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... Cassia sieberiana's case is more crucial, as it's use requires the roots of the plant. The possibility of this plantTable 1: Indigenous uses of remedies prepared with H. floribunda, L. hastata, and C. sieberiana (Kerharo and Adam 1974; Neuwinger, 1996; Adjanohoun et al., 1989; Tamboura et al., 1998).Kerharo and Adam, 1974; Adjanohoun et al.,1989; Neuwinger, 1996) going into extinction is high because the amount of extracted material is quite huge! Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to build a sustainable scheme of management for preservation and multiplication of this species in suitable locations. ...
... Cassia sieberiana's case is more crucial, as it's use requires the roots of the plant. The possibility of this plantTable 1: Indigenous uses of remedies prepared with H. floribunda, L. hastata, and C. sieberiana (Kerharo and Adam 1974; Neuwinger, 1996; Adjanohoun et al., 1989; Tamboura et al., 1998).Kerharo and Adam, 1974; Adjanohoun et al.,1989; Neuwinger, 1996) going into extinction is high because the amount of extracted material is quite huge! Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to build a sustainable scheme of management for preservation and multiplication of this species in suitable locations. ...
... For instance, it's leaves are often chewed by shepherds against polydipsia and mouth dryness (Kerharo and Adams, 1974; Olivier-Boyer, 1986). The main reason for that is their high content of water, minerals and vitamins (phosphorous, glucose, cellulose, vitamins B1, B2, B3, C, and amino-acids) (Nacoulma/Ouédraogo,1996). Neuwinger(1996) reported that in many west African regions, from Senegal/Gambia/Guinea to Nigeria, Cassia sieberiana is very well known as a very active poison, widely used for hunting and fishing or as arrow poison. These findings are consistent with it's common knowledge in Sudan; there, it is well known that Cassia sieberiana will never be eaten by any animal, even when they are in danger of acute starvation. ...
As reproductive disorders were found to be one of the major constraints of livestock improvement in Burkina Faso, an ethno-veterinary survey showed that some plant species are used by traditional veterinary healers as basic components of indigenous recipes to treat them. The ecological locations, the current relative abundance in the area and the acute toxicity of the aqueous extracts of three selected species: Holarrhena floribunda,. Leptadenia hastata and Cassia sieberiana were also investigated. The abundance of the plants was carried out in villages with semi-structured interviews of vet-healers, in-situ observations and then completion with library documentation while the acute toxicity was done in mice. The results showed that LD B
... -Khaya senegalensis is commonly planted as a roadside tree and ornamental shade tree, and sometimes for soil stabilization. It has been planted successfully in a taungya system with groundnut as intercrop (FAO, 1986;Katende et al., 1995;Neuwinger, 1996 ;Sosef et al., 1998 ;Neuwinger, 2000 ;Arnold, 2004 ;Sokpon and Ouinsavi, 2004 ;Neya, 2006). ...
... ( Katende et al., 1995;Neuwinger, 1996 ;Sosef et al., 1998;Neuwinger, 2000 ;Potel, 2002 ;Caniato and Puricelli, 2003 ;Arnold, 2004 ;Sokpon and Ouinsavi, 2004 ;Androulakis et al., 2006;Neya, 2006 ;Lompo et al 2007;Zhang et al., 2007 ; Pérez-Flores et al 2012). ...
To face the common ailments of Somba cattle in it natural area, some breeders use endogenous methods based herbal. The present study is a monography of the most used plants in order to appropriate all the literature that exists on these plants before eventually begin experimental studies for scientific validation of their therapeutic effects. For each plant species, the study examined the following data: the botanical description, geographical and ecological distribution, chemical composition, pharmacological uses, and other uses. It basically shows that the study of medicinal uses mentioned by the Somba cattle plants are widely reported by many other authors in various African, Asian and Latin American countries, but much more in human medicine than in veterinary medicine. The predominance of compounds pharmacological properties reported in the chemical compositions by different studies also confirmed the therapeutic capabilities of these plants. By cons, very few of the pharmacological and therapeutic properties have been described scientifically proven. Keywords: monography-plants-diseases-somba cattle
... En este estudio se reporta la utilización de infusiones de grupos de hojas jóvenes (llamadas coloquialmente "cogollo") para el tratamiento de conjuntivitis e infecciones oculares por aproximadamente el 20% de los informantes. Este uso medicinal ha sido ampliamente referido en estudios previos (Veja & Fernández 2010), incluyendo el uso del humo proveniente de quemar hojas jóvenes (Pasiecznik & Felkerl 2001), o extractos de yemas florales (Vimal & Tyagi 1986, Neuwinger 1996. ...
... Probablemente, la actividad de estos compuestos antibióticos y antibacteriales, explica el uso tradicional de la especie en tratamiento de patologías infecciosas diversas como enfermedades estomacales y parasitosis (Pasiecznik & Felker 2001, Rocha 1990, afecciones bucales y de garganta, desórdenes urinarios, dermatitis, lepra, disentería, bronquitis, asma, enfermedades venéreas (Prasad et al. 2011, Neuwinger 1996, D'Antoni & Solbrig 1977, dolor de oídos y picaduras de serpientes o escorpiones (Pasiecznik & Felker, 2001). ...
En este trabajo se proporciona información de los usos medicinales atribuidos a Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. por habitantes de cinco localidades rurales de la Peninsula Paraguaná (Estado Falcon, Venezuela). Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 51 informantes, de entre 23 y 86 años de edad, naturales de la península de Paraguaná. Todos los entrevistados atribuyeron alguna propiedad curativa a hojas, frutos y/o tallos de P. juliflora. Los mayores porcentajes de uso medicinal de la especie se refirieron a patologías traumatológicas, oftalmológicas y de la función sexual masculina. Algunos otros usos medicinales reportados en menor proporción incluyen tratamientos para la diabetes, enfermedades del sistema digestivo, parasitosis, enfermedades eruptivas, coadyuvante en casos de malestar general, cálculos renales y cáncer. Los resultados constituyen la primera compilación de usos medicinales de P. juliflora en Venezuela, y permiten establecer bases para el desarrollo de investigaciones tendientes a la determinación de su prospección bioquímica y farmacológica.
... It is a leguminous tree crop that is used both for its nutritional and medicinal properties; the seeds are used for thickening of traditional soups in the south-eastern part of Nigeria and the fresh bark or leaves are applied to wounds to prevent and cure infections [21]. The methanol extract of D. microcarpum leaves are reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant activity [22,23] which could be due to some of the chemical constituents that have been isolated from the plant including diterpenes [24,25], polysaccharides, coumarins [26], polyphenols and flavonoids [27]. In this study, we used the aqueous extract of AgNPs obtained were used for characterization and various applications reported in this study. ...
... It is a leguminous tree crop that is used both for its nutritional and medicinal properties; the seeds are used for thickening of traditional soups in the south-eastern part of Nigeria and the fresh bark or leaves are applied to wounds to prevent and cure infections [21]. The methanol extract of D. microcarpum leaves are reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant activity [22,23] which could be due to some of the chemical constituents that have been isolated from the plant including diterpenes [24,25], polysaccharides, coumarins [26], polyphenols and flavonoids [27]. In this study, we used the aqueous extract of D. microcarpum leaves to synthesize AgNPs end-capped with phytocompounds from the plant to generate DAgNPs. ...
... The leaves up to 20 cm long and about 5-12 cm broad are elliptical, margin entire with short and blunt apex, wedgeshaped base and smooth on both sides (Dalziel, 1985;Iwu, 1993). The roots are bright yellow with a sour taste while the ovoid-ellipsoid bright yellow or orange fruits occur in clusters and are edible when ripe (Abbiw, 1990;Neuwinger, 1996). The flowers are auxiliary in cluster and the fruits are ellipsoid, also in clusters on the sterm just below the leaves, fleshy, ripens orange (Abbiw, 1990). ...
