Article

A Study of the Relationship Between Elite Athletes' Educational Development and Sporting Performance

February 2013
The International Journal of the History of Sport 30(4)

DOI:10.1080/09523367.2013.765723

Authors:

The requirements placed on Olympic and professional athletes in contemporary world sport are such that they need to dedicate themselves more and more to achieving excellence. This immediately implies that most athletes' time is dedicated to developing their sporting career, with very little time left to develop other aspects of their lives outside their sport. The reality facing many elite athletes is that few are sufficiently financially rewarded to allow them to make a living out of their sport, and even fewer can rely on measures in place in their own country to assist with the financial and psychological impacts of their retirement from sport [Stambulova, N., Stephan Y., and Japhag U. ‘Athletic Retirement: A Cross-National Comparison of Elite French and Swedish Athletes’. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 8 (2007): 101–18.]. This places even more importance on the need for the athlete either to have a ‘dual career’ or to prepare for a post-athletic career while still participating in elite sport. The current work is an attempt to identify both the opportunities and constraints that have been experienced by student-athletes in combining an academic and sporting career successfully in three European contexts: Finland, France and the UK. It also proposes a rationale outlining eight reasons that student-athletes identified to justify their decision to pursue a dual career path. This is an important contribution to this field of research, as till date there has been hardly any evidence that claims that the two careers were not simply mutually compatible but in fact mutually complementary.

Sport schools in Europe: a scoping study of research articles (1999-2022) Sport schools in Europe: a scoping study of research articles (1999-2022)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
Sport Soc

Filip Andersson

Sport schools have increased in popularity over the past three decades, and research in the area has proliferated. This study presents an overview of sport school literature, by investigating peer-reviewed articles, summarising the findings of relevant articles, and identifying possible gaps in this research area. In total, 55 articles are included. The descriptive summary reports publication year, study location, research design, methods, theoretical perspectives, population, and sport(s) studied. The thematic overview comprises two primary sections-research about sport schools and research in sport schools. The former cover 'outside' perspectives, such as socio-political and educational policy issues while the latter cover 'inside' perspectives focusing on the actors-student athletes and coaches. In the discussion it is acknowledged that peda-gogical perspectives in sport school literature are limited, that research on sport schools' admissions processes is overlooked, and concerns raised as to if sport schools are or should be socially inclusive.

Elite athletes' perceived dual career competencies and their effectiveness

Article

Oct 2023
Eur Sport Manag Q

Research question: This study aimed to provide a better understanding of Dual Career competencies among elite athletes. To that effect, we evaluated how elite athletes perceive the importance and their possession of Dual Career competencies. We also analysed the relationship between Dual Career competencies and career effectiveness, such as medal success, dual career compatibility, and dropout. Research methods: The study employed a quantitative research paradigm. Data from a cross-sectional survey of elite athletes (n = 1,115) from Germany were utilised. t-Tests were used to analyse differences in the perceived importance and possession of Dual Career competencies. Logistic regression models revealed the effects of competencies on career effectiveness. Results and Findings: The perceived importance of all competencies was rated significantly higher than their perceived possession. Several competencies were significantly correlated with the three career adaptability measures. For instance, of the social intelligence and adaptability dimension, the variable 'Understanding the importance of rest and recuperation' was positively correlated with dual career compatibility. Implications: Career construction theory was confirmed in the context of athletes' Dual Careers. This emphasised that both careers could be at different stages. Athletes and support providers should be aware that different competencies are required for goal achievement depending on which target outcomes they prioritise.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANAEROBIC POWER, REACTION TIME AND BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

Article

May 2021

The anaerobic activities is frequently used in soccer including high intensity actions. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between anaerobic power, reaction times and body composition parameters of young soccer players. The twenty-seven amateur young soccer players (Age: 13.81±0.48 years, height: 166.74±6.16 cm, weight: 55.17±5.40 kg) were involved in study voluntarily. The Wingate anaerobic power test parameters (minimum power, mean power, peak power, fatigue index), dominant and non-dominant hand visual and auditory reaction times and body composition parameters (lean body mass, body fat mass and body fat percent) were examined. The statistical relationships among explored variables were determined by correlation analyze technique. The relationship between parameters was examined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. According to the results, it was found that lean body mass, anaerobic capacity and mean power parameters had a statistical positive correlations (p<0.05). Also, it was found that body fat percent and body fat mass values had a negative correlation with minimum power values (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between visual and auditory reaction time values with body composition and anaerobic power parameters. Consequently, it could be said that the relationship between lean body mass and body fat percent with some anaerobic power parameters could be arisen from similar mechanisms affecting related parameters. Also, it can be concluded that the reaction time parameter is not closely related to the body composition and anaerobic power parameters, as it is closer related to neural mechanisms than physical mechanisms.

Seeing the field well in career management: Autoethnographic research on a handball player's career

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Orsolya Herr

The present study utilises an autoethnographic research methodology for introducing, from a handball player's point of view, the culture in which her career unfolded (from the beginnings to the first few years after her retirement), and the most important characteristics that shaped her professional years in the Hungarian first league. This topic was chosen not only as sports economics considerations are important with regard to the career of a handballer, but also to highlight how an individual athlete experiences the processes occurring in such a sports culture. Moreover, this study addresses the gap in scientific literature on career management in handball. Utilising autoethnography in the field of sports is somewhat unique, therefore this study can also pave the way for future research work in this domain. The following five pillars in career management were identified as a result of the research: Significant Others, Local Grassroots, Star Position, Roller Coaster and Rebirth. This study can be valuable for future researchers in the area of career management, and it can also provide practical information for athletes, sports federations and sports businesses.

Combining sport and academic career: Exploring the current state of student-athletes' dual career research field

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022
J HOSP LEIS SPORT TO

Understanding the Dual Career as the process of combining the athletic career with an academic career or work, the main purpose of this paper is to study the current state of research on this reality. Based on this, a review of the scientific literature published in journals indexed on the Web of Science has been performed. This review consists of a bibliometric analysis, which provides basic bibliometric indicators, the co-authorship and keyword networks, and a thematic analysis of the search. Secondly, a systematic review of the most representative documents of each thematic cluster has been carried out. The results indicate that research on Dual Career is in an intermediate state, where there is a growing interest during the last years, and show that Europe is the main focus of research on this reality, despite the need of further research considering non-European terms to refer to this reality. The paper provides an overview of Dual Career research's current state and may serve as a starting point to guide future research, and help education and sport policy makers to develop better measures to facilitate student-athletes’ Dual Career.

Self-perception of dual career barriers and athletic identity in student-athletes with disabilities according to disability type and level of professionalization

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

The objective of this study was to analyze the perceived barriers to dual career success and athletic identity of student-athletes according to disability type and level of professionalization. The final sample consisted of 203 student-athletes with disabilities from five European countries. The questionnaires used were ESTPORT, EBBS and AIMS. Depending on disability type, it was found that student-athletes with hearing and physical impairment showed the highest difficulty in reconciling sports and studies (p = 0.001); that student-athletes with a hearing impairment showed the highest score in the barrier ‘the cost of education is high’ (p = 0.023); that student-athletes with a physical impairment had the highest scores in the barrier ‘Exercise tires me’ (p = 0.013); that student-athletes with cerebral palsy showed the highest scores in the barrier ‘I do not have enough university/educational institution support’ (p = 0.014) and ‘Exercise facilities do not have convenient timetables for me’ (p = 0.001). Depending on sports professionalization level, semi-professional student-athletes showed the highest values in the barrier ‘the university/educational institution is far from my training center’ (p = 0.040); while professional student-athletes had the highest score in the barrier ‘exercise takes too much time from family responsibilities’ (p = 0.034). In most of the variables related to identity as athletes, professional student-athletes showed the highest values, followed by semi-professional athletes (p = 0.043- < 0.001). In conclusion, the self-perception of barriers is quite relevant, with differences arising from disability type and level of professionalization, whereas the identity as an athlete is only different according to the level of professionalization.

Analyse der Bildungsentscheidungen von (ehemaligen) Sportler*innen der Sportfördergruppen der BundeswehrAnalysis of the educational decisions of (former) athletes of the Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) sports promotion groups

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

Zusammenfassung Die Sportfördergruppen der Bundeswehr stellen eine tragende Säule der Unterstützung von Spitzensportler*innen in Deutschland dar. Ziel der Sportförderung ist u. a. die Vereinbarkeit von Spitzensport und Beruf durch eine „Duale Karriere-/Laufbahnplanung“ sicherzustellen. Trotz wiederholter Kritik liegen jedoch bisher keine Befunde zu Dualen Karriereverläufen von Sportsoldat*innen vor. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit Sportsoldat*innen während ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu den Sportfördergruppen Bildungsangebote nutzen und welche Faktoren ihre Entscheidungen beeinflussen. Die Analyse der Bildungsentscheidungen basiert auf dem Konzept der Humankapitaltheorie und berücksichtigt spezifische Besonderheiten des Spitzensports sowie institutionelle Förderbedingungen. In einer retrospektiven Längsschnittstudie wurden zeitbezogene Ereignisdaten zur Dualen Karriere von n = 712 (ehemaligen) Sportsoldat*innen erhoben. Von diesen sind 414 derzeit in einer Sportfördergruppe aktiv, während 298 Befragte die Sportförderguppen innerhalb der letzten zehn Jahre verlassen haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insgesamt 80,6 % der (ehemaligen) Sportsoldat*innen mindestens eine Ausbildung begonnen haben. Während der Zugehörigkeit zu den Sportfördergruppen haben (bisher) 42,6 % eine Ausbildung (davon 86,7 % mindestens ein Studium) aufgenommen. Die Bildungsentscheidungen werden vorwiegend von Faktoren der Bildungsbiografie und der Förderung der Dualen Karriere in den Sportfördergruppen beeinflusst. Hingegen lässt sich keine (zu) optimistische Einschätzung der beruflichen Verwertbarkeit des im Spitzensport erworbenen symbolischen Kapitals (Reputation) feststellen.

