. Exposure biomarkers and physiological change studies should be emphasised, as they act as very early warning systems of contamination. Data are currently lacking on how soil biological processes malfunction due to pollution. We need to explore the links between pollutant effects on soil fauna and pollutant effects on soil functioning. Concerning ecological indicators, studies should develop sampling techniques and parameters, which are specific to ecotoxicological goals. Before-after impact control procedures should be carried out, to eliminate the background noise of the study site and only evaluate the influence of pollutants. On the other hand, ecological indices, such as taxonomic diversity or richness, should be used carefully especially concerning chronic pollution. Effects of pollutants on biological cycle studies seem very promising, but need further information on the life history strategies of many species. Furthermore, the pollutant tolerance of rare species should be considered. The different types of biological indicators yield complementary information on pollutant effects. They all need standard procedures. In this context, studies should be extended and diversified, and associate bioaccumulation, toxicological and ecological indicators to provide better information on soil quality.RésuméUne liste critique des paramètres biologiques utilisés dans certains travaux pour indiquer l'impact des polluants sur la qualité des sols a été établie. Ces paramètres font référence à un ou plusieurs invertébrés du sol. Le rôle d'organisme indicateur dépend de leurs caractéristiques biodémographiques, de leur mode de vie, de leur taille spécifique. Les nématodes, acariens, collemboles, enchytréides, vers de terre, isopodes et gastéropodes sont potentiellement des indicateurs biologiques. Indicateurs biologiques de bioaccumulation et indicateurs biologiques d'effets (toxicologiques et écologiques) peuvent être distingués. Les études de bioaccumulation sont difficiles à interpréter, car de fortes variations sont observées. Ces variations dépendent du groupe taxonomique étudié, de l'habitat, de l'organe étudié, du type de sol ou bien encore du type de pollution. Certains groupes, comme les collemboles demandent des études plus poussées à ce sujet. Il est suggéré d'utiliser un pool de macro-concentrateurs, avec au moins des espèces de vers de terres, isopodes et gastéropodes. Concernant les indicateurs toxicologiques d'effets, les études les plus nombreuses concernent les effets létaux et sublétaux. Toutefois ces études concernent peu de groupes taxonomiques (essentiellement le vers Eisenia foetida et le collembole Folsomia candida), et devraient être étendues à d'autres groupes zoologiques, ainsi qu'à différentes espèces du même groupe, afin de créer une batterie de tests représentatifs. Les travaux concernant les biomarqueurs et les changements physiologiques devraient être amplifiés, car ils permettent d'obtenir des systèmes d'alarme très précoces concernant l'impact des contaminants. Un manque persistant de données concerne les conséquences de pollutions sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmcs. Il est en effet important désormais d'explorer les liens entre les effets des polluants sur la faune du sol et les effets réels de ces mêmes polluants sur le fonctionnement des sols. Concernant les indicateurs écologiques, les travaux entrepris devraient développer des méthodes d'échantillonnage et des paramètres spécifiques au domaine écotoxicologique. Ainsi, il est préconisé d'entreprendre des études combinant les approches synchroniques et diachroniques. afin d'éliminer le bruit de fond induit par le site d'étude et évaluer uniquement l'influence du polluant. En outre, les indices écologiques, comme la diversité ou la richesse taxonomique, doivent être utilisés avec précautions, particulièrement lors des études de pollution chronique. Par ailleurs, les études concernant les effets de polluants sur les cycles biologiques semblent prometteuses, mais demandent de meilleures connaissances concernant les stratégies de vies des différentes espèces étudiées. De plus, la tolérance aux pollutions des espèces rares devrait être fortement prise en considération. Les différents types d'indicateurs biologiques fournissent des informations complémentaires. Ils demandent tous une standardisation des protocoles. Dans ce contexte, les études devraient être développées et diversifiées et associer les indicateurs de bioaccumulation avec les indicateurs biologiques d'effets pour améliorer l'information sur la qualité des sols.
The application of information theory (IT) to ecology has occurred along two separate lines: (1) it has been used to quantify the distribution of stocks and numbers of organisms; and (2) it has been employed to quantify the pattern of interactions of trophic processes. By and large, the first endeavor has resulted in relatively few insights into ecosystem dynamics and has generated much ambiguity and disappointment, so that most ecologists remain highly skeptical about the advisability of applying IT to ecology. By contrast, the second, and less well-known application has shed light on the possibility that ecosystem behavior is the most palpable example of a purely natural 'infodynamics' that transcends classical dynamics, but remains well within the realm of quantitative description.
Occurrence of earthworm in agro-ecosystem. Korean
- T Y H Hong
- Kim
- T Y H Hong
- Kim
Biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrate on organic rice paddy field
- Kim J S Kim
- D I Kim
- S G Kang
- B Y Ko
- S J G H Im
- H J Kim
- Kim J S Kim
- D I Kim
- S G Kang
- B Y Ko
- S J G H Im
- H J Kim
Analysis of consumer preferences and purchasing behaviors towards environmentally friendly agricultural products
- C S Kim
- S H Lee
- C S Kim
- S H Lee
Effect of vegetation types on the distribution of soil invertebrates
- M H Kim
- H S Bang
- M S Han
- H G Hong
- Y Y Na
- G G Kang
- J T Lee
- D B Lee
- M H Kim
- H S Bang
- M S Han
- H G Hong
- Y Y Na
- G G Kang
- J T Lee
- D B Lee
Selection of earthworm for bioindicators in agroecosystem
- T H Kim
- Y Hong
- N J Choi
- T H Kim
- Y Hong
- N J Choi
Soil microarthropods fauna at the Namsan and Gwangreung
- H H Park
- C E Jung
- J H Lee
- B Y Lee
- H H Park
- C E Jung
- J H Lee
- B Y Lee
Change of insect community on bean and potato fields according to three farming methods. Silkworm research
- S J Chang
- H C Park
- O S Kwon
- M A Kim
- Y B Lee
Selection of indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment
- Y C Choi
- H C Park
- J G Kim
- H S Shim
- O K Kwon
Studies on the analysis of soil microarthropod community in Gwangreung area. Wonkwang University Research Collection
- S S Choi
Study on community structure and seasonal variations of Coleoptera in Mt. Yeonyeop area
- S I Lee
- J G Jeong
- J S Choi
- O G Gwon
Environmental impact assessment for demonstration villages of sustainable agriculture
- N J Lee
- B G Go
- G A No
- M S Han
- M G Kim
- H G Gwag
- M H Park