... It is mostly found in the tropical forest zones of West Africa as undergrowth plant, it is used in treating various human diseases. Sphenocentrum jollyanum bears fruits which are edible (Neuwinger, 1996) and is used as an anti-fatigue snack. In Nigeria the roots are used as chewing sticks, relief for constipation and as a stomachic. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, proximate, mineral element composition and antimicrobial activity of ten different medicinal plant seeds. The medicinal plants investigated were Canna bidentata, Ceasalpinia bunduc, Cola millenii, Hunteria umbellata, Hydrocotyle asiata, Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, Perinari excelsa, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Solanum dasyphyllum, and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The micro-organisms used for the antimicrobial assay were seven clinical pathogens, four bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three fungi: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albican using agar well diffusion method. In proximate analysis, moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract and energy values were determined. And for minerals analysis, potassium and sodium were determined using Flame Photometer, while calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result of the phytochemical screening showed that all the selected plant seeds contained alkaloids and saponin, except in Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, and phenolic group is present in Perinari excelsa only. Proximate analysis result revealed that the moisture content of the samples ranged between 12.51-26.7%, crude protein 8.65-48.09%, crude fibre 2.69-12.66%, crude fat 2.65-18.10%, ash contents 3.26-11.45% and carbohydrate 16.79-59.38%. While mineral element analysis result showed that the selected plant seeds contained low levels of potassium (2.14-8.12 mg/l), zinc (1.38-5.53 mg/l), iron (0.22-1.9 mg/l) and manganese (0.14-1.40 mg/l) and high levels of calcium (3.25-68.55 mg/l). The antimicrobial screening revealed that all the plant seeds used in this study have good antibiotics properties against various bacterial and fungi pathogens tested with maximum inhibition observed in S. jollyanum and minimum in M. macrostachyum. The result of this study showed that all the selected plant seeds contained reasonable amount of nutritional values and phytochemical constituents which suggest the application of the seeds as supplementary sources of antimicrobial agent and essential nutrients to man and livestock.
... Pygmejští lovci byli po malých dávkách drceného kořene ibogy schopni urazit znatelně delší vzdálenost, unést větší zátěž a několik dní nespat. 13 Větší dávky ibogy vedou k výrazným halucinacím a dávka užívaná k iniciaci bwiti způsobí dočasné bezvědomí. Překročení této dávky -vzhledem k hmotnosti a zdravotnímu stavu člověka -způsobí smrt. ...
V africkém Gabonu praktikují lidé tradiční náboženské rituály bwiti založené na konzumaci kořene keře iboga se silně psychedelickými účinky. Komplexní náboženský systém bwiti s dlouhou tradicí je vzhledem k okolním původním africkým náboženstvím unikátní: nejde o bohoslužbu, nejde o naklánění si božstev či duchů na svou stranu – jde výhradně o sebepoznání, duchovní vhled do podstaty skutečnosti, setkání se se sebou samým v nejvnitřnějším smyslu slova. Cílem článku je představit náboženství bwiti a typický průběh iniciačního rituálu, který se sice v různých oblastech Gabonu liší, ovšem lze vysledovat klíčové společné prvky. Problematika je zpracována metodou vlastního terénního výzkumu, podepřeného komparací relevantní literatury. Metoda výzkumu byla centralizovaná do zúčastněného pozorování více iniciačních rituálů bwiti v různých oblastech Gabonu a strukturovaných i semistrukturovaných rozhovorů s představiteli (ngangy) i prostými vyznavači.
... Though drug obtained from plant have limited chances of side but sometime improper dose can cause adverse effect of humans. Therefore toxicological study of various phytochemicals is must, Mariam et al. (2013) studied the toxicological effect of B. aegyptiaca, and Neuwinger, 1996;Mohamed et al., 1999, Koko et al., 2000Koko et al., 2005;Chapagain et al., 2009;Patil et al., 2010;Abdulmalik et al., 2011;Shalaby et al., 2012 Stem/Root Bark Yellow fever, jaundice, antiangiogenic, antitumor, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti trypanocidal activity, cytotoxicity, mental diseases, diarrhea, epilepsy, treatment of Syphilis round worm infection, haemorrhoid, fish poison, antivinom against viper venom and syphilis Bukar et al., 2004;Katewa et al., 2004;Wurochekke & Nok, 2004;Koch et al., 2005;Gad et al., 2006;Ojo et al., 2006;Wufem et al., 2007;Ahmad Hassan et al., 2016 Fruit Skin diseases, sleeping sickness, oral hypoglycemia, cytotoxicity, antitumor effects, antioxidant, antifertility, insecticidal activity, anticonvulsant effect, cure mouth ulcer, boils and burns, whooping cough, effective antischistosomal remedy, act as an antidote to arrow poison Rao et al., 1997;Wiesman & Chapagain, 2003;Katewa et al., 2004;Koch et al., 2005;Koko et al., 2005;Gad et al., 2006;Ojo et al., 2006;Gnoula et al., 2008;Thirupathi et al., 2009;Al-Ghannam et al., 2013;Molla et al., 2013;Wabale, 2017 Seed Antitumor, anti-cancer antibacterial, antioxidant, antimalarial activity, effective antischistosomal remedy and cure cough, colic pain Wiesman & Chapagain, 2003;Bukar et al., 2004;Koko et al., 2005;Ojo et al., 2006;Gnoula et al., 2008;Kusch et al., 2011;Mostafa et al., 2016 Seed oil Skin diseases, diabetes, hypoglycemia, sleeping sickness and promising for HIV/AIDS patients Cook et al., 1998;Sheded et al., 2006;Alashaal et al., 2010 Leaves Wound healing, curing anthrax, antihelminthic activities, to clean malignant wounds Ojo et al., 2006;Kommu et al., 2013 Root Stomach pain, anthrax, and the infusion of root also acts as an antidote to snake bite Ojo et al., 2006 revealed that oral administration of the extract at the specified doses showed any toxicity on liver cells. Suky et al. (2011) studied acute toxicity of 200-2000 mg/kg ethanol extract of B. aegyptiaca and observed that extract did not have any behavioural changes or mortality even at a dose of 2000 mg/kg which indicate the safety of this extract. ...
... The decoction of the leaves and roots is used for abdominal pain in Tanzania while the leave decoction is drunk for fever by the Yorubas of South western Nigeria (Yerima et al. 2009). The decoction of the leaf with some other plants is used in northern Nigeria for the treatment of mental illness and painful swelling (Neuwinger, 1996). In Uganda leaf powder is taken for abortion. ...
Flueggea virosa (Robx. ex Willd.) Royle. of family Euphorbiaceae is commonly grown medicinal plant. The plant contains large number of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, triterpenoids, resins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, bergenin, menisdaurinand anthraquinones. The study revealed the plant to be a potential source of nutrition, minerals and drugs. This review aims to provide an upto date overview of the phytochemistry, pharmacological data as well as traditional uses of the plant in view of discussing its medicinal value and potantial application in compementary and alternative medicine.
Keywords: Flueggea virosa, Euphorbiaceae, Phytochemistry, Traditional uses.
... Securinega virosa (S. virosa) is one of the most useful medicinal plants found in several Africa (Dalziel, 1936). It is used traditionally in the management of psychiatric illnesses in Northe Nigeria (Neuwinger, 1996). The behav et al., 2008a;Allen, 2011) and analgesic (Magaji et al., 2008b) of the methanol extract of S. virosa have previously been Depression affects 10-17% of the global population at some point in life, resulting in enormous personal suffering and economic loss (Ronald, 2014). ...
