Book

The Stick Insects of Colombia. A Catalogue and Bibliography with the descriptions of four new genera and 74 new species.

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Abstract

Colombia is amongst the 17 megadiverse countries in the world mainly due to its privileged position in northwestern South America and its highly complex topography. The latter includes the Andes and various types of environments ranging from tropical lowland rainforest over dwarf forest and Parámo to lowland savannas. Hence, it represents close to the optimum conditions for a high biodiversity and it is not surprising that also the stick insect fauna (order Phasmatodea) is apparently rich and highly diverse. A considerable number of Phasmatodea from various museum collections in Colombia, the United States and Europe was available for examination. Extensive research and determination has shown this material to serve numerous new and precise records and as many as 74 species have proven to be as yet undescribed. These are here described and illustrated and raise the number of known Colombian species to 182, which however is certainly still far away from the true number of existing species. The surprisingly high number of new species emphasizes the great richness, but poor degree of exploration of the Colombian phasmid fauna and Colombia is here estimated to inherit some 300 species. Consequently, numerous species still await discovery and formal description. Several further supposedly new species are contained in the material at hand, but are not described, mostly because the unique specimens are without precise locality or incomplete and in poor condition. In combination with the comprehensive taxonomic catalogue here presented, this work provides the necessary basis for future studies and is the first step towards a more sufficient exploration of the Colombian Phasmatodea. Only some 90 species were previously known from Colombia and the present study doubles the number to 182 species now recorded from Colombia. 74 new species are here described and illustrated, which belong to 31 distinct genera. As many as 19 species, 15 genera and one subgenus previously only known from neighbouring regions are recorded from Colombia for the first time. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the previously unknown males or females of nine species. What concerns to taxonomic changes amongst Colombian species eleven new synonymies are detected, six of which are generic synonyms (syn. n.). 25 species are shown to have previously been misplaced and are transferred to other genera, resulting in 25 new combinations of generic and specific names (comb. n.) . Six species are transferred back to their original genus (stat. rev.). Four new genera are described, and three formerly misplaced species are transferred to either genus. Lectotypes are designated for 13 species, either to guarantee stability of the concerned names or confirming newly established synonymies. The extensive material examined for this study is represented in various museum collections throughout Colombia, the United States and Europe as well as the author’s collections (see list of abbreviations below). It also includes all necessary and mostly historic type-material and has received much support from all responsible curators and staff of the corresponding museums and institutions. Type specimens of the 74 new species described in this book are deposited in the collections of ANDES-E (Bogotá), BMNH (London), CEBUC (Manizales), CEUA (Medellín), ICN (Bogotá), MEFLG (Medellín), MHN-UC (Manizales), MNCN (Madrid), MNHN (Paris), NHMW (Vienna) and coll. OC (Bolsterlang). Photographic work and measuring of specimens in Colombian collections was carried out by Yeisson Gutiérrez. While most genera were extensively studied, the available material of some more speciose genera was researched in less detail and mainly restricted to identifying specimens of already described species. This particularly concerns to Isagoras Stål, 1875 and Libethra Stål, 1875 both of which are badly in need of detailed revision at the species level. Both genera contain species only known from a single sex or specimen without precise locality. A survey, new arrangement a redescription of Libethra Stål, 1875 is presented herein, which also covers the non-Colombian species, and represents a basis for a detailed revisional study of the genus. In addition to the description of new taxa, future studies should also aim the recognition of historic species in the more comprehensive representation now available. However, extensive collections throughout Colombia need to be conducted in order to re-discover historic species, defining their exact distribution, habitats, host-plants or biology and to trace the numerous so far unknown sexes and eggs of many species. It is hoped that this book will raise interest in the incredible natural history of this country and will encourage people to support the conservation of these fascinating insects in Colombia.
... Para la obtención del listado de Phasmatodea de México se buscaron y revisaron los trabajos referentes a descripciones y registros de Phasmatodea desde 1758 hasta 2016 (258 años); se enfatizó en los trabajos que contaban con registros para el país. Se efectuó una síntesis respecto a las especies con los registros encontrados en los siguientes trabajos: Latreille et al. (1827), Gray (1835), Burmeister (1838), Westwood (1859), Saussure (1859Saussure ( , 1868Saussure ( , 1870, Stål (1875a, b), Scudder (1895), Caudell (1902, 1903, Kirby (1904), Rehn (1904aRehn ( , b, 1909, Redtenbacher (1906), Brunner von Wattenwyl (1907, Shelford (1908), Hebard (1932), Mariño y Márquez (1983), Vickery (1993Vickery ( , 1997, Zompro (2001aZompro ( , b, 2005a, Conle y Hennemann (2002), Arment (2006), Rivera (2006), Conle et al. (2007Conle et al. ( , 2011, Barrientos-Lozano et al. (2008) Brock et al. (2016), pero también se verificó y se depuró de sinonimias. Además, se revisaron los trabajos de Otte (1978), Brock (1993Brock ( , 1998, Zompro (2000Zompro ( , 2005b y Zompro y Brock (2003) que reportan listas de los géneros de este taxón. ...
... No obstante, existe la posibilidad de que el género Paracalynda Zompro, 2001 se distribuya en México como mencionan estos autores. Conle et al. (2011) difiere de Libethra Stål, 1875 por el ensanchamiento medial del mesotórax, metámero I un poco más largo (al menos la mitad de la longitud del metanoto), meso y metafémures más engrosados y los tarsos muy cortos. Además de esto, tales autores argumentan que la distribución en México para Libethra Stål, 1875 es poco probable y, en varios aspectos que no mencionan, el ejemplar presenta más similitudes con el género Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908. ...
... Además de esto, tales autores argumentan que la distribución en México para Libethra Stål, 1875 es poco probable y, en varios aspectos que no mencionan, el ejemplar presenta más similitudes con el género Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908. Por las razones anteriores que explican Conle et al. (2011), quienes definen y delimitan con precisión a Libethra Stål, 1875, se consideró pertinente excluir a L. brevipes de la lista. Aun así, queda pendiente una revisión con respecto a esta especie, que sólo se conoce de ese ejemplar, y que está parcialmente destruido. ...
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The order Phasmatodea has been poorly studied in Mexico, and it does not exist any work that lists its species in the country or any identification key to genus level. In this work we carried out an exhaustive bibliographic revision to obtain the list of species of Phasmatodea that occur in Mexico. A total of 17 genera and 65 species of Phasmatodea were registered for the Mexican territory. An illustrated identification generic key with its respective terminological glossary is provided. © 2018 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.
... El conocimiento de la riqueza específica de este orden en Colombia incrementó significativamente con el reciente trabajo de CONLE et al. (2011) donde se describen 74 especies, cuatro géneros y se registraron por primera vez 19 especies y 15 géneros, como resultado de esta investigación en Colombia actualmente se conocen 182 especies. Aunque se estima la riqueza en 300 especies (CONLE et al., 2011). Los datos anteriores demuestran el pobre conocimiento que se tiene sobre este grupo en el país. ...
