No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Crowd Management: Understanding Attitudes and Behaviors
Abstract
In a democratic and free society, group expression and demonstration is a right and should not raise apprehension among either the crowd participant or those tasked with crowd management and public safety. Under the community policing paradigm, consultation and contingency planning can allow for contentious protests to be policed in a professional manner. Private security personnel are among those tasked with managing the crowd, who may be either protesting or celebrating. Those managing the crowd must be aware of the diversity and complexity of the individuals within that crowd. The attitudes found within crowds and the various psychological aspects of the individual, as well as the overall psychological dimensions of the crowd, are discussed in the context of public safety.
KEYWORDS Public and private police crowd control, crowd disorders, crowd behavior, sociological categorizations
... The policing of protest and riots is a core function of the police and poses accountability, management and leadership challenges, which according to Kingshott (2014), should be open to public scrutiny. Any response to a violent protest or riot by the police should be a balance between upholding civil liberties with peaceful protest and should include the "management of public order maintenance that minimizes disruption to the status quo and is acceptable to the community being policed" (Kingshott, 2014, p. 285). ...
... This means that police legitimacy depends on the capability and capacity to maintain order without losing the consent of the public (Baker, D., 2011). When the authority of the police is either questioned or undermined in the context of a protest or riot, two non-mutually exclusive consequences will occur: police confidence and the crowd's view on the use of violent protest (Kingshott, 2014). ...
... Any response by the police that is not measured or is repressive and lacks discretion or sensitively will enable the rioters and as a result, will increase the risk for the police in gaining control of the riot and maintaining public order (Scarman, 1981;Masterson, 1988). Any force used by the police must be lawful, reasonable, and effective (Reiner, 1998), and the public must perceive that any actions taken by the police are reasonable as this a major factor in maintaining control of an incident and ensuring that violence does not escalate (Kingshott, 2014). ...
This chapter reviews the strategies that are being currently used by the police to respond to terrorism and discusses some areas of the response that could be improved. Strategies that could be used to improve the response by the police are then suggested.
... Although there has been some exploration of increased securitisation of public events through crowd control (e.g. Kingshott, 2014;Martella, Li, Conrado and Vermeeren, 2017;Stevens amd Shin, 2014), few studies focus on how mobilities are secured and consequently impacted on. In line with other studies that attend to the sensory, the fleeting and momentary encounters at festivals, which cannot always be anticipated and yet contribute immensely to the overall atmosphere and enjoyment (Duffy and Mair 2018, 59;Edensor 2015), we are interested in how the restriction of mobilities by temporary security architectures alters the movement flows and general leisure atmosphere during large events. ...
... In this vein, there has been ample literature on crowd control at events, to simultaneously limit mobilities and prevent immobilities, although this has mostly been based on regulating attendees' behaviours (e.g. Abrams 2000;Berlonghi 1995;Filingeri et al. 2017;Kingshott 2014). Németh and Schmidt (2007) discuss that in the field of security studies research, security measures have been analysed in a frame that, in some ways, over simplifies the critique: that security constrains liberties and restricts social interactions, and that this 'militarisation' of public spaces is encroaching on everyday urban life. ...
... There are limitations of simply restricting the movement of pedestrians within large event spaces, which results in organisers having to anticipate crowd behaviour. Kingshott (2014) describes the use of human security (personnel and law enforcement on-site) in crowd control situations as a cooperative relationship between private security and regulatory services. However, Filingeri et al. (2017, 432) state that crowd planning and management at events 'tends to approach the issue from a design, planning and operational viewpoint, with less attention given explicitly to the participant experience'. ...
Large public inner-city events require a significant amount of temporary security infrastructures and altered mobility designs to safely facilitate the movement of the public throughout already highly mobile spaces. Recent security risks from vehicle attacks have resulted in increased security in order to mitigate potential threats. Issues arise as increased security infrastructures interrupt and redirect pedestrian mobility, reconfiguring traditionally 'safe' pedestrian and leisure spaces into 'unsafe' spaces under the pre-emptive atmosphere of unknown threats. This paper explores how im/mobilities arise through increased security during fireworks events in Brisbane, Australia. Using ethnographic observation and visual documentation of crowd movements, we critically examine the temporal alterations to wayfinding and mobility infrastructures. Although increased security serves to foster a safe and secure environment, we suggest that the altered mobilities and heightened visibility of security risks impacting on the overall festive atmosphere of the events.
... • Heterogeneity in crowd compositions: Crowds can be highly diverse, including individuals with different backgrounds, cultures, ages, and motivations. This diversity can make it challenging to understand and predict crowd behaviour (Gayathri et al., 2017;Kingshott, 2014;Larsson et al., 2021). Even within one event, crowd profiles can differ from stage to stage, or over time, and a crowd composition can well contain very different groups with different behavioural traits. ...