Securinega virosa (S. virosa) is a commonly used psychiatric illnesses. Thus, the current study aimed at methanol extract of S. virosa in mice. determined. The antidepressant activity of the extract (500, 250 and 125 mg/kg) using the tail suspension test(TST), forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT).The median lethal dose was estimated to be flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in the crude extract. The methanol root bark extract of S. virosa significantly (p<0.05) decreased duration of immobility and also decreased comotion and explorator showed that the root bark extract of S. virosa
... Being commonly named as fish-poison tree, fish-killer tree and fish-poison wood, it is called as such due to its potential in poisoning fish 19,20 . It is used to stun fishes and octopus in the area of Pacific islands 21 and many regions of the world where the species are native to. ...
This paper reviews the traditional uses and customs of people in the use of Barringtonia racemosa L., a type of plant mangrove species in their daily life and medicinal approaches. In addition, the phytochemical constituents and the studies in plant biotechnology carried out on this species were also reviewed and summarized by referring to the available documented literatures. It is aimed to provide a systematic review of such topics to facilitate understanding and providing information regarding that particular species. From the current review of literature, it has been clearly depicted that B. racemosa is having promising potentials for natural product discovery through plant biotechnology to be further scrutinized in this species. The information gathered from the ethnobotanical uses of this species as well as its phytochemical constituents are useful to provide a significant background for future works regarding plant secondary metabolites from this species to be further explored by the application of plant biotechnology.
... Seed kernel extracts of Mangifera indica showed positive antidiarrhoeal activity against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus (Sairam et al., 2003), and on castor oil induced diarrhoea in Swiss albino mice (Rajan et al., 2012). According to Neuwinger (1994), bark or root decoction of Ficus sur is taken orally or as an enema for diarrhoea in Ghana. In Benin and Mozambique, bark infusion of Sclerocarya birrea is taken orally as remedy for diarrhoea (Ribeiro et al., 2010;Gouwakinnou et al., 2011). ...
Background
Gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhoea in particular remain a major concern in South Africa and Zimbabwe resulting in high mortality rates when left untreated. This investigation was aimed at documenting herbal medicines used in the treatment of diarrhoea in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Materials and Methods
A review of literature on plant species used as remedies for diarrhoea in South Africa and Zimbabwe was undertaken by the use of different electronic databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus as well as library searches at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa and the National Herbarium of Zimbabwe (SRGH) in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Results
This study reported ten plant species most widely used to treat diarrhoea in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Of the lot, Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. was the most popular medicinal plant used as antidiarrhoeal remedy (11 literature citations) in South Africa and Zimbabwe, followed by Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels and Schotia brachypetala Sond. with eight literature citations each. The roots (47.4%) are the most frequently used plant parts, followed by bark (26.3%), leaves (21.1%) and rhizomes (5.3%).
Conclusion
The documented antidiarrhoeal activities of this repository of selected plant species against diarrhoea causing agents such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella, Yersinia and Vibrio cholerae calls for further investigation aimed at isolating phytochemical compounds responsible for antidiarrhoeal activities, their mode of action, and also establish their safety and efficacy. This cross-cultural acceptance of antidiarrhoeal herbal medicines and the use of the same plant species in different geographical zones serve as an indication of the importance of herbal medicines in primary healthcare of local communities.
... The bitterness of bitter gourd is due to the cucurbitacin-like alkaloid momordicine ( Fig. 2.1) and tri terpene glycosides (momordicoside K and L) (Jeffrey 1980;Okabe et al. 1982). These compounds lack the oxygen function at C-il that characterizes "true" cucurbitacins (Neuwinger, 1994) and are the bitterest compounds in the plant kingdom (Johns, 1990). ...
An investigation was carried out under AICRP on STCR at the Central Research Farm (Gayeshpur), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, to find out the effect of INM on some important physical and chemical properties of soil and performance of bitter gourd with a various source of the nutrient. The treatments contain different organic and inorganic fertilizer viz. Control (T1), NPK @ 90:60:60 kg/ha (T2),Vermicompost@12t/ha (T3), NPK+Vermicompost @ 3t//ha (T4), FYM@25t/ha (T5), NPK+FYM@ 6.25t/ha (T6), MOC@ 7t/ha (T7), NPK+MOC@ 1.75t/ha (T8).The objective of the experiment was to
assess physical properties of soil viz. bulk density, aggregate stability, chemical properties of soil viz. pH, EC, NPK content, micronutrient content and crop quality of bitter gourd. Based on the performance, it was found that the treatment combination of NPK+MOC @ 1.75t/ha (T8) was best followed by NPK+FYM@ 6.25t/ha (T6).
... Bignoniaceae SD-SH-21 Stomach problem, cough, dysentery and venereal diseases (Neuwinger, 1996;El Ghazali et al., 1997). ...
The flora of Sudan is relatively rich in medicinal plants and represents an important component of traditional medicine. Fifty methanolic extracts of selected Sudanese medicinal plants were evaluated for their in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effect, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC). The standard method of antioxidant evaluation, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), was employed to determine the antioxidant activity while the enzyme based tyrosinase inhibition was used for the anti-tyrosinase activity. Acacia nilotica (pods, bark) and Acacia seyal var. seyal (wood) demonstrated comparable anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity using L-tyrosine as substrate (08.61, 10.47 and 10.77 μg/ml respectively) to Kojic acid (10.02 μg/ml) which was used as a positive control. A. nilotica (bark) and Acacia seyal var. fistula (bark) exhibited good tyrosinase inhibitory activity using L-DOPA as substrate (IC50: 31.93, 36.32 μg/ml) compared to positive control (IC50: 37.63 μg/ml). The results revealed significant differences in TPC between plants extracts. The highest level of phenolic content was found in Terminalia brownii (bark; 46.02 μg GAE/mg) while the lowest was in Ziziphus spina–christi (fruits; 09.63 μg GAE/mg). The study indicated significant differences in total antioxidant capacity between the extracts. Terminalia laxiflora (wood), A. nilotica (pods, bark), T. brownii (bark), A. seyal var. seyal (bark), Khaya senegalensis (bark), T. brownii (wood) Combretum hartmannianum (bark), Polygonum glabrum (leaves), Z. Spina-christi (bark) and Guiera senegalensis (leaves) extracts displayed the high antioxidant equivalent concentration (EC) values. A. nilotica (pods, bark) expressed promising activity that warrant further research since it has high tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity and could be a good source of phenolic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first data presenting comprehensive data on anti-tyrosinase, TPC, antioxidant activity of the Sudanese medicinal plants.
... In The Philippines and Indonesia, a little latex on absorbent cotton is used to cure a toothache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1932;Burkill, 1935;Heyne, 1987;Suwondo, 1993). One of the reported traditional use of J. curcas latex is as haemostatic or styptic: for example, when the latex is applied directly to cuts and bleeding wounds, the bleeding soon stops (Dalziel, 1955;Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1932;Neuwinger, 1996). These observations indicate the presence of pro-coagulant activity in this plant. ...
Plants are a rich source of many natural products most of which have been extensively used for human welfare, and treatment of various diseases. Jatropha curcas, a multipurpose, drought resistant, perennial plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family is gaining a lot of economic importance because of its several potentials in industrial application and medicinal values. J. curcas has been used as traditional medicine to cure various infections. Researchers had isolated and characterized numerous biologically active compounds from all parts of this plant. In addition, the mechanisms of action of
these active compounds have been studied in relation to the applications in traditional medicine. Before
exploiting any plant for medicinal application, it is crucial to have complete information about the
medicinal uses of each part of the plant. The medicinal uses of the leaves, fruit, seed, stem bark, branches, twigs, latex and root of J. curcas are discussed in this review. If the full potential of the plant is to be revealed, much more research is required to develop herbal medicine using modern science and technology. A potential aspect based on markets for all of its medicinal products should be conducted thoroughly, to promote the ability of this plant to cure so many illnesses.
