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Enhancing flexibility in gymnastics
... Regarding the activation and mobilisation of muscles and joints, the three most common methods of stretching are dynamic, statics and pro-prioceptive neuromuscular fixation (PNF) (Woods et al. 2007). Gymnastics coaches would admit flexibility is a crucial component of the sport (Sands et al. 2000). ...
... However, research from Bradley et al. (2007) identified an approximate decrease of 5% in vertical jump performance post static and PNF stretching, suggesting that the stretching methods reduced musculotendinous stiffness as well as jump height. Sands and McNeal (2000) implied that PNF stretching is most effective in enhancing elite athlete flexibility as high-level athletes do not show such direct effects of flexibility training as they have reached their "performance ceiling", allowing them to training prime movers in advanced ranges of motion. ...
The purpose of this study was to statistically analyse survey data submitted by Scottish Gymnastics clubs (n = 25) to determine whether or not coaching position, coaching qualifications, type of club (recreational or competitive) and location influenced whether the general children’s gymnastics warm-up delivered at each club was in line with Jeffreys (2007) ‘RAMP’ principle. Clubs were asked to complete a 14-question online survey including a copy of their current general children’s gymnastics warm-up protocol. The survey included questions relating to coaching position, club name, whether the club class themselves as rural or city, age of club (years), type of club (recreational, Competitive), number of coaches and position (full-time paid, part-time paid, volunteer), length of typical warm-up component, level of qualification of the person who designed the warm-up and whether or not this warm-up deviated much from the one provided. The researcher then scored the warm-ups of each club compared to the ‘RAMP’ protocol as either following or not following the ‘RAMP’ research.
Four Chi-square (C2) statistical tests were carried out testing for significant differences (p < 0.05) between the ‘RAMP’ score as awarded by the researcher and club personnel, coach qualification, region and whether clubs were recreational or competitive. The only statistical significance was observed between coach’s qualification and the ‘RAMP’ score (p = .041). A Chi-square statistical test, Appendix 5, evidenced that 100% of Level 1-2 coaches (n = 10) were statistically less likely to meet research than 33.3% of level 3 and above coaches (n = 5), C2(1, N =25) = 4.2, p < 0.05. Concluding that coaches who hold a lower qualification were statistically less likely to deliver a warm-up in line with current recommendations.
... (Dallas. & Kirialanis, 2013;Sands & McNeal, 2000;Donti, Tsolakis, & Bogdanis, 2014) Por ello, es útil determinan los condicionantes esenciales que permitan mejorar la flexibilidad en gimnastas, dado que la potenciación de la flexibilidad en gimnastas deduce potenciación en el rendimiento deportivo en general. ...
... Actividad 9 Aplicación y desarrollo del experimento X X X X 10 Instrumentos de control X X X X 11 Codificación y tabulación de los datos X X X 12 Aplicación y tratamiento estadístico de datos X X X La gimnasia es una combinación de ejercicios que exigen del gimnasta unas condiciones físicas excepcionales. (Knirsch, 1974;Tous, 2002;Smoleuskiy & Gaverdouskiy, 1997;Sands & McNeal, 2000;Bessi, 2016;Pastor, Ares, & García, 2003;Valle, 1996) Estos ejercicios se realizan en relación con los aparatos. En las competiciones oficiales se exigen seis ejercicios opcionales en la categoría masculina y cuatro en la categoría femenina. ...
La capacidad física flexibilidad posibilita incrementar la amplitud de los movimientos articulares y musculares de un individuo, aspecto que permite mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de forma directa e indirecta en numerosos deportes. Por ello, se ha establecido como propósito de la investigación implementar una metodología de entrenamiento para la potenciación de la capacidad de flexibilidad en gimnastas masculinos categoría menores de la Escuela de Gimnasia Artística “Retos de Loja”. Bajo un muestreo intencional no probabilístico se encuesta a la población de gimnastas masculinos escolares de la Escuela de Gimnasia Artística “Retos de Loja”, comprendidos en 15 niños varones y a 10 especialistas que validarán teóricamente la propuesta de intervención diseñada. Los resultados evidencian un nivel entre Bueno y Muy Bueno de la propuesta diseñada, incrementándose significativamente (p=0,000) la calidad de la propuesta a medida que se fue diseñado dicha propuesta con 30 ejercicios de especializados de flexibilidad. Por otra parte, los gimnastas encuestados también valoraron significativamente la calidad de la propuesta en el último momento de evaluado (p=0,000).
