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Determination of Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities from the Fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical contents and biological activities, including -glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity, from the fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora using different solvent systems. The 50% ethanol extract of this species showed the most potent -glucosidase inibitory activity (88.5%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Moreover, this extract also displayed the strongest antioxidant activity in each assay, showing 96.3% in DPPH scavenging activity, 98.2% in ABTS scavenging activity, and 2.5% in reducing power. The highest total phytochemical contents, including flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, were observed in the 50% ethanol extract. Interestingly, flavan-3-ols (3.150 mg/g) were detected at a significantly higher total content than those of phenolic acids (0.380 mg/g) and flavonoids (not detected). Additionally, the contents of individual phytochemicals showed remarkable differences, especially the epicatechin gallate (2.008 mg/g) and gallic acid (0.099 mg/g), which were the predominant constituents of each phytochemical type. Therefore, our results suggest that the 50% ethanol extract of E. multiflora fruits has strong biological activities, which are correlated with high phytochemical contents.
... The cherry silverberry belongs to the genus Elaeagnus L. and the family Elaeagnaceae Juss., which also includes the more popular common seabuckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) [8][9][10][11]. According to the literature [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], E. multiflora fruit, which is suitable which is suitable for direct consumption and processing, can be classified as a "super food" due to its high content of carotenoids, exogenous amino acids, macronutrients, mi cronutrients, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C. Fresh and processed silverberries ar a valuable source of lycopene, the most potent antioxidant among common carotenoids which is renowned for its anticarcinogenic effects [18][19][20][21]. The cherry silverberry is nativ to China, Korea, and Japan [9]. ...
... Polyphenol concentrations are similar in seabuckthorn fruit, where they range from 128.66 to 407.48 mg GAE/100 g [60,61]. High-performance liquid chromatography methods have been applied to assess the content and qualitative composition of polyphenols in cherry silverberry fruit [8,13,37]. Total polyphenol content was determined at 904.65-1268.90 ...
... Total polyphenol content was determined at 904.65-1268.90 mg/100 g DW in the fruit of the 'Jahidka' and 'Sweet Scarlet' varieties grown in Poland, after extraction with 30% ethanol [8]; 353 mg/100 g FW in Korean-grown fruit, after extraction with 50% ethanol [13]; and 417.02-819.04 mg/100 g DW in the fruit of Polish-grown biotypes, after extraction with 30% ethanol [37]. ...
The cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) is a lesser-known plant species with high nutritional and therapeutic potential. Cherry silverberry contains numerous biologically active compounds. The cherry silverberry is a shrub growing up to 3 m. Its drupe-like fruit is ellipsoidal, up to 1 cm long, and set on stems. It is red in color, juicy, and sour, and its taste resembles that of red currants. According to the literature, cherry silverberry fruit contains carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids, as well as vitamin C, in addition to biominerals, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocopherols, which contribute to its high nutritional value. New biotypes of cherry silverberry cultivated in Poland can be used for the production of functional foods and direct consumption. In China, the cherry silverberry, known as goumi, has been used as a medicinal plant and a natural remedy for cough, diarrhea, itch, foul sores, and, even, cancer. This review article summarizes the scant research findings on the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of cherry silverberry.
... The study of biodiversity in the context of food security and health promotion through the diet has been and will continue to be an important research field, especially in the challenging current scenario Considering that there are very few works about the bioactive compounds' profile in selected morphological parts of E. multiflora Thunb. and their biological activity [2,3,5] this study was aimed at profiling the isoprenoid and polyphenolic contents of the leaves and fruits of two cultivars of E. multiflora Thunb, namely 'Jahidka' and 'Sweet Scarlet'. Additionally, the antioxidant as the ability to radical cation scavenging activity (ABTS), radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and reducing activity (FRAP) and in vitro biological activities as the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity of such materials was assessed. ...
... To date, very scarce information was available on the polyphenolic profile of fruits and leaves of these cultivars. A few compounds, usually phenolic acids, that were not detected in this study (Tables 1 and 2) have been previously reported [2,3]. Values are expressed as the mean (n = 3) ± standard deviation and different letters (between cultivars) within the same row indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). ...