... A well-known and very useful source is a database -NAPRalert, discussed in another chapter of this volume. 106 In addition to many articles in technical journals, there are many monographic treatments available summarizing data for a particular region or country, as well as many ethnobotanical monographs, that can be used as a starting point for research, such as the following: u0085 • Africa [107][108][109][110][111][112] incl. the Indian Ocean islands 113,114 u0090 • South America [115][116][117] and North 47,118-120 America, including Mexico 7,48,121,122 and the Caribbean 123 u0095 • Asia (India, [124][125][126][127][128] China, 80,129 Southeast Asia 130 ) u0100 • Europe and the Circum-Mediterranean, [131][132][133] which in many cases is based on historical studies 70,134,135 u0105 • Australia (for which relatively little information is available) 166 and Oceania 136,137 p0650 The best known research facility is the Indian National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) of the CSIR, New Delhi, India. ...
... Aloes are also harvested and utilized for traditional medicine in numerous African countries (Hutchings, 1996; Neuwinger, 1996; Von Ahlefeldt et al., 2003; Von Koenen, 2001; Williams et al., 2001), and approximately 60 species are used in southern Africa alone (Grace, 2011). Rock paintings by San Bushmen suggest that aloes were being used traditionally long before European settlers arrived in Africa (Sachedina and Bodeker, 1999). ...
... Chondodendronto mentosun (Hans, 1996). Combretum micranthum is locally known as farargeza (Hausa), Okan (Yoruba) and Nzaotego (Igbo) and belongs to the family of Combretaceae. ...
The effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were studied on gastro intestinal smooth muscle of rodents. The extract was screened using isolated rabbit jejunum, guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. The extract produced relaxation of isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum. The relaxation of guinea pig ileum was inhibited by phentolamine. The effect of the extract on rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum may involve adrenergic receptors. The extract had no effect on pregnant and non-pregnant isolated rat uterus. The result of preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed that, the aqueous leaf extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and phlabotannins. The properties of the extract may be due to the presence of these active constituents of pharmacological importance that bear relevance to its therapeutic claims in traditional medicine.
... It is very tolerant of nutrientpoor soils. It occurs in thickets, forest edges and boundaries of cultivated areas in warm countries upto height of 2530 m. (Neuwinger, 1994). G. superba is a inhabitant of tropical Africa and now found growing naturally in many countries of tropical Asia including Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Myanmar. ...
Gloriosa superba L. is an important medicinal plant of Asia and Africa. It is used in diseases, like cancer, gout, scrofula and act as antipyretic, antihelmintic, purgative and antiabortive. It is a source of colchicines and colchicocides, which are very costly, being highly demanded by pharma industries. Due to excessive use of the plant for diverse medicinal purposes the species is on the verge of extinction and included in Red Data Book. The strenuous efforts of botanists, biotechnologists, policy makers and conservationists are required. It is a matter of great concern to conserve this plant otherwise we will be loosing it by 2020.The present review is focused on current status of the genus, source of alkaloids, poisonous nature, the strategies for its conservation and future perspectives of G. superba.
... & Diels belongs to the family Combretaceae, under the genus Terminalia. Different parts (roots, barks and leaves) of Terminalia phanerophlebia are used in traditional medicine (TM) for treatment of various diseases such as: pneumonia, bilharzia, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, stomach problems, schistosomiasis , gonorrhea, syphilis, gynecological conditions, inflammation , epilepsy, sexual transmitted diseases, wounds and skin disease (Neuwinger, 1996; McGaw et al., 2008; Van Wyk et al., 2000). In South Africa, different cultures use roots of Terminalia phanerophlebia to treat witchcraft associated diseases that are believed to culminate in coughing leading to tuberculosis and rheumatism (Mabogo, 1990). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The emergence of drug resistant-tuberculosis and other pathogenic diseases over the past decades, constitutes a serious threat to human health worldwide. According to a 2012 report by the World Health Organization (WHO), South Africa, China, India and Russia are the countries with the highest prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant tuberculosis (MDR-tuberculosis) as they represented 60% of the total. Several reports have documented antimycobacterial properties of Terminalia species but only a few species from this genus have been explored for their antimycobacterial constituents. The crude extracts of Terminalia phanerophlebia showed good antimicrobial activities in our previous study against two Mycobacterium as well as two other bacterial strains responsible for opportunistic infections related to respiratory ailments. This paper studies the isolation of compounds responsible for such activities and to isolate compounds responsible for antimicrobial activities from the crude extracts of Terminalia phanerophlebia leaves.
Materials and methods:
Terminalia phanerophlebia crude extracts obtained from 80% methanol was successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The fractions obtained and isolated compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioguided fractionation of the EtOAc fraction afforded two bioactive compounds. Structure elucidation was carried out using NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic methods.
Results:
EtOAc fraction exhibited highest antimicrobial activities and its fractionation afforded methyl gallate (methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) (1) and a phenylpropanoid glucoside, 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside (2) These compounds are reported from Terminalia phanerophlebia for the first time. Both compounds showed good antimicrobial activity against all bacterial strains tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 63 to 250 µg/mL. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside (2) at a MIC value of 63 µg/mL was noteworthy, as this bacterial strain is reported to be the leading cause of tuberculosis worldwide.
Conclusions:
Good antimicrobial activities exhibited by the compounds isolated from Terminalia phanerophlebia authenticate the traditional use of this plant in treating tuberculosis and its related symptoms. Compound (2), 1,6-di-O-coumaroyl glucopyranoside could serve as a lead compound for tuberculosis drug discovery.
... On the other hand, their extract was used as an arrow poison and for criminal purposes in African countries such as Nigeria and Madagascar (Neuwinger, 1996). Extracts of barks and/or leaves were ascribed bacteriolytic (Sukla and Krishnamurthy,1961; Mukherjee et al., 1999), molluscicidal (Adewunmi and Sofowora, 1980) antitumour (Doskotch, et al. , 1972), cardiotonic (Chen et al., 1950; Kamel et al., 2001 and Neuwinger, 1996) and hypoglycaemic activities (Sharma et al.,1967 ; Dhawan et al,1977) . It is noteworthy, therefore to assess the biological potentialities of the plant cultivated in Egypt prior seeking to isolate its active constituents. ...
The alcohol extracts of the flowers, seeds and non-flowering branches of Cryptostegia grandiflora R.B. were successively fractionated with light-petroleum, chloroform and n-butanol. The parent extracts and their respective fractions were comparatively investigated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potentials. Selected gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and fungi were used for antimicrobial screening. Cytotoxic activity was determined using Erhlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell-line, in vitro. The tested samples showed variable antimicrobial efficacy, the highest was detected in the light-petroleum fraction of the alcohol extract of the flowers. The antifungal activity is for the first time reported, and exceeds in most cases the antibacterial effect. The alcohol extract of the seed exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity, its light-petroleum fraction being the most active. Alcohol extracts of the other organs showed no cytotoxic activity. Carbohydrates and/or glycosides, cardenolides, flavonoids, and sterols and/or triterpenes were detected in appreciable amounts in the different organs.
... Of the three recreational plants drugs used by the Aka, tobacco is the only known source of nicotine; it also contains numerous other bioactive compounds, such as nornicotine and anabasine (Hukkanen et al., 2005). Tobacco is included in traditional pharmacopeias throughout Africa, including as a treatment for epilepsy and the Guinea worm (Neuwinger, 1996). In the southwest of C.A.R. a tobacco tea is consumed to treat hemorrhoids. ...