... • Security personnel: Security personnel are responsible for maintaining order and ensuring the safety of participants in crowds. They can work with academics and practitioners to develop effective crowd control strategies and to ensure that participants are safe and secure (Earl et al., 2004a;Kingshott, 2014;Laws, 2016). ...
... Although ensuring the safety of people at crowded events requires sophisticated planning and monitoring of pedestrian movements, crowd members demand a degree of mobility and freedom if they are to enjoy themselves. When managers are overly focused on control through heightened security measures, physical barriers or force it may spark a degree of defensive resistance and irrational actions leading to human stampedes (Kingshott, 2014). Thus a noticeable shift in paradigm from a danger-based approach demanding crowd control, to a more collaborative crowd management approach that looks at members of a crowd as rational and responsible actors is evidenced (Maidl and Buchecker, 2015). ...
... Finally, the data also captured income, education level, and Islamic faction of the respondents with 4.0 percent (14) having low income, 59.8 percent (208) middle income, and 7.2 percent (25) with high income; 22.1 percent (77) had less than a high school certificate, 29.3 percent (102) a high school diploma, and 47.7 percent (166) a college degree. Only 6.9 percent (24) respondents were Shia, which although low is closer to the approximate 10-15 percent percentage of this faction worldwide (The World Factbook, 2013-2014. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe empirical research intended to gauge the channels of risk information and their perceived effectiveness expressed by Hajj pilgrims in 2013 to better inform risk-reduction strategies at crowded religious events.
Design/methodology/approach
To do so, a research team partially funded by the Transportation and Crowd Management Center of Research Excellence from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia conducted face-to-face interviews with 348 Hajj pilgrims in 2013. The semi-structured survey instrument used the Protective Action Decision Model framework to gather information on six pre-decisional variables that influence threat perceptions, stakeholder perceptions and decisions to take protective actions against impending threats.
Findings
Results of the multinomial logit regression using the traditional media (i.e. television and radio) as the reference category found support for ease of access, language of choice, gender and age differentials, as factors positively or negatively influencing respondents’ selections of their top three most preferred channels for risk communication materials. Printed materials (i.e. pamphlets and billboards) ranked first followed by smart technologies and outreach activities.
Research limitations/implications
The convenience sampling strategy adopted with only four female interviewers compared to 17 male interviewers, limited the number of female respondents to only 47 (13.7 percent) due to cultural restrictions. Interviews were conducted only in English and Arabic, leaving out the preferences of other language speakers.
Originality/value
Despite these limitations, this study makes a valuable contribution to theory and practice by highlighting the social and cognitive variables influencing risk communication at Hajj. No studies to date have examined choices and preferences of heterogeneous Hajj pilgrims.
... The period of the 1960s saw social unrest and the responses to that social unrest The problem of dealing with protest appears to be the police not understanding individual's behaviour within the context of a crowd, or that of deindividuation. There may also be group polarization, being a phenomenon whereby the decisions and opinions of those within the group setting become more extreme than their own actual and privately held beliefs, (Kingshott, 1993(Kingshott, , 1997(Kingshott, , 2014. The action and morality of the individual experiencing deindividuation become lost within a group. ...
... 1993(Kingshott. , 1997(Kingshott. , 2014, but an important means through which people can realize political goals when official channels and elected representatives have failed them. ...
The increased militarization of the police is exhibited in the clothing, equipment and tactics deployed in dealing with crime and public disorder. The question is raised as to whether the police training provides for officers to be aware of, and sensitive to, the individual and group psychology within a crowd, legitimately protesting about a real or perceived wrong. Is the militarization of the police, under the '1033 program,' compatible with the community policing paradigm? Will the tragedy of Ferguson, Missouri be the catalyst for a new policing era?
... Crowd monitoring involves tracking and analyzing the behavior of large groups of people during largescale public events, such as sports games (Lamba and Nain, 2017). In sports stadiums, crowd monitoring is critical to ensure public safety (Zeitz et al., 2009), enhance the game experience (Filingeri et al., 2017), and optimize resource allocation (Molloy et al., 2009;Kingshott, 2014). Over the years, mismanagement of the crowd has led to grave consequences. ...
Crowd monitoring for sports games is important to improve public safety, game experience, and venue management. Recent crowd-crushing incidents (e.g., the Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster) have caused 100+ deaths, calling for advancements in crowd-monitoring methods. Existing monitoring approaches include manual observation, wearables, video-, audio-, and WiFi-based sensing. However, few meet the practical needs due to their limitations in cost, privacy protection, and accuracy.
In this paper, we introduce a novel crowd monitoring method that leverages floor vibrations to infer crowd reactions (e.g., clapping) and traffic (i.e., the number of people entering) in sports stadiums. Our method allows continuous crowd monitoring in a privacy-friendly and cost-effective way. Unlike monitoring one person, crowd monitoring involves a large population, leading to high uncertainty in the vibration data. To overcome the challenge, we bring in the context of crowd behaviors, including (1) temporal context to inform crowd reactions to the highlights of the game and (2) spatial context to inform crowd traffic in relation to the facility layouts. We deployed our system at Stanford Maples Pavilion and Michigan Stadium for real-world evaluation, which shows a 14.7% and 12.5% error reduction compared to the baseline methods without the context information.