Personality traits, environment, and career stages of top athletes: An evidence from outstanding badminton players of Indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

The world badminton championship is a highly competitive arena. Successful athletes are those who have excellence, not only physically and technically but also mentally. The present study aims to identify the personality traits, environment, and career stages required by an athlete to achieve excellence. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews. As participants are 10 Indonesian badminton athletes who have achieved world-class achievements, such as the Olympics and world championships. They consist of 3 female athletes and 7 male athletes. The results showed that seven traits were effective in supporting their achievement, namely: achievement-oriented, hard work, persistent, autonomy, commitment, intelligence, and self-control. The family environment and sports environment influence the formation of traits and the emergence of high-achieving athletes. This research also found that athletes go through 5 phases in achieving achievement, namely exploration, specialization, investment, achievement, and maintenance.

FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE D´ÉDUCATION PHYSIQUE Physical Education in Universities Researches -Best Practices -Situation

Book

Jan 2020

This chapter explores the experiences of implementing a Higher Certificate in Sports Sciences Education (HCSSE) qualification at the university level. HCSSE serves to provide students with the basic introductory knowledge, cognitive and conceptual tools, and practical techniques for university studies in sports science education

Incidencia de la práctica del rugby en la formación integral de los estudiantes de la universidad

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

El deporte formativo es aquel que tiene como finalidad contribuir y mejorar el desarrollo integral del individuo, la práctica de cualquier deporte, aun aquellos que exigen mucha fuerza y rudeza los considerados deportes de contacto como el rugby, hacen parte de la educación integral y por tanto, contemplan entre sus componentes esenciales la formación deportiva desde una perspectiva moduladora de la dimensión biológica de los seres humanos, ya que este constituye un espacio para formar el carácter de desarrollar valores éticos y morales como, la gallardía, la lealtad, el sentido de colaboración en equipo, el respeto a las normas entre otros componentes. El artículo es resultado de un análisis de contenido implementado en la revisión a 51 experiencias investigativas recuperadas de diferentes lugares del mundo, identificando las coincidencias entre hallazgos similares procedentes de investigadores de la temática, quienes abordaron sobre la función del deporte y específicamente del rugby, coincidiendo en las divergencias que surgen entre los métodos convencionales y no convencionales, en la utilidad del deporte en la formación integral de estudiantes universitarios.

Competencies That Japanese Collegiate Sports Coaches Require for Dual-Career Support for Student Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

The purpose of this study was to clarify coaches’ competencies (COM) regarding dual-career (DC) support for student athletes in Japan. The questionnaire survey was conducted at 31 universities with an online survey URL that was distributed to 300 collegiate athletic coaches. In total, there were 152 respondents (female, 19; male, 133; mean age, 43.15 ± 12.07 years; coaching experience, 12.83 ± 9.72 years). The online survey adopted a Japanese-translated version of the Dual-Career Competency Questionnaire (DCCQ), which has been translated into nine languages and is widely used in European counties. The scale consists of six factors and 33 items, each rated on a five-point scale of importance (IM) and possession (PO). The Japanese version of the DCCQ was validated through a confirmatory factor analysis, and the internal consistency of the items was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In addition, we examined differences between the IM and PO for DC support by t-tests and by calculating effect sizes. The validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the DCCQ were confirmed based on the goodness-of-fit index and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, respectively. Our examination of the differences between IM and PO in DC support revealed that coaches perceived the importance of DC support but did not possess the necessary COM to offer DC support. That finding was similar to those of previous European studies. In particular, the Japanese coaches who participated in our online survey recognized the importance of COM in terms of “collaboration with various stakeholders and departments” for DC support but did not feel as though they held sufficient COM in that regard. In other words, the improvement of DC support requires the development of a coaching program that fosters COM to work with various stakeholders. This key insight provides a direction and specific focus for programs to improve coaches’ DC support for student athletes.

La double carrière des étudiants sportifs de haut niveau dans l'enseignement supérieur. Analyse du soutien destiné à ces étudiants au niveau académique à l'Université de Liège

Thesis

Aug 2022

Jérémy Bonni

[fr] Au niveau académique, les établissements d’enseignement et les cellules d’accompagnement du double projet mené par les étudiants sportifs de (bon) haut niveau tentent de soutenir ces derniers du mieux possible. Néanmoins, on remarque dans la littérature un manque de recherches concernant spécifiquement l’amélioration du soutien pédagogique fourni à ces étudiants dans l’enseignement supérieur. Les enseignants auraient pourtant un rôle crucial à jouer dans leur réussite académique et, plus globalement, dans leur double carrière. Compte tenu des problématiques identifiées et des thèmes de recherche privilégiés suite à l’analyse de la littérature, quatre études ont été entreprises dans le cadre de cette thèse. Celles-ci se sont concentrées sur le cas particulier d’une institution d’enseignement universitaire, l’Université de Liège (ULiège – Belgique). En recourant à une méthodologie mixte, cette recherche doctorale a finalement permis d’atteindre les objectifs suivants : (1) identifier et analyser les difficultés et les attentes des « étudiants sportifs ULiège » au niveau académique, en regard de leur double projet, ainsi que celles de leurs enseignants ; (2) identifier des pistes d’action concrètes visant à rencontrer ces attentes ; (3) analyser la pertinence du recours au numérique et à des dispositifs de formation (totalement ou en partie) à distance pour répondre aux attentes respectives de ces étudiants et de leurs enseignants ; et (4) concevoir, implémenter et évaluer un dispositif de formation à distance inédit, destiné aux membres de cette communauté éducative de l’enseignement supérieur, visant à améliorer l’accompagnement pédagogique proposé aux étudiants sportifs. Cette thèse de doctorat permet en fin de compte de faire émerger des constats et des recommandations au niveau local, en vue de contribuer à une telle amélioration. Elle tend par ailleurs à inspirer d’autres structures qui pourront les adapter à leur propre contexte. C’est dans ce cadre que nous proposons, en guise de synthèse à notre contribution, deux modèles intégrateurs découlant des éléments identifiés au fil de nos travaux. Le premier s’attache à mettre en évidence des possibilités concrètes d’amélioration du soutien pédagogique fourni aux étudiants sportifs dans l’enseignement supérieur. Quant au second, il illustre différents systèmes et variables en jeu au niveau académique lors d’un tel double projet. [en] At the academic level, the educational institutions and the dual career support providers try to support the student athletes as best as possible. However, a closer look to the literature reveals a lack of research focused specifically on improving the pedagogical support provided to these students in higher education. Yet teachers seem to have a crucial role to play in their academic success and, more generally, in their dual careers. Considering the issues and research topics that have attracted our attention from the literature review, four studies were undertaken in this thesis. These focused on the particular case of an European higher education institution: the University of Liège (ULiège – Belgium). Using a mixed methodology, this doctoral research finally achieved the following objectives: (1) to identify and analyse the difficulties and expectations of “ULiège student athletes” at the academic level, with regard to their dual project, as well as those of their teachers; (2) to identify concrete courses of action to meet these expectations; (3) to analyse the relevance of the use of digital technology and distance learning programs (fully or hybrid) to meet the respective expectations of these students and their teachers; and (4) to design, implement and evaluate an innovative distance learning program for members of a higher education community, aimed at improving the pedagogical support provided to student athletes. This doctoral thesis makes observations and recommendations at the local level to contribute to such an improvement. We hope that other structures can adapt our findings and use them in their own contexts. For this purpose, we propose two integrative models in the general discussion, as a synthesis of our contribution. The first aims to highlight concrete possibilities for improving the pedagogical support to be provided to student athletes in higher education, while the second illustrates different systems and variables at the academic level in the context of such a double project.