... As reported by Jaakola et al. [39], a higher content of polyphenolic compounds was identified in leaves of plants growing under intensive sunlight, which results in the enhanced gene expression coupled with phenolic biosynthesis. In turn, according to Lee et al. [3], the content of phenols in fruits of E. multiflora Thunb. from Korea reached 315 mg/100 g d.m. and was 2.9 and 4.0 times lower than the fruits of 'Jahidka' and 'Sweet Scarlet' cultivars growing in Poland. ...
The objective of this study was in-depth identification of carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds in leaves and fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. An additional aim was to assay their antioxidant and in vitro biological activities (the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity) of two cultivars: ‘Sweet Scarlet’ and ‘Jahidka’. Study results showed the presence of 70 bioactive compounds, including 20 isoprenoids and 50 polyphenols. The profile of identified bioactive compounds had not been examined in this respect until now. The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and polyphenol levels and antioxidant activity of the foliar samples were virtually identical in both cultivars and clearly higher relative to those in the fruits. On the other hand, the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity of the fruits was clearly higher as compared to the leaves. The highest amount of phenolic acids, flavonols, and polymeric procyanidins was in the ‘Sweet Scarlet’ for fruit and leaves, while the highest amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids was in the ‘Jahidka’. The inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase activities appeared to be better correlated with the carotenoid content, which warrants further studies of the possible anti-diabetic and anti-obesity actions of the major carotenoids found in the fruits (lycopene, phytoene, and lutein). In addition, strong correlation between antioxidant activity and phenols of E. multiflora Thunb. components can be effective in removing reactive oxygen species. The results of our study show that both the fruits and leaves of E. multiflora Thunb. can be important for health promotion through the diet and for innovating in the industry of functional food and (nutri)cosmetics.
... The causes of tumor-suppressing properties are sought for the ability to remove reactive oxygen species, interfere with cell division, and modulate the signal transduction pathway. Lee et al. [4], also showed that the multiflorous cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora) in its composition has a number of chemical compounds-secondary metabolites that affect health. These compounds occur in various parts of plants. ...
... In addition, there are lipids in the fruit of the cherry silverberry along with dissolved sterols, vitamins, and mineral compounds. Such diversity of chemical components in the fruit of the cherry silverberry causes that nutritional and dietary value is also attributed to them [4,[10][11][12]. ...
This paper analyses the phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of new selected biotypes of cherry silverberry grown in Poland. In addition, the polyphenolic contents, sugars, and vitamin C, as well as organic acid profile were evaluated. Among the researched compounds, two sugars, seven organic acids, and six fatty acids were reported in new studied biotypes of cherry silverberry. Some new biotypes presented a high contents of vitamin C, linoleic, α-linoleic acids (si1, and si2), glucose, fructose, ash (si5, and si4), other fatty acids, organic acids, and antioxidant activity (si0, and si3). They displayed an average contents of polyphenols [5.68 g GAE/100 g dry matter (d.m.)], vitamin C (15.13 mg/100 g), ash (0.56%), fatty acids (89.99%), organic acids (22.41 g/100 g d.m.), sugars (47.96 g/100 g d.m.), and high antioxidant activity of 3.62 mM Trolox (TE)/100 g d.m. (FRAP assay), and 5.11 mM TE/100 g d.m. (DPPH assay). The new biotypes of cherry silverberry cultivated in Poland might be a good source for the production of functional foods, and direct consumption. Moreover, cherry silverberry is an inquisitive material with a different phytochemical components, and according to the principal component analysis, strongly dependent on the biotype.
... α-glucosidase 저해, 혈소판 응집 억제, 항염증, 그리고 암세포 증식 억제 활성 등의 일부 생리활성 을 발휘한다고 보고되고 있다 [1,[4][5][6][7]. 뜰보리수 [8][9][10]. ...
... As shown in Table 1, there are 15 species, including an endangered woody oil species, Elaeagnus mollis, in this genus that has been widely reported to have valuable edible or medicinal properties. As an endemic berry fruit, only seven juicy berries are considered underutilized fruits, including Elaeagnus conferta (Dandge et al., 2011;Jaafar et al., 2018), Elaeagnus kologa (Sasikumar et al., 2012;Patel, 2015), Elaeagnus latifolia (Dasila and Singh, 2021), Elaeagnus multiflora (Lee et al., 2011), Elaeagnus pyriformis (Banerjee et al., 2022), Elaeagnus trifloral (Ramadevi and Narayana, 1990), and Elaeagnus umbellata (Khattak, 2012). The red berries are known as oleaster, silverberry, autumn olive, thorn olive, Russian olive, Persian olive, and wild olive (Patel, 2015). ...