... Crowd monitoring is the process of tracking and analyzing the behavior of large groups of people in large-scale public spaces, such as sports games and shopping malls [24]. Especially, crowd monitoring in sports stadiums is a critical component in ensuring public safety and security [37], enhancing the game experience for the audience [13], and optimizing resource allocation at the stadiums [21,28]. Over the years, the mismanagement of the crowd has led to grave consequences. ...
... Pilgrims' behaviour particularly the changes of body sway had cause repetitive crowding disasters (Alnabulsi & Drury, 2014). Kingshott (2014) specified that the crowd behaviour is vary depending on social, religious, emotional, cultural composition and intentions. Handling huge pilgrim crowd's movement in the holy city is complicated (Rahman et al,2017). ...
Makkah is the holy city of Muslims which is located in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. It is the being visited by pilgrims from all nationalities every year for the annual Islamic Pilgrimage (Hajj). Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam which is the largest annual religious pilgrimage event in the world. The Hajj management authority specifies that the current pilgrimage’s performance is challenging due to the increase of pilgrims every year. Pedestrian conflicts and uncomfortable walking environment are the crucial issues that have been identified, which are due to insufficient pedestrian facilities. Hence, this paper presents the pedestrian facilities assessment between Arafat to Muzdalifah road. The objectives of the study are to determine the available pedestrian facilities for pilgrimage from Arafat to Muzdalifah, and to suggest the suitable solution for pedestrian facilities in every 5 minutes walks. Meanwhile, qualitative methods of site inventory and observation were applied to gather the related data on the selected study area. Possible pedestrian facilities design is suggested for the purpose of future Hajj improvement.
... -безперервного прогнозування можливих сценаріїв її деструктивного розвитку; -організації превентивних заходів [8]. ...
... Third, due to this intolerance of collective behavior, police have no prior communication with protest leaders. Some research suggests that escalated force strategies are linked to violence due to police aversion to cooperation and communication (King, 2013;Kingshott, 2014). Fourth, mass arrest is used against those engaging in civil disobedience so that the crowd will disperse, deterring further disorderly behavior. ...
Several policing strategies have been used to manage protest crowds over the past 50 years. Research suggests that escalated force and command and control strategies were utilized until the 1990’s (Bourne, 2011; Schweingruber, 2000), while negotiated management has as emerged as a prominent protest management strategy within recent decades (Gillham, 2011; Gillham & Noakes, 2006).While literature describes the general evolution of protest strategies over time, there has been no systematic documentation of police approaches to crowd management.
This study examines police policies governing protest management to identify current U.S. police practices. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) provides model policies to help police agencies become familiar with best practices and develop their own policies. The IACP’s model policy on crowd management and control was used to identify tactics that represent best practice standards for protest management in the United States. Through a content analysis of policies from a sample of U.S. police agencies, this study assesses agency compliance with the IACP model policy on crowd management and control, as well as alignment with existing protest management strategies.
Findings inform our understanding of current police protest management practices and offer policy implications. First, this study shows that there is a great deal of variation among protest management policies used within the sample agencies. Second, sample agency policies tend to adopt best practice escalated force tactics more often than command and control or negotiated management practices. Finally, three specific themes related to community-oriented policing, strict enforcement and use of force, and regional differences emerge from bivariate and multivariate analyses. These themes offer direction for future theory development and protest management research.
... Many factors affect the route choice behavior of event participants during evacuation (Moussaid et al., 2011;Zhu and Shi, 2016). Accurate and timely information acquisition influences the participants' decision on the use of alternative transportation modes when they leave a largescale event venue (Kingshott, 2014). The usual route may be changed temporarily due to the event arrangement (e.g., police blockages and diversions). ...
Smart city projects are being launched globally to enhance the well-being of citizens. Meanwhile, the value-added of the projects is not easy to evaluate due to the non-market nature of the public services provided. This study intends to investigate the attitudes of potential users of a Crowd Management System (CMS) to help with the decision-making on smart city projects. The CMS studied in this paper is applied in large-scale events to enable safe and efficient dissipation of event participants as one of the pilot Smart City projects in Hong Kong. It does so by providing real-time information on public transport for their return journeys when a large number of participants all finish their activities within a short time span. Reducing injuries of pedestrians can be achieved in major gatherings to improve safety. This paper presents an experimental analysis of users’ attitudes towards the CMS with the Contingent Valuation (CV) method. A marathon event in Hong Kong was chosen for an on-the-spot survey of actual users as part of an experimental study. Subsequently a similar survey was carried out off-site among marathon runners not participating in that event (as a control group) for data reliability comparison. The Willingness-to-Pay value is also derived from the pooled samples to evaluate users’ attitudes. Besides, the results indicate that runners’ perceived usefulness and online payment habit significantly influence the stated Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for the CMS in question.