The holistic development of talented sportspersons through dual-career

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Self-perception of dual career barriers and athletic identity in student-athletes with disabilities according to socio-demographic, sport and academic variables

Preprint

Full-text available

Jun 2023

The objective of this study was to analyse the perceived barriers to dual career success and athletic identity of student-athletes according to sociodemographic, sport, and academic variables. The final sample consisted of 203 student-athletes with disabilities from five European countries. The questionnaires used were ESTPORT, EBBS and AIMS. It was found that: a) women showed higher levels of tiredness (p=0.028); b) student-athletes with cerebral palsy and deafness showed higher barriers (p=0.023-0.001); c) semi-professional and professional student-athletes showed higher barriers (p=0.040-0.034) and identity as athletes (p=0.043-0.000); d) student-athletes who were at the end of their sports career showed significantly higher barriers (p=0.010) and lower athlete identity (p=0.022-0.000); and e) student-athletes in pre-university and university degree studies showed higher barriers (p=0.030-0.001). In conclusion, the self-perception of barriers is quite relevant, with differences arising from socio-demographic characteristics, type of disability, stage of sports career and type of education attended.

The evolution of Chinese high-performance student-athletes' admission, cultivation and management policies The evolution of Chinese high-performance student-athletes' admission, cultivation and management policies

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

The objective of this study is to provide descriptive and critical insights into high-performance student-athletes (HPSA) policies and their implementation in China's competitive sports and higher education institutions (regular HEIs, excluding vocational colleges). The purpose of this research is to facilitate the sound development of HPSA policies by analysing their strengths and weaknesses. We conducted a documentary analysis of 25 policies related to Chinese HPSA, contributing to the healthy and long-term development of HPSA and Chinese competitive sports. Additionally, we developed practical considerations for future policymaking. Moreover, this paper, represents the first comprehensive attempt to explore HPSA policies within mainland China in English. It encompasses various aspects, including psychological consideration, the social environment, academic development, post-athletic preparation, and the mechanisms of regular HEIs. Giving considerably greater attention to these aspects would benefit policymaking and practice within the Chinese HPSA context. ARTICLE HISTORY

Contemporary reflection on the educational levels of high-performance soccer players in Brazil

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Objective As the soccer culture in Brazil is more popular than schooling, this study reflected on the formal education levels of soccer (football) players through descriptive and quantitative analyses. Methods We evaluated 179 national soccer players playing various positions on different teams across six seasons (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022). Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising the following variables: age, position in the pitch, age of professionalization, and education (years of study). The data were distributed according to the pitch position. Results The mean age, length of professional career, and professionalization age were 23±6 years, 7±5 years, and 17±2 years, respectively. In terms of education, 121 athletes (67%) completed high school, equivalent to 11 years of study. Only 5.5% completed higher education, with defensive players (goalkeepers and defenders) being the most educated at 37% (66/179). According to 2017 figures from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua of the Federal Government of Brazil, the schooling rate is 31.7%, wherein 46.1% of Brazilians aged 25 years or over have completed education. In this study of 179 athletes, 67% had completed high school. Thus, players outrank the Brazilian population in terms of achieving a high school education. There were marked disparities in the relative proportions of goalkeepers (85%), defensive players (68%), midfielders (63%), and forward players (64%) in terms of their education. Conclusion Our survey revealed that attending higher education remains a distant reality in Brazil.

Professional Athletes’ Well-Being: New Challenges in Post-COVID-19 Times

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

The COVID-19 period was characterized as a traumatic period throughout the world. During the pandemic, sports organizations had to adapt to government rules and social distancing measures frequently and faced a challenging and complex period in keeping their athletes on a normal routine. Many athletes faced uncertainty regarding their present and future competitive context and personal worries, similar to society during the pandemic. Consequently, adverse effects on the mental health and well-being of athletes were reported in individual and team sports. This review seeks to explore the perceived impact of COVID-19 on athletes’ well-being and future considerations. This review suggests professional athletes’ well-being should receive more attention and will be addressed in the future for the benefit of the athletes and not just in favor of performance. Moreover, the emphasis on evidence-based psychological support such as stress management and athletes’ well-being in a high-performance sport context should increase. The post-COVID-19 period highlights the importance of broadening athletic identity into a more holistic scope that includes life–performance balance and personal values outside the sporting context. Lastly, developing and fostering resilience is complex yet fundamental for systems, when considering athletes’ personal context and providing them with professional skills outside of their professional domain.

An analysis of pain intensity, injury incidence, and their associations with socio-demographic factors in high school athletes: A cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
PLOS ONE

This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between pain intensity, injury incidence, and sociodemographic factors in 120 high school athletes (mean age 16.78±0.91) participating in various sports. The aims of this study are to examine the correlation between factors and Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) for pain intensity, to investigate the correlation between sport types and injured region, and to explore the correlation between injured regions and VRS during training and game competition. Using VRS, we found 64 (53.3%) participants experienced pain during training, with varying degrees of intensity. Chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between VRS scores and school grade (p = 0.044) and cool-down practices (p = 0.037). However, no significant associations were found with gender, age, or sport type. In game competition, 29 (24.2%) participants reported experiencing pain. Here, there was no significant association between VRS and any considered variables. Lower limb injuries were predominant (n = 64), particularly to the knee (n = 23) and ankle/foot (n = 18). Certain sports, like Athletics, Karate-Do, Football, and Western Boxing, demonstrated multiple injury sites, whereas Thai boxing was associated primarily with ankle and foot injuries. Pain intensity varied by injury location, with the highest 'worst pain' reported for elbow injuries during training and knee injuries during competition. Significant associations were found between injured region and pain intensity level during both training and competition (p<0.001). Our findings highlight the need for injury prevention strategies and pain management among high school athletes, emphasizing proper cool-down activities. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.

Not a Student, Not an Athlete, a Person

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

College athletics can place immense demands on athletes in terms of time commitment, physical conditioning, and pressure to perform. However, one important but less visible dimension affected by participation is one’s identity. College athletes hold multiple identities (Sturm et al., 2011) and these identities are further refined through their experiences (Chang et al., 2018). However, much less is known about athletes’ cognitive awareness of others’ perceptions and how those opinions influence athletes’ sense of self. In the present work, 52 Division I collegiate basketball players took part in a qualitative survey focused on understanding their athletic experience based on interactions with others. Responses revealed that athletes had dichotomous beliefs when addressing their perceptions of self and how they believed others viewed them, primarily based on the influence of sport. Conversely, athletes had more differing thoughts when discussing their aspirations and wishes for their future and often discussed professional goals, personality traits, and connections to others. Taken together, these results corroborate the desire (and need) for athletes to foster identities beyond their sport world (Stokowski et al., 2019) and for those who shape the sport experience to proactively work on behalf of athletes in this domain.

Not a Student, Not an Athlete, a Person: An Examination of Group of Five Basketball Players' Experience and Self-Perceptions

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

College athletics can place immense demands on athletes in terms of time commitment, physical conditioning, and pressure to perform. However, one important but less visible dimension affected by participation is one's identity. College athletes hold multiple identities (Sturm et al., 2011) and these identities are further refined through their experiences (Chang et al., 2018). However, much less is known about athletes' cognitive awareness of others' perceptions and how those opinions influence athletes' sense of self. In the present work, 52 Division I collegiate basketball players took part in a qualitative survey focused on understanding their athletic experience based on interactions with others. Responses revealed that athletes had dichotomous beliefs when addressing their perceptions of self and how they believed others viewed them, primarily based on the influence of sport. Conversely, athletes had more differing thoughts when discussing their aspirations and wishes for their future and often discussed professional goals, personality traits, and connections to others. Taken together, these results corroborate the desire (and need) for athletes to foster identities beyond their sport world (Stokowski et al., 2019) and for those who shape the sport experience to proactively work on behalf of athletes in this domain.

Dual career competency questionnaire for athletes: psychometric properties of the Brazilian version

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Introduction: No studies have yet attempted to quantitatively measure the competencies of Brazilian student-athletes. Consequently, there are no validated measures suitable for this purpose. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties and assess content validity, factorial validity and evidence based on response processes of the Brazilian version of the Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes (DCCQ-A). Methods: The Brazilian DCCQ-A was administered to 745 student-athletes (Mage = 17.3 ± 5.4; 54% female; 8% student-athletes with disabilities). Results: Content validity coefficient analysis indicated clarity of language, theoretical pertinence, and practical relevance of the Brazilian DCCQ-A items. Confirmatory factorial analysis revealed excellent goodness-of-fit indices of the 4-factor structure model. Polytomous Rasch analysis demonstrated an acceptable adjustment of the items and good organization in the item response categories. Discussion: Considering the psychometric strength of the Brazilian DCCQ-A, this instrument can contribute to the practical and research applicability of sport psychology, providing support to those involved with student-athletes' dual career by identifying their competencies and possible limitations.

Exploring the perception of barriers to a dual career by student-athletes with/out disabilities

Article

Full-text available

May 2023
PLOS ONE

In recent years, there has been an increase in knowledge about the barriers experienced by people with disabilities in the education system or sports. However, no studies have analyzed the barriers for those who try to succeed in both disciplines (dual career). The purpose of this study was to examine the barriers faced by student-athletes with/out disability to a dual career combining studies and sport. Two groups were involved in the study (n = 162): student-athletes with disabilities (n = 79) and student-athletes without disabilities (n = 83). Data collected included: (a) socio-demographic aspects; and (b) barriers towards achieving a good balance between sport and academics during the dual career, through the "Perceptions of dual career student-athletes" (ESTPORT) questionnaire. The results showed that student-athletes with disabilities were more likely to perceive in a greater extent the barriers, the university is far from my home (p = 0.007) and the university is far from my training site (p = 0.006), I find myself unable to balance study and training time (p = 0.030), I have to take care of my family (p<0.001), and my current job does not allow me to study enough (p<0.001). The MANOVA analysis showed that the factors gender, competitive level, and employment status had an influence on the perception of some barriers between groups. In conclusion, student-athletes with disabilities perceived barriers more strongly than those without disabilities, and measures are needed to ensure their inclusion in the education system.