Elaeagnus L. is found in wild or grown as ornamental plants and is increasingly regarded as underutilized berry shrubs by breeders. This genus has cosmopolitan distribution with various species widely distributed in China, Europe, the United States, and Canada. Interspecific hybrids, which have been reported several times, have attracted intense interest from plant breeders attempting to develop a fruit crop of Elaeagnus. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) is a powerful statistical modeling tool that provides insights into separations between experimental groups. In this study, the molecular phylogeny of Elaeagnus species was first discussed using the ITS and matK sequences for guiding the construction of a genetic basis pool. A morphological OPLS-DA clustering model based on the genetic divergence was also constructed for the first time, which effectively realized the morphological grouping of Chinese Elaeagnus species. The results showed that a total of 10 wild species widely distributed in China have the potential to develop fruit crops. Particularly, Elaeagnus conferta has the potential to provide a founder species with a large fruit size, while Elaeagnus Gonyanthes has the potential to provide important genetic resources with long pedicel. Elaeagnus lanceolata and Elaeagnus delavayi could be used to domesticate hybrids without spines, and the other five climbing shrubs could be used to develop high-yield crown-type commercial cultivars for automated field management. The top five contributing morphological traits affecting the current clustering model were V9 (flower color), V1 (flowering), V5 (evergreen or deciduous), V3 (leaf size), and V2 (fruiting). Furthermore, the grouping analysis indicated that the V9 was the most important factor affecting morphological clustering. Thereafter, the temporally calibrated phylogeny inferred from the matK sequence was used to reconstruct the origin and evolution of the genus Elaeagnus, and the results inferred an interesting geographic distribution pattern and potential cross-species interactions of Elaeagnus species at low latitudes in China. Our study also highlighted dispersal pattern investigation and genetic background analysis to improve future practices and policies related to species introduction of genetic basis pool.
... Cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora) fruits have potential applications in the food processing industry as a rich source of nutrients with health-promoting properties. Cherry silverberries have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties [1,2] due to a high content of carotenoids, exogenous amino acids, macronutrients and micronutrients, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C [3,4]. Fruits are a valuable source of lycopene, that seems the most potent antioxidant among common carotenoids that is renowned for its anticarcinogenic effects [4][5][6][7]. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound treatment on the efficiency of carotenoid extraction from cherry silverberries. Fruits (except for the control group) were sonicated at three power levels: 200,400 and 600 W. Fruits were extracted in 95% ethyl alcohol. After extraction, the content of β-carotene and lycopene in the extract was determined by HPLC with the UV-Vis SPD-20A detector and an acetonitrile-methanol-dichloromethane (75:25:5) as mobile phase. The dry matter content of all three sonicated samples was lower than in the control sample. Sonication at 200 W significantly (p < 0.05) increased β-carotene yield (by 59%) relative to the control sample. Lycopene yield also increased significantly (p < 0.05) relative to the control group after sonication at 200 W, but further increase in power did not induce significant improvement in extraction efficiency. The results of this study indicate that ultrasound treatment at 200 W (0.25 W·cm−3) increases the efficiency of carotenoid extraction from cherry silverberries and higher power can lead to reduction of extraction efficiency.
... (Cherry Elaeagnus, cherry silver berry, shown in Fig. 1E) are mainly distributed in Korea and China and are traditionally used as remedy of diarrhea, itching, foul sour, cough, and cancer due to reported phenolics compounds present in leaves extracts (Shin et al., 2008). Fruits have been reported to have phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, and flavonoids that reverse the action of αglucosidase enzyme (Lee et al., 2011;Ismail et al., 2015). E. multiflora heat treated juice exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than untreated juice (the difference between the two were high phenolic and flavonoid contents in the later one). ...