... Comentarios: Para este género se han registrado 11 especies en Colombia, con distribución en Antioquia, Boyacá, Magdalena, Huila, Putumayo, Tolima y Nariño, para este último únicamente se había registrado la especie A. fusca, la cual difiere de la encontrada en este estudio (CONLE et al., 2011). Diagnosis: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorphini. ...
... Mesonoto con espinas en ambos sexos; fémures y tibias con carinas longitudinales visibles; segmentos tarsales alargados, más de 1/3 de la longitud de la tibia correspondiente. Machos con cercos cortos, delgados y curvados hacia adentro; poculum en forma de pala o de copa convexa y profunda, como máximo proyectándose un poco más allá del margen posterior del tergito IX (CONLE et al., 2011). ...
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This paper presents a preliminary list of Phasmatodea of Ñambí River Nature Reserve, as a result of a six days sampling using sweep net and manual collection. Fourteen species were found, of which six were identified at generic level; Acanthoclonia, Atratomorpha, Globocrania, Ignacia, Parobrimus, Phanocles and eight at specific level; Olcyphides obscurellus, Holca annulipes, Isagoras proximus, Laciniobethra aff. conradi, Libethra nisseri, Metriophasma (Acanthometriotes) myrsilus, Paraceroys quadrispinosus, Phanocloidea schulthessi. Three of these species are reported in Colombia for the first time: O. obscurellus, I. proximus and P. schulthessi. All genera and species reported are distributed only in South America, except for Phanocles with distribution in Central America as well, and some taxa are registered in the department of Nariño for the first time. This work shows that like for other organisms studied in biogeographical Chocó, the diversity of Phasmatodea is high and for this reason more studies should be encouraged about the faunal composition of this group in this region and in Colombia.
... Previously, 13 species were described for this group: D. alejandria Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez 2011 [2], D. batesianus Westwood 1859 [5], D. discoidalis Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. fuscipes Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. hahneli Dohrn 1910 [7], D. piceipennis Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. pulcher Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. spatulatus Piza 1937 [8], D. staudingeri Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. striatus Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. unilineatus Redtenbacher 1906 [6], D. westwoodii Stål 1875 [9] and D. zymbraeus Westwood 1859 [5]; of which D. unilineatus was removed from the group and transferred to the genus Dinelytron [10]. ...
... The descriptions of the original species were studied and a dichotomous key was developed, for which Westwood [5], Redtenbacher [6] [13], Dorn [7], and Conle et al. [2]. In order to facilitate the reader's use of the key, hand-drawn illustrations of the relevant structures were produced. ...
... Species of these groups are able to spray a pungent, minty substance from the prothoracic glands and often display characteristic coloration patterns including lines, stains and contrasting tones. The coloration pattern differs among species and is often used as diagnosis for new species (e.g., Conle et al. 2011). ...
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Stick insects (Phasmatodea) in general are remarkable for presenting striking camoufage-related adaptations. Even so, a considerable number of species are colorful and present other defense mechanisms, such as the New World lineage Pseudophasmatidae. Within this family, Urucumania currently comprises two described species occurring in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, both of which have small scale-like wings. Urucumania is currently placed in Anisomorphini. However, two similar species under Pseudophasma present remarkable similarities with Urucumania species. These two species, Pseudophasma nigrovittatum and Pseudophasma dentata, are the only Pseudophasma presenting scale-like wings. Both inhabit Brazil, are known from a single sex and present a generally similar coloration pattern contrasting to that of Urucumania. Aiming to resolve whether these and other similar specimens represent distinct species, and if they belong to Urucumania rather than to Pseudophasma, we conducted a careful analysis of the external morphology of both sexes, eggs and the male genitalia. We transfer both scale-like winged Pseudophasma to Urucumania, redescribing them based on both sexes showing that the two described species are in fact distinct, and furthermore present 13 new species of Urucumania from Brazil and Bolivia: Urucumania pirulai sp. n., U. varellai sp. n., U. guadanuccii sp. n., U. atilai sp. n., U. intervalica sp. n., U. brasil sp. n., U. tapirape sp. n., U. rasocatarinensis sp. n., U. dilatata sp. n., U. sertaneja sp. n., U. albopunctata sp. n., U. oriomadeirensis sp. n. and U. candanga sp. n.
... Las localidades de recolecta están en Totontepec Villa de Morelos, Oaxaca, con bosque mesófilo de montaña. Se conoce que varios insectos palo con cuerpos muy ornamentados, como Parobrimus Scudder,1816 y Trychopeplus Shelford, 1909 en Colombia, se encuentran donde los musgos son muy abundantes (Conle et al. 2011). Por lo tanto, no es sorprendente que Nooxapty gen. ...
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Se describe Nooxapty gen. nov. y dos especies: Nooxapty isabelae sp. nov. y Nooxapty mixe sp. nov. para el norte de Oaxaca, México. Este género nuevo es colocado en la tribu Diapheromerini Kirby, 1904 y está relacionado con varias especies de Pseudosermyle Caudell, 1903. Nooxapty clavigerum comb. n. es cambiado de Pseudosermyle y colocado en Nooxapty gen. n., debido a que comparte sus caracteres principales.
... Las localidades de recolecta están en Totontepec Villa de Morelos, Oaxaca, con bosque mesófilo de montaña. Se conoce que varios insectos palo con cuerpos muy ornamentados, como Parobrimus Scudder,1816 y Trychopeplus Shelford, 1909 en Colombia, se encuentran donde los musgos son muy abundantes (Conle et al. 2011). Por lo tanto, no es sorprendente que Nooxapty gen. ...
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Nooxapty gen. nov. and Nooxapty isabelae sp. nov. and Nooxapty mixe sp. nov. were described from Oaxaca, Mexico.
... The Pygirhynchini is a poorly known lineage endemic to the Neotropics with most of its species inhabiting the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Brock et al., 2020). In recent years, only three works regarding its representatives were published (Conle et al., 2011;Crispino et al., 2020;Chiquetto-Machado & Cancello (in press)). Noteworthy Chiquetto-Machado & Cancello (in press) included a gross description of the main structures of the internal male genitalia of Ceroys spinosus Zompro, 2004, the first for the Pygirhynchini. ...
