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Phosphorus Fractionation of Composted Crop Residues and Forms of Soil Phosphorus after 22 Years of Compost Application to Andosols
Communications In Soil Science and Plant Analysis
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) fractionation of composted crop residues and Andosols amended with composted crop residues was conducted. Inorganic P (Pi) comprised 85% of total P in the composts. The distribution of inorganic P forms was in the following order: sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Pi > hydrochloric acid (HCl) Pi > sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Pi > water (H2O) Pi. After 22 years of the compost application to two Andosols, total Pi concentration significantly increased. However, total organic P (Po) concentration in the composted soil was not significantly different from that in noncomposted soil. Among of Pi fractions, compost application distinctly increased Al-Pi concentration, followed by Fe-Pi. The ratio of Fe-Po to total P concentrations significantly decreased by compost application.
... K functions as a primary macronutrient vital for diverse physiological mechanisms in plants, encompassing critical processes such as photosynthesis and enzyme activation [7,49]. Its involvement in plant growth is extensive, influencing pivotal functions like CO2 assimilation and water regulation. ...
... These increments can be attributed to the mineralization of OM during the bioprocess, rendering K and Na available for microbial uptake and utilization. K functions as a primary macronutrient vital for diverse physiological mechanisms in plants, encompassing critical processes such as photosynthesis and enzyme activation [7,49]. Its involvement in plant growth is extensive, influencing pivotal functions like CO 2 assimilation and water regulation. ...
Organic waste utilization stands as a pivotal approach to ecological and economic sustainability. This study aimed to assess the stability, maturity, and evolution of co-composts comprising various blends of green waste (GW) and sheep manure (SM). Employing a diverse array of physico-chemical and biological parameters, we investigated the co-composting process over 120 days. Three types of garden waste (mixture of green waste (MGW), fallen leaves (FL), and grass cutting (GC)) were utilized. The results revealed significant compost transformation, evident by odor and insect absence and a shift to dark brown coloration, indicating maturation. The compost C2, derived from FL, exhibited superior soil amendment potential. Significantly, it exhibited a pH level of 6.80, an EC of 2.45 mS/cm, and an OM content of 55%, along with a C/N ratio of 16.15. Analysis of the macronutrients revealed values of 1.98% for TN, 3.22% for TP, and 0.61% for K. Crucially, the compost showed no phytotoxic effects and boasted a high GI of 94.20% and a low respiration rate of 4.02 mg/50 g, indicating its stability and appropriateness for agricultural application. Our findings underscore compost’s potential as an eco-friendly soil amendment, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural management and supporting the circular economy.
... K functions as a primary macronutrient vital for diverse physiological mechanisms in plants, encompassing critical processes such as photosynthesis and enzyme activation [7,49]. Its involvement in plant growth is extensive, influencing pivotal functions like CO2 assimilation and water regulation. ...
... These increments can be attributed to the mineralization of OM during the bioprocess, rendering K and Na available for microbial uptake and utilization. K functions as a primary macronutrient vital for diverse physiological mechanisms in plants, encompassing critical processes such as photosynthesis and enzyme activation [7,49]. Its involvement in plant growth is extensive, influencing pivotal functions like CO 2 assimilation and water regulation. ...
Organic waste utilization stands as a pivotal approach to ecological and economic sustain-
ability. This study aimed to assess the stability, maturity, and evolution of co-composts comprising
various blends of green waste (GW) and sheep manure (SM). Employing a diverse array of physico-
chemical and biological parameters, we investigated the co-composting process over 120 days. Three
types of garden waste (mixture of green waste (MGW), fallen leaves (FL), and grass cutting (GC))
were utilized. The results revealed significant compost transformation, evident by odor and insect
absence and a shift to dark brown coloration, indicating maturation. The compost C2, derived
from FL, exhibited superior soil amendment potential. Significantly, it exhibited a pH level of 6.80,
an EC of 2.45 mS/cm, and an OM content of 55%, along with a C/N ratio of 16.15. Analysis of
the macronutrients revealed values of 1.98% for TN, 3.22% for TP, and 0.61% for K. Crucially, the
compost showed no phytotoxic effects and boasted a high GI of 94.20% and a low respiration rate of
4.02 mg/50 g, indicating its stability and appropriateness for agricultural application. Our findings
underscore compost’s potential as an eco-friendly soil amendment, offering valuable insights for
sustainable agricultural management and supporting the circular economy.
... In plants, potassium primarily assists in photosynthesis and also regulates the absorption of CO 2 . Potassium helps in enzyme activation and is important in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production [65]. The initial concentration of potassium in R 1 , R 2 , R 3, and R 4 were 5.54, 5.21, 5.33, and 5.08 g/kg which increased to 9.12, 9.51, 8.75, and 8.21 g/kg respectively after 45 days of the composting process as shown in Fig. 7 (c). ...