Family Elaeagnaceae is also known as oleaster family having three genera: Hippophae, Shepherdia and Elaeagnus, and about 70–80 species found worldwide. The multipurpose uses of genus Elaeagnus, their pharmacological significances and diverse chemical composition make them worthy of investigation and exploration for botanists and phytochemists. This critical review summarizes the botanical distribution, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of various species of genus Elaeagnus. The online published material/papers available at different search engines were studied to compile this review. The existing literature available on search engines like Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Elsevier, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, ACS publications, Google Scholar and Wiley On-line Library, was screened to collect relevant data. Elaeagnus species are widely used to treat a number of health issues due to their God gifted phytochemical compositions having great beneficial health applications. Phytochemical and biological evaluation studies have revealed the presence of essential chemical constituents like flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, terpenoids, lignanoids, organic acids, coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamin C, lycopene, and polyphenols in Elaeagnus species that are responsible for their remarkable observed biological activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, muscle relaxant effect, anti-diarrheal, antinociceptive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-amnesic activities. This review presents the importance of some species of genus Elaeagnus in terms of their traditional medicinal uses, phytochemical composition as well as potential pharmacological properties. However, bio-guided isolation studies are needed to understand the role of a particular compound in the observed biological activities.
... The genus was considered invasive in many parts of the world until the nutritional and medicinal properties of several species have been explored in the past years (Patel, 2015). In particular, the species Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb., also known as cherry silverberry (CS), has been investigated for the phytochemical content (Lee, Seo, & Cho, 2011); antioxidant and antiproliferative activities (Oh & Lee, 2008); anti-inflammatory and whitening effects (Lee et al., 2007); and anticancer properties (Lee, Lee, & Park, 2010) of its different solvent extracts. Because of the fruit's promising potential as a functional food, it is important to apply processing techniques that would not only lengthen its shelf-life, but also enhance its biological activities. ...
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. (cherry silverberry, CS) is an underutilized fruit with notable phytochemical profile and biological activities. However, there are few studies on cancer inhibitory effect using fermented CS fruits. This study aimed to develop fermented CS fruits using lactic acid bacteria and investigate its anticolorectal cancer (CRC) property and phenolic composition. SW480 CRC cells were treated with aqueous extracts of CS fermented by single and coculture of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. casei. The extracts of fermented CS exhibited greater antiproliferative activity and anticlonogenicity in comparison with the unfermented extract and the control. Among the extracts of CS fruits, the ones fermented by the coculture (LPLC) showed the most potent tumor suppression property, at 25 to 50 µg/mL, by induction of cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases, downregulating cyclins and its dependent kinases while increasing tumor suppressor proteins p27 and p53. LPLC also exerted its tumor suppression effect by inhibiting the chemotactic motility and invasiveness of SW480 cells, downregulating matrix metalloproteinase‐9, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and upregulating TIMP‐9, and E‐cadherin. HPLC‐PDA analysis revealed that the levels of major flavonoids in CS extracts, namely, catechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, naringin, and quercetin, were enhanced by fermentation with L. plantarum and L. casei in coculture. Overall, this study showed that the extracts of fermented CS have augmented and multifaceted anticancer property and can be utilized in the development of functional food or ingredient for the prevention of CRC.
Practical Application
Elaeagnus multiflora, commonly known as cherry silverberry, has been proven to contain bioactive components and possesses high functionality. However, due to limited shelf‐life as a fresh commodity, development of novel product is essential. Fermentation is a beneficial process employed in the food industry to enhance the shelf stability, nutritional, sensory, and functional properties of food products. The present study has explored the possibility of adding value to an underutilized fruit, cherry silverberry, through the process of fermentation, making it as a potential source of functional food and ingredient for the prevention of colorectal cancer.
... Polyphenol성 화합물인 flavan-3-ols과 phenolic acids 유도 체들은 자연계의 식용 혹은 약용이 가능한 식물체에 존재하 고 다양한 생리활성이 뛰어난 것으로 알려져 있다(1,6,23). 일반적으로 phenolics와 flavan-3-ols 화합물들은 분자 내 hydroxyl기가 각종 거대 분자와 결합하여 생리활성을 나타 낸다고 알려져 있으며(4,24), 열처리할 경우 식물 세포막과 세포벽의 ester 결합이 붕괴되면서 결합형 화합물이 유리형 으로 전환된다(4). ...