1. Diritti umani e garanzia delle libertà fondamentali Nel contributo "Gestione dei rischi e spazi aperti" evidenziamo come la valutazione della vulnerabilità negli spazi aperti inizi con un approccio mirato attraverso l'acquisizione di dati di base sistematici. Gli spazi sovraffollati sono diventati uno dei luoghi preferiti per indicare come le persone possono leggere segnali informativi, quanti veicoli sono autorizzati o meno a entrare nell'area, in termini semplici, quale triangolazione è prevedibile tra le persone, l'ambiente e diversi dispositivi e/o apparecchiature che possono irrompere sulla scena riducendo le capacità di un'assemblea umana a reagire rapidamente a turbolenze imprevedibili. In un certo senso, gli stessi attori e stakeholders ordinari hanno il potere e il potenziale per riconoscere eventi distruttivi, e la disponibilità a svolgere un ruolo centrale è essenziale per mitigare la dinamica che genera eventi dolorosi, oltre a contribuire a che la loro efficacia sia limitata incoraggiando contromisure costruttive atte a focalizzare riguardo pace e collaborazione. Questo è il motivo per cui i cittadini europei sono sempre più chiamati a promuovere la mitigazione dei conflitti, il reinserimento della democrazia dove essa è carente, il rafforzamento dei diritti umani e una buona governance. Naturalmente, anche i sistemi simbolici della società sono relativamente stabili e rendono possibile generalizzare comunicazione e comportamento che altrimenti sarebbero impossibili. Nel sistema di simboli * Dottore di ricerca in Teoria dei sistemi e sociologia dei processi normativi e culturali dell'Università di Macerata, Italia. Schengen e il cross-border nell'Unione Europea
The aim of this research is to study the role of the health services sector in crowds management during the Hajj and Umrah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the Hajj and Umrah crowds represent pressure on all facilities in the cities of Makkah al-Mukarramah and Al Madena Al Monawara, including the facilities of the healthcare services. The crowds of pilgrims were expressed in the numbers of pilgrims during a time series (2010-2019), and the healthcare services sector was expressed in human and physical resources during the same time series (2010-2019). The growth function of variables over time was analyzed to analyze relationships for the variables, using Simple regression model, which is an exponential trend model. The most important results of the research were that the average growth rate in the number of pilgrims was -2.53% during the period (2010-2019), while the growth rates of the health care services sector resources during the period are much higher than the growth rates in the number of pilgrims. There was an increasing in growth of the number of hospitals at an average rate of 2.17%, there was an increasing in growth of the number of hospital beds at an average rate of 3.41%, there was an increasing in growth of the number of doctors at an average rate of 6.1%, there was an increasing in growth of the number of nursing staff at an average rate of 4.96%, There was an increasing in growth of the number of pharmacists at an average rate of 10.2%, and there was an increasing in growth of the number of health assistants at an average rate of 6.45%. It was possible to come up with a general conclusion that the health care services sector in the KSA is growing at faster rates than the growth rates of pilgrims, and therefore it is able to provide health services to crowds of pilgrims in the future with increasing efficiency.
From early to mid-November 2005, many French urban suburbs experienced riots. In the affected areas the government declared a state of emergency which gave the police extrajudicial powers. It remained in place until January. I investigate whether the riots generated criminal spillovers, whether the emergency powers deterred criminal activity, and whether the police used those powers opportunistically to bust crime unrelated to the riots. I supplement linear regressions with a non-parametric bounded-variation assumptions framework combined with a synthetic control approach, and interviews I conducted with two of the events’ key actors. Criminals did not take advantage of the riots to commit more crimes requiring planning. However, the riots triggered a surge of violent thefts. The state of emergency did not result in a decrease in delinquency. Several clues suggest a strategy of appeasement. Meanwhile, some serious crimes increased immediately after the riots ended, suggesting an emboldening effect. Evidence of police opportunism is scant.
This chapter provides a basis for examining the police response to the occurrence of riots. The chapter presents a discussion on the public’s acceptance of and confidence in the police in the context of a riot and examines the influence that crowd psychology has on the police. The chapter also provides a review of the riot response tactics currently being used by the police and discusses the use of containment, dispersal, and negotiation and analyzes a case study of the New York Police Department’s approach to negotiated protest. The final section of the chapter summarizes the information contained in this book and examines a number of specific areas from which the police can move forward in their development of riot response strategies and tactics.