Sport and academic engagement of 1,387 Slovenian dual-career athletes before and during COVID-19 lockdown-what did we learn?

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Introduction: Since the coronavirus disease outbreak in 2019, there have been several preventive measures and restrictions applied to minimize the transmission of the virus. While lockdown has affected our everyday lives, it has negatively impacted sport and athletes as well. Methods: 1,387 Slovenian dual-career (DC) athletes (47.4% females, 52.6% males) participated in the 22-item questionnaire to gather information on their sports and academic engagement before and during COVID-19 lockdown period. Half of the athletes were enrolled in education at the secondary level (n = 819, aged 15–18 years), while the others were enrolled in primary (n = 301, 8–14 years) and tertiary (n = 267, 19–36 years) education. All participants in the current study have a valid athlete categorization by the Slovenian Olympic Committee and are competing at either junior (31.7%), national (26.9%), prospective (29.5%), international (8.5%), world (2.3%) or Olympic (1.2%) level. Results: DC athletes spent less time on training (−4.7 h; p < 0.001), learning (−1.0 h; p < 0.001), exams (−0.9 h; p < 0.001), laboratory work (−0.6 h; p < 0.001), and other educational activities (−0.3 h; p < 0.001) during COVID-19 lockdown compared to period before the lockdown. Their training environment was changed so they trained either at home or outdoors. Results showed that indoor (−3.7 h; p < 0.001) and team sport athletes (−1.3 h; p < 0.001) trained less than outdoor and individual sports. Male athletes spent more time on training both before (1.3 h; p < 0.001) and during lockdown (1.3 h; p < 0.001) and other sport-related activities (1.3 h; p < 0.001). On the other hand, female athletes spent more time on studying both before (1.5 h; p < 0.001) and during lockdown (2.6 h; p < 0.001). Both sport and educational activities were influenced by athletes’ age (p ≤ 0.017). Conclusion: Indoor and team sport athletes were more affected by the governmental measures than outdoor and individual sport athletes. Male athletes experienced a greater decline in learning time compared to female athletes. DC is shown to be beneficial for athletes even in times of COVID-19 lockdown, as DC athletes report smaller decline in motivation, shifting attention from sport to study and having fewer mental problems due to uncertain sports future. The feedback of the preventive measures could serve to assist policy makers and athlete’s support staff to form and apply preventive measures that are more effective for DC athletes’ training and education.

The transition process to elite in team sports: soccer and basketball. A systematic review

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el proceso de transición deportiva de junior a élite en jugadores de fútbol y baloncesto. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo las indicaciones de la metodología PRISMA. Se usaron las palabras clave “career transition”, “junior-to-senior”, “football OR soccer” o “basketball”, “elite sport”. Como base de datos se usaron SportDiscus, PubMed, y Web of Science. Inicialmente se obtuvieron 670 artículos, que se redujeron a 24 después de aplicar los criterios de exclusión e inclusión. Se han identificado unas barreras, factores y estrategias que es aconsejable que los clubes de fútbol y baloncesto puedan controlar para mejorar el proceso de desarrollo del deportista y se obtenga una tasa de éxito mayor, así como que los deportistas puedan alcanzar un mayor rendimiento deportivo.

Dual career support among world-class athletes in Sweden: Performance, education, and employment

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

In order to help talented athletes to combine sport and education, different forms of Dual Career Support (DCS) have been developed in many countries. The effectiveness of these support systems have been debated. Most studies have investigated young athletes in the beginning of their careers, less is known about athletes who reached the highest levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the extent to which former Swedish world-class athletes have attended dual career sport programs at upper secondary school. A retrospective design was used with 274 former world-class athletes who answered a questionnaire. In order to investigate whether there was a relationship between attending a dual career sport school and athletic characteristics, as well as post career educational and employment outcomes, a series of Chi-square tests were conducted. The main results show that more than half of the athletes did not take part in any DCS. These results indicate that DCS in Sweden is not a decisive factor for success in sports as intended. Half of all participants, regardless of whether they studied at DCS, have studied at university, and all participants had a job at the time of data collection. The majority also consider that their financial situation has improved after their sports career.

Student Athlete Rewarding System In Bandung City

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data related to the analysis of student lifestyles at the Indonesian Education University during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method that will be used in this research is descriptive. By creating a database related to student physical activity at the Indonesian Education University during the COVID-19 pandemic. The instrument that will be used in this research is an instrument developed by Douglas & Donna named Fantastic Lifestyle Assessment. The results of the analysis show that the lifestyle or lifestyle of students within the Indonesian Education University during the Covid-19 Pandemic showed poor results where out of a total of 274 respondents 38% were in the low category and there were even 2 respondents in the dangerous zone category, and only a total of 13% were in poor condition. ideal and 48% are in the sufficient category. The Covid-19 pandemic has greatly disrupted the stability of lifestyle conditions through the parameters measured, namely the condition of family and friends, physical activity, nutritional or nutritional intake, cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption, sleep quality and stress levels, personality, ability to understand events, and satisfaction with career.

A national survey of clubs medical provision and facilities in BUCS American Football 2019–2020

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022
IRISH J MED SCI

Background British American Football (BAF) is a developing sport in the UK, with keen growth in the British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) league. Participation in BAF carries risks and so to facilitate safe participation medical care services must be evaluated. Aims To evaluate medical provision in BUCS American Football in the 2019–2020 season. Methods An online survey tool was used to collect data from BUCS BAF teams in the 2019–2020 season. Thirty-one teams (from across England, Wales and Scotland) responded to questions on facilities, provision and procedures. Results Almost 42% of teams had a regular team first aider who attended home games each week. Only 61.5% attended away games and 7.7% attended team training. Access to a first aider was not dependent upon division. Home games were more likely to be risk assessed and have an emergency action plan compared to away games. The majority of teams had access to automated external defibrillator (AED) within 100 m of the pitch, yet only 29% of staff were trained to use them. Almost 84% of teams reported carrying a designated fully charged phone (with signal). Prominent qualitative themes indicated were cost/funding as barriers to hiring qualified medical staff, lack of institutional support, unreliability of medical provision and inadequate facilities/preparation for games. Conclusions These findings provide key information on the status of medical provision, facilities and protocols in BUCS BAF. Data reveals a lack of consistent medical personnel, particularly at training and away games, and training in emergency care.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF SPORT COACHING STANDARDS AMONG MALAYSIAN SPORT COACHES

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

This study examined the perception of Malaysian sport coaches on the sport coaching standards (SCS). A total of 384 coaches (age = 28.84+4.02 years; male = 67.7%, female = 32.3%) responded to the survey via an online google document. Almost 59% of the respondents were club level coaches with 42% having 1-3 years coaching experience. Majority (56.2%) of the coaches was involved in soccer, frisbee, dodgeball, and futsal. The adopted research instrument consisted of 40 coaching standards and were categorized into eight domains. The items were measured through an 11-point (0-10) Likert scale. The results suggested that Malaysian coaches perceived the 40 standards (minimum = 6.94 and maximum = 9.00) as knowledge and abilities that effective coaches must possess. As for the domains, Malaysian coaches ranked the top three domains to be ‘Growth and Development’, ‘Teaching and Communication’, and ‘Skills and Tactics’ respectively. Similar ranking of the domain was also reported according to gender. Even though coaching education in terms of sport specific and sport science programs is in place in Malaysia, it is imperative for Malaysian Sport Coaching Academy and National Sport Associations to incorporate some coaching standards in their relevant coaching education curriculum.

Linking sports-related and socio-economic resources of retiring Olympic athletes to their subsequent vocational career

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
Int Rev Sociol Sport

The aim of this study was to examine patterns of sports-related and socioeconomic resources at the time of athletic retirement and their relation to the subsequent vocational career. We surveyed 341 former Olympic athletes representing Switzerland about their athletic, educational, and vocational careers. In order to adequately depict the heterogeneous situations of athletes during and after their athletic career, we applied a person-oriented approach. This involves adopting a holistic perspective and using nonlinear methods of analysis to allow for interactions between different aspects of an athlete's career. Using cluster analytic techniques, we found different patterns of sports-related and socioeconomic resources at the time of athletic retirement which were related with specific vocational career paths. In particular, clusters disposing of manifold resources had various opportunities in working life, whereas clusters with few resources fared less well. However, a lack of educational certificates could be compensated for by success in sports and popularity, provided that the vocational activity was pursued in sport. These findings may help career counsellors to better understand athletes' career development options and provide services of ever-improving quality.

La double carrière menée par les étudiants sportifs. Dans quelle mesure les domaines scolaire et sportif sont-ils liés ?