In this study, vineger was produced after heat treatment of Elaeagnus multiflora juice and its fermentative characteristics were investigated. The heat-treated juice and vinegar of E. multiflora were similar in fruit color, with b values (redness) of 39.48 (juice) and 37.56 (vinegar). After 10 days of fermentation of E. multiflora fruit, the acetic acid bacteria viable cell number, pH, acidity, reducing sugar content, and alcohol content were 4.59-4.62 log CFU/mL, 3.14-3.45, 0.2-2.12%, 0.69-35.24 mg/mL, and 0.2%, respectively. The heat-treated juice and vinegar showed significantly higher radical scavenging and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities than untreated samples, and the levels of soluble phenolics, soluble flavonoids, flavan-3-ol derivatives, and phenolic and derivatives were increased. Additioinally, the heat-treated vinegar contained major organic acids, such as acetic acid (21.82 mg/mL), and major flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, such as catechin (72.24 μg/mL), catechin gallate (273.36 μg/mL), epigallocatechin gallate (68.35 μg/mL), protocatechuic acid (12.84 μg/mL), and salicylic acid (42.29 μg/mL). At 25 μL/mL treatment, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were 79.66%, 93.99%, 90.12%, and 64.85%, respectively. This result suggested that it is possible to produce new types of vinegar and beverages, using heat-treated E. multiflora juice. © The Korean Society of Food Preservation. All rights reserved.
... 일반적으로 phenolic acid는 벤젠 핵에 페놀성 수산화기 (OH)와 카복실기(COOH)를 가지는 화합물이며 식용 가능 한 식물에 존재하고 생리활성이 뛰어난 것으로 알려져 있다 (16,33). 콩 발효식품의 주요 phenolics 화합물로 gallic, protocatechuic, p-cumaric, caffeic, chlorogenic, gentisic, p-hydroxylbenzoic, vanillic 및 ferulic acids로 보고하였고 (34) ...
This study evaluated the changes of physiochemical properties, phytochemical compounds (isoflavones and phenolic acids), and biological activity during the fermentation of Doenjang without and with bitter melon powder (BMP). The pH decreased from 6.41-5.83 to 5.81-5.24, during the fermentation of Doenjang, while the acidity increased from 0.42-0.65% to 1.28-1.48%. The viable cell numbers of Bacillus and Yeast, salinity, and total amino acid contents increased at the end fermentation (60 day). Also, the fermented Doenjang (FD) with 10% BMP showed the highest γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 129.87 mg/100 g) contents, among all the Doenjang samples. The FD exhibited significantly higher inhibitory activities than unfermented Doenjang (UFD) on radicals and α-glucosidase. The phytochemical compounds including isoflavone-aglycones and phenolic acids increased, whereas isoflavoneglycosides decreased in the BM following fermentative processing. Moreover, the total phenolic, isoflavone-aglycone, and phenolic acid contents were markedly increased, leading to a general increase in antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities after fermentation. These results suggest that BMP may be used to prepare a new type of fermented Doenjang with improved antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.
... Additionally, many species are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat symptoms such as cough, diarrhea, itching and foul sores. Phytochemical studies have shown various medicinal properties of this genus, including antioxidant and anti-tumor (Kim et al., 2007;Lee and Seo, 2011). ...
Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Korean Elaeagnus L. were conducted using seven species, one variety, one forma and four outgroups to evaluate their relationships and phylogeny. The sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions in nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to construct phylogenetic relationships using maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Korean Elaeagnus was a polyphyly. E. umbellata var. coreana formed a subclade with E. umbellata. Additionally, the genetic difference between E. submacrophylla and E. macrophylla was very low. Moreover, E. submacrophylla formed a branch from E. macrophylla, indicating that E. submacrophylla can be regarded as a variety. However, several populations of this species were not clustered as a single clade; therefore, further study should be conducted using other molecular markers. Although E. glabra f. oxyphylla was distinct in morphological characters of leaf shape with E. glabra. But E. glabra f. oxyphylla was formed one clade by molecular phylogenetic with E. glabra. Additionally, this study clearly demonstrated that E. pungens occurs in Korea, although it was previously reported near South Korea in Japan and China. According to the results of ITS regions analyses, it showed a resolution and to verify the relationship between interspecies of Korean Elaeagnus.
... (11)은 뜰보리수 열매의 주요 화합물로 catechin 유도체 6종 과 gallic acid 등의 7종 phenolic acid를 보고하였으며, 이들 함량이 가장 높은 75% 주정 추출물에서 항산화 활성이 가장 높다고 보고하였다. 특히 catechin 유도체와 gallic acid 는 식품에서 라디칼 소거활성 뛰어난 것으로 알려져 있다 (28,29). ...