Although professional police forces in the western world were developed owing in large part to the need for agencies capable of handling violent crowds and riots, the ability of police agencies to control riots remains questionable. The present work provides an overview of the nature of crowd violence, a brief description of the historical evolution of crowd violence in the United States, the role law enforcement agencies played in incidents of crowd violence, and broad theoretically informed policy recommendations for the handling of crowds and crowd violence. Building upon this review of the history of rioting in the United States and extant empirical research pertinent to crowds, group dynamics, and rioting, it is suggested that constant police professionalism and just treatment of the citizenry by police officers, thorough planning and preparation for crowd events, engagement of crowds, and rapid identification and removal of individual troublemakers may help reduce the potential for crowd violence.
From the Back Cover: ... Big World, Small Screen assesses the influence of television on the lives of the most vulnerable and powerless in American society: children, ethnic and sexual minorities, and women. Many in these groups are addicted to television, although they are not the principal audiences sought by commercial TV distributors because they are not the most lucrative markets for advertisers. This important book illustrates the power of television in stereotyping the elderly, ethnic groups, gays and lesbians, and the institutionalized and, thus, in contributing to the self-image of many viewers. They go on to consider how television affects social interaction, intellectual functioning, emotional development, and attitudes (toward family life, sexuality, and mental and physical health, for example). The illustrate the medium's potential to teach and inform, to communicate across nations and cultures--and to induce violence, callousness, and amorality. Parents will be especially interested in what they say about television viewing and children. Finally, they offer suggestions for research and public policy with the aim of producing programming that will enrich the lives of citizens all across the spectrum. Nine psychologists, members of the Task Force on Television and Society, appointed by the American Psychological Association, have collaborated on Big World, Small Screen.
94 college students recorded details of their social comparisons over 2 wks using a new instrument, the Rochester Social Comparison Record. Major results were (1) comparison direction varied with relationship with the target; (2) precomparison negative mood led more often to upward comparison than to downward comparison, supporting a selective affect–cognition priming model in which dysphoria primes negative thoughts about the self (G. H. Bower, 1991; J. P. Forgas et al, 1990) rather than a motivational self-enhancement model (T. A. Wills, 1981, 1991); (3) upward comparison decreased subjective well-being, whereas downward comparison increased it; and (4) high self-esteem individuals engaged in more self-enhancing comparison. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Analyzed the issues raised by I. Kirsch (see record
1982-23701-001) regarding the role of self-percepts of coping efficacy in avoidance behavior. Evidence is reviewed that shows that people who perceive themselves as inefficacious in wielding control over potentially aversive events view such events anxiously, conjure up possible injurious consequences, and display phobic avoidance of them. Self-efficacy theory postulates an interactive, though asymmetric, relation between perceived self-efficacy and fear arousal, with self-judged efficacy exerting the greater effect. This enables people to perform activities at lower strengths of self-judged efficacy despite fear arousal and to take self-protective action without having to wait for fear arousal to prompt them to action. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
When the landmark patient Phineas Gage died in 1861, no autopsy was performed, but his skull was later recovered. The brain
lesion that caused the profound personality changes for which his case became famous has been presumed to have involved the
left frontal region, but questions have been raised about the involvement of other regions and about the exact placement of
the lesion within the vast frontal territory. Measurements from Gage's skull and modern neuroimaging techniques were used
to reconstitute the accident and determine the probable location of the lesion. The damage involved both left and right prefrontal
cortices in a pattern that, as confirmed by Gage's modern counterparts, causes a defect in rational decision making and the
processing of emotion.
In a previous study (see ^W37^n: 856) children imitated the behavior of a model in the presence of the model. The present study investigated the degree of imitation when the model was not present. Degree to which like-sexed model behavior would be followed was also studied. Nursery school children exposed to aggressively behaving models tended to imitate not only their aggressiveness but other behavior as well. There was some confirmation of like-sex imitation. The results were related to the psychoanalytic theory of identification.
In a test of the hypothesis that exposure of children to film-mediated aggressive models would increase the probability of Ss' aggression to subsequent frustration, 1 group of experimental Ss observed real-life aggressive models, a 2nd observed these same models potraying aggression on film, while a 3rd group viewed a film depicting an aggressive cartoon character. Following the exposure treatment, Ss were mildly frustrated and tested for the amount of imitative and nonimitative aggression in a different experimental setting. The overall results provide evidence for both the facilitating and the modeling influence of film-mediated aggressive stimulation. In addition, the findings reveal that the effects of such exposure are to some extent a function of the sex of the model, sex of the child, and the reality cues of the model. (24 ref.)
In human brain imaging studies, it is common practice to use the Talairach stereotaxic reference system for signifying the convergence of brain function and structure. In nearly all neuroimaging reports, the studied cortical areas are specified further with a Brodmann Area (BA) number. This specification is based upon macroscopic extrapolation from Brodmann's projection maps into the Talairach atlas rather than upon a real microscopic cytoarchitectonic study. In this review we argue that such a specification of Brodmann area(s) via the Talairach atlas is not appropriate. Cytoarchitectonic studies reviewed in this paper show large interindividual differences in 3-D location of primary sensory cortical areas (visual cortex) as well as heteromodal associational areas (prefrontal cortical areas), even after correction for differences in brain size and shape. Thus, the simple use of Brodmann cortical areas derived from the Talairach atlas can lead to erroneous results in the specification of pertinent BA. This in turn can further lead to wrong hypotheses on brain system(s) involved in normal functions or in specific brain disorders. In addition, we will briefly discuss the different 'Brodmann' nomenclatures which are in use for the cerebral cortex.