Article
Stick insects have received little attention in Brazil, with many taxa lacking taxonomic, biological and morphological information on the literature. This represents a gap of knowledge for inclusive groups in Phasmatodea and for the Neotropical diversity as a whole, including members of poorly known Pygirhynchini (Heteronemiidae). Canuleius similis Redtenbacher belongs to that lineage and is redescribed based on 123 individuals recently collected or raised in captivity. Bacteria ornata Brunner von Wattenwyl is found to be a junior synonym of C. similis. Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for Canuleius inermis Redtenbacher, of which part of the syntype series is assigned to C. similis. The male, female, nymphs and eggs were analyzed, illustrated and described. External macromorphology of mouthparts, cerci, tarsi, antennae and internal morphology of genitalia of both sexes, in special the male genitalia were accounted for. The findings on male and female genitalia are discussed considering available information for Phasmatodea, including so far infrequently referenced works on Chilean species, hoping to shed more light in the understanding of genital structures in these insects. The male genitalia have common characters between Heteronemiidae and Pseudophasmatidae, indicating that the former may be a member of Occidophasmata. Female and male internal genitalia vary interespecifically and appears to be conservative in the same population. Traditional taxonomic characters, mostly related to camouflage, are shown to vary whereas detailed morphology is emphasized to be more conservative and encouraged to be included in future analyses. Additional information on habitat, behavior and development are given.
... Examination of extensive material available for examination carried out by the authors during the past fifteen years has shown these regions to be very understudied and still to possess innumerable undescribed species and genera (e.g. Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011). The present study is mostly based on specimens collected during the past few decades by G. Onore (1982), Heinz van Herwaarden (1989), Allan J. E. Harman and M. Salton (1990) and the authors in 2003. ...
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The new genus Andeocalynda n. gen. is described and the supposed relationships are discussed. The genus is restricted to the mountainous Andean regions of Ecuador and Colombia. Nine new species are described and illustrated: A. aspericollis n. sp., A. banosense n. sp., A. brevicercata n. sp. and A. lojaense n. sp. from Ecuador based on the males only, A. decorata n. sp., A. mutica n. sp., A. densegranuloa n. sp. and A. tuberculata n. sp. from Ecuador as well as A. putumayoense n. sp. from Colombia based on the male and female. The eggs of the two new Ecuadorian species A. decorata n. sp. and A. tenuis n. sp. are described and illustrated. Two species, previously attributed to other genera are transferred to Andeocalynda n. gen., this is: A. carrikeri (Hebard, 1919) from the genus Bacteria Berthold, 1827 (n. comb.) and A. comis (Bates, 1865) from the genus Clonistria Stål, 1875 (n. comb.). As a result, Andeocalynda n. gen. currently includes eleven known species.
... Over the last decades, substantial progress in the alphataxonomy of phasmids has led to the discovery and description of many new species (e.g., Conle et al., 2011) especially from tropical environments, and large-scale molecular studies of phasmids have started to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships (Buckley et al., 2009(Buckley et al., , 2010Bradler et al., 2014Bradler et al., , 2015Robertson et al., 2018). However, the stick insects of many regions remain poorly studied and, despite a significant increase of publications in recent years (Hennemann and Conle, 2004;Cliquennois, 2007Cliquennois, , 2008, the knowledge of Malagasy Phasmatodea is exceptionally poor. ...
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Achrioptera is a taxon of extremely large and exceptionally colorful stick insects endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros Archipelago. We studied the phylogenetic position of the Achriopterini, comprising the genera Achrioptera and Glawiana, based on a multigene phylogeny and concluded that it is a sister group to other Madagascan phasmids (Anisacanthidae) rather than to Neotropical or Australo-Pacific groups as was suggested in a previous study based on morphology. Our results also point to unresolved relationships (potential paraphyly of Achrioptera), taxonomic issues (elevation of A. punctipes cliquennoisi to species level), and detection of cryptic diversity (in A. impennis), demonstrating the need of additional research. A DNA barcoding approach based on COI sequences of Achrioptera species revealed a clear discrimination between closely related and morphologically similar species. Applying integrative taxonomy using multiple lines of evidence, we demonstrated that the well-known species with blue males from Montagne des Français and Foret d'Orangea in the far north of Madagascar, previously attributed to Achrioptera fallax, represents a new species, which we describe as Achrioptera manga sp. nov. based on morphological, chromatic, and genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear) differences. We also describe a second new giant species from this massif: Achrioptera maroloko sp. nov. is among the largest insects (females reaching up to 24 cm total length) and differs from its sister species A. spinosissima from western Madagascar in morphology, coloration, and substantial DNA barcode divergence. These magnificent new species confirm the significance of the Montagne des Français area as a hotspot of biodiversity and microendemism. The biogeographic pattern of the species pair A. fallax/A. manga is paralleled by species pairs of reptiles and amphibians suggesting a similar evolutionary history. Finally, we discuss the sexual dichromatism of Achrioptera species with conspicuous males and mostly cryptic females. As possible reasons, we consider female mate choice and divergent habits of males and females, but aposematism combined with toxic substances produced in defense glands or accumulated in the insect's body from nutritional plants are more plausible explanations for this phenomenon.
... Furthermore, few professional curators have taxonomic expertise in the phasmatodeans, and the classification of these insects is mainly dependent on the commitment of a few amateur entomologists who specialize in certain taxonomic groups and geographic areas. For instance, a recent monograph on Colombian stick insects yielded 74 new species descriptions (Conle et al. 2011), nearly doubling the number of known species for that region, with most of the New World remaining unexplored. A new monograph on Bornean phasmatodeans (Seow-Choen 2016) added 52 species to the diversity already known from that island (Bragg 2001), bringing the total to 337 species. ...
Chapter
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Stick and leaf insects (order Phasmatodea) are a mesodiverse lineage of large terrestrial herbivores with predominantly tropical distribution and few species inhabiting more temperate regions. The phylogenetic position of the Phasmatodea among the lower neopteran insects has been debated for many years, with basically every orthopteroid insect order proposed as the potential sister taxon. The stick and leaf insects exhibit a remarkably poor fossil record. The fascinating and variable biology of stick insects has made them excellent model systems for investigating a number of evolutionary phenomena, including speciation and reproductive isolation, evolution of parthenogenesis and alternative reproductive strategies, and more recently the evolution of cold tolerance. Evidence for monophyletic Phasmatodea is undisputed and has grown stronger in recent years, with evidence coming from various sources. The chapter lists and discusses the currently recognized, non‐encaptic monophyletic groups. The contributions of amateur taxonomists play a crucial role in describing the phasmatodean diversity.
... Examination of the genital morphology of the male (the only sex known) of Pterolibethra laeta Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 from Colombia has shown it to be misplaced. Although the poculum is comparatively small, the short abdominal tergum VIII, which is strictly separated from sternum VIII, the large vomer and broad, dorsoventrally flattened and hook-like cerci place this species in the genus Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007, hence now Jeremiodes laetus (comb. ...