The study is aimed at investigating how particle size effects selected physicochemical and biological parameters such as temperature, moisture, total volatile solids lignin degradation, coliform reduction, germination index, and carbon dioxide evolution during the composting of garden waste. The garden waste was shredded using a shredder into different particle size namely R1 (0.5-1.5 cm), R2 (1.5-3.0 cm), R3 (3.0-4.5 cm) and R4 (4.5-7.5 cm). The feedstock was fed into rotary drums for 45 days composting period. The temperature rose to the thermophilic phase within 48 hours in all the drums and continued for R1 (7 days), R2 (8 days), R3 (4 days), and R4 (3 days). Moisture content reduction observed was R1 (23.37%), R2 (22.86%), R3 (21.84%) and R4 (20.8%). Total volatile solids reduction was 29.24, 31.16, 24.36, and 16.70%, CO2 evolution rate was 4.92, 4.14, 6.18 and 8.16 mg/gVS/d, C/N ratio was 16.91, 15.05, 18.13 and 20.99, germination index was 92.00, 94.12, 85.21, and 81.20 in R1, R2, R3, and R4 reactor respectively after end of the composting period. The reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was highest in the R2 drum and lowest in R4. The percentage reduction of coliforms was also found to be highest in R2. As per the analytical hierarchy process, the performance of reactors was observed in the following trend, R2>R1>R3>R4. Particle size range 1.5-3.0 cm diameter showed optimum size for efficient composting of garden waste
... The minimum concentration of Al-P and Fe-P (0.76 and 3.24 mg kg -1 , respectively) was examined for control (no fertilizer). Similar results were obtained by Takahashi (2014), who found that compost application significantly increases Al-P and Fe-P concentration in soil. Among moderately labile P, Ca 3-P was examined in substantially higher concentration as compared to Fe-P and Al-P. ...
In order to maintain soil fertility, the knowledge of phosphorous fractions dynamics in soil is important for phospohorous fertlization and its uptake by plants. The experiment was set out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments replicated thrice. Different P treatments such as control, inorganic P fertilizers, their combination with FYM, and pretreated compost based on 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 were applied to field plots. The statistical analysis showed that in comparison to alone P fertilizer, combining the application with FYM with DAP and R.P has significantly increased the grain yield and their components. DAP+FYM has produced maximum results as compared to all other treatments. It has increased the grain yield (kg ha-1), plant height (cm), pods plant-1 , grains pod-1 , 100 seed weight (g) and biomass yield (kg ha-1) by 39.7, 14.8, 24.3, 20.5, 22.1 and 39.4% followed by treatment amended with 2% R.P enriched compost. Grain yield showed a strong correlation with labile P (water-soluble and Ca 2-P) and as well as with moderately labile (Al-P and Fe-P) with r values of 0.65, 0.51, 0.64 and 0.53, respectively, as compared to non-labile P in postharvest soils. The sole RP (rock phosphate) had higher non-labile P, which was significantly transformed into labile P by both mixing and pre-treatment of RP with FYM. This study demonstrated that P enriched compost can act as effective P fertilizer and can perform better than inorganic P fertilizer in terms of grain yield and yield traits of chickpea.
... Similar changes in posphorus were investigated Total potassium increased as composting progress mostly due to net loss in dry mass. Higher decomposition led to higher carbon loss which is related to an increase in posphorus concentration (Takahashi, 2014). It was observed that potassium concentration was found highest in C2 followed by and lowest in inoculant. ...
The present study investigates application of locally available microbial inoculants to accelerate green waste composting and selection of best inoculant based upon selected physico-chemical and biological parameters for 45 days composting duration. Five inoculants were prepared using cow-dung, cow-urine, jaggery, processed food waste, vegetable waste, and mature compost, each prepared in different ways named as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C0 (control) and sprayed over 500 kg green waste and fed into aerated in-vessels. The blades of reactors provided adequate aeration to diverse microbial populations in different inoculants to degrade recalcitrant compounds resulting in high thermophilic phase duration (3–8 days), high volatile solid reduction (13–29%), high germination index (85–97%), fecal population < 1000, NPK value in range of N (1.6–2.4%) P (2.8–5.2 mg/kg) and K (6.2–9.3 mg/kg) and low C/N ratio (14.5–20.2). Performance of C1 inoculant (processed food waste) was most effective followed by C5 inoculant (vegetable waste).
... In plants, potassium primarily assists in photosynthesis and also regulates the absorption of CO 2 . Potassium helps in enzyme activation and is important in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production [65]. The initial concentration of potassium in R 1 , R 2 , R 3, and R 4 were 5. 54, 5.21, 5.33, and 5.08 g/kg which increased to 9.12, 9.51, 8.75, and 8.21 g/kg respectively after 45 days of the composting process as shown in Fig. 7 (c). ...