In this study, the characteristics of alcohol fermentation using Elaeagnus multiflora juice were studied under static fermentation condition in an effort to develop new types of functional wine. After 9 days of fermentation at 25^{\circ}C, the pH, soluble solids, reducing sugar, viable cell numbers, and alcohol contents were shown to be 3.32~3.33, 7.8{\sim}9.0^{\circ}C, 29.84~31.05 g/L, 7.26~8.73 cfu/mL, and 11.0%, respectively. The heat treated juice exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than untreated juice while the soluble phenolic and flavonoid contents became higher. Also, the fermented wine after the heat treated at 120^{\circ}C for 30 min contained free sugar such as fructose (0.42 g/L) and glucose (0.09 g/L), major organic acids such as lactic acid (7.32 g/L), malic acid (2.59 g/L), succinic acid (2.16 g/L), and oxalic acid (3.08 g/L), and major flavanols and phenolic acids such as catechin (99.45 mg/L), epicatechin (264.55 mg/L), epigallocatechin (82.19 mg/L), gallic acid (6.44 mg/L), and salicylic acid (60.53 mg/L). In addition, DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP assay results were 70.47%,, 65.93%, and 1.254, respectively. These results suggest that it is possible to produced a new type of wine using Elaeagnus multiflora fruits.
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb., also known as “cherry silverberry”, “cherry elaeagnus”, and “goumi” has been used for a long time in traditional Chinese medicine as a phytosterol-rich plant. Today, the fruits of this species are also becoming more popular as a “superfood” in Europe, but the cultivation of these plants is not yet carried out on a large commercial scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and morphological quality of the fruit of nine E. multiflora biotypes and two cultivars, ‘Jahidka’ and ‘Sweet Scarlet’, to determine their suitability for cultivation in the climatic conditions of Poland. The lowest yields (an average of 0.49 kg per bush) were recorded in 2021. In this year, the fruits of the biotypes and cultivars were distinguished by the highest mean fruit weight, fruit-to-seed weight ratio, and total soluble solids content. Our research shows that due to the greatest weight of fruits, cultivar ‘Jahidka’ and the biotype B11 can be recommended for cultivation in north-eastern Poland. Biotype B11 was distinguished by the highest yield (an average of 4.02 kg per bush). The smallest share of stone in relation to the weight of the fruit was shown for the cultivars ‘Jahidka’, and biotype B4.
The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of polyphenolic and isoprenoid compounds and organic acids in the fruit skin + pulp, seeds, and leaves of six new biotypes of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb., as well as their in vitro biological potency. The polyphenols and isoprenoids were determined with UPLC-PDA-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) and RRLC-MS/MS (rapid resolution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry) methods, the organic acid with HPLC-RID (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a Refractive Index Detector), and the antioxidant capacity using ABTS and FRAP assays. Enzymatic activity was established as the ability to inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. Owing to such an effective technique, 88 compounds were recorded, with 17 polyphenolic compounds and 3 isoprenoids identified for the first time in the seeds and leaves of cherry silverberry. In total, 55 compounds were identified in the leaves, 36 in the seeds, and 31 in the fruit skin + pulp. The predominant polyphenol was polymeric procyanidin (66–95% of total polyphenolics), whereas the predominant isoprenoids were chlorophyll b and (all-E)-lycopene. The results of our work noted that there are significant differences in the profiles of several secondary metabolites between the analyzed parts of the plant, and depending on the need, the compounds can be used to develop different innovative food or cosmetic products.
The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of polyphenolic and isoprenoid compounds and organic acids in the fruit skin + pulp, seeds, and leaves of six new biotypes of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb., as well as their in vitro biological potency. The polyphenols and isoprenoids were determined with UPLC-PDA-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) and RRLC-MS/MS (rapid resolution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry) methods, the organic acid with HPLC-RID (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a Refractive Index Detector), and the antioxidant capacity using ABTS and FRAP assays. Enzymatic activity was established as the ability to inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. Owing to such an effective technique, 88 compounds were recorded, with 17 polyphenolic compounds and 3 isoprenoids identified for the first time in the seeds and leaves of cherry silverberry. In total, 55 compounds were identified in the leaves, 36 in the seeds, and 31 in the fruit skin + pulp. The predominant polyphenol was polymeric procyanidin (66–95% of total polyphenolics), whereas the predominant isoprenoids were chlorophyll b and (all-E)-lycopene. The results of our work noted that there are significant differences in the profiles of several secondary metabolites between the analyzed parts of the plant, and depending on the need, the compounds can be used to develop different innovative food or cosmetic products.