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2021

La littérature scientifique traitant de la conciliation d’un sport de haut niveau en parallèle avec un cursus scolaire se centre le plus souvent sur les facteurs qui favorisent la performance scolaire ou la performance sportive. Les relations pouvant exister entre ces deux domaines sont plus rarement étudiées. Dans cette recherche, nous avons questionné 56 judokas de haut niveau de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles (Belgique) ayant été inscrits dans un établissement secondaire avant 2016. Les thèmes abordés portaient principalement sur la mesure de variables motivationnelles (domaines scolaire et sportif) visant à vérifier un modèle proposé. À partir d’analyses statistiques descriptives et corrélationnelles, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’interrelation étroite entre les deux domaines et, plus particulièrement, identifier des variables corrélées positivement aux performances réalisées dans chacun d’eux.

Developing change of direction speed and related physical abilities with plyometric training of young tennis players

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Balancing sport and academic development: Perceptions of football players and coaches in two types of Norwegian school-based dual career development environments

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Sports-friendly and elite sport schools seek to support pupils by providing balanced support which is intended to facilitate success both in sport and in academic work. This study investigates how ambitious football players in Norway experience the advantages and challenges of undertaking a ‘dual career’ as student-athletes. Eight players and five coaches (two club coaches and three school coaches) in total were interviewed from two sports-friendly schools and two elite sports schools, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. In the Elite Sport Programmes, the close integration of the school and club settings enabled coaches and student-athletes to plan and manage the overall workload and development of the student-athletes more easily. In contrast, players in the less structured Sports-Friendly Programmes experienced more concerns related to workload coordination but were also given more responsibility for their own decision making. This helped to facilitate better self-determination among the student-athletes but also increased their risk of overuse injuries. Our results indicate how different dual career development environments offer varying benefits, risks and developmental opportunities for student-athletes.

A Survey of the Vision of Future the Members of the Football Academies have at the Academies in the Capital City and in the Provinces

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Dávid Rábai

Although research into various dimensions of Hungarian football academies has become more intensive over the recent years, there is still a wide range of questions and problems to be addressed, most of which can be identified in the educational-pedagogical dimensions of the academies. Our present research concentrates on the players of 3 academies in the provinces and 3 in the capital city (N=560). As a method of the research, we opted to use an inventory to collect the answers of the players (Rábai, 2021). We interviewed them about the way they imagine their future and their responses were, at each question, analysed in a comparison of the provinces and the capital. We assumed that there were considerable differences between the two groups, based upon the review and findings of the relevant literature. We found significant differences between the answers of the players of the two groups of academies, primarily in the aspirations to achieve vocational qualifications (p=0,039), the students’ views about their prospects of a professional career (p=0,000) and a career abroad (p=0,047) (Rábai, 2021). Our findings suggest that the majority of the young football players we contacted have a largely positive vision of their future. It especially applies to the students of academies in the capital city. In a number of their responses, students in the capital city provided answers that were highly confident.

Dual Career through the Analysis of Policy Documents: A Case Study Focusing on Athletics

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Careers can be influenced by several factor groups: opportunities provided by (1) the environment, (2) ambition, and (3) personal aptitude (Juhász & Matiscsákné Lizák, 2014). In the case of a dual career in sports, an athlete's career is not limited to sports only, but also can include education. It is worthwhile for sportsmen to learn alongside their athletic career. For, a sporting career can come to an end at any time due to any unexpected event (Baráth et al., 2014). This dual career's success depends heavily on the people in the athlete's immediate environment. In our research, we used a qualitative method to conduct a content analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with Olympians of three countries, one from Slovenia, one from Germany, and one from Hungary. We divided up our investigation into questions related to funding, professional background and studies. Their opinions showed that all three athletes are satisfied with the support they receive for their current dual careers, with only the Slovenian athlete feeling a slight deficiency. They have successfully combined their studies and sport, and all three have attended or are currently attending higher education. It can be concluded that all sport policy efforts show the potential for dual career assistance with a focus on self-efficacy. No differences can be found in the expectations of these elite athletes, and all feel the need to continue their studies in addition to sporting, regardless of whether or not it coincides with their previous studies. As regards the need to continue studying, the Slovenian athlete felt the least need. This degree of "need" does not affect the performance of the athletes in their respective sports, as all of them love sports. All receive adequate funding as well. In all three countries studied, we found such a level of support for the athlete that ought to be held up as 'good practice'. The German competitor in particular possesses such professional staff that we would highlight and recommend it as good practice to follow.

Student-Athletes and their Environment

Chapter

Nov 2023

Alejandro Leiva-Arcas

Since the European Year of Education through Sport (EYES, 2004), sport has been recognised as an important cultural, social and economic phenomenon in the European Union, fully recognising the right of sportspeople (e.g. athletes, coaches, referees, sport managers and volunteers) to combine their academic/work and sport careers (e.g. dual career). This book is intended to raise awareness among sport institutions and organisations of the need to cooperate to overcome problems related to the combination of education/ work and competitive sport, to promote awareness of the need to develop dual career paths, and to foster exchanges of best practices at local, regional, national and European level. It gathers research, projects and practical experiences from an academic approach that will serve as an updated reference to the different skateholders involved in the Dual Career.

Academy of Physical Education in Katowice as a Participant in the Polish Program Supporting Student-Athlete’s Dual-Career – National Academic Representation

Chapter

Nov 2023

The Transition from Sport to the Sport Technology-Oriented Business: A Pathway for the Dual Career of the Student-Athlete

Chapter

Nov 2023

SPOR KULÜPLERİNİN SOSYAL VE MADDİ DESTEKLERİNİN TAKIM PERFORMANSINA ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ

Thesis

Full-text available

Sep 2023

Türkiye'de Çift Kariyer Yolunda Öğrenci Sporcular: Eğitim mi Spor mu İkilemi?Dual Career Pathways of Student Athletes in Turkey: Education or Sports Dilemma?

Article

Jun 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türk sporcuların eğitim kariyeri ve spor kariyeri olmak üzere çift kariyerlerini birlikte sürdürmede nasıl deneyimler yaşadıklarını incelemektir. Araştırma nitel araştırma yaklaşımında, yorumlayıcı paradigmada ve fenomenolojik desende tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilmiştir. Araştırmada üniversite öğrenimine devam eden kendi branşında milli ya da en üst ligde yer alan öğrenci sporculardan 5 kadın ve 5 erkek olmak üzere 10 katılımcı yer almıştır. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada geçerliği sağlamak amacıyla inandırıcılık, aktarılabilirlik, güvenilebilirlik ve doğrulanabilirlik kriterleri temel alınmıştır. Güvenirliğin sağlanabilmesi için, görüşmelerin kayıt altına alınarak, bunların yazıya aktarılması, farklı araştırmacılar tarafından bireysel kodlama yapılması stratejileri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kuramsal çerçeveye uygun olarak üç ana tema oluşturulmuştur. SBKK boyutlarına göre “Öz yeterlik: Başarı ruhumda var”, “Sonuç beklentileri: destek ve engeller”, “Kişisel hedefler: Akademik sporcular” temaları karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sporcular yasal olarak desteklendiklerinde ve esnek düzenlemeler yapıldığında çift kariyerlerini daha kolay yönettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Ebeveyn desteği sporcuların çift kariyerleri ile ilgili karar vermelerinde ve çift kariyerde zorluklarla karşılaştıkları zaman sosyal destek sağlamada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Sporcular çift kariyerlerinde eğitim kariyerleri yerine spor kariyerlerini öncelikli olarak görürken, aktif sporculuk sonrası kariyerlerinde akademik olarak ilerlemeyi öncelikli hedef olarak görmektedirler. Çalışmada çift kariyer desteğinde, ülkemizdeki uygulamaların ve çift kariyer yapılarının geliştirilmesi gerektiği dikkat çekmiştir.