The 1981 Brixton riots were not a rebellion in the sense of an organized attempt to overthrow the lawful government, for they were an unpremeditated outburst of anger and resentment against the police in a context of social and economic deprivation. Although Lord Scarman stressed that nothing could justify or excuse “the terrifying lawlessness of the crowds,” he found that reforms and improvements are necessary. In April 1982, one year after the Brixton riots, a conference was held at the University of Leicester to consider Lord Scarman's diagnoses and prescriptions. This chapter discusses the Scarman report and presents the explanations of riots. Scarman made a distinction between the factors that had, over the longer term, contributed to a high potential for collective violence in Brixton and a shorter-term precipitant that translated potential into actuality. Four major factors and one minor one were held to be responsible for creating a general potential for violence.
The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been associated with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and impulsive violence. To define the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor were generated by homologous recombination. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defects. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 was absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than did wild-type mice, suggesting the participation of 5-HT1B receptors in aggressive behavior.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Score on a personality test was to be used for selection to a desirable seminar (Hi Mot) or an undesirable seminar (Lo Mot). Subject chose to compare his own score with the score of someone 1, 2, or 3 ranks above or below him in a group of 7. It was found that (a) subject chose the score of someone adjacent to him in the rank order, (b) subject chose the score of someone above him in the rank order, (c) choice of someone high in the rank order was greater in the Hi Mot condition than in the Lo Mot condition, and (d) choice of someone high in the rank order was positively correlated with assumed similarity with someone high in the rank order. These results were interpreted in terms of motivation leading to assumed similarity, the latter leading in turn to comparison choices expected to confirm the assumption of similarity.
"Reason to Hope: A Psychosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth" proceeds from the empirically based conviction that violence is not inevitable. Current theory and epidemiological, clinical, and empirical data on violence among youth are examined to help researchers, practitioners, and policymakers make informed decisions about prevention and intervention.
Experts in the field of violence explore: the etiology of youth violence from developmental and sociocultural perspectives; the experience of violence by ethnic groups and other vulnerable populations, such as gay and lesbian youth and youth with disabilities; the influence of societal factors such as media, guns, and gangs on violence among youth; the most promising, empirically supported preventive and rehabilitative interventions; [and] the most pressing needs for research and policy development in this area.
By identifying individual and contextual factors influencing violence that are amenable to change, and by exloring how these factors can actually be changed, [this book] lays the groundwork for significant progress toward reducing violence among youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Presents a unified conceptual system for understanding both individual and collective violence. The learning of aggression, the processes which trigger violence, and the rewards and punishments of aggression are discussed. Guidelines for reducing societal levels of aggression are presented. (42 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reports results of a study designed to investigate factors that influence the development of aggression over time (from 1960 to 1970) in an entire 3rd-grade population of one geographical area in New York State. Also presented are a critique of current theories of aggression and discussions of the effects of child rearing and environmental influences on later aggressive behavior, the relationship between aggressive behavior in childhood to psychopathology in late adolescence, the consequences of prosocial vs aggressive behavior, and the general problem of the prevention and control of violence. (12½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Differences in physical aggression among 114 male !Kung San (bushmen) from Namibia were investigated with regard to sex hormone levels, body dimensions, consumption of alcohol, and degree of acculturation. Subjects were classified from injuries resulting from prior conflicts with mutual physical aggression between the opponents as either violent or nonviolent. The comparison of mean sex hormone values (total serum testosterone, Tser; serum 5α-dihydrotestosterone, DHT; serum estradiol 17β, E2; “free,” non-SHBG-bound salivary testosterone, Tsal) and hormone ratios (Tsal/Tser; DHT/Tser) did not yield any significant differences between the violent and nonviolent group. However, correlation coefficients of sex hormone levels with the frequency of violent behavior within the group of physically aggressive San men were significantly positive for DHT, Tsal, and Tsal/Tser (P < .05) while Tser, E2, and DHT/Tser showed only weak positive correlations. Moreover, the violent men exhibit higher mean values in certain measures of physical robustness which may point to a possible pathway of indirect androgen action on human aggression. When the probands were classified according to their drinking habits, usually abstinent men had shown significantly less violent behavior in the past than men who habitually consume alcohol.