The present study scientifically investigates the disposal of garden waste using food waste as an effective microbial inoculant. Fresh food waste was covered for seven days for development of fungus to boost lignin degradation. 100 kg garden waste was shredded to particle size 0.5–1.5 cm diameter, mixed with 10 kg food waste inoculant and feed into rotary drum for 45 days composting period. Total volatile solids reduction, moisture reduction, CO2 evolution rate, germination index, lignin degradation, coliforms reduction and changes in temperature were monitored. Cow-dung and fresh compost, easily available inoculants were also explored and investigated along with food waste inoculant to fasten the degradation process and to achieve the best combination. As per analytical hierarchy process, disposal of 100 kg garden waste with mixed combination of food waste, cow-dung and compost inoculant in (10:1:1:1) ratio proved to be best microbial inoculant combination garden waste disposal.
... In plants, potassium primarily assists in photosynthesis and also regulates the absorption of CO 2 . Potassium helps in enzyme activation and is important in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Takahashi, 2014). The initial concentration of potassium in R1, R2, R3 and R4 were 5.54, 5.21, 5.33 and 5.08 g/kg which increased to 9. 12, 9.51, 8.75 and 8.21 g/kg respectively after 45 days of composting process as shown in Fig. 5. ...
Garden waste comprises of 15–18% fraction of total municipal solid waste generated. For composting of garden waste, particle size is an important factor for efficient degradation. The present study investigates role of varying particle size on compost quality. The garden waste was grinded using a shredder into varying size of particles, 0.5–1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-4.5 and 4.5–7.5 cm diameter named as R1, R2, R3 and R4 respectively. 100 kg of garden waste mixed with 20 litre cow-dung slurry and 10 kg fresh compost and feed into the rotary drum for 45 days composting period. Thermophilic phase continued for 7, 8, 4 and 3 days in R1, R2, R3 and R4 reactor respectively. Total volatile solids reduction was 29.10, 31.20, 24.23 and 17.12 %, CO 2 evolution rate was 4.92, 4.14, 6.18 and 8.16 mg/gVS/d, C/N ratio was 16.91, 15.05, 18.13 and 20.99, germination index was 92.00, 94.12, 85.21 and 81.20 in R1, R2, R3 and R4 reactor respectively after end of composting period. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was highest in R2 drum and lowest in R4. The percentage reduction of acid insoluble lignin was 36, 39, 29 and 27 % and the percentage reduction of acid soluble lignin was 48.85, 52.89, 43.39 and 36.97 % in combinations in R1, R2, R3 and R4 respectively after 45 days. As per analytical hierarchy process, performance of reactors was observed in the following trend, R2 > R1 > R3 > R4. Particle size range 1.5-3.0 cm diameter showed optimum size for efficient composting of garden waste.
... In plants, potassium primarily assists in photosynthesis and also regulates the absorption of CO 2 . Potassium helps in enzyme activation and is important in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (Takahashi, 2014). The initial concentration of potassium increases from 5.27 and 5.23 to 9.48 and 8.79 g/kg in RDR and AIV respectively after composting period as shown in Fig. 4. The reason for increment of nutrients from initial to nal day was loss of weight and organic matter degradation and no loss of leachate into both reactor system. ...
For in-vessel composting of garden waste, the selection of reactor is an important factor for efficient degradation. The present study evaluates working performance of rotary drum reactor (RDR) and aerated in-vessel (AIV) for composting of garden waste. 100 kg garden waste was mixed with 10 kg cow-dung slurry and 5 kg compost and feed into both the reactors for 45 days composting period. The reactors vary in their system configuration, shape and orientation, blade design, rate of aeration, odour control, leachate production and energy requirements. Rotary drum was rotated daily six times in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction and AIV was rotated daily for 3–5 minutes using motor. Rise in temperature started within 24 hours of composting and reached 65°C and 59°C on second day itself and thermophilic phase continued for 7 and 5 days for RDR and AIV respectively. Moisture content reduction after composting period was 15.25 and 18.45 %, C/N ratio was 16.14 and 13.33, TVS reduction was 23.74 and 29.78 % and CO 2 evolution rate was 6.18 and 4.14 mg/g VS/day in RDR and AIV respectively. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was more in AIV. The percentage reduction of acid insoluble lignin was 36.10 and 29.01 % and the percentage reduction of acid soluble lignin was 48.85 and 43.3% in in AIV and RDR respectively after 45 days. AIV gave better performance for composting of garden waste.
... After 56 d of compost amendment, the principal fraction of P i was NaOH-P i and that of P o was NaOH-P o irrespective of compost treatment (Fig. 2). These results are reasonable because NaOH extracts Fe oxide-and Al oxide-associated P (Hedley et al. 1982;Hao et al. 2008) and most of the P i and P o in Andosols were assigned to Al-and Fe-P according to the Sekiya (1983) method (Takahashi and Anwar 2007;Takahashi 2014). Although HCl-P o was the second most abundant fraction of the composts, HCl-P o was low in the soil with compost amendment compared with soil with no amendment. ...