Sporcularda Çift Kariyer Yetkinliği: Bireysel ve Durumsal Faktörlerin RolüDual Career Competence in Athletes: The Role of Individual and Situational Factors

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Araştırmanın amacı çift kariyer yetkinliğinin belirlenmesinde hedef yönelimi ile antrenör tarafından oluşturulan güdüsel iklimin rolünü başarı hedefi yaklaşımı ile araştırmak ve bu yetkinliklerin; cinsiyet ve spor deneyimine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Bu bağlamda araştırmaya, 194 kız (X ̅yaş =15.09±1.53) ve 210 erkek (X ̅yaş =15.46±1.44) olmak üzere 404 (X ̅yaş =15.28±1.49) öğrenci-sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sporcular için Çift Kariyer Yetkinliği Ölçeği”, “Başarı Algısı Envanteri” ve “Antrenör Kaynaklı Destekleyici ve Kısıtlayıcı Güdüsel İklim Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analiz sonuçları, görev yöneliminin ve destekleyici güdüsel iklim algısının çift kariyer yetkinlik algılarının tümünü yordadığını göstermektedir (p

Development of successful entrepreneurial education initiatives enabled by EU funded projects - The case of FH JOANNEUM

Article

Jan 2020

This paper presents the lessons learned from different formal and non-formal entrepreneurial education initiatives at the University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM in Graz, Austria conducted in the period 2016-2019. Four projects funded through the European Commission provided the opportunity to explore a variety of teaching and learning methods to develop the “sense of initiative and entrepreneurship” as one of the key competences for life-long learning set by the European Union. While the target groups were different and the objectives were manifold, all of these projects aimed at fostering this key competence for students to effectively develop and implement creative and market-oriented ideas. Different entrepreneurial education methodologies have been developed, customised for the requirements of the target group and setting. This paper analyses them using the “Learning by sharing model” by Thijssen & Gijselaers. The analysed teaching methods and approaches have different efficiency for alternative target groups or objectives. The Business Case Challenge allows to involve intercultural student groups in intensive case work, with real live cases. A blended approach which combines a MOOC, face-to-face teaching, presentations and mentoring by a role model has proven to successfully provide entrepreneurial competences to athletes. A moderated MOOC for intrapreneurship including interactive teamwork and professional moderation to keep participants to be consciously active, resulted in high completion rate on an offline level. Finally, action learning sets and development of business models for case studies through e-communication are presented as an alternative learning model for international teams. Based on the in-depth analysis of these cases, the authors have proposed four factors which may serve as a frame for development of successful entrepreneurial education initiatives in various education and training environments. The frame offers additional fifth factor, student career development, specifically significant for formal education institutions.

Relevance of university dual career support services – student–athletes’ perspectives

Article

Mar 2023

Rationale/Purpose Universities provide various services supporting athletes pursuing a dual career. This paper focuses on the preconditions of being simultaneously included in elite sport and educational system, aiming to analyse the assessment of such services from the student–athletes’ perspective. Design/Methodology/Approach The data originate from an online survey of 1055 international student–athletes, who participated in the 2019 Winter and Summer Universiades. Based on exploratory factor analysis, support services were grouped into categories. Implementing probit models, the respondents’ perceptions were regressed with their sporting and academic background by controlling for socio-demographic factors. Findings The study identifies three factors of dual career support services in the context of higher education and reveals statistically significant associations between socio-demographic, academic, and sporting career-related factors and the perceived relevance of support services. Practical Implications To get the university context functionalised in favour of student–athletes’ dual careers, tailor-made support should particularly address differences regarding gender, university levels, and types of sport. Research Contribution The study enhances the understanding of dual career challenges, related to the student–athletes’ conflicting roles. It provides evidence that adequate dual career support services at the interfaces of elite sport and higher education need to be individualised according to the athletes’ needs.

Changing Tides or Freedom Fallacy? A Foucauldian Cautionary Reading of Women's Professional Football's Evolving Contexts

Chapter

Mar 2023

Physical Condition Profile of NTB PON Athletes: Measurement of VO2max

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Women in Chess. Education-Related Problems During Talent Development Process

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Alicja Baum

The aim of the paper is to identify the educational problems faced by Polish female chess grandmasters during the talent development process, i.e. the time required to win the highest women’s title. A free-form, in-depth, qualitative interview method was used; the research tool was a guide prepared based on Françoys Gagné’s Comprehensive Model of Talent Development (CMTD). The data was subjected to qualitative analysis: codes and categories relating to educational problems were applied to the interviews with 14 female chess grandmasters. For female athletes, it is especially important to find a balance between school/academic life and sports practice. Women have much fewer opportunities to make a living from sports than men and are thus forced to prepare for other professions, which is tantamount to combining a sports career with getting an education. This situation can also be observed among female chess players. Additionally, women’s performance in chess is significantly lower than men’s. Thus, in the series of papers titled “Women in Chess. Problems…”, an attempt was made to present female chess grandmasters in the context of hardships that significantly affected the development of their talent. This paper presents hardships related to education. The study showed that most of the future female grandmasters experienced education-related hardship during secondary school, mainly due to absenteeism from school, poor attitudes of teachers, a lack of interest from the school in their successes, and a non-conformist attitude towards the rules of the school system. As a result of the analysis, it is suggested to disseminate knowledge throughout the school environment concerning the specific nature of chess as a sport discipline and to implement support programs for female and male students who practice it.

Socio-Cultural Interest and Motivational Barriers for Female Sports Participation in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Universities and Colleges

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Purpose: The core objective of this study was to analyze the situation of Pakistani females' sports participation and examines which different Socio-Cultural, Interest and Motivational barriers currently play negative role towards their sports participation and how these barriers can be reduced by taking up the steps under the feministic approach in sports which is based on the social cognitive theory of Bandura. Methodology/Evidence Acquisition: In order to get deep insight, the researcher employed mix-method research methodology which was based on both qualitative and quantitative research design. Qualitative data of 8-HODs and quantitative data of 592-female students from the 8 selected public colleges and universities in Southern Punjab-Pakistan was collected through close-ended and open ended questionnaires with convenient sampling technique. For quantitative data analysis, SPSS v.20 and for qualitative data analysis MS Excel v.10 were used as statistical tools. Conclusionsː Regarding socio-cultural factors (Family Support, Religious & Cultural Limitations), findings of this study show that the relationships of family support, interest and motivation with their sports participation is significant and positive but the religious & cultural limitations has insignificant and negative impact on female sports participation. Although these socio-cultural factors are not much supportive in the colleges as compare to the universities, but overall, their parents’ negative attitude, expectations for academic performance and unawareness regarding sports benefits, females feel uncomfortable, less passion and interest in sports participation. Further, it was also found, in both universities and colleges, that Islamic dress code, male permission, no proper changing rooms, cultural conflicts, mix-gender sports, vulgarity, less freedom of solely movement, discouragement by society/culture are the major dimensions of religious and cultural limitations towards sports participation. Along with new dimensions and locality, the current study was a first attempt to provide the practitioners, policy makers and researchers to understand the issues of cultural and religious, interest and motivation and family support towards female sports participation in Pakistan.

Which female makes it to the top? Exploring the gender differences in the role of nuanced personality and psychosocial traits in elite sports career progression

Article

Aug 2022
J VOCAT BEHAV

Despite a solid foundation of women’s career progression research, the role of personality and psychosocial characteristics in explaining objective career success is not yet fully understood. Today, two alternative perspectives on the role of gender and personality in career advancement prevail. On the one hand, the gender-invariant role demands perspective suggests that women in top-level positions show agentic personality traits, whereas advocates of the changing roles perspective argue in the opposite direction, emphasizing the benefits of distinct communal traits. Analyzing career promotion data from 299 German athletes from different sports (53% female), we investigated whether the role of personality, psychosocial, and cognitive characteristics in professional sporting career ascendency differ between genders in an environment where between-sex competition is absent. Our results indicate that, even in a situation without potential gender discrimination, the gender-invariant role demands perspective prevails as female athletes who made it to the highest rank do not display attributes different from their male peers, despite demonstrating higher core self-evaluation (CSES) scores, i.e., rather agentic traits like internal locus of control, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Using survival analysis, we also find support for the gender-invariant role demands perspective in explaining the relative speed of male and female athletes’ promotions to top positions. Additional analyses on team sports further assert the robustness of the results. We discuss the implications of our findings.

Personality Traits, Environment, and Career Stages of Top Athletes: An Evidence from Outstanding Badminton Players of Indonesia

Article

Jan 2022

Ali Maksum

The mental health of student-athletes: A systematic scoping review

Article

Jun 2022
Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol

The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic scoping review of the research focussing on student-athletes' mental health (MH). More specifically, we aimed to describe and synthesise: (a) the study and sample characteristics of the dual career (DC) and MH research literature, (b) the types of MH outcomes examined in student-athlete populations, (c) comparisons of student-athletes' MH in relation to other populations of interest, and (d) the variables associated with student-athletes' MH. Articles were collected from four databases: SPORTDiscus, PsycInfo, Scopus, and PubMed. In total, 159 studies spanning three decades met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted within the North American collegiate context. The majority (62.5%) examined mental ill-health outcomes (e.g., disordered eating, depression, anxiety), 22.6% examined positive mental health outcomes (e.g., subjective well-being, psychological well-being), and 13.8% combined both perspectives. Most studies using non-student-athlete comparison groups found that student-athletes were at a similar or decreased risk for MH problems, although notable exceptions were identified. Finally, 49 distinct variables were associated with student-athletes' MH. Most variables related to generic or sport-specific factors, with only a limited number of studies examining DC-specific factors. Findings from our scoping review are critically discussed in view of the existing literature.

Why It Should be Regulated and Which System of Lobbying Regulation for Albania?

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Gerti Sqapi

In these 28 years after the transformation of the system from the communist to the democratic one and toward the market economy, the democratization of Albania has faced various problems, which has often led to the loss of public trust in the political class and the political system in general. This loss of public trust, in large part of the cases, has come as a result of the public discovery of various corruption scandals, political clientelism, illicit influences or a political decision-making process that is often conceived as closed and monopoly of those who have been elected or appointed to leading positions. For this purpose, that of channelling and controlling the impacts that particular vested interests exerts on the decision-making process, a good part of countries in Europe in the last years, have begun to consider undertaking regulatory reforms for lobbying in their environments. The main objective of regulating lobbying activity in Albania on a legal basis would be precisely the handling/curbing of such informal relationships that exist at various levels between interest groups and decision-makers and which are often on corrupt and clientelistic grounds. This paper argues that the best system for regulating lobbying in Albania should be that of a statutory type, in which lobbyists on a legal basis be obliged to register in a publicly accessible register and to disclose data on critical aspects of their activity.