This study explores the role of perceived accountability in riot police action. The basic hypothesis is that accountability, provided that non-violent norms are made salient, will lessen the chances of escalation of a conflict between police and demonstrators. Four platoons participated in a field experiment conducted at the Dutch Riot Police Academy, in which they played a riot simulation. In a 2 × 2 design, the effects of accountability and Department on attitudes and norms concerning the action of ‘police’ and ‘demonstrators’ were tested. Measurements were made before and after the simulation. Internal analysis, involving redefined accountability categories, provided support for our hypothesis. That is, perceived accountability proved to be related to a heightened public self-awareness, a less extremely positive evaluation of fellow group members, and less intergroup differentiation. The limitations of an internal analysis are discussed, as well as the importance of the nature of organizational norms and of the accountability forum in predicting the effect of accountability.
Testosterone, crime, and prison behavior were examined among 692 adult male prison inmates. Testosterone was measured from saliva samples, and behavior was coded from prison system records. Inmates who had committed personal crimes of sex and violence had higher testosterone levels than inmates who had committed property crimes of burglary, theft, and drugs. Inmates with higher testosterone levels also violated more rules in prison, especially rules involving overt confrontation. The findings indicate differences between low and high testosterone individuals in the amount and pattern of their misbehavior.
The accumulating research evidence for the psychobiological reconceptualization of suicidal behaviour is briefly reviewed, particularly regarding the serotonin hypothesis of suicide risk. The first suggestion of a link between suicide and serotonin came with the biochemical results from postmortem brain studies of suicide victims. Currently available research data suggest decreased brain stem levels of serotonin and 5-HIAA, altered distribution of presynaptic binding of the ligand 3H-imipramine to serotonin neurons and a region-specific increase in the number of postsynaptic 5HT2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex in suicide victims. Early CSF studies have indicated decreased CSF 5-HIAA in patients recently attempting suicide and follow-up studies of large samples of mood-disorder patients confirm the original hypothesis that low CSF 5-HIAA predicts suicide risk after attempted suicide. However, the clinical utility of these compelling biological correlates of suicide in the management of suicide risk in psychiatric patients will depend on the results of psychopharmacological treatment research targeting suicidal behaviour.
Fatal neonatal sibling aggression is common in predatory birds but has not been previously reported in wild mammals. Spotted hyena females are strongly masculinized, both anatomically and behaviorally, apparently by high levels of androgens during ontogeny. Neonates display elevated androgen levels, precocial motor development, and fully erupted front teeth. Litters are usually twins, and siblings fight violently at birth, apparently leading to the death of one sibling in same-sex litters, whereas in mixed-sex litters both siblings usually survive.
The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been associated with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and impulsive violence. To define the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor were generated by homologous recombination. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defects. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 was absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than did wild-type mice, suggesting the participation of 5-HT1B receptors in aggressive behavior.
There is ample evidence that low CSF 5-HIAA concentration is associated with a tendency to exhibit impulsive violent behavior under the influence of alcohol. This is especially true for subjects who fulfill criteria for psychiatric diagnoses often associated with early onset alcoholism such as antisocial personality disorder and intermittent explosive disorder. Brain serotonin turnover as indicated by CSF 5-HIAA concentration does not correlate with CSF free testosterone concentration. The latter is more strongly associated with outward-directed aggressiveness and lack of socialization than impulsiveness. CSF ACTH concentration on the other hand correlates positively with socialization.
Social psychology Boisterous protestors march at G-20 summit. NBC News
- F Allport
Allport, F. (1924). Social psychology. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. Associated Press. (2009, September 25). Boisterous protestors march at G-20 summit. NBC News. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33017820/ns/us_news-life/t/boisterous-protesters-march-g–summit/
Super Bowl 2013: Baltimore police respond to riots following Ravens' victory. Bleacher Report. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1514966-super-bowl-2013-baltimore-police-rsponds-to-riots-following-ravens-victory Wheeler Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison
- A Wells
Wells, A. (2013, February 4). Super Bowl 2013: Baltimore police respond to riots following Ravens' victory. Bleacher Report. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1514966-super-bowl-2013-baltimore-police-rsponds-to-riots-following-ravens-victory Wheeler, L. (1966). Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Supplement 1, 27–31.
Despite heavy LAPD presence, violence breaks out after Lakers' victory
- S Allen
- K Linthicum
Allen, S., & Linthicum, K. (2010, June 18). Despite heavy LAPD presence, violence breaks out after Lakers' victory. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/18/local/la-me-0618-lakers-20100618
Remembering Disruptive crowd behavior—a psychological perspective
- F C Bartlett
Bartlett, F. C. (1935). Remembering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Brindley, J. (1982) Disruptive crowd behavior—a psychological perspective. Journal of Policing, 55(1), 28–38.
Ueber die Willenst atigkeit und das Denken [Over the Wil-lenstatigkeit and the Debbken
- References Ach
REFERENCES Ach, N. (1905). Ueber die Willenst atigkeit und das Denken [Over the Wil-lenstatigkeit and the Debbken]. Gö, Germany: Vanderhoeck and Ruprecht.