... Fleksibilitas juga menjadi fakor penting sekali hampir pada setiap cabang olahraga, terutama olahraga yang hanya mementingkan gerak sendi yang mempermudah atlet dalam penguasaan teknik tinggi, mengurangi terjadinya cidera, mencerminkan seni gerak, meningkatkan kecepatan dan kelembutan gerak (Sands & McNeal, 2000). Oleh karena itu, pemahaman tentang kemampuan fleksibilitas siswa sejak dini perlu diketahui baik oleh orang tua, guru, maupun pelatih dalam upaya mengoptimalkan perkembangan siswa. ...
This study aims to determine the flexibility profile of children aged 7-12 years. Descriptive approach is used in this study with the number of samples involved as many as 20 students per class with as many as 6 classes in accordance with their respective class levels. The instrument used in this study was a flexiometer, to determine the student's flexibility or flexibility. Data analysis was performed using statistical descriptive techniques. The results showed that for men shoulder flexibility at 7 years (6.12), at 8 years (6.08), at 9 years (5.19), at 10 years (5.84), at 11 years old (5,77) at 12 years old (5,89). Men Wrist at the age of 7 years (1.47), at the age of 8 years (1.47), at the age of 9 years (1.42), at the age of 10 years (1.41), at the age of 11 years ( 1,4), and at the age of 12 years (1,4). For Strike men at 7 years (1.06), at 8 years (0.99), at 9 years (0.992), at 10 years (0.98), at 11 years (0, 1), and at the age of 12 years (0.11). For women togok at 7 years (0.97), at 8 years (0.92), at 9 years (0.94), at 10 years (0.96), at 11 years (0, 99), and at the age of 12 years (1.06). Researchers concluded that the data from this profile can be used as a reference for educators, parents, or the surrounding community to be able to prepare these students to perform better in accordance with their flexibility in the field of sports, so they can adjust the sport they want according to the percentage of the flexibility of the students. And research will be better if coupled with profiles of physical fitness elements, such as balance, so that the data will be complete to be able to identify from students who will determine the choice of sports branches. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil fleksibilitas siswa umur usia 7-12 tahun. Pendekatan Deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan jumlah sampel yang terlibat sebanyak 20 siswa tiap kelasnya dengan sebanyak 6 kelas sesuai dengan tingkat kelasnya masing-masing. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah flexiometer, untuk mengetahui kelenturan atau fleksibilitasnya siswa tersebut. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik deskriptif statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk laki-laki fleksibilitas bahu pada umur 7 tahun (6,12), pada umur 8 tahun (6,08), pada umur 9 tahun (5,19), pada umur 10 tahun (5,84), pada umur 11 tahun (5,77) pada umur 12 tahun (5,89). Laki-laki Pergelangan tangan pada umur 7 tahun (1,47), pada umur 8 tahun (1,47), pada umur 9 tahun (1,42), pada umur 10 tahun (1,41), pada umur 11 tahun (1,4), dan pada umur 12 tahun (1,4). Untuk laki-laki Togok pada umur 7 tahun (1,06), pada umur 8 tahun (0,99), pada umur 9 tahun (0,992), pada umur 10 tahun (0,98), pada umur 11 tahun (0,1), dan pada umur 12 tahun (0,11). Untuk perempuan togok pada umur 7 tahun (0,97), pada umur 8 tahun (0,92), pada umur 9 tahun (0,94), pada umur 10 tahun (0,96), pada umur 11 tahun (0,99), dan pada umur 12 tahun (1,06). Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa data dari profil ini bisa dijadikan rujukan bagi para pendidik, orang tua, ataupun masyarakat sekitar untuk bisa menyipakan siswa didik tersebut bisa bertampil lebih baik sesuai dengan kelenturannya di bidang olahraga, sehingga mereka bisa menyesuiakan cabang olahraga yang mereka inginkan sesuai dengan prosentas dari kelenturan siswa didik tersebut. Dan penelitian akan lebih baik bila ditambah dengan profil dari unsur-unsur kebugran jasmani, misal keseimbangan, sehingga data akan lengkap untuk bisa mengidentifikasi dari siswa didik yang akan meenntukan pilihan dari cabang olahraganya.