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The South American genus Phantasca Redtenbacher, 1906 (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae: Diapheromaerinae) is re-diagnosed and revised at the species level. The precedingly unknown eggs are described for the first time. The genus Pterolibethra Günther, 1940 (type species: P. heteronemia Günther, 1940) is re-synonymised, with Phantasca (syn. nov.) and consequently the two species originally contained, P. heteronemia Günther, 1940 and P. poeciloptera Günther, 1940, are transferred to Phantasca (comb. rev.). P. laeta Conle, Hennemann & Gutierréz, 2011 is not congeneric and is transferred to the genus Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007 (Cladomorphinae: Cladomorphini; comb. nov.). Two species are removed from Bacteria Berthold, 1827 and transferred to Phantasca; these are B. quadrilobata Chopard, 1911 and B. montana Redtenbacher, 1906 (comb. nov.). Six new species are described: P. adiposa sp. nov., P. amabile sp. nov., P. femorata sp. nov., P. guianensis sp. nov., P. nigrolineata sp. nov. and P. ruboligata sp. nov. The male and egg of P. quadrilobata (Chopard, 1911) are described and illustrated for the first time. The genus now contains 13 species that are distributed throughout the northern half of South America. A key as well as detailed descriptions and illustrations are presented for all known species.
... Some species are known only from the brachypterous female, as is the case for Pseudophasma granulosum, Pseudophasma peruanum and Pseudophasma scabriusculum (Redtenbacher), and others have both sexes completely apterous, such as Pseudophasma boliviana, Pseudophasma fasciatum and Pseudophasma rugosum (Redtenbacher) (Conle & Hennemann 2002). All these brachypterous and apterous species were assigned to Neophasma, until Conle et al. (2011) synonymised this genus with Pseudophasma. ...
Article
The stick insect Pseudophasma cambridgei Kirby, 1904 was described from a single male collected in the region of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil. Based on specimens recently collected near the type locality, the species is redescribed here, including the first description of the female and egg. In addition, Pseudophasma septemtrionalis Toledo Piza, 1977 is synonymised with P. cambridgei, and morphological features of the genus Pseudophasma are discussed.
... The older divisions of Areolatae and Anareolatae (Stål, 1875; Brunner von Wattenwyl and Redtenbacher, 1906, 1907, 1908), are not natural (Bradler, 2001Bradler, , 2009 Tilgner, 2002), and therefore of no practical use, except to note that the presence of the areola apicalis is putatively plesiomorphic for Phasmatodea (Bradler, 2009). We concur with Hennemann et al. (2009) and Conle et al. (2011), that the systems, largely of the 'areolates' but also of other groups, of Zompro and Gr€ oßer (2003) and Zompro (2004aZompro ( , 2004b) are confused and do more to crimp work than advance it. Accordingly, we generally follow the various reorganizations of the order as advocated by Hennemann and Conle (2008), Bradler (2009), and Bradler et al. (2014). ...
Article
A new fossil stick-insect (Phasmatodea) is described and figured from a male preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Echinosomiscus primoticus Engel and Wang, gen. et sp. nov., is a robust, somewhat-compressed stick-insect bearing abundant acanthae over the head and body, and remarkably lacks an area apicalis on the tibiae. The species is described and assigned to a new, extinct subfamily of Phasmatidae s.l., as Echinosomiscinae Engel, subfam. nov. Brief remarks are made regarding the dating of phasmatodean lineages, with E. primoticus providing the first reliable evidence for Euphasmatodea and even Neophasmatodea in the Cenomanian.
Article
We here present an updated and annotated catalogue of the stick and leaf insect (Phasmatodea) types currently housed in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH), part of the Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB). We found a total of 305 type specimens, belonging to 130 species. This includes 110 primary types (45 holotypes, 13 lectotypes, 52 syntypes) and 195 paratypes and paralectotypes. Most of the species were described by Redtenbacher, others come from Zompro, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Weidner and others. We provide updated information on the taxonomy of all species. This catalogue will represent an important resource for future taxonomic work on the group.
Article
Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are a moderately diverse order that comprises almost 3,500 extant species of large to very large often impressively camouflaged nocturnal herbivores. The order also stands out as one of the few insect orders that have until lately lacked a robust higher-level phylogeny and still the relationships between many New World taxa in particular remain unknown. The Diapheromerinae is one of the main lineages of the Occidophasmata and comprises a bulk of the diversity of New World stick insects. The clade is endemic to the Americas and includes the longest insects of that region. During the past 25 years Diapheromerinae has experienced various often inconsistent attempts of a classification, which have resulted in a complicated history that has meanwhile constituted a heterogenous mixture of historical and contemporary views. To counter these challenges workers have made use of rank-free taxa to provisionally group supposedly monophyletic clades. Currently the Diapheromerinae are sub-divided into the two tribes Diapheromerini and Oreophoetini and recent molecular analyses have shown taxa of the Cladomorphinae Günther, 1953 to belong to Diapheromerinae. Certainly, the clade still deserves much work to delimit meaningful sub-groups within Diapheromerinae reflective of their evolutionary history and the results of the latest comprehensive molecular-based phylogenetic studies already imply sub-divisions within the Diapheromerini. The rank-free taxon Cladomorformia tax. n. is established to comprise former Cladomorphini, Cranidiini, Otocrania Redtenbacher, 1908 as well as sections of Diapheromerini sensu Robertson et al., 2018, which are the genera that have previously been placed in the “Phanocles group” sensu Zompro, 2001 as well as two genera of the “Bacteria group” and one genus of the “Clonistria group”: Alienobostra, Bostriana, Calynda, Globocalynda, Laciphorus, Phanocles, Phanocloidea and Trychopeplus. The genus Cranidium and all genera of Cladomorphini sensu Hennemann et al., 2016 are here formally transferred to Diapheromerinae, this is Aplopocranidium, Cladomorphus, Jeremia, Jeremiodes, Otocraniella and Xylodus. A holistic review of Cladomorformia at the genus level is conducted herein and new diagnoses, differentiations and keys to all 25 genera that are now contained in that clade are presented. Lists of species are provided for all genera, which include detailed type data, synonymies and distributional records. Moreover, identification keys to all 163 known valid species are provided to render identification of species within the 25 known genera possible. In total, 232 species are covered if the 69 synonymous taxa are included. The subfamily Haplopodinae is introduced to comprise all genera of the tribes Haplopodini, Hesperophasmatini and Pterinoxylini as classified by Hennemann et al. (2016) as well as the recently described Teruelphasmini. Renaming former Cladomorphinae sensu Robertson et al. (2018) into Haplopodinae is necessary, because the type-genus Cladomorphus can no longer be considered a member of that lineage and belongs in Diapheromerinae. Haplopodinae is the only New World clade that belongs into the Old World Oriophasmata. Bostranova Villet, 2023 has been introduced to replace the preoccupied Bostra Stål, 1875. The type-species of Bostranova, Bacteria turgida Westwood, 1859, however is here shown to belong in Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001. Thus, Bostranova is synonymised under Phanocloidea (n. syn.) and all species are transferred to Phanocloidea and other genera. Paraphanocles Zompro, 2001 (Type-species: Mantis keratosqueleton Olivier, 1792) is synonymised with Phanocles Stål, 1875 (syn. n.). Seven new genera are described: Globocrania