We tested a novel hypothesis that recreational use of neurotoxic plants helps defend against parasites. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between smoking and helminthiasis among the Aka, a remote population of Central African foragers who are avid tobacco smokers, suffer high rates of helminthiasis, and have little-to-no access to commercial anthelmintics. Two hundred and six healthy Aka men provided saliva and stool samples. Saliva samples were assayed for cotinine, a nicotine metabolite; a subsample was genotyped for the CYP2A6 enzyme, which metabolizes nicotine. Stool samples were assayed for intestinal helminth eggs as an index of worm burden. After 1 year, a subsample of participants was located and provided additional saliva and stool samples. We found (1) an exceptionally high prevalence of tobacco use, (2) a strong negative correlation between cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) and worm burden, (3) that treating helminths with albendazole, a commercial anthelmintic, reduced cotinine concentration two weeks later, compared to placebo controls, (4) among treated participants, higher cotinine concentrations in year 1 predicted less reinfection by year 2, and (5) younger and older participants with slow nicotine-metabolizing CYP2A6 alleles had lower worm burdens compared to those with extensive metabolizing alleles. These results provide the first evidence of a link between helminthiasis and smoking. They also suggest that, in populations where intestinal helminths are endemic, tobacco use might protect against helminth infection and reduce worm burden among infected individuals, and that individuals modulate nicotine exposure in response to infection. The results thus support the hypothesis that substance use helps defend against parasites.
... Africa is extremely diverse and thus the literature on medicinal herbs is scattered; however, the following texts and articles 73842_C002.indd 20 6/13/11 7:14:35 PM stand out: Ayensu (1978), De Smet (1999), Dokosi (1998), Fortin, Lô, andMaynart (1990), Iwu (1993), Kokwaro (1976), Neuwinger (1996), Simon et al. (2007), van Wyk, van Oudtschoorn, and Gericke (1997), Visser (1975), andvon Koenen (1996). Tabuti, Kukunda, and Waako (2010) documented 88 plant species used by traditional TMPs in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. ...
Plants are an integral part of all living organisms of the earth, and medicinal plants are widely distributed worldwide (Figure 2.1). Since time immemorial, humans from all the cultures of the world have independently selected plants for food, shelter, clothing, and medicine. Plants were identi’ed, according to their therapeutic properties and through trial and error, by the priests, shamans, herbalists, spiritual leaders and medicine men, and this practice is still a routine in many countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, and Latin America. Indeed, the widespread use of natural herbs and medicinal plants for curing and preventing diseases (nature’s pharmacy) has been described in the ancient texts of the Vedas and the Bible (Hoareau and DaSilva 1999) and the Qur’an and the Ahadith (Ahmad et al. 2009). Duke, Duke, and duCellier (2008) even wrote a book entitled Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible and cataloged “faith-based farmaceuticals”.
... Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L.] also known as 'angular loofah', 'chinese okra' or 'fluted loofah' is an important vegetable in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in Asia and India (Jansen et al., 1993) as well as Africa (Neuwinger, 1994). It is a viny cucurbitaceous crop grown for immature fruit rich in dietary fibre and minerals (Sheshadri, 1990). ...
... Pancratium tenuifolium is used by the San of the Kalahari to induce visual hallucinations while Brunsvigia radulosa is wellknown from San culture as a psychoactive plant (Viladomat et al., 1997). In addition, Boophone disticha is recognised as a hallucinogenic plant in both San and Sotho traditions (Viladomat et al., 1997;De Smet, 1996;Neuwinger, 1994;Neuwinger and Mebs, 1997;Sobiecki, 2002Sobiecki, , 2008Stafford et al., 2008). It has been suggested that its alkaloid constituents, either as single compounds or additively, are largely responsible for these effects of the Amaryllidaceae (Viladomat et al., 1997;Bastida et al., 2006;Nair et al., 2013). ...
... Strychnos icaja Baill. is a 20-100 m long liana distributed in all central Africa. The roots are used by pygmies tribe in Cameroon to cure malaria (Neuwinger, 1996). Several monoindole and bisindole alkaloids have been described in the roots, fruits and leaves of several samples collected from Congo Zaire, Gabon and Cameroon (Bisset et al., 1973;Bisset and Khalil, 1976;Fré dé rich et al., 2000Fré dé rich et al., , 2001Kambu et al., 1979;Sandberg et al., 1968). ...
A comprehensive phytochemical study of the stem bark of Strychnos icaja was done for the first time and led to the isolation of two new monoindole alkaloids 15-hydroxyvomicine (1) and 12-methoxyicajine (2) along with 13 known alkaloids: the monoindoles N-methyl-sec-iso-pseudostrychnine (3), vomicine (4), icajine (5), 19,20-α-epoxy-12-methoxyicajine (6), 19,20-α-epoxy-12,15-dihydroxy-11-methoxyicajine (7), 19,20-α-epoxy-15-hydroxynovacine (8), 15-hydroxyicajine (9), 12-hydroxystrychnine (10), strychnine (11) and the tertiary bisindoles sungucine (12), isosungucine (13), strychnogucine C (14) and bisnordihydrotoxiferine (15). Apart from 10 and 11, the other alkaloids were isolated for the first time from the stem bark of this plant. The hemisynthetic derivative, Nb-chloromethosungucine (16) and the previously reported synthetic compound 3 were isolated from a natural source for the first time. Fractions and some isolated compounds were tested against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The bisindole alkaloids were most active with IC50 ranging from 0.72 to 3.41 μg/ml whilst the monomers 1 and 3 were slightly active (IC50 39.92 and 40.27 μg/ml respectively) and 6 inactive. The structures of the compounds were determined based on the analysis of their spectral data. The full 1H and 13C NMR data of compounds 3, 6 and 7 are also reported in the present work for the first time.
... Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L.] also known as 'angular loofah', 'chinese okra' or 'fluted loofah' is an important vegetable in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in Asia and India (Jansen et al., 1993) as well as Africa (Neuwinger, 1994). It is a viny cucurbitaceous crop grown for immature fruit rich in dietary fibre and minerals (Sheshadri, 1990). ...
Male sterile (MS) ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb.) L.] mutant regenerated through in vitro culture was crossed with five pollen parents. Four hybrids were (MS × CO.2, MS × Deepthi, MS × IC-92685, MS × IC-92671) male sterile whereas one (MS × Arka Sumeet) was partially fertile. F2 population of the cross (MS × Arka Sumeet) exhibited a good fit to the 9:7 (fertile:sterile) modified ratio indicating the role of complementary genes. Two dominant fertility restorer genes (Rf1 and Rf2) either in homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant condition restores the male fertility in presence of sterile cytoplasm. Analysis of F3 families validates the above hypothesis. All three way crosses viz., (MS × Deepthi) × Arka Sumeet, (MS × IC-92685) × Arka Sumeet, (MS × IC-92671) × Arka Sumeet and (MS × CO.2) × Arka Sumeet regained fertility indicating the presence of dominant fertility restorer genes in Arka Sumeet. This is the first report of cytoplasmically controlled male sterility (CMS) in cucurbit where two dominant male fertility restorer nuclear genes with complementary gene action governing the restoration of male fertility.
... Aloes are also harvested and utilized for traditional medicine in numerous African countries (Hutchings, 1996;Neuwinger, 1996;Von Ahlefeldt et al., 2003;Von Koenen, 2001;Williams et al., 2001), and approximately 60 species are used in southern Africa alone (Grace, 2011). Rock paintings by San Bushmen suggest that aloes were being used traditionally long before European settlers arrived in Africa (Sachedina and Bodeker, 1999). ...
... It is known to the Zulu as incotho (Hulme, 1954), a vernacular term also applied to Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) (Gerstner, 1938), a well-documented hallucinogen, arrow poison and homicidal agent of the region (Neuwinger, 1994; Viladomat et al., 1997). A healer from the Nongoma District of Zululand reported that A. coranica was used as a substitute for B. disticha when the latter was unavailable, for the treatment of mentally ill patients. ...
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... It is a small erect sparsely branched shrub, growing up to 1.5 m in height. The roots which are bright yellow with a sour taste (Neuwinger, 1996 ) are used as 'chewsticks' , relief for constipation, as a stomachic, as a cough medicine, for sickle cell disease, rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions (Burkill, 1985; Iwu, 1993; Moody et al., 2006). The root of S. jollyanum is chewed as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and aphrodisiac in Ghana (Abbiw, 1990; Irvine, 1961). ...