Phosphorus (P) bioavailability depends on the forms of inorganic and organic P (Pi and Po). Our objectives were to investigate the effects of compost forms (pellet or non-pellet) on soil P forms, and to characterize the mineralization of Po and the changes in P forms in compost of different moisture contents. Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted; (1) pelletized and ground pelletized poultry manure composts were applied to an Andosol and incubated for 56 d, and (2) poultry manure composts were prepared with five levels of moisture content (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1 and 2 kg kg−1-dry matter). Phosphorus forms in the soil and compost were determined by sequential fractionation. Compost amendment increased Truog P and labile Pi in the soil. A greater increase in Truog P and labile Pi (anion-exchange membrane (AEM)-Pi + NaHCO3-Pi) was observed in the soil amended with pelletized compost compared with the soil amended with ground compost. Phosphorus mineralization of poultry manure compost was enhanced at higher moisture contents. Moisture contents of pelletized compost were above 1 kg kg−1 under standard soil moisture conditions. Above compost moisture contents of 1 kg kg−1, labile Pi levels reached a maximum at 26 d and subsequently remained stable. The increase in labile Pi was mainly attributable to a decrease in HCl-Po. These results indicate that compost in pellet form and compost moisture content strongly affect bioavailability of compost P.
For composting of garden waste, the selection of reactor is an important factor for efficient degradation. The present study evaluates working performance of rotary drum reactor (RDR) and aerated in-vessel (AIV) for composting of garden waste. 500 kg garden waste was mixed with 50 kg cow-dung slurry and 10 kg compost and fed into both the reactors for 45 days composting period. The reactors vary in their system configuration, shape and orientation, blade design, rate of aeration, odour control, leachate production and energy requirements. Rotary drum was rotated daily six times in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction and AIV was rotated daily for 3-5 minutes using motor. Rise in temperature started within 24 hours of composting and reached 65°C (RDR) and 59°C (AIV) on second day itself and thermophilic phase continued for 5 (RDR) and 7 (AIV) days. Moisture content reduction after composting period was 15.25 and 18.45 %, C/N ratio was 16.14 and 13.33, total volatile solids reduction was 23.74 and 29.78 % and CO 2 evolution rate was 6.18 and 4.14 mg/g VS/day in RDR and AIV respectively. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was more in AIV as compared to RDR. The percentage reduction of acid insoluble lignin was 36.10 and 29.01 % and the percentage reduction of acid soluble lignin was 48.85 and 43.3% in in AIV and RDR respectively. AIV gave better performance for composting of garden waste due to its blade design and structural configuration. The novelty of the present study lies in its approach to empower communities to select best alternative as per their waste generation, budget available, land and labour requirements and behaviour of citizens towards waste.
For composting of garden waste, particle size is an important factor for efficient degradation of lignocellulose compounds. The present study is aimed at investigating how particle size effects selected physicochemical and biological parameters such as temperature, moisture, total volatile solids lignin degradation, coliform reduction, germination index, and carbon dioxide evolution during the composting of garden waste. The garden waste was shredded using a shredder into different particle size namely R1 (0.5-1.5cm), R2 (1.5-3.0cm), R3 (3.0-4.5cm) and R4 (4.5-7.5 cm). The feedstock was fed into rotary drums for 45 days composting period. The temperature rose to the thermophilic phase within 48 hours in all the drums and continued for R1 (7 days), R2 (8 days), R3 (4 days), and R4 (3 days). Moisture content reduction observed was R1 (23.4%), R2 (22.7%), R3 (21.7%) and R4 (20.8%). Total volatile solids reduction was 29.10, 31.20, 24.23, and 17.12 %, CO2 evolution rate was 4.92, 4.14, 6.18 and 8.16 mg/gVS/d, C/N ratio was 16.91, 15.05, 18.13 and 20.99, germination index was 92.00, 94.12, 85.21, and 81.20 in R1, R2, R3, and R4 reactor respectively after end of the composting period. The reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was highest in the R2 drum and lowest in R4. The percentage reduction of coliforms was also found to be highest in R2. As per the analytical hierarchy process, the performance of reactors was observed in the following trend, R2>R1>R3>R4. Particle size range 1.5-3.0 cm diameter showed optimum size for efficient composting of garden waste.
The existing forms of phosphorus in seven organic waste materials including biogas residues of swine manure (ZZ), biogas residues of cattle manure (NZ), compost of cattle manure and corn straw (NJD), compost of sewage sludge (WD) and compost of rural daily garbage (NSLD) were characterized according to phosphorus fractionation procedures developed by DOU et al. The result showed that there was a great difference in the total phosphorus (TP) and the total phosphorus of various forms (P(t)) among different organic materials. ZZ had the highest content of TP with the value of 23.59 g x kg(-1); while NZ had the lowest TP content with the value of 3.61 g x kg(-1). The contents and proportions of phosphorus fractions in ZZ, NZ, NJD and WD followed the order of HCl-P > Residues-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P > H2O-P, while followed the order of HC1-P > Residues-P > H2O-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P in the three NSLDs. The proportion of HCl-P in the total fractionated phosphorus (P(tt)) in seven organic materials ranged from 47.75% to 84.96%, which indicated that most of P in organic materials existed in the forms that were easier to be extracted by strong extracting agents like HCl, which was difficult to be absorbed by plants. The inorganic phosphorus accounted for 79.72% -94.76% of the total phosphorus in the organic materials. Of all the phosphorus forms, the NaHCO3-P had the highest inorganic phosphorus fractions, but the inorganic phosphorus was mainly distributed in HCl-P. The organic phosphorus was mainly distributed in HCl-P and Residues-P. In addition, the higher proportions of inorganic phosphorus in NJD than those of NZ demonstrated that the composting process was benefit for the mineralization of organic phosphorus in organic materials and thus improving its availability.