gen. n. (Type-species: Bacteria emesa Westwood, 1859), Hirtuleiodes gen. n. (Type-species: Phibalosoma gibbosa Chopard, 1911), Lanceobostra gen. n. (Type-species: Bacteria aetolus Westwood, 1859), Ocreatophasma gen. n. (Type-species: Ocreatophasma elegans sp. n.), Parotocrania gen. n. (Type-species: Parotocrania panamae sp. n.), Phanoclocrania gen. n. (Type-species: Bostra dorsuaria Stål, 1875) and Spinocloidea gen. n. (Type-species: Spinocloidea panamaense sp. n.). All seven genera are described from both sexes and the eggs, with the exception of Ocreatophasma gen. n., which is known from the females only. Forty-one new species are described: Globocalynda cornuta sp. n. from Ecuador, Globocalynda marcapatae sp. n. from Peru, Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n. from Bolivia, Hirtuleiodes peruanus sp. n. from Peru, Jeremiodes costaricensis sp. n. from Costa Rica, Jeremiodes ecuadoricus sp. n. from Ecuador, Jeremiodes peruanus sp. n. from Peru, Lanceobostra chapalaense sp. n. from Mexico, Lanceobostra glabra sp. n. from Mexico, Lanceobostra oaxacaee sp. n. from Mexico, Lanceobostra ornata sp. n. from Mexico, Lanceobostra torquata sp. n. from Mexico, Lanceobostra tuckerae sp. n. from Mexico, Ocreatophasma elegans gen. n., sp. n. from Peru, Ocreatophasma fragile gen. n., sp. n. from Peru, Ocreatophasma modestum gen. n., sp. n. from Peru, Parotocrania acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. from Ecuador, Parotocrania curvata gen. n., sp. n. from Peru, Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. from Panama, Phanocles acutecornutus sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocles barbadosense sp. n. from Barbados, Phanocles berezini sp. n. from Mexico, Phanocles brevipes sp. n. from Peru, Phanocles chiapasense sp. n. from Mexico, Phanocles cuzcoense sp. n. from Peru, Phanocles ecuadoricus sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocles falcatus sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocles maximus sp. n. from Panama, Phanocles mexicanus sp. n. from Mexico, Phanocles pleurospinosus sp. n. from Costa Rica, Phanocles rehni sp. n. from Honduras, Phanocles solidus sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocles spectabilis sp. n. from Costa Rica, Phanocles superbus sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocloidea sanguinea sp. n. from Ecuador, Phanocloidea semiptera sp. n. from Venezuela, Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. from Venezuela, Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. from Panama, Spinocloidea splendida gen. n., sp. n. from Colombia and Spinocloidea tumescens gen. n., sp. n. from Costa Rica. With a maximum recorded body length of 285.0 mm the new species Phanocles maximus sp. n. from Panama is the longest extant insect of the Americas and the Occidophasmata clade. A total of 132 taxonomic changes are conducted: 64 species are transferred to other genera and 43 new synonyms are established. Lectotypes are designated for 25 taxa to ensure stability of the concerned names or new synonymies here established. Moreover, the previously unknown females of five and males of twelve species are described and illustrated for the first time. Colour illustrations are presented of the eggs of 39 species, of which those of 26 species are formally described and illustrated for the first time.
Article
https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510550531/Zoologica_Vol_166
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The genus Ocnophila Brunner, 1907 is here redescribed with an emended diagnosis, containing three valid species from Venezuela and Colombia: Ocnophila integra Brunner, 1907 with Ocnophila signatior Brunner, 1907 syn. nov. as a new junior synonym, Ocnophila iphicla (Westwood, 1859) and Ocnophila serrata sp. nov. In addition to the description of the new species we redescribe O. integra and O. iphicla, also providing a description of the male genitalia for O. integra. For the other species previously contained in the genus, we synonymize Ocnophila brevifemur Brunner, 1907 syn. nov. and Ocnophila armata Brunner, 1907 syn. nov. under Pygirhynchus bispinosus (Redtenbacher, 1906), Ocnophila inaequalis Brunner, 1907 syn. nov. under Libethra venezuelica Brunner, 1907, and transfer the remaining species to other genera, resulting in the following new combinations: Agamemnon illegitimus (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., A. poeyi (Bolívar, 1888) comb. nov., Canuleius nattereri (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., C. pedestris (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Dyme acanthonota (Günther, 1930) comb. nov., D. borellii (Giglio-Tos, 1898) comb. nov., D. ramulus (Giglio-Tos, 1898) comb. nov., Exocnophila cornuta (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., E. tuberculata (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Litosermyle inconspicua (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Lit. nana (Shelford, 1913) comb. nov., Lit. riveti (Shelford, 1913) comb. nov., Lit. submutica (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Libethra aculeata (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Libethroidea willemsei (Günther, 1935) comb. nov., Pygirhynchus fortior (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., P. oryx (Westwood, 1859) comb. nov., P. scops (Kaup, 1871) comb. nov., Pseudosermyle meditans (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov., Sermyle aurita (Rehn, 1905) comb. nov., and S. ciliata (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov. Furthermore, Pygirhynchus carioca Piza, 1944 syn. nov. is synonymized under P. fortior comb. nov. We provide a description of the male and egg of Litosermyle Hebard, 1919, previously known only from females, through the illustration and redescription of Lit. inconspicua (Brunner, 1907) comb. nov. Finally, we include Dubiophasma Zompro, 2001, Exocnophila Zompro, 2001, Litosermyle, Ocnophila and Parocnophila Zompro, 1998 in Oreophoetini.
Article
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The genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838 is redescribed and revised at the species level. It is distributed throughout most of Central America, the northern half of South America and also has one species on the Lesser Antilles. Two new species are described from Costa Rica: P. cocoense n. sp. from both sexes and the eggs and P. speciosus n. sp. from both sexes. The female of P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) is described and illustrated for the first time, as are the eggs of the type-species P. eucnemis Serville, 1838 and P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908).
Chapter
Se presentan los grupos taxonómicos del orden Phasmatodea presentes en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (Colombia).
Article
The internal male genitalia have been poorly investigated in Phasmatodea, remaining virtually unexplored in phylogenetic studies. Here we describe and illustrate the main phallic elements in several Neotropical stick insects, with emphasis on Paraphasma (Pseudophasmatidae), and present a phylogenetic analysis of this genus. The analysis included ten terminals in the ingroup and 18 in the outgroup, and was based on 32 characters of the phallic organ and 48 of external morphology. In order to compare these datasets in terms of phylogenetic signal and level of homoplasy, the consistency and retention indices of the cladogram were calculated separately for each of them, and partial analyses were also conducted using each dataset alone. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed Paraphasma as polyphyletic and led us to propose a new, monotypic genus, Ecuadoriphasma gen. nov., three new combinations (Ecuadoriphasma cognatum, Paraphasma trianguliferum and Tithonophasma cancellatum) and place Oestrophora as a synonym of Paraphasma. Additionally, Olcyphides hopii and Paraphasma dentatum are synonymized with Paraphasma laterale. Both external and phallic characters were determinant for the topology obtained, and the latter were less homoplastic in the phylogenetic tree. Our results highlight the usefulness of phallic morphology for inferring phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, especially among closely related genera and species.