The aim of this study was to determine morphometric parameters of fruits within some genotypes of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb., which are growing in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine (NBG). Their morphometric parameters were following: fruit weight from 0.32 to 1.89 g, fruit length from 7.60 to 19.54 mm, fruit diameter from 4.39 to 10.32 mm, seed weight from 0.10 to 0.41 g, seed length from 7.40 to 13.30 mm, seed diameter from 1.34 to 5.07 mm. The shape indexes of fruits and seeds were found ranging from 1.25 to 1.56 and from 2.90 to 4.04, respectively. The analysis of coefficient of variation showed the difference of variability in morphometric characteristics between Elaeagnus multiflora samples. Data showed that the most variability of important selection characteristics is the average cumulative seeds weight-from 18.72 to 36.61%, seeds diameter-from 10.46 to 24.29%, fruits weight-from 9.15 to 22.24%. The other characteristics are more or less stable. Collected quantitative data were subjected to principal hierarchical cluster analysis. The cluster analysis of morphometric parameters exhibited that the Elaeagnus multiflora genotypes fell into two clusters. These cluster analysis results suggest that broad morphologic diversity was found in Elaeagnus multiflora genotypes examined in this study. The introduction population of the Elaeagnus multiflora, was created in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden in Kyiv, has a sufficient potential for successful selection work. These preliminary results could open the interest of farmers in this Elaeagnus multiflora and will be precedent for future domestication and introduction of the species in the agroproductive system in Ukraine and the rest of the world.
In this study, contetnts of phenolic acid and isoflavone, and biological activities of soy sauce were compared the soy sauce added bitter melon powder (BMPs). After the fermentation, pHs were decreased from 5.83 (0% BMP), 5.47 (5% BMP), and 5.32 (10% BMP) to 5.28, 5.36, and 5.16 at 90 days, whereas the acidities of soy sauce were increased from 0.06%, 0.07%, and 0.09% to 0.30%, 0.28%, and 0.36% at 90 days, respectively. In addition, the salinities of soy sauce were decreased, while viable cell numbers including Bacillus and yeast were increased. The contents of total phenolic, isoflavone-aglycone, and phenolic acid and antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibition activities were significantly increased for 90 days, while the isoflavone-glycoside contents were decreased. In Particular, soy sauce with 10% BMP at 90 days showed the highest contents of glutamic acid (GA, 9,876.09 mg/100 mL) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 325.02 mg/100 mL) contents than among other samples. Additionally, the radical scavenging activities (DPPH, ABTS, OH, and FRAP) and a-glucosidase inhibition activities of soy sauce with 10% BMP at 90 days were shown to be high 96.07%, 97.27%, 59.47%, 1.98%, and 79.96%, respectively.
This study evaluated the changes of physiochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and biological activities during the vinegar fermentation of Elaeagnus multiflora fruit. The contents of pH and reducing sugar decreased from 3.55 and 6.88 mg/mL 3.34 and 2.13 mg/mL, respectively. However the acidity increased from 0.48% to 5.48% during the vinegar fermentation. The alcohol contents increased up to a maximum value of 6.6% at 20 days, and it then decreased at the end fermentation days (2.0%). The viable numbers of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts increased from 4.32 log CFU/mL and 3.23 log CFU/mL at 10 days to 5.4 log CFU/mL and 5.5 log CFU/mL during the spontaneous fermentation, respectively. The major organic acids were acetic acid (38.84 mg/mL), lactic acid (4.92 mg/mL), and malic acid (1.51 mg/mL). The soluble phenolic and flavonoid contents increased from 0.79 mg/mL and 0.12 mg/mL of initial fermentation day to 1.22 mg/mL and 0.14 mg/mL during the spontaneous fermentation. Content of epicatechin gallate decreased from 168.1 μg/mL at 10 days to 115.97 μg/mL. However the content of gallic acid increased from 18.52 μg/mL to 95.07 μg/mL during fermentation. After 60 days of the fermentation, the antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities were 71.35% (DPPH), 79.27% (ABTS), 68.72% (·OH), 85.42% (α-glucosidase), 52.12% (α-amylase), and 53.66% (pancreatic lipase), respectively.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of different plant parts of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. extracted with ethanol (EtOH). EtOH extract of stems presenting the highest content of polyphenols showed the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (EC50=54.04 μg/mL). The total content of free amino acids decreased in the order of leaves (6,179.12 mg/100 g)> stems (1,211.69 mg/100 g)> fruits EtOH extract (378.88 mg/100 g), and asparagine (1,907.57 mg/100 g), γ-aminobutyric acid (300.17 mg/100 g), and proline (233.48 mg/100 g) were the major free amino acid in leaves, stems, and fruits, respectively. Five phenolic compounds in each extract were measured by using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, and gallic acid (98.95 mg/100 g) and (+)-catechin (1,575.99 mg/100 g) were present as major components in leaves and stems, respectively. EtOH extract of leaves showed the highest anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells as measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide and lactate dehydrogenase assay but had no effects on Chang liver cells. © 2016, Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. All rights reserved.