... (Frómeta, Barcia, Montes, Lavandero , & Valdés, 2017; Loachamin, Mena, Durán, & Maqueira, 2017; Vaca, y otros, 2017; Gauze, da Silva Marçal, Charal, Braghini, & Bertolini, 2018)Para el caso del gimnasta artística, la flexibilidad se le considera como una capacidad determinante, pudiendo comprobar su importancia en la literatura nacional e internacional especializada,(Dallas, y otros, 2014) para lo cual se establecen diversas estrategias para potenciar dicha capacidad física en gimnastas de ambos sexos.(Dallas. & Kirialanis, 2013;Sands & McNeal, 2000;Donti, Tsolakis, & Bogdanis, 2014) ...
• Antecedentes: La capacidad física flexibilidad posibilita incrementar la amplitud de los movimientos articulares y musculares de un individuo, aspecto que permite mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de forma directa e indirecta en numerosos deportes.
• Problema: ¿Cómo potenciar la preparación de la flexibilidad en gimnastas masculinos categoría menores de la Escuela de Gimnasia Artística “Retos de Loja”?
• Objetivo: Implementar una metodología de entrenamiento para la potenciación de la capacidad de flexibilidad en gimnastas masculinos categoría menores de la Escuela de Gimnasia Artística “Retos de Loja”.
• Métodos: Bajo un muestreo intencional no probabilístico se estudiará la población de gimnastas masculinos escolares de la Escuela de Gimnasia Artística “Retos de Loja”, comprendidos en 15 niños varones.
• Resultados esperados: Potenciar la capacidad física de flexibilidad de forma significativa en los gimnastas escolares masculinos estudiados.
... Gymnasts represent a group of athletes for whom stretching is a major component of training (Sands, 1988;Sands, McNeal, 2000). Gymnasts often perform a variety of active and passive stretches as part of their warm-up, as well as during their sport specific training activities (McNeal, Sands, 2003). ...
Research background. Stretching is believed to enhance performance, reduce injury, and be an effective means of
developing flexibility and alleviating muscular soreness (Shellock, Prentice, 1985; Brandy et al., 1997). A review of the
current literature shows that the results of many studies conflict with others; some report that static stretching diminishes
vertical jum (VJ) performance (Cornwell et al., 2001; McNeal, Sands, 2003; Wallmann et al., 2005), whereas others
report that static stretching has no effect at all on VJ (Church et al., 2001; Power et al., 2004; Unick et al., 2005).
Research aim, was to examine the effects of different durations of stretching on performance and to find the
stretching durations that affect the performance negatively or positively.
Research methods. The subjects of the study were 27 rhythmic gymnasts with the mean age of 10.00 ± 1.2
years. The subjects as a whole group participated in two different stretching programs on nonconsecutive days to
eliminate the effect of individual differences on the performance. On the first day, athletes were asked to warm up
by 5 minute jogging after the pretest was administered. The posttest measured the vertical jump performance after
athletes stayed inactive for 20 minutes. They rested for a day and on the third day, their performance was measured
again. After the 5 minute warm-up period, 10 repetitions of 15 seconds static stretching exercises for hip flexor,
hamstring and gastrocnemius muscle groups were followed by the posttest. Moreover, on the fifth day 30-second
exercises were repeated five times on the same type of muscles. The participants in this investigation were tested
in individual vertical jump performances following warm-up only, warm-up plus 15 seconds static stretching, and
warm-up plus 30 seconds.
Research results. Results of a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a nonsignificant difference for
vertical jump performance (F = 2.052; p > 0.05).