Article
Published in Zoologica — Original Contributions to Zoology (ISSN 0044-5088): Abstract Attachment devices with different microstructure and surface microstructure evolved on the tarsi of hexapods. In biomechanical studies it was shown for a few species that different types of structure have different attachment properties. However, it is yet unclear if these structures evolved in correlation with the species’ ecology. Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) is a speciose insect taxon with several different ecological preferences. We therefore chose 116 species from all subfamilies currently recognised within this taxon, to uncover correlations between the euplantular microstructure and the ecological preferences or oviposition techniques of the examined species. Twelve different types of attachment microstructures have been found using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), seven of them previously unknown. The correlation of the microstructures with the ecology, habitat and phylogeny of stick and leaf insects is discussed. Two different hypotheses are possible based on this analysis: (1) Smooth euplantular structures may be a ground plan in Phasmatodea and structures with different degrees of elevations evolved convergently in many groups starting from this type of microstructures, or (2) elongated acanthae are the plesiomorphic state which is conserved in some taxa and convergently reduced to smooth types of microstructures in other groups. These assumptions should be tested in subsequent phylogenetic studies based on the use of extensive molecular data. In addition, one species of Embioptera (Hexapoda), which is assumed to be the sister group of the Phasmatodea, has been examined, and its rather smooth attachment structures might be a result of their extraordinary mode of living within galleries. URL: https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510550517/Zoologica_Vol_164
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A new species of Phasmatodea, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp. from Costa Rica, is described and illustrated in both sexes and the egg. Résumé. – Un nouveau Phasme du genre Oncotophasma du Costa Rica (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Diapheromerinae). Une nouvelle espèce de Phasmatodea du Costa Rica, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp., est décrite et illustrée, incluant les deux sexes et l'oeuf. Resumen. – Un nuevo fásmido del género Oncotophasma de Costa-Rica (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Diaphero merinae). Una nueva especie de Phasmatodea de Costa Rica, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp., es descrita e ilustrada, incluyendo ambos sexos y el huevo.
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The two Central American genera Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 and Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Xerosomatinae: Hesperophasmatini) are revised at the species level. Extended redescriptions of both genera are presented along with keys to the species contained. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all seven known species are provided. Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 is here confirmed as a valid genus and now contains three distinct species, all of which are restricted to southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Ocnophila ornatissima Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 is removed from Ocnophila Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 and transferred to Hypocyrtus (n. comb.). H. postpositus Redtenbacher, 1908 is removed from Lamponius Stal, 1875 and returned to Hypocyrtus (rev. stat). Two new synonyms are established in Hypocyrtus: Anophelepis vittatus Westwood, 1859 = Anophelepis scythrus Westwood, 1859 (n. syn.) and Hypocyrtus substrumosus Redtenbacher, 1908 = Hypocyrtus postpositus Redtenbacher, 1908 (n. syn.). The male and egg of H. ornatissimus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and the egg of H. scythrus (Westwood, 1859) are described and illustrated for the first time. Rhynchacris now contains four known species distributed throughout southern Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) and northeast Colombia. The monotypic genus Pseudoceroys Hebard, 1923 was previously misplaced in Diapheromerinae: Diapheromerini: "Clonistria-group" and is here shown to be a synonym of Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (n. syn.). The type-species P. hanoweriHebard, 1923 automatically becomes a member of Rhynchacris (comb. n.). R. chocoense n. sp. from the Chocó Province is described from the female and is the first record of the genus from Colombia; the holotype is preserved in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Ceroys bigibbus Rehn, 1904 was previously misplaced and is here transferred to Rhynchacris (comb. n.). Hesperophasma lobata Redtenbacher, 1908 is a synonym of the type species Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 (n. syn.). The male of R. ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 is described and illustrated for the first time. Lectotypes are designated for Anophelepis scythrus Westwood, 1859 and Hypocyrtus substrumosus Redtenbacher, 1908.
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A detailed redescription and review of the north Central American genus Paracalynda Zompro, 2001 is presented, which presently contains only two known species. A re-description is provided for the type-species P. picta (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), which is only known from the unique male holotype. P. utilaensis (Zompro, 1998) was originally described as a subspecies of P. picta (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) but obviously represents a distinct species, hence it is here raised to species rank (n. stat). Both species are illustrated and detailed figures show the significant genital morphology of Paracalynda. A detailed study of genital features has proven Paracalynda was previously misplaced in the "Bactena group" (tribe Diapheromerini) and as a result the genus is transferred to Eusermyleformia Bradler, 2009. A discussion on Sermyleformia: Eusermyleformia is provided, which includes a list of the seven genera now contained in Eusermyleformia as well as an extended and more comprehensive diagnosis of this supposedly monophyletic rank-free taxon.
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A detailed listing of this important collection, with notes on Brunner von Wattenwyl and Redtenbacher. 72 pages, paperback A5. OUT OF PRINT but can be downloaded here: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/kat-nhmw_13_0003-0072.pdf
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Type specimens of 67 taxa of Phasmida (including probable type specimens of 24 taxa) have been located in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. The species are listed alphabetically, with the number of specimens, sex and locality data.
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The new genus Jeremiodes gen. nov. is established with J. guianensis spec. nov. designated as the type-species. The new genus includes three species, two of which are described as new. Jeremiodes guianensis spec. nov. from French Guiana is described and illustrated from both sexes. Jeremiodes bolivianus spec. nov. from the Chapare Province of Bolivia is described and illustrated from the males only. Bacteria pachycerca Redtenbacher, 1908 from SE-Peru is transferred to Jeremiodes gen. nov. (comb. nov.). Bacteria pichisina Giglio-Tos, 1910 was described from a single female from eastern Peru and has proven to be the opposite sex of B. pachycerca Redtenbacher, 1908 (syn. nov.). Type material of the two newly described species is deposited in ZSMC and MNHN.