An Action Research Approach to Supporting Elite Student-Athletes in Higher Education

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2004
EUR PHYS EDUC REV

Support for elite student-athletes was explored within a single English university using Stringer’s (1996) Look, Think, Act model of action research. Entry to the ongoing support programme is competitive and participation is voluntary, with sessions delivered every second week after lectures. Based on supporting documentation, interviews, focus groups and participation in a long-standing voluntary support programme, we developed a perspective on the daily life of university elite student-athletes. According to their achievements, these student-athlete participants were ‘elite’ in both academic and sporting terms. Tutors, heads of department, administrators and managers of sports services within the university contributed supplementary interviews. Based on a systematic thematic analysis of contributions, which was subsequently verified by student-athletes, three main areas of concern were identified: (1) establishing priorities of the ‘student’and ‘athlete’roles, (2) relationships with academia and (3) lack of support and understanding. The programme has been altered to reflect these issues. Further discussion focuses on unresolved issues and continuing development.

‘Football is My Life’: Theorizing Social Practice in the Scottish Professional Football Field

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2006

There exists an apparent paradox between the continuing significance and growing glamorization of the professional game on a global scale and the increasingly unstable labour market conditions affecting professional football players at the national level – in this case, the Scottish professional football field. In this paper, we utilize Pierre Bourdieu's formula of habitus, capital and field to frame professional footballers' social practices – with specific emphasis on their engagement (or lack of engagement) with educational discourses. We also employ Bourdieu's concept of strategy to consider the ways in which footballers' identities might be reformulated within rather than outside the boundaries of the professional football field. Empirically, data generated from an in-depth qualitative study of two Scottish professional football clubs are presented. The paper concludes that, despite the increased awareness and availability of educational opportunities, players' engagement with educational discourses is, at best, an instrumental, means-end and outcome-based one.

Elite Athletes and University Education in Europe: a review of policy and practice in higher education in the European Union Member States

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2010

Ian Paul Henry

This article provides an analysis of the ways in which European Union Member States have sought to address the educational needs of elite young sportspersons. Drawing on fieldwork by 25 research teams led by the authors and undertaken on behalf of the European Commission, it reflects the European Union's increasing concern with protection of the rights of young athletes. Our focus in this paper is on higher education and its adaptation to accommodate the delivery of education to elite athletes. The review of policy descriptions undertaken highlighted three principal categories of policy initiative within the university sector namely the development of academic services, elite sporting provision, and post-athletic career preparation. The findings of the study underlined the variability of response in national systems to the demands placed on elite young sportspersons. This has been more broadly linked to the relationship between general welfare ideologies in nation states, and the positions adopted in relation to education of their young athletes. We characterise these positions in a four-fold typology: (i) a state-centric provision backed by legislation, (ii) the state as a facilitator fostering formal agreements between educational and sporting bodies, (iii) National Federations / Sports Institutes as facilitator / mediator engaging directly in negotiation with educational bodies on behalf of the individual athlete, and (iv) a ‘laisser faire' approach where there are no formal structures in place. Crucial to an evaluation of the systems summarised in the typology is an understanding of what these policy systems are seeking to achieve. This may be expressed in terms of a balance between the roles, rights and responsibilities of the main stakeholders including the athlete, the university, the Member State and the European Union.

Sports management - a European approach to the management of the combination of academics and elite-level sport

Article

Jan 1999

Sports Schools: An International Review. Report to the Scottish Institute of Sport Foundation

Technical Report

Jan 2007

France1

Chapter

Jan 2008

Emmanuel Bayle

The athletic, academic and social experience of intercollegiate student athletes

Article

Jan 2002

Coaches' perceived role in mentoring athletes

Article

Oct 2002
INT J SPORT PSYCHOL

The purpose of this study was to determine if the perceived responsibilities of university athletic coaches included the role of mentor, and if so, to examine the nature of coach-athlete mentoring from their perspective. In-depth, open-ended interviews were conducted with 8 coaches from 4 Canadian universities, and the data analyzed inductively. University coaches perceived mentoring as an important aspect of their professional roles, thus extending the empirical evidence of the presence of mentoring to another dyad in the sport setting. Coaches fulfilled mentoring functions similar to those described in the business and education literature, suggesting career and psychosocial functions are generic across multiple settings including university athletics. The results did reveal situational factors that may influence the specific nature of coach-athlete mentoring relationships. This study provided important evidence of the presence of coach-athlete mentoring in university sport, and was the first to explore the nature of such relationships from the perspective of the coach, thus laying the foundation for future research.

A Developmental Perspective on Transitions Faced by Athletes

Article

Jan 2004

507 To reach and to remain at the elite level in competitive sport require athletes—and those around them—to "invest" at different levels (e.g., physical, social, financial) during a long peri-od of time. The termination of such a high-level athletic career can, therefore, be an emotional experience, not only for the athletes themselves but also for those in their close environment (e.g., parents, children, friends). Such a career end will also generate attention from the press, as reflected in these press clippings: Next Sunday, the all-time greatest pole vaulter, and for some the greatest ath-lete ever, will announce his official retirement from track and field .

Professional Careers of the German Olympic Athletes

Article

Sep 2003

Successful careers in top-performance sports demand large amounts of time and personal resources and normally they take a course parallel to the period of educational and professional qualification. Regarding careers of former top-performance athletes, the question arises as to how far the engagement in top-performance sports has an influence on the professional career path. This article aims to categorize the professional careers of top-performance athletes and to connect them with the subjective ratings of the respondents. This will be carried out by means of objective life-course data of former Olympic athletes. The theoretical approach is based on recent conceptions of life-course research and of professional socialization research. In a postal inquiry of 616 successful German Olympic athletes (male and female) the sports and professional careers were recorded retrospectively. The results show that former top-performance athletes generally have higher educational qualifications and professional positions than the German population. But as there are big differences with regard to the individual career patterns, a typology of professional careers seems to be practical. For that purpose, a classification typology of professional careers was developed using cluster analysis. The engagement in sports rather favours the professional career in its course.

Athletic Identity: An Achilles' Heel to the Survival of Self

Article

Sep 1998
QUAL HEALTH RES

Andrew Sparkes

To illuminate the complex ways in which a strong athletic identity can act as an Achilles' heel in coming to terms with a disruptive life event, this article presents biographical data of one elite athlete whose career was prematurely terminated by illness. The analysis reveals how, as an individual descends from the heights of the extraordinary into the mundane world of ordinariness, the loss of certain selves enforces a heightened reflexivity and awareness of previously taken-for-granted aspects of the body-self relationship that are no longer attainable. The manner in which certain selves at the apex of an identity hierarchy exert pressure on the individual to seek a restored self rather than opt for more attainable or realistic identities is highlighted. The problems of restorying the self when an individual is constrained by limited narrative resources are also considered. Finally, some implications of the findings for health care professionals are discussed.

Conceptualizing Excellence: Past, Present, and Future

Article

Sep 2002

While an historical glance through the sport psychology literature reveals an interest in performance excellence since its beginning, a focus of personal excellence has been a more recent trend. This review will address the relationships between performance and personal excellence. More specifically, we question whether performance excellence in high-level sport, by virtue of the exceptional demands on the elite athlete, occurs at the expense of development in personal excellence or whether performance excellence is possible only through personal excellence. Furthermore, we propose that the field may reconcile these ideals in the future through an athlete-centered sport model. This model is defined by the philosophy that developmentally appropriate sport can be used as a vehicle for enhancing overall well-being and the acquisition of lifelong skills. Performance excellence, therefore, co-exists in the same environment as personal excellence. The implications of implementing an athlete-centered sport system for athletes and coaches and for the research and practice of those in sport psychology will be addressed.

Men, Sport, Spinal Cord Injury and the Construction of Coherence: Narrative Practice in Action

Article

Aug 2002

Based on life history data, this article explores the manner in which coherence is constructed in the narratives told by two men who have acquired a spinal cord injury through playing sport. Drawing on the principles advocated by Gubrium and Holstein, and Holstein and Gubrium, along with a number of analytic concepts provided by others (e.g. Frank, Gerschick and Miller, Leder, van Manen and Yoshida), we illustrate how various narrative practices inform this process and how they are framed by both the local and cultural conventions of telling. It is suggested that coherence is not an inherent feature of narratives but is both artfully crafted in the telling and drawn from the available meanings, structures and linkages that comprise stories.