Discussion and conclusions. Stretching exercises are referred in rhythmic gymnastics more intensively than
other sports. Relevant literature displays fewer stretching repetitions and durations. These durations and repetitions
may not be realistic and practical for rhythmic gymnasts. Therefore, the durations and repetitions utilized in this
study are considered more appropriate for rhythmic gymnastics trainings.
Rhythmic gymnasts may make use of duration and repetitions determined in this study that will not affect their
performance.
Keywords: anaerobic power, gymnastics, exercise.
The aim of the research was to determine whether regular physical education classes in combination with additional training in sports gymnastics lead to statistically significant changes in morphological characteristics, motor and functional abilities. The sample of participants consisted of 65 male fifth-grade students aged 11 years (± 0.5 years). In addition to regular classes, the students additionally, once a week for a duration of 60 minutes, applied training in sports gymnastics, for a duration of 12 weeks. Statistically significant changes at the level of statistical significance of (p<0.05) occurred in the following variables: body height, body mass, hand tapping, standing long jump, trunk lifting, polygon backwards, standing long jump. For variables: forearm circumference, deep bend various, stand up with a pull-up and running for 3 minutes, there were also differences compared to the initial measurement, however, they are not at a statistically significant level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the teaching of physical education in combination with gymnastics training has a positive effect on the motor abilities and morphological characteristics of the students, while there were no statistically significant transformations in functional ability. The authors of the study are aware of the need to carefully limit their own conclusions considering the age and level of competition, as well as the absence of a control group of participants.
Es ist erstaunlich, zu welchen Bewegungsleistungen die Olympioniken im Bereich des Turnens fähig sind. So sind mittlerweile vierfache Schrauben und dreifache Salti keine Seltenheit mehr, und zukünftige Entwicklungen bleiben abzuwarten. Aus seiner Entwicklung heraus umfasst das Turnen eine große Vielfalt von Elementen, und die Bewegungstechnik wird häufig als leistungsbestimmendes Merkmal wahrgenommen. Leistungsorientiertes Turnen benötigt ein systematisches und langfristiges Training, welches besonders der Sicherung der körperlichen und psychischen Belastbarkeit Rechnung tragen sollte. Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportarten und Bewegungsfelder, herausgegeben vom Teilherausgeber Arne Güllich, innerhalb des Handbuchs Grundlagen von Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of different warm-up protocols
on static and dynamic balance indices and balance the vault in skilled female gymnast.
Materials and Methods: Twenty four skilled female gymnasts (mean age 9.66±1.43 years( were
selected. Subjects have been randomly divided into three groups: general warm-up (control), general warmup
and static stretching and general warm-up and dynamic stretching. The first protocol included a 10
minute general warming up, the second protocol involved general warm-up followed by the use of static
stretching and the third protocol included general warm-up followed by dynamic stretching the
muscles involved in performing the balance whip. Before and after the activity, the indicators of the
equilibrium of anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure fluctuations range, and track length of the
anterior-posterior and internal-external pressure center in four static and dynamic situations (both with one
leg, and with two legs) were investigated using a dynamometer system equipped with 7 cameras and
Kistler force plate.
Results: The whip balance performance with dynamic warm-up protocol was significantly higher than
general warm-up protocol (P=0.001) and static warm-up protocol (P=0.01). Also the whip balance
performance significantly decreased after the static warm-up protocol (P=0.005), but no significant
differences were observed in the control group (P ≥0.05). Static balance with both feet in the dynamic
warm-up protocol showed no significant difference in compare to general warm-up (P=0.07) and static
warm-up protocols (P=0.06) (P ≥0.05). Also between the static warm-up protocol and the control group no
significant difference was observed (P ≥0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed
between the static balance with one foot, dynamic balance with two feet and dynamic balance with one foot
(P ≥0.05).
Conclusion: Our study showed that dynamic warm-up resulted in further improvement in whip balance
in compare to static and general warm-ups. Also, in clinical point of view, dynamic warm-up, in
comparison with static and general warm-ups, leaded to further improvement in dynamic and static balance
indices; although, these findings were not statically significant.
Keywords: Warm up exercise, Postural balance, Gymnastics
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