Article
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Type-species of several genera of the insect order Phasmatodea, described by Redtenbacher, are designated. The genera are: Agrostia, Anisacantha, Antongilia, Brizoides, Citrina, Eucles, Euphasma, Hypocyrtus, Mirophasma, Neophasma, Paraphasma, Paraprisopus, Perliodes
Article
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Type specimens for 157 species-group names of Phasmida have been identified in the collection of the Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva. The names are listed alphabetically, with the number of specimens, sex and locality data. The material includes most species described by Saussure and the majority of those described by Carl; in addition there is material of Bolivar, Brock, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Fritzsche & Gitsaga, Gunther, Harz, Kirby, Redtenbacher, Werner and Zompro. Clitumnus humberti Carl, 1913 is re-named Ramulus carli Zompro nom. n. Lectotypes are designated for Xera debilis Redtenbacher, 1906, Clonistria guatemalensis Redtenbacher, 1908, Ramulus humberti (Saussure, 1861) and Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868. One genus and four species are described as new. Parapodacanthus Brock gen. n., with the type-species P. hasenpuschorum Brock sp. n., is described from Queensland, Australia. Three Philippine species are provisionally placed in the genus Lonchodes Gray, 1835: L. puting-mantsa Zompro sp. n., L. magayon Zompro sp. n. and L. dalawangsungay Zompro, sp. n.; this complex urgently needs a generic revision. The eggs of Alienobostra godmani (Redtenbacher, 1908) and Lonchodes palawanicus (Carl, 1913) are described and figured for the first time. Xylodus Saussure, 1859, formerly synonymized with Cladomorphus Gray, 1835, and Micrarchus Carl, 1913 formerly synonymized with Pachymorpha Gray, 1835, are re-established as valid genera. Bacteria divergens Redtenbacher, 1908 is found to be a new synonym of Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838), and Ocnophila adulterina Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 of Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868). Prisomera palawanica Carl, 1915 is transferred to Stheneboea Stal, 1875, and Myronides trilineatus Carl, 1913 to Lopaphus Westwood, 1859.
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Type-species are designated for nine genera of Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Prexaspes (Elasia) REDTENBACHER, 1906, Cirsia REDTENBACHER, 1906, Leprodes REDTENBACHER, 1906, Onogastris REDTENBACHER, 1906, Paraphasma REDTENBACHER, 1906, Paraprisopus REDTENBACHER, 1906, Perisceles REDTENBACHER, 1908, Pseudodatames REDTENBACHER, 1906 and Pseudoleosthenes REDTENBACHER, 1906. Lectotypes are designated for Leprodes dicranocollis REDTENBACHER, 1906, Aschiphasma nebulosum WESTWOOD, 1859 and Pseudoleosthenes scaberrimus REDTENBACHER, 1906
Article
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Track and cladistic biogeographic analyses based on insect taxa are used as a framework to interpret patterns of the Latin American and Caribbean entomofauna by identifying biogeographic areas on the basis of endemicity and arranging them hierarchically in a system of regions, subregions, dominions, and provinces. The Nearctic region, inhabited by Holarctic insect taxa, comprises five provinces: California, Baja California, Sonora, Mexican Plateau, and Tamaulipas. The Mexican transition zone comprises five provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, and Sierra Madre del Sur. The Neotropical region, which harbors many insect taxa with close relatives in the tropical areas of the Old World, comprises four subregions: Caribbean, Amazonian, Chacoan, and Parana. The South American transition zone comprises five provinces: North Andean Paramo, Coastal Peruvian Desert, Puna, Atacama, Prepuna, and Monte. The Andean region, which harbors insect taxa with close relatives in the Austral continents, comprises three subregions: Central Chilean, Subantarctic, and Patagonian.
Article
The type material in the Zoologisches Museum der Universität Hamburg, Germany (ZMH) is listed. The collection contains type specimens of 113 species, mainly described by BRUNNER V. WATTENWYL, GÜNTHER and REDTENBACHER. The collection is especially strong in material from Borneo, Costa Rica, Fiji, Madagascar and Brazil. Lectotypes are designated for Creoxylus hagani REDTENBACHER, 1906, Xerosoma michaelis REDTENBACHER, 1906, Bacteria tenella REDTENBACHER, 1908 and Leprocaulus insularis verrucifer GÜNTHER, 1934
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia)
  • Libethra Crassespinosa Brunner V
  • Wattenwyl
Libethra crassespinosa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 : 307. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).
Distribution: Colombia
  • Libethra Rabdotula Brunner V
  • Wattenwyl
Libethra rabdotula Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 307. Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Caldas, Antioquia, Quindío & Cauca).
Distribution: Colombia
  • Hebard Libethra Insalubris
Libethra insalubris Hebard, 1919: 166, pl. 23: 3. Distribution: Colombia (Santander, Pueblo Nuevo de Ocaña).
Distribution: Colombia
  • Stål Libethra Nisseri
Libethra nisseri Stål, 1875: 74. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Quindío, Boyacá, Meta & Santander).
= Libethra secunda Carl, 1913: 31. syn. n. = Libethra soror Carl
  • Libethra Venezuelica Brunner V
  • Wattenwyl
Libethra venezuelica Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 307. = Libethra secunda Carl, 1913: 31. syn. n. = Libethra soror Carl, 1913: 32. syn. n.
1919: 161, synonymised with Phanocles significans (Redtenbacher, 1906) syn. n. 4. Bacteria magnifica (Hebard, 1933: 123), transferred to Calynda Stål, 1875
  • Hebard Bacteria Apolinari
Bacteria apolinari Hebard, 1919: 161, synonymised with Phanocles significans (Redtenbacher, 1906) syn. n. 4. Bacteria magnifica (Hebard, 1933: 123), transferred to Calynda Stål, 1875. [Valid name: Calynda magnifica (Hebard, 1933) comb. n.]
39, transferred to Phanocloidea Zompro
  • Bostra Ibaguena Giglio-Tos
Bostra ibaguena Giglio-Tos, 1910: 39, transferred to Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001. [Valid name: Phanocloidea ibaguena (Giglio-Tos, 1910) comb. n.]
1859: 57), transferred to Laciniobethra gen. n. Valid name: Laciniobethra rispa
  • Canuleius
  • Westwood
Canuleius arispa (Westwood, 1859: 57), transferred to Laciniobethra gen. n. Valid name: Laciniobethra rispa (Westwood, 1859) comb. n.]
Type-species: Acanthoclonia dicranum Redtenbacher, 1906: 63), synonymised with Acanthoclonia Stål, 1875 syn
  • Dicranoclonia Zompro
Dicranoclonia Zompro, 2004a: 123 (Type-species: Acanthoclonia dicranum Redtenbacher, 1906: 63), synonymised with Acanthoclonia Stål, 1875 syn. n.
Type-species: Holcoides forceps Hebard, 1919: 148), synonymised with Olcyphides Stål, 1875 syn
  • Holcoides Hebard
Holcoides Hebard, 1919: 148 (Type-species: Holcoides forceps Hebard, 1919: 148), synonymised with Olcyphides Stål, 1875 syn. n.
143, transferred to and designated as the type-species of Nanolibethra gen. n
  • Hebard Libethra Camposi
Libethra camposi Hebard, 1924: 143, transferred to and designated as the type-species of Nanolibethra gen. n. [Valid name: Nanolibethra camposi (Hebard, 1924) comb. n.]