Information on the different forms and availability of P following compost addition to soil may help to better manage manure in respect to plant growth and the environment. An experiment was conducted to investigate through a sequential extraction procedure the availability of P of fresh dairy manure and several on-farm compost-soil mixtures after a 13 wk incubation in glass jars at 35°C. Materials were mixed at a rate of 200 mg N kg⁻¹ with an Arago sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol), supplying from 64 to 301 mg P kg⁻¹. Fresh dairy manure gave the highest net increase of resin-P and labile P fractions in terms of percentage of total P added, whereas poultry litter compost was the most efficient in increasing NaHCO3-inorganic P (-Pi). Among compost materials, poultry litter, vegetable residue and sheep manure increased labile P fraction the most. The contribution of the young dairy manure compost to this fraction was largely negative, and lower than those of fresh manure or partially and well-decomposed manure composts. A large part of added P was found in the moderately labile P fraction. The organic P (Po) fractions in the soil were less affected by manure or compost addition. This study indicated that the material P availability was reduced by composting, and was more affected by the origin of residue than by manure management. Key words: Composting, farm manure, soil P fractionation
Pigeonpea, groundnut, and upland rice are able to take up sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) in low fertility soils. We examined the P forms present in the upland soils in order to study the P uptake mechanisms of these plants. The Chang and Jackson (CJ) fractionation method is commonly applied for determining the P status in soils. In Japan, the Sekiya method has been developed for Andosols. Three acid soils were fractionated according to the two methods, and the contents of both organic and inorganic P in the calcium-, aluminum-, and iron-fractions were determined. In this experiment, a shift of extracted P into the next fraction during the fractionation procedure occurred in both methods. Similar results were obtained with both the CJ and Sekiya methods in a non-allophanic Andosol and a Yellow soil. However, the CJ method overestimated the content of both organic and inorganic P in the calcium-bound fraction, compared to the Sekiya method in the case of an allophanic Andosol. The fractionation using the Sekiya method seemed to give better information than the CJ method about the P status in Japanese upland soils, especially Andosols, in terms of plant P availability.
This study was performed to determine the forms of P and to examine the influence of oven-drying on P forms in different organic amendments. Samples of biosolids, beef and dairy cattle manures, and hog manures from sow and nursery barns were used in this study. Both fresh and oven-dried amendments were analyzed for inorganic (Pi), organic (Po), and total phosphorus using a modified Hedley fractionation technique. Water extracted about 10% of total biosolids P and 30 to 40% of total hog and cattle manure P. The amount of P extracted by NaHCO3 ranged from 21 to 32% of total P in all organic amendments except in the dairy cattle manure with 45% of total P. The labile P fraction (sum of H2O- and NaHCO3-extractable P) was 24% of biosolids P, 60% of hog manure P, and 70% of dairy cattle manure P. The residual P was about 10% in biosolids and cattle manures and 5 to 8% in hog manures. Oven-drying caused a transformation in forms of P in the organic amendments. In hog manures, H2O-extractable Po was transformed to Pi, while in the dairy manure NaHCO3-extractable P was converted to H2O-extractable Pi with oven-drying. Therefore, caution should be exercised in using oven-drying for studies that evaluate forms of P in organic amendments. Overall, these results indicate that biosolids P may be less susceptible to loss by water when added to agricultural land.
Prediction of phosphorus (P) availability from soil-applied composts and manure is important for agronomic and environmental reasons. This study utilized chemical properties of eight composted and two non-composted beef cattle (Bos taurus) manures to predict cumulative phosphorus uptake (CPU) during a 363-d controlled environment chamber bioassay. Ten growth cycles of canola (Brassica napus L.) were raised in pots containing 2 kg of a Dark Brown Chernozemic clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, Typic Haploboroll) mixed with 0.04 kg of the amendments. Inorganic P fertilizer (KH2PO4) and an unamended control were included for comparison. All treatments received a nutrient solution containing an adequate supply of all essential nutrients, except P, which was supplied by the amendments. Cumulative P uptake was similar for composted (74 mg kg-1 soil) and non-composted manures (60 mg kg-1 soil) and for the latter and the fertilizer (40 mg kg-1 soil). However, the CPU was significantly higher for organic amendments than the control (24 mg kg-1 soil) and for composted manure than the fertilizer. Apparent phosphorus recovery (APR) from composted manure (24%) was significantly lower than that from non-composted manure (33%), but there was no significant difference in APR between the organic amendments and the fertilizer (27%). Partial least squares (PLS) regression indicated that only two parameters [total water-extractable phosphorus (TPH2O) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration of amendments] were adequate to model amendment-derived cumulative phosphorus uptake (ACPU), explaining 81% of the variation in ACPU. These results suggest that P availability from soil-applied composted and non-composted manures can be adequately predicted from a few simple amendment chemical measurements. Accurate prediction of P availability and plant P recovery may help tailor manure and compost applications to plant needs and minimize the buildup of bioavailable P, which can contribute to eutrophication of sensitive aquatic systems.