Roots of S. jollyanum are considered as sexual stimulant in Ghanaian traditional medicine. The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of an ethanolic extract of the root of S. jollyanum on sexual behaviour of male mice and reproductive hormones in male rats. Extract of S. jollyanum (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg p.o) stimulated mounting and mating behaviour by increasing mounting frequency, intromission frequency and prolonged ejaculation latency. In addition, a decrease in mounting latency, intromission latency and post-ejaculatory interval was observed. These observations were indicative of increased libido and enhanced sexual behaviour. However, the dose-response curves of some of the parameters measured (attempted mounts, mount-ing frequency, anogenital sniffing and penile licking) were U-shaped i.e. the effects observed were absent at higher doses. Also the effect of the extract on FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone levels in rats were deter-mined at weekly intervals for three weeks. Levels of testosterone were increased 4-fold by the third week and there was about 30% increase in FSH levels by the second week which dropped by the third week. Surpris-ingly, LH levels were reduced by the second week with no significant change in levels of prolactin. These re-sults suggest that there may be more than one mechanism of action of the extract. The immediate increase in sexual behaviour by extract of S. jollyanum may be due to a central stimulatory effect whilst long-term effect might be due to increased testosterone levels. The stimulation of sexual behaviour in male mice and rats sup-ports the claims for its traditional usage in sexual disorders.
... A: A checklist of South African plants [3]; B: The International Plants Names Index [7] C: Moffett [8]; D: Trees of Southern Africa [9]; E: People’s Plants [2], F: African Ethnobotany [10]; G: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa [11]; H: CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference [12]. ...
Nearly 3,000 plant species are used as medicines in South Africa, with approximately 350 species forming the most commonly traded and used medicinal plants. In the present study, twelve South African medicinal plants were selected and tested for their antimicrobial activities against eight microbial species belonging to fungi, Mycobacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
The radiometric respiratory technique using the BACTEC 460 system was used for susceptibility testing against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the liquid micro-broth dilution was used for other antimicrobial assays.
The results of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations indicated that the methanol extracts from Acacia karoo, Erythrophleum lasianthum and Salvia africana were able to prevent the growth of all the tested microorganisms. All other samples showed selective activities. MIC values below 100 μg/ml were recorded with A. karoo, C. dentate, E. lasianthum, P. obligun and S. africana on at least one of the nine tested microorganisms. The best activity (MIC value of 39.06 μg/ml) was noted with S. africana against E. coli, S. aureus and M. audouinii, and Knowltonia vesitoria against M. tuberculosis.
The overall results of the present work provide baseline information for the possible use of the studied South African plant extracts in the treatment of microbial infections.
The rapid spread of microbial infections and effort by scientists to identify novel antimicrobial agents from natural products has necessitated further search for antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants of Annonaceae family. This study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Pachypodanthium staudtii stem bark used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat infectious disease. The phytochemical test was conducted by standard protocols while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar dilution method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, fat and oil, terpenoids, and cardiac glycoside in the bulk extract; terpenoids, fat and oil in the n-hexane fraction (PSHF); alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids in the ethyl acetate fraction (PSEAF) and alkaloids and cardiac glycoside the in the methanol fraction (PSMF). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts and fraction range from 12.5 mg/ml-100 mg/ml against some selected bacterial strains (ciprofloxacin 2.5-5.0 mg/ml) and 12.5 mg/ml-50 mg/ml against some fungal strains (ketoconazole 1.25 mg/ml) respectively. Interestingly, the overall result of the MICs indicated that the extract and fractions showed good antimicrobial activity comparable to the standard drugs. Our findings justified the folkloric uses of P. staudtii stem bark in treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and therefore, could be a possible a source of new and effective antimicrobial remedy. Further studies are required to isolating and characterize the bioactive constituents for identification of antimicrobial lead compound(s).
The rapid spread of microbial infections and effort by scientists to identify novel antimicrobial agents from natural products has necessitated further search for antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants of Annonaceae family. This study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Pachypodanthium staudtii stem bark used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat infectious disease. The phytochemical test was conducted by standard protocols while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar dilution method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, fat and oil, terpenoids, and cardiac glycoside in the bulk extract; terpenoids, fat and oil in the n-hexane fraction (PSHF); alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids in the ethyl acetate fraction (PSEAF) and alkaloids and cardiac glycoside the in the methanol fraction (PSMF). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts and fraction range from 12.5 mg/ml-100 mg/ml against some selected bacterial strains (ciprofloxacin 2.5-5.0 mg/ml) and 12.5 mg/ml-50 mg/ml against some fungal strains (ketoconazole 1.25 mg/ml) respectively. Interestingly, the overall result of the MICs indicated that the extract and fractions showed good antimicrobial activity comparable to the standard drugs. Our findings justified the folkloric uses of P. staudtii stem bark in treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and therefore, could be a possible a source of new and effective antimicrobial remedy. Further studies are required to isolating and characterize the bioactive constituents for identification of antimicrobial lead compound(s).
Miombo woodlands supply ecosystem services to support livelihoods in southern Africa, however, rapid deforestation has necessitated greater knowledge of tree growth and off-take rates to understand the sustainability of miombo exploitation. We established 48 tree inventory plots within four villages in southern Malawi, interviewed representatives in these same villages about tree management practices and investigated the impact of climate on vegetation dynamics in the region using the ecosystem modelling framework LPJ-GUESS. Combining our data with the forest yield model MYRLIN revealed considerable variation in growth rates across different land uses; forested lands showed the highest growth rates (1639 [95% confidence interval 1594–1684] kg ha –1 year –1 ), followed by settlement areas (1453 [95% confidence interval 1376–1530] kg ha –1 year –1 ). Based on the modelled MYRLIN results, we found that 50% of the villages had insufficient growth rates to meet estimated off-take. Furthermore, the results from LPJ-GUESS indicated that sustainable off-take approaches zero in drought years. Local people have recognized the unsustainable use of natural resources and have begun planting activities in order to ensure that ecosystem services derived from miombo woodlands are available for future generations. Future models should incorporate the impacts of human disturbance and climatic variation on vegetation dynamics; such models should be used to support the development and implementation of sustainable forest management.
This article is a synthesis of all knowledges about this species : uses, properties, botany, wood anatomy, growth and silviculture, aso.
Introduction:
Within the Apocynoideae (Apocynaceae) pro-toxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids have been reported only in Echiteae. However, attraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-pharmacophagous insects suggested their presence in Alafia cf. caudata Stapf (Nerieae: Alafiinae) and Amphineurion marginatum (Roxb.) D.J. Middleton (Apocyneae: Amphineuriinae), both used as medicinal plants.
Objective:
To confirm the presence of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in Alafia cf. caudata and Amphineurion marginatum and identify their structures.
Methods:
Methanol extracts of air-dried roots, stems and leaves of non-flowering plants were analysed using HPLC-ESI(+)MS and MS/MS or collision-induced dissociation MS in low and/or high resolution modes. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were tentatively identified based on the mass spectrometry data. Solid phase extraction combined with semi-preparative HPLC were used to isolate major alkaloids. Structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy.
Results:
Monoesters of retronecine with senecioic, hydroxysenecioic or syringic acids were identified in roots of Alafia cf. caudata. Two unprecedented 10-membered macrocyclic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid diesters were isolated from roots of Amphineurion marginatum. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected in root and leaf material of Alafia cf. caudata at 0.34 and 0.01% dry weight (DW), and 0.13, 0.02 and 0.09% DW in root, leaf and stem material of Amphineurion marginatum.