Kentucky students riot after NCAA champi-onship win. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines Police behavior in crowd situations–A recipe for violence? The Police Journal
- K Kindelan
Kindelan, K. (2012, April 3). Kentucky students riot after NCAA champi-onship win. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/ 2012/04/kentucky-students-riot-after-ncaa-championship-win/ Kingshott, B. F. (1993). Police behavior in crowd situations–A recipe for violence? The Police Journal, LXVI(4), 366–376.
The Hillsborough Stadium disaster
- Taylor
Taylor. (1989). The Hillsborough Stadium disaster, 15 April 1989, inquiry by the Rt.
Hon. Lord Justice Taylor, interim report. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationary
Office.
Police and the public
- D Varwell
Varwell, D. (1978). Police and the public. London, UK: McDonald Evans.
The universal dictionary of the English language (Ninth imp
- H C Wyld
Wyld, H. C. (Ed.). (1957). The universal dictionary of the English language (Ninth
imp.). London, UK: Waverly.
Celtics' championship, drunken riots, and other thoughts. Bleacher Report. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/32415-celtics-championship-drunken-riots-and-other-thoughts Le Bon The crowd: A study of the popular mind
- T Lane
Lane, T. (2008, June 25). Celtics' championship, drunken riots, and other thoughts. Bleacher Report. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/32415-celtics-championship-drunken-riots-and-other-thoughts Le Bon, G. (1996). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. New York, NY: Ballantine Books Inc.
Group psychology and analysis of ego Boni and Liveright. G20 protest violence prompts over 400 arrests CBC News
- S Freud
Freud, S. (1922) Group psychology and analysis of ego. New York, NY: Boni and Liveright. G20 protest violence prompts over 400 arrests. (2010, June 26). CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/g20-protest-violence-prompts-over-400-arrests-1.906583
CTV News. Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/family-speaks-out-as-montreal-recovers-from-riot-1
- Fredy Villaneuva
Fredy Villaneuva riots in Montreal. (2008, August 11). CTV News. Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/family-speaks-out-as-montreal-recovers-from-riot-1.315089
Human behavior in organisations
- I Robertson
- G Cooper
Robertson, I., & Cooper, G. (1983). Human behavior in organisations. Plymouth,
UK: McDonald and Evans.
It's back: TV violence, concern for kid viewers
- T Deangelis
DeAngelis, T. (1993). It's back: TV violence, concern for kid viewers. APA Monitor,
24, 16.
Collins English Dictionary–Complete &
- Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication. (2009). Collins English Dictionary–Complete &
Hillsborough files released: As it happened
- S Dalton
- J Joyce
Dalton, S., & Joyce, J. (2012). Hillsborough files released: As it happened. BBC.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19570810
Penn State students clash with police in unrest after announcement. The New York Times Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
- N Schweber
Schweber, N. (2011, November 10). Penn State students clash with
police in unrest after announcement. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/11/sports/ncaafootball/penn-
state-students-in-clashes-after-joe-paterno-is-ousted.html?_r=0
Celtics' championship, drunken riots, and other thoughts
- T Lane
Lane, T. (2008, June 25). Celtics' championship, drunken riots, and other thoughts.
Bleacher Report. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/32415-celtics-championship-drunken-riots-and-other-thoughts
Attitudes. London, UK: Penguin Books Kentucky students riot after NCAA championship win. ABC News. Retrieved from http
- M Jahoda
- N Warren
- K Kindelan
Jahoda, M., & Warren, N. (Eds.). (1966). Attitudes. London, UK: Penguin Books.
Kindelan, K. (2012, April 3). Kentucky students riot after NCAA championship win. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/
2012/04/kentucky-students-riot-after-ncaa-championship-win/
Police behavior in crowd situations-A recipe for violence?
- B F Kingshott
Kingshott, B. F. (1993). Police behavior in crowd situations-A recipe for violence?
The Police Journal, LXVI(4), 366-376.
Collins English Dictionary–Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/ browse Suicide risk and serotonin
- Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication. (2009). Collins English Dictionary–Complete &
Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/
browse/nonverbal communication
Nordstrom, P., & Asberg, M. (1992). Suicide risk and serotonin. International Clinical
Psychopharmacology, 6, 2–21.
The Brixton Disorders Report of an Inquiry by the Rt. Hon. The Lord Scarman
- Scarman
Scarman. (1981). The Brixton Disorders, April 10-12 1981: Report of an Inquiry by
the Rt. Hon. The Lord Scarman, O.B.E. (Cmnd. 8427). London, UK: HMSO.
Ueber die WillenstätigkeitWillenst¨Willenstätigkeit und das Denken [Over the Willenstatigkeit and the Debbken]
- N Ach
Ach, N. (1905). Ueber die WillenstätigkeitWillenst¨Willenstätigkeit und das Denken [Over the Willenstatigkeit and the Debbken]. Göttingen, Germany: Vanderhoeck and
Ruprecht.