Information on the different forms and availability of P following compost addition to soil may help to better manage manure in respect to plant growth and the environment. An experiment was conducted to investigate through a 7sequential extraction procedure the availability of P of fresh dairy manure and several on-farm compost-soil mixtures after a 13 wk incubation in glass jars at 35°C. Materials were mixed at a rate of 200 mg N kg-1 with an Arago sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol), supplying from 64 to 301 mg P kg-1 Fresh dairy manure gave the highest net increase of resin-P and labile P fractions in terms of percentage of total P added, whereas poultry litter compost was the most efficient in increasing NaHCO3-inorganic P (-Pi). Among compost materials, poultry litter, vegetable residue and sheep manure increased labile P fraction the most. The contribution of the young dairy manure compost to this fraction was largely negative, and lower than those of fresh manure or partially and well-decomposed manure composts. A large part of added P was found in the moderately labile P fraction. The organic P (Po) fractions in the soil were less affected by manure or compost addition. This study indicated that the material P availability was reduced by composting, and was more affected by the origin of residue than by manure management.
Traditional soil P test methods estimate plant available inorganic P but ignore the less available inorganic and organic P pools. In low‐input systems where fertilizer P additions are very low to nil, these less available P pools may be a better measure of potential plant available P, particularly in highly weathered soils. The objectives of this study were to determine the size and changes in soil P pools in the nonfertilized and fertilized treatments of a long‐term continuous cultivation experiment established on a Typic Paleudult in Yurimaguas, Peru. A modified version of the Hedley et al. procedure was used to sequentially fractionate soil P into increasingly recalcitrant organic and inorganic pools. The use of path analysis highlights the interactions among P pools and the different roles of the pools in P cycling between the nonfertilized and fertilized system. For the fertilized system, the NaOH‐extractable inorganic P pool acts as a sink for fertilizer P but desorption is rapid enough to maintain high levels of plant available P. For this system, inorganic P pools explain 96% of the variation in the level of available P. Organic P is the primary source of plant‐available P in the nonfertilized system and explains 44% of the variation in available P. Available P, measured by anion exchange resin, is dependent on crop residue ( b values ± standard error = 4.98 ± 3.57), whereas yield depends most strongly on the available P (0.16 ± 0.11) and on NaOH‐extractable organic P (−0.17 ± 0.11). The lack of stability in organic P levels in the first 10 yr illustrates the need for long‐term experiments. The presented results support the notion that traditional soil P tests are inadequate for low‐ to no‐input systems.
The large accumulation of P in manure from animal feeding operations in localized areas has increased the potential for P export following land application. Impairment of freshwater quality by accelerated eutrophication has focused attention on manure management and the potential for P loss in runoff. Thus, we investigated the amounts and relative solubilities of P in manures and their composts using a modified Hedley fractionation and release of P during simulated rainfall (70 mm h-1 for 30 min) in laboratory columns (15-cm diameter). Twenty-four samples each of dairy manure, dairy manure compost, poultry manure, poultry manure compost, poultry litter, and swine manure were collected over 2 yr. Total P concentration ranged from 2600 to 40 000 mg kg-1, mostly as inorganic P (63 to 92%). The distribution of inorganic and organic P fractions depended on manure and compost type. Most of the inorganic P, 80%, was water extractable (2030 mg kg-1), while 55% was hydroxide extractable in swine slurry (16 620 mg kg-1) and 38% acid extractable in poultry manure (9320 mg kg-1). The dissolved inorganic P concentration in leachate from manure and compost (10 Mg ha-1 manure application rate) during a 30-min rainfall ranged from 34 (poultry litter) to 75 mg L-1 (poultry manure). The amount of P leached by five simulated rainfall events was significantly correlated to respective water extractable inorganic (r2 = 0.98) or organic P (r2 = 0.99) of each material. This suggests that water extractable P may be used to estimate the potential for land-applied manures or composts to enrich leachate and surface runoff P.