Two-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the natural convection heat transfer induced by the temperature difference between cold walls of the square enclosure and a hot inner circular cylinder in the Prandtl number range of 10−2 ⩽ Pr ⩽ 102 and Rayleigh number range of 103 ⩽ Ra ⩽ 106. In this paper as a sequent research of Mun et al. (2015), the additional geometrical configuration of the system, which is the variation in the vertical position of the inner cylinder, was considered. The change in the structure of convection cells and corresponding heat transfer characteristics were analyzed, which are induced by the variation in the vertical position of the inner cylinder located in the enclosure. And the characteristics of the entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction associated with the flow and thermal structures were addressed in this study.
There needs to be an amendment to the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) with regards to the recent change in percent alcohol by volume (ABV) Korean liquor. This study was performed to suggest a cutoff value, reliability and validity of AUDIT-Korean revised version (AUDIT-KR), which reflect the change of the ABV of Korean alcohol.
The subjects were 435 peoples (210 males and 225 females), who visited the Chungnam National University Hospital for a comprehensive medical examination. The respondents completed the AUDIT-KR. At-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders had been evaluated by diagnostic interview. The Cronbach's alpha value, the receiver operating characteristic curve, the appropriate cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity of the AUDIT-KR were evaluated.
There were 190 at-risk drinkers (111 males and 79 females), and 66 people with alcohol use disorders (48 males and 18 females). The cutoff value of the AUDIT-KR for at-risk drinking was 3 points (sensitivity 93.69% and specificity 78.79%) for males and 3 points (sensitivity 92.40% and specificity 78.08%) for females. The cutoff value for alcohol use disorders was 10 points (sensitivity 100.00% and specificity 89.51%) for males and 8 points (sensitivity 100.00% and specificity 93.71%) for females. Cronbach's alpha of the AUDIT-KR was 0.885.
The above results suggest that the AUDIT-KR shows a high reliability and validity in identifying at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders.
This study evaluated the utility of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C) in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among Korean college students.
For the 387 students who visited Chungnam National University student health center, drinking state and alcohol use disorders were assessed through diagnostic interviews. In addition, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener (CAGE) were applied. The utility of the questionnaires for the interview results were compared.
The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of AUDIT-C for screening at-risk drinking were 0.927 in the male and 0.921 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT and CAGE were 0.906 and 0.643, respectively, in the male, and 0.898 and 0.657, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of at-risk drinking in AUDIT-C were ≥6 in the male and ≥4 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥8 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥5 and ≥1 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT-C in screening alcohol use disorders were 0.902 in the male and 0.939 in the female participants. In the AUDIT and CAGE, the AUROCs were 0.936 and 0.712, respectively, in the male, and 0.960 and 0.844, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of alcohol use disorders in AUDIT-C were ≥7 in the male and ≥6 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥10 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥8 and ≥1 in the female participants.
AUDIT-C is considered useful in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among college students.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in traditional medicine, as a culinary herb and a well-known source of flavouring principles. Total antioxidant activity in 23 Iranian basil accessions was determined as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Total phenolic contents were determined using a spectrophotometric technique, based on the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, according to the method of Spanos and Wrolstad [Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 38 (1990) 1565] and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dw. Total antioxidant activity varied from 10.8 to 35.7 μM Trolox, and total phenolic content ranged from 22.9 to 65.5 mg gallic acid/g dw in “Dezful I” and “Babol” accessions, respectively. A linear positive relationship existed between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic acids content of the tested basil accessions (R2=0.71). Iranian basils possess valuable antioxidant properties for culinary and possible medicinal use.
Malignant transformation of murine and human cells is commonly associated with increased--GlcNAc beta 1-6Man alpha 1-6