1859: 29), transferred to Laciniobethra gen
  • Libethra
  • Westwood
Libethra thestylis (Westwood, 1859: 29), transferred to Laciniobethra gen. n. [Valid name: Laciniobethra thestylis (Westwood, 1859
1859: 56), transferred to Laciniobethra gen
  • Libethra
  • Westwood
Libethra tolima (Westwood, 1859: 56), transferred to Laciniobethra gen. n. [Valid name: Laciniobethra tolima (Westwood, 1859) comb. n.]
Type-species: Neophasma subapterum Redtenbacher, 1906: 125), synonymised with Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896 syn
  • Neophasma Redtenbacher
Neophasma Redtenbacher, 1906: 124 (Type-species: Neophasma subapterum Redtenbacher, 1906: 125), synonymised with Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896 syn. n.
1940: 500), re-transferred to Pterolibethra Günther
  • Phantasca
  • Günther
Phantasca poeciloptera (Günther, 1940: 500), re-transferred to Pterolibethra Günther, 1940. [Valid name: Pterolibethra poeciloptera Günther, 1940 stat. rev.]
Type-species: Reticulonigrum andreaszomproi Zompro, 2004a: 126), synonymised with Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896 syn
  • Reticulonigrum Zompro
Reticulonigrum Zompro, 2004a: 134 (Type-species: Reticulonigrum andreaszomproi Zompro, 2004a: 126), synonymised with Pseudophasma Kirby, 1896 syn. n.
Type-species: Ceroys rabdota Westwood, 1859: 61), synonymised with Libethra Stål, 1875 syn
  • Rugosolibethra Zompro
Rugosolibethra Zompro, 2001: 226 (Type-species: Ceroys rabdota Westwood, 1859: 61), synonymised with Libethra Stål, 1875 syn. n.
1859: 61), re-transferred to Libethra Stål, 1875
  • Rugosolibethra
  • Westwood
Rugosolibethra rabdota (Westwood, 1859: 61), re-transferred to Libethra Stål, 1875. [Valid name: Libethra rabdota Westwood, 1859 stat. rev.]
1835: 25), transferred to Parastratocles Redtenbacher
  • Stratocles
  • Gray
Stratocles bennettii (Gray, 1835: 25), transferred to Parastratocles Redtenbacher, 1906. [Valid name: Parastratocles bennettii (Gray, 1835) comb. n.]
1896: 474), transferred to Parastratocles Redtenbacher
  • Stratocles
  • Kirby
Stratocles bogotensis (Kirby, 1896: 474), transferred to Parastratocles Redtenbacher, 1906. [Valid name: Parastratocles bogotensis (Kirby, 1896) comb. n.]
Libethra inchoata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 309. Libethra rollei Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 306. Mirophasma cirsium Redtenbacher, 1906: 64. Phocylides bicarinatus Stål, 1875: 96
  • Redtenbacher Damasippus Intermedius
Damasippus intermedius Redtenbacher, 1906: 148. Damasippus striatus Redtenbacher, 1906: 149. Euphasma bicorne Redtenbacher, 1906: 126. Libethra crassespinosa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 307. Libethra inchoata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 309. Libethra rollei Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 306. Mirophasma cirsium Redtenbacher, 1906: 64. Phocylides bicarinatus Stål, 1875: 96. Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 428, pl. 20: 3. Pterolibethra poeciloptera Günther, 1940: 500. Xera debilis Redtenbacher, 1906: 146. 1. Columbiophasma taeniatum (Hebard, 1919) Ƃ. Valle del Cauca (Photo by R. Oelmann).
Ƃ. Caldas, El Águila (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez)
  • Libethra Rabdotula Brunner V
  • Wattenwyl
Libethra rabdotula Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 Ƃ. Caldas, El Águila (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez).
Planes de San Rafael (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez)
  • . Ƃ Laciniobethra Sp
  • Risaralda
Laciniobethra sp. Ƃ. Risaralda, Planes de San Rafael (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez).
Planes de San Rafael (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez)
  • . Ƃ Libethra Sp
  • Risaralda
Libethra sp. Ƃ. Risaralda, Planes de San Rafael (Photo by Y. Gutiérrez).
  • J G Audinet-Serville
Audinet-Serville, J.G. (1838): Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthoptères. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 18. 776 pp.
Descriptions of fifty-two new species of Phasmidae from the collection of Mr
  • H W Bates
Bates, H.W. (1865): Descriptions of fifty-two new species of Phasmidae from the collection of Mr. W.
List of stick and leaf-insects (Phasmatodea = Phasmida) type material in the Natural History Museum, published since Kirby's 1904 Catalogue
  • P D Brock
Brock, P.D. (1993): List of stick and leaf-insects (Phasmatodea = Phasmida) type material in the Natural History Museum, published since Kirby's 1904 Catalogue. Phasmid Studies, 2(1): 17-24.
  • J Carl
Carl, J. (1913): Phasmides nouveaux ou peu connus du Museum de Genéve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 21(1): 1-56, plate 21.
Autolyca doylei, a new Phasmid from So
  • A N Caudell
Caudell, A.N. (1906): Autolyca doylei, a new Phasmid from So. America. Entomological News, 17: 192-193.
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Conle, O.V., Hennemann, F.H. & Perez-Gelabert, D.E. (2008): Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea II: Revision of the genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, with the descriptions of seven new species (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae). Zootaxa, 1748: 1-64.
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Conle, O.V., Hennemann, F.H. Ramírez-Mora, M.A. & Quiróz, J.A. (2009): Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea VIII: Revision of the genus Decidia Stål, 1875 with the description of a new species from Colombia (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorphini). Zootaxa, 2089: 33-51.
A new species of the genus Prisopus, considered especially in reference to the supposed aquatic habits of the genus
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Gahan, J. C. (1912): A new species of the genus Prisopus, considered especially in reference to the supposed aquatic habits of the genus. The Entomologist, 45: 49-55.
Description de trois nouvelles especies d'Orthoptéres de la famille des Phasmiens. Guérins Magazine de Zoologie Ins
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Goudot, J. (1843): Description de trois nouvelles especies d'Orthoptéres de la famille des Phasmiens. Guérins Magazine de Zoologie Ins., 13: 1-5, plate 125.
Über die Verbreitung einiger Insekten im Gebiete des Amazonenstromes und die Frage eines columbischen Faunendistriktes in der brasilianischen Subregion. Archiv für Naturgeschichte
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Günther, K. (1940): Über die Verbreitung einiger Insekten im Gebiete des Amazonenstromes und die Frage eines columbischen Faunendistriktes in der brasilianischen Subregion. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, N. F., 9(4): 450-500.
Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae
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Gray, G.R. (1835): Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London.
Sul nome generico Phocylides avente dopplo uso in entomologia
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Griffini, A. (1899): Sul nome generico Phocylides avente dopplo uso in entomologia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 22: 89-91.
Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera
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Haan, W. de (1842): Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. [Ed.]: Verhandlingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen, Vol. 2: 95-138, pls. 10-15.
Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador
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Hebard, M. (1924): Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 76: 109-248, plates 5-10.