Conclusions:
The presence of pro-toxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids suggests that medical preparations of these plants pose potential health risks to consumers. Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids are evidently more widespread in Apocynoideae than previously assumed, and it would seem rewarding to study other members of this family for the presence of pyrrolizidines, dehydropyrrolizidines and dihydropyrrolizines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Une étude ethnomédicinale réalisée chez les Krobou, une ethnie du Département d’Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), a montré que 27 tradithérapeutes utilisent 18 espèces de la flore ivoirienne, pour combattre différentes pathologies. Diverses parties de la plante (écorces de racine et de tige, feuilles, fruits, graines et tubercules) sont utilisées pour la préparation des recettes médicamenteuses. Ces recettes, monospécifiques en général, nécessitent divers modes de préparation (décoction, expression, infusion, macération, pétrissage, pilage, pulvérisation, ramollissement, torréfaction et trituration). On note divers modes d’administration des médicaments : ablution, application locale, badigeonnage, bain de vapeur, boisson, instillations buccales, nasales, vaginales et purges. Les tests tri phytochimiques réalisés sur 3 extraits (éthérique, méthanolique et aqueux) ont révélé que les différentes drogues renferment des stérols, polyterpènes, polyphénols, flavonoïdes, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et des saponosides, qui leur confèrent les propriétés thérapeutiques diverses.An ethnomedicinal study carried out at Krobou, an ethnic group in the Department of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire) showed that 27 traditional doctors use 18 ivorian plants species to cure people to different pathologies. Various parts of the plant (barks of root and stem, sheets, fruits, seeds and tubers) are used to prepare the medicamentous receipts. These receipts which are generally monospecific, require different preparation modes (decoction, expression, infusion, soaking, kneading, pounding, crushing, softening, rousting and trituration). We note several administration modes of those medicines : washing, application on the skin, painting, steam bath, drinking, oral, nasal, vaginal instillations and purges. The tri phytochemical tests of three extracts (etheric, methanolic and aqueous) revealed that the different drugs contain sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponosideswhich give these medicines several healing properties.
Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatment for numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In rural areas of developing countries, herbal materials continue to be used as the primary source of medicines. Eye is one of the most sensitive organ of human body and is permanently exposed to different environmental agents. The common ocular diseases are glaucoma, conjunctivitis, cataract, ocular allergies, ocular inflammation etc. Due to side effects of allopathic drugs, now a day's huge numbers of herbal drugs are used for treatment of ocular diseases. This review explains the herbal drugs used in treatment of ocular diseases and it provide a platform for the researcher to develop more efficient new herbal formulations.
Covering: 1914 to 2012The Hyacinthaceae (sensu APGII), with approximately 900 species in about 70 genera, can be divided into three main subfamilies, the Hyacinthoideae, the Urgineoideae and the Ornithogaloideae, with a small fourth subfamily the Oziroëoideae, restricted to South America. The plants included in this family have long been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of medicinal applications. This, together with some significant toxicity to livestock has led to the chemical composition of many of the species being investigated. The compounds found are, for the most part, subfamily-restricted, with homoisoflavanones and spirocyclic nortriterpenoids characterising the Hyacinthoideae, bufadienolides characterising the Urgineoideae, and cardenolides and steroidal glycosides characterising the Ornithogaloideae. The phytochemical profiles of 38 genera of the Hyacinthaceae will be discussed as well as any biological activity associated with both crude extracts and compounds isolated. The Hyacinthaceae of southern Africa were last reviewed in 2000 (T. S. Pohl, N. R. Crouch and D. A. Mulholland, Curr. Org. Chem., 2000, 4, 1287-1324; ); the current contribution considers the family at a global level.
Une enquête ethnobotanique semi-dirigée, focalisée sur le traitement traditionnel des ophtalmies, a été menée auprès de 17 vendeuses de plantes médicinales, issues d’ethnies diverses, installées sur les marchés d’Adjamé et d’Abobo, communes du District d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Les pathologies oculaires prises en charge sont notamment les conjonctivites telles que le koko ou l’apollo. Les vendeuses citent chacune, en moyenne, l’emploi de cinq plantes utilisées dans ces affections. 44 drogues végétales issues de 36 plantes appartenant à 26 familles botaniques ont été recensées et identifiées. Leur emploi se fait à l’état sec ou frais, sous forme de décoction ou de jus exprimé, pour instillation ou bain oculaire et parfois lavage du visage. Les espèces les plus citées sont Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae), Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana (Melastomataceae) et Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. (Crassulaceae). Les plantes ont été récoltées et l’activité antibactérienne d’extraits aqueux et méthanoliques préparés à partir des drogues végétales sèches a été évaluée vis-à-vis de six espèces bactériennes couramment responsables d’infections oculaires. Les résultats de ce criblage ne montrent pas de corrélation avec la fréquence de citation des espèces.
A reinvestigation of the stem bark of Cleistopholis glauca yielded 14 compounds, of which seven were either novel or had not been previously reported from this species. These were identified as the farnesane sesquiterpene methyl-(2E,6E)-10-oxo-3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,6-dienoate (1); the azaanthracene alkaloid cleistopholine (4); two partially acetylated oligorhamnoside derivatives, 1-O-dodecanyl-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-( 1-->3)-2,4-di-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-4-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (6) and 1-O-dodecanyl-2,4-di-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2,4-di-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-4-O-acetyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (8), for which the trivial names cleistetroside-7 and cleistetroside-6 were assigned, respectively; the dihydrobenzofuran neolignan rel-(2 alpha,3 beta)-7-O-methylcedrusin (12); and the flavonoids dihydroquercetin (13) and quercetin (14). Structure assignments of all compounds were established by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published data. The chemosystematic significance of the occurrence of the isolated components is mentioned. Compounds 1, 6, and 8 are novel natural products.
Lonchocarpus nicou roots lipophile extract yielded, among isoflavonoids, two coumaronochromones isomers. Spectroscopic analysis assigned the structure of nor-dehydrodeguelin to the former and (−)-nor-dehydrorotenone to the latter, the two products only differing by the cyclization of the C5 side chain. Biogenetically, the two compounds could be considered as resulting either from cyclization of the corresponding 2′-hydroxyisoflavones and/or from oxidative ring-B contraction of the dehydrorotenoids parents.
Securidaca longepedunculata is a savannah shrub found growing in tropical Africa. It is reputed to have more than a hundred medicinal uses and is a major component of anticancer decoctions in Nigeria. An attempt was made in this study to determine the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity and possible pro-apoptotic effect of Securidaca longepedunculata aqueous root bark extract on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. In vitro cytotoxic activity was determined using the Trypan blue assay by incubating Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with various concentrations of Securidaca longepedunculata aqueous extract. In vivo study was carried out by intraperitoneal administration of varied doses of Securidaca longepedunculata to tumour-bearing mice. Isolated DNA from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in treated and untreated animals was used for DNA fragmentation assay on agarose gel. Securidaca longepedunculata Aqueous extract, Securidaca longepedunculata was cytotoxic to Ehrlich ascites both in vivo and in vitro. The IC 50 of Securidaca longepedunculata was 67 µg/ml. Securidaca longepedunculata caused a decrease in angiogenesis as observed in the reduction in weight of treated animals and a reduction in volume of ascitic fluid in treated mice. DNA fragmentation assay of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells from treated animals depicted a possible pro-apoptotic effect of the Securidaca longepedunculata extract due to the ladder forming pattern which was comparable to that of the standard drug (fluorouracil). Securidaca longepedunculata aqueous extract had a cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Industrial relevance: The use of Securidaca longepedunculata in traditional medicine in the treatment and management of cancer has been brought to the fore. Development of herbal drugs from the crude extracts could be achieved due to findings suggesting the plant could increase life span in patients with advanced stages of cancer. Herbal supplements could be produce from the plants with low concentration of the extract. Chemotherapeutic applications of the plant also include its potential inclusion in drug development based on the pro-apoptotic potential of the plant. INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy is regarded as a major treatment modality for the control of advanced stages of malignancies. Medicinal plants are used in various countries in the treatment and prevention of cancer (Madhuri and Pandey, 2009). Over the years, researchers have focused on the anticancer activity of plants (Saluja et al., 2011; Muthuraman et al., 2008; Sowemimo et al., 2007). Medicinal plants have been known to be good sources of effective anticancer drugs (Cragg and Newman 2005) such as Taxol, vincristine and camptothecin. Despite the development of new drugs, cancer continues to represent the largest cause of mortality in the world and claims over 6 million lives every year (Abdullaev et al., 2000). Hence, the need to search for new drugs that could prolong the life span of patients. Researchers have recently focused on the use of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in the investigation of plants reported to cure cancer locally (Gupta et al., 2004; Zumrutdal et al., 2008; Bromberg et al., 2012). Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells are transplantable tumours used in the testing of anticancer drugs in mice (Thippeswamy and Salimath, 2006; Agrawal et al., 2011; Ozaslan et al., 2011). Several natural compounds have been reported to induce apoptosis in Ehrlich tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. The Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus used in this study are timid, social and territorial animals. Swiss albino mice are genetically diverse within a strain, but the genetics of a strain is maintained as a constant. They are rarely aggressive when handled properly and have been used in a lot of experiment (Harkness and
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The Vernonia genus has about one thousand species and members of the genus are widely used as food and medicine. The aim of this review is to analyze published data on the ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic uses of plants of the Vernonia genus. This will help to identify the state of ethnopharmacological knowledge in regard to this genus and to propose future research priorities.