The changes in total phosphorus (P) accumulation in the plow layer and in the contents of several P compounds in an upland Andosol with time and the effects of these changes on biomass production at the field level were investigated in relation to the continuous application of farmyard manure and compost (referred to as “farmyard manure”) and inorganic P for 9 y. 1) Inorganic P applied continuously without farmyard manure accumulated only in the plow layer of the upland Andosol, whereas the combined application of inorganic P and farmyard manure P led to the leaching below the plow layer, with a constant level (3.3–3.5 g kg) of P accumulation in the plow layer within several decades. In order to reach a constant P accumulation level, higher application of P shortened the time required for the accumulation. 2) Bray No. 2-P value in the plow layer increased with time and tended to become maximum only under the application of both inorganic P and farmyard manure. 3) Aluminum (AI) bound-P (AI-P) fraction in the plow layer of the Andosol increased continuously and quadratically with the cultivation, along with an accelerated decrease in the amount of iron bound-P (Fe-P) and residual-P fractions (Res-P) during the 9-y period. 4) Continuous application of farmyard manure accelerated the decrease in the organic P (Org-P) fraction, presumably due to promoting microbial activity in the plow layer. 5) During the 9-y period, differences in crop growth with and without continuous application of P became attenuated, suggesting that the availability of accumulated P in the plow layer of the Andosol farm field before the experiment increased for the subsequent crop cultivation. Continuous increase in the AI-P fraction with time was closely correlated with the increase in P availability of accumulated P for crop growth.
Organic amendments considerably affect nutrient balance and interfraction mobility of nutrients by influencing the chemical, physical, and biological environment in soils. In this study, the effects of five amendments including: two composts, farmyard manure, packaging-industry by-product, and olive-mill waste on time-dependent interfraction mobility of P among mineral P fractions in two semiarid-region soils differing in carbonate content and texture were investigated. Organic materials were applied at the rate of 0, 25, 50, and 100 g (kg soil)–1 soil thoroughly mixed and incubated at 27°C ± 2°C for 110 d. Phosphorus fractions were sequentially extracted by 0.1 M NaOH + 1 M NaCl (NaOH-P), citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD-P), and 0.5 M HCl (Ca-P). Results showed that organic amendments especially farmyard manure significantly influenced NaOH-P, CBD-P, and Ca-P. In addition, higher application rates of organic residues increased NaOH-P fraction. NaOH-P and CBD-P fractions were increased after addition of organic residues and then converted to Ca-P fraction within the end of incubation period. Increasing application rate of organic residues allowed P to be retained in more labile fractions for a longer period. The amount of Ca-P was found to be related with carbonate content of soils. It can be concluded that organic residues applied to calcareous soils may enhance P nutrition of agricultural plants.
Understanding phosphorus (P) transformation is necessary to develop sustainable P management practices on Andosol with large
P-fixing capacity. This study was conducted during 2005–2007 in northeastern Japan to determine how the amounts of inorganic
P (Pi) and organic P (Po) fractions change in a Silandic Andosol under soybean production [Glycine max (L.)]. Two treatments were examined: application of composted cattle manure (0 (P0), 61 (P1), and 122 or 183 (P2)kgPha−1year−1) and winter cover cropping (no cover crop, rapeseed [Brassica napus], and cereal rye [Secale cereale L.]). Compost was applied before soybean seeding; cover crops were seeded after soybean harvest without further fertilization.
Soil P was extracted sequentially with anion exchange resin (Pi), 0.5M NaHCO3 (Pi, Po), 0.1M NaOH (Pi, Po), and 0.5M H2SO4 (Pi). Soybean removed 42.3 and 48.5kgPha−1 (only 23 and 10% of the added P), respectively, in P1 and P2. In the P2 soil, 64% of excess P was distributed into Pi fractions, mainly resin-Pi and NaOH–Pi (29 and 19%, respectively). In P0, despite no P addition, soybean removed 41.5kgPha−1 concurrently with a decrease in NaOH–Pi, suggesting its potential contribution to soybean P uptake. Neither of cover crops had significant effect on soil P fractions
during the 3year period.
Organic soil amendments are increasingly being examined for their potential for soil restoration. In this paper, different composted plant residues consisting of leguminous (red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) (TP) and non-leguminous (rapeseed, Brassica napus L.) (BN) plants and the combination of both plant residues (red clover + rapeseed, Trifolium pratense L. + Brassica napus L. at a ratio 1:1) (TP + BN) were applied during a period of 4 years for restoring a Xelloric Calciorthid soil located near Seville (Guadalquivir Valley, Andalusia, Spain). The effect of the organic soil amendments on plant cover, soil physical (structural stability, bulk density), chemical (C/N ratio), and biological properties (microbial biomass, soil respiration and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities)) were determined. Organic amendments were applied at rate of 7.2 and 14.4 t organic matter ha−1. All composted plant residues had a positive effect on soil physical properties. At the end of the experimental period and at the high rate, soil structural stability was highest in the BN (28.3%) treatment, followed by the TP + BN (22.4%) and the TP (14.5%) treatments and then the control. Soil bulk density was higher in the BN (30.9%), followed by TP + BN (26.2%) and TP (16.1%) treatments with respect to the control. However, soil biological properties (biomass C and the enzymatic activities) were particularly improved by the TP + BN treatment, followed by TP, BN and the control. After 4 years, the percentage of plant cover increased 87.2% in the TP + BN amended soil with respect to the control, followed by TP (84.1%) and BN (83.8%). These differences were attributed to the different chemical composition of the composts applied to the soils and their mineralization, controlled by the soil C/N ratio. The application of TP + BN compost with a C/N ratio of 18, resulted a more favourable soil biological properties and plant cover than the application of TP (C/N ratio = 8.8) and BN (C/N ratio = 47.7) composts.