Researching Life Stories and Family Histories

Article

Jan 1999

Robert Miller

Role of experimentation of intercollegiate student athletes

Article

Jun 2003

This study examined the role experimentation of 8 23-24 yr old university student athletes using in-depth interviews. The results revealed participants' role experimentation was limited to three spheres: athletic, academic, and social. Participants' exploration of and commitment to roles revealed a two-stage model of identity formation. The first stage, Over-Identification with the Athlete Role, revealed a singular focus on athletics that persisted throughout much of the participants' university careers. The second stage, Deferred Role Experimentation, reflected an increased investment in academic and social roles in the participants' upper years. Results were consistent with previous findings of an athletic identity among intercollegiate student-athletes (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993), but supported Pema, Zaichkowsky, and Bocknek's (1996) suggestion that identity foreclosure may have been overgeneralized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

A Model for Analyzing Human Adaptation to Transition

Article

Jun 1981
COUNS PSYCHOL

Nancy K. Schlossberg

Presents a theory that describes the complex reality that accompanies and defines the capacity of humans to cope with change in their lives. A model is presented that represents a framework in which transitions of all kinds—positive and negative, dramatic and ordinary—can be analyzed and possible interventions formulated. The model views adaptation to transition as a dynamic process, a movement through the various stages of a particular transition. Three sets of factors influence adaptation to transition: (1) the characteristics of the transition itself; (2) the characteristics of the pre- and posttransition supports, and physical setting; and (3) the characteristics of the individual. Preliminary data on the model that clarify its uses are presented. (63 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Athletic retirement: A cross-national comparison of elite French and Swedish athletes

Article

Jan 2007
PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC

ObjectivesThe focus of this paper is on a cross-national comparison of elite French and Swedish athletes in terms of (a) pre-conditions for the athletic retirement; (b) coping and related factors; (c) perceived quality and long-term consequences of the transition. The study also examines an impact of retirement planning upon the transition process and outcomes.Design and MethodThe Retirement from Sports survey [Alfermann, Stambulova, & Zemaityte (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: A cross-cultural comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 61–75] translated into French/Swedish and adapted for studying athletes in corresponding countries was used. The sample was composed of 157 former international level athletes from France (n=69) and Sweden (n=88), males and females, representatives of different sports. ANOVA and MANOVA were used for the data analyses.Results and ConclusionA common pattern and two nationally specific patterns in the process of the transition to the post-career have been identified. The common pattern involved athletic retirement pre-conditions (e.g., retirement planning), coping and related factors. Cross-cultural differences related to reasons for termination, emotional reactions upon retirement (more positive in Swedish sample), perceived difficulty to start a new professional career, usage of emotion-focused/avoidance coping strategies (both higher in French sample), duration of the transition, current athletic identity, and professional choice/career/life satisfaction nowadays (all higher in Swedish sample). Retirement planning, regardless of the nation, was associated with more favourable emotions and coping behaviours in the transition but was not associated with perceived quality and long-term consequences of the transition. The study showed that the transition out of elite sports is a dynamic, multidimensional, multilevel, and multifactor process in which nationality/culture plays an important role.

Psychological effects of retirement on elite athletes

Article

Jantjie Modisha. Marthinus

Thesis (PhD (Sport Science))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007. This study was designed to gain a better understanding of the way in which the quality of the sport-career termination is quantitatively affected by athletic and non-athletic factors. A further objective of this study was to contribute and broaden the knowledge base on the athletic careertermination process and endeavour to add new information to the existent body of knowledge on the career-ending process in the world of sport. This study is a sport-specific view on South African track and field and road running athletes’ retrospective views on their retirement. In line with the relevant literature, the influence of athletic (voluntariness and gradualness of sport-career termination, subjective view of athletic achievements, postsport life planning, and athletic identity) and non-athletic factors (e.g., age, educational status) on different aspects of sport-career difficulties was investigated. In phase 1 of the research, 104 retired track and field athletes completed an adapted version of the Cecic-Erpic’s (2000) Sports Career Termination Questionnaire II (SCTQ II). These athletes had been retired for no less than one year with an athletic career at national and international level and were asked to describe in retrospect their experiences and reactions to their athletic career termination. The SCTQII was developed to evaluate the characteristics of the sport-career termination process, the characteristics of the active sport-careertermination transition to post-sport life, and adaptation to post-sport life. In phase 2 of the study, 23 retired South African elite athletes were individually interviewed. An interview guide was developed which probed the sport career of the athletes in depth, from the initial start to the sport career to the process of disengaging from elite sport. The data from the interviews were content analysed.

Adding insult to injury: Workplace injury in English professional football

Article

Feb 2006

Martin Roderick

Sociologists studying the topic of workplace injury have neglected professional athletes despite the fact that, for such employees, remaining 'active' at work is of paramount importance. This study involved semi-structured interviews with 47 current and former male professional footballers who all had careers in the English professional football leagues. The interviews focused on the players' experiences of injury and rehabilitation and their relationships with club managers, physiotherapists and doctors. The object of this empirical article concerns an examination of how professional footballers become, or perceive themselves as being, stigmatised when they are injured or in pain. For players, the social conditions of work, for example the internal competition for places, all have implications with respect to their presentation of self when they are claiming to be injured or in pain. The often conflict-ridden relations between players and managers, combined with a culture that normalises pain and injury, means that players often find themselves in health-compromising situations. Thus, examining this highly physical vocation provides an opportunity to add to the literature in which injury at work is socially produced through interpretive social interaction.

Critical Evaluation of Aspects of the Athletes' Study and Career Support Service in Finland

T Merikoski-Silius

Merikoski-Silius, T. " Critical Evaluation of Aspects of the Athletes' Study and Career Support Service in Finland. " MEMOS, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Lausanne, 2006.

Promoting Student Athlete Interests in European Elite Sports Systems In International Handbook of Sport Policy

D Aquilina
I Henry

Aquilina, D., and I. Henry. " Promoting Student Athlete Interests in European Elite Sports Systems. " In International Handbook of Sport Policy, edited by I. Henry, and L. M. Ko, London: Routledge, forthcoming.

Model for Analyzing Action Research Approach. " 48. Ibid. 49. McKenna and Dunstan-Lewis Action Research Approach Athletic, Academic and Social Experiences Role Experimentation of Intercollegiate Student Athletes

Schlossberg Dunstan-Lewis
Miller
Kerr

Schlossberg, " Model for Analyzing. " 47. McKenna and Dunstan-Lewis, " Action Research Approach. " 48. Ibid. 49. McKenna and Dunstan-Lewis, " Action Research Approach; " Miller and Kerr, " Athletic, Academic and Social Experiences; " Miller and Kerr, " Role Experimentation of Intercollegiate Student Athletes. " 50. Douglas and Carless, Performance Environment Research, 6.

Education of Young Sportspersons. (lot 1) Brussels: European Commission Degrees of Success: Negotiating Dual Career Paths in Elite Sport and University Education in Finland

Jan 2004

Keen
Investment Sport
M Amara
D Aquilina
I Henry
Pmp

Keen, " UK Sport Investment. " References Amara, M., D. Aquilina, I. Henry, and PMP. Education of Young Sportspersons. (lot 1) Brussels: European Commission, 2004. Aquilina, D. " Degrees of Success: Negotiating Dual Career Paths in Elite Sport and University Education in Finland, France and the UK. " Loughborough University, UK 2009.

Fitness Information Technology Psychological Effects of Retirement on Elite Athletes

Jan 2000

West Morgantown
Viriginia

Morgantown, West Viriginia: Fitness Information Technology, 2000. Marthinus, J. M. " Psychological Effects of Retirement on Elite Athletes. " 2007 Unpublished doctoral thesis -Stellenbosch University.

Coaches' Perceived Role Promoting Student Athlete Interests Football is My Life Professional Careers of the German

Miller
Salmela
Kerr

Miller, Salmela, and Kerr, " Coaches' Perceived Role. " 52. Aquilina and Henry, " Promoting Student Athlete Interests. " 53. McGillvray and McIntosh, " Football is My Life. " 54. Conzelmann and Nagel, " Professional Careers of the German. "

The Life Story Interview Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Working With Elite Athletes

Jan 1998
395-415

R Atkinson
P Baillie
B Ogilvie

Atkinson, R. The Life Story Interview, Vol. 44. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998. Baillie, P., and B. Ogilvie. " Working With Elite Athletes. " In Exploring Sport and Exercise Psychology, edited by J. Van Raalte, and B. Brewer, 2nd ed. 395– 415.

Performance Environment Research. London: UK Sport, 2006. Grix, J. The Foundations of Research

Jan 2004

K Douglas
D Carless

Douglas, K., and D. Carless. Performance Environment Research. London: UK Sport, 2006. Grix, J. The Foundations of Research. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

Degrees of Success: Negotiating Dual Career Paths in Elite Sport and University Education in Finland

D Aquilina

Jan 1998

Atkinson R.

Jan 2002
395

Baillie P.

The Finnish University System and Support for Athletes.” Paper presented at the Elite Sportspersons, Education and Vocational Preparation Conference

J Kanerva

Jan 2000

Miller R. L.

The UK Sport Investment and Performance Strategy for London 2012.” Paper presented at the Centre for Olympic Studies and Research Seminar Series

P Keen

A Study of the Relationship Between Elite Athletes' Educational Development and Sporting Performance

Abstract

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A study of the relationship between elite athletes' educational development and sporting performance