Materials and methods:
The major scientific databases including SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar were queried for information on Vernonia genus using various keyword combinations. The International Plant Name Index was also used to verify the names of species and authors.
Results:
A total of 109 Vernonia species were reported in the literature to have medicinal properties. One hundred and five (105) plants were linked to the treatment or management of 44 human diseases or health conditions. Plants of the genus also feature in ethnoveterinary and zoopharmacognostic practices. A total of 12 vernonia species were identified to be used in ethnoveterinary medicine while 2 species are used in self medication practices by chimpanzees and gorillas. In vitro and in vivo research studies reporting the validation of the medicinal properties of some species were also reviewed. One hundred and three bioactive compounds isolated from various Vernonia species were also identified. Vernonia amygdalina was identified as the most frequently used member of the Vernonia genus. The Vernolides, a class of sesquiterpene lactone were identified as the most studied compounds from the genus and show interesting bioactivity in antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antischistosomial, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory assays.
Conclusion:
On the basis of results from a combination of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicity studies reported, Vernonia amygdalina holds the most promise for development into a nutraceutical against diabetes and malaria while Vernonia cinerea has potential against cancer and inflammatory conditions. Vernolide A is so far the most promising single agent from a Vernonia species that has potential for development into an anticancer agent. The other Vernonia species and isolated compounds require further studies to ascertain their medicinal potentials.
Leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis), Chagas' disease (American Trypanosomiasis) and malaria are tropical parasitic diseases responsible for high mortality and morbidity each year in low-income countries. Due to the lack of vaccines and of safe, effective and affordable treatments, there is an urgent need to reinforce the existing therapeutic arsenal against these killers. One of the main opportunities is through the discovery of new molecules from natural origin. The gaps identified in the R&D process aiming to deliver new medicines for neglected diseases however also apply to natural products. A key review of the most promising antiprotozoal molecules recently discovered from natural resources is presented here together with a critical update on their current development status.
Two new pregnane glycoside diesters, 1 and 2, in addition to two triterpenoids, 3 and 4, and two sterols, 5 and 6 were isolated and identified from Caralluma russeliana (family Asclepiadaceae). The new pregnane glycosides, 14β-benzoyloxy-15β-isovaleroyloxy-16α-hydroxypregn-20-on-3-O-[β-D-3-O-methyl-6-deoxyoleandrosopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside] (1) and 14β-isovaleroyloxy-15β-benzoyloxy-16α-hydroxypregn-20-on-3-O-[β-D-3-O-methyl-6-deoxyoleandrosopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside] (2), are different from those isolated previously from the same species in the sugar moiety, in being diester, in being 20-one and in being 5,6 saturated by hydrogen. The isolated compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data.
Vernacular names Orelha de rato (Po). Kishiki cha buga (Sw). Origin and geographic distribution Cissampelos mucronata is distributed throughout tropical Africa, except the most humid areas, from Senegal east to Ethiopia and south to South Africa. Uses Cissampelos mucronata, Cissampelos owariensis P.Beauv. ex DC. and Cissampelos pareira L. have often been confused; as they are also similarly used, it is often impossible to correlate uses unambiguously with a particular species. Cissampelos mucronata has many medicinal uses, and throughout Africa people take an infusion of the bitter rhizome, and sometimes of leaves and stems, or fruit juice, to cure gastro-intestinal complaints such as diarrhoea, dysentery, colic, intestinal worms and digestive complaints, and also urogenital problems such as menstrual problems, venereal diseases, infertility, azoospermia, to induce contraction of the uterus to start labour or abortion and to expel the placenta. In eastern DR Congo a leaf decoction is taken as a vermifuge against tapeworm. In Senegal the rhizome enters into preparations to treat catarrh, whereas in Togo the rhizome is chewed to treat sore throat, cough and lung problems. In decoction the rhizome is given against oedema. In Tanzania and Madagascar a rhizome decoction is taken to diminish fever caused by malaria or jaundice. Rhizome sap is used as ear drops to treat earache. Bushmen of the Kalahari take a warm rhizome decoction to treat coughs and for general wellness. In the Okavango delta in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe a rhizome decoction is drunk to treat headache, neck pain and back pain. In Namibia the Damara people apply the powdered rhizome to open wounds for quick healing. In Zimbabwe rhizomes are used to treat bilharzia. Throughout West Africa and in Uganda, fresh leaves, heated leaves or pulped leaves are applied to wounds, ulcers, conjunctivitis and syphilis sores, and a poultice of leaves mixed with natron is applied to swellings, ulcers and Guinea worm sores. In Ghana leaf pulp is taken internally or applied to the affected area as an antidote for snake venom. In Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso fresh leaf pulp is applied to relieve severe headache and is eaten mixed with clay to stop stomatitis. The vapour of a leaf decoction is inhaled to induce vomiting. In southern Senegal an infusion of leafy stems is used as emmenagogue. In Togo the whole plant is used in preparations to treat intercostal pain. In Nigeria ash from the plant enters into a medicine against arthritis, which is rubbed into scarifications. In DR Congo and eastern Tanzania the pounded plant is applied to snakebites. In Rwanda the plant is used to treat diseases affecting the spine. In Benin, Uganda and other parts of Africa the roots are used in medical rituals to treat mental problems such as psychoses. In Nigeria the rhizome is sometimes used in the preparation of arrow poison. In Kenya crushed rhizomes are applied to the skin of goats to remove insect parasites. The stems of Cissampelos mucronata are commonly used for tying and binding and in wickerwork; in DR Congo stems are used to make fishing lines. Production and international trade Cissampelos mucronata is mainly traded in local markets. It may enter wider markets by the name 'pareira brava'. True 'pareira brava' however is made from the South American Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.; in some
Medicinal plants have played a key role in the world health care with about 80% of Africans depending on phytomedicine, which has shown a wide range of uses in the treatment of diseases especially priority diseases of Africa such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, diabetes and hypertension. These medicinal plants have more beneficial effect than their synthetic counterparts through being safer, acceptable, affordable, culturally compatible and suitable for chronic treatments. Some African phytomedicines are well known in the international market and so supply economic benefit for the producing countries. The use of phytomedicine should be integrated into the health agenda since effective health care cannot be achieved in Africa by using orthodox medicine alone. This can be achieved by adopting the WHO memorandum and guidelines for the institutionalization of phytomedicine into the health sector. Although there are some problems limiting the development of phytomedicine, such as lack of standardization, efficacy and quality control of plants used, extinction of some plant species, lack of funds and others, if these problems can be fully addressed, this will help in the future development and harmonization of phytomedicines.
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