A field experiment was conducted on an Andosol to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, P and N uptake and soil P fraction after long-term fertilization (no fertilizer, NPK, NP, NK and PK treatments). Application rates of N, P and K fertilizers were 100, 65 and 83 kg ha−1 year−1 by ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization was critical for grain yield since the NK treatment did not increase yield compared with no fertilizer treatment. Agronomic efficiency of P was greater than agronomic efficiency of N, although apparent recovery of P and N were 17 and 53%, respectively. Combination application of fertilizer P and N resulted in the greatest grain yield over 23-year cultivation. Interaction impact on grain yield between P and N ranged from 71 to 109%, and was greater than the values for cereals in the earlier works. The N/P ratios of wheat decreased by P application and increased by N application. The N/P ratios in NPK and NP treatments were higher than the values attaining maximum yield for cereal crops reported by other works.
A single solution reagent is described for the determination of phosphorus in sea water. It consists of an acidified solution of ammonium molybdate containing ascorbic acid and a small amount of antimony. This reagent reacts rapidly with phosphate ion yielding a blue-purple compound which contains antimony and phosphorus in a 1:1 atomic ratio. The complex is very stable and obeys Beer's law up to a phosphate concentration of at least 2 μg/ml.The sensitivity of the procedure is comparable with that of the stannous chloride method. The salt error is less than 1 %.RésuméUne méthode spectrophotométrique est décrite pour le dosage du phosphate dans l'eau de mer, an moyen de molybdate d'ammonium, en présence d'acide ascorbique et d'antimoinc. Il se forme rapidement un composé violet bleu, renfermant antimoine et phosphore dans un rapport atomique de 1:1.ZusammenfassungBeschreibung einer Methode zur Bestimmung von Phosphat in Mecrwasser mit Hilfe von Ammoniummolybdat in Gegenwart von Ascorbinsäure und Antimon. Der gebildete blau-violette Komplex wird spektrophotometrisch gemessen.
There is international interest today in the fate and transformation of phosphorus (P) applied to soils due to historical overapplication of P from organic wastes. This overapplication has increased soil solution P concentrations and enriched the erodible fraction of soil with P. This is of major concern as significant water quality deterioration can occur if P applied to soils in organic wastes reaches water bodies. Just as the bioavailability of P compounds depends upon their chemical form, it is becoming increasingly apparent that information about different forms of P is needed for holistic management of organic wastes. A number of chemical and biological methods have been employed to partition total P into more specific chemical forms in organic wastes. However, there has been no previous effort to review and synthesize the literature and to critically analyze the various techniques with promise for chemical speciation of P in organic wastes. In this chapter, we review various types of organic wastes and factors affecting P composition in organic wastes, from production to land disposal. Then, we discuss the various methods that have been used to characterize P forms, including water extractable P (WEP) physicochemical fractionation, sequential chemical fractionation, enzymatic hydrolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. To summarize the conclusions, WEP is quick chemical test that should be employed to determine the readily dissolved P in organic wastes and to assess the potential risk of wastes on water quality. The potential bioavailability of P forms in the liquid wastes can be similarly assessed by a rapid and low cost physicochemical fractionation method. Enzymatic hydrolysis and solution state NMR can be of great benefit to characterize organic P species in wastes, whereas solid‐state NMR and XANES spectroscopy are better suited to study the inorganic P minerals in the wastes. NMR and XANES methods are both quantitative and can be used to study the influence of management practices on P speciation. Solid‐state NMR and XANES methods are capable of performing analysis of heterogeneous material and provides complementary information about P compounds in organic wastes. The combined use of sequential chemical fractionation and spectroscopic methods (NMR, XANES) allows for accurate identification of P compounds in the sequential extracts. Case studies are included throughout the chapter to discuss wider applicability of a particular method. We conclude this chapter by suggesting that more than one method may be necessary for complete determination of P species in organic wastes.
Changes in phosphorus forms in soil with organic matter application
- T Sugito
- K Yoshida
- T Nitta
Sugito, T., K. Yoshida, and T. Nitta. 2001. Changes in phosphorus forms in soil with organic matter application. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 72:195–205.
Accumulated amount and formation of phosphate in cultivated upland low-humic Andsoils through continu-ous application of inorganic fertilizers and cattle manure for 25 years
- M Tani
- C Mizota
- T Yagi
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Tani, M., C. Mizota, T. Yagi, N. Fueki, H. Tamuta, T. Kato, and M. Koike. 2011. Accumulated amount and formation of phosphate in cultivated upland low-humic Andsoils through continu-ous application of inorganic fertilizers and cattle manure for 25 years. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 82:231–234.
Statistical analysis book for EXCEL
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Kan, T. 2006. Statistical analysis book for EXCEL. Tokyo, Japan: Tokei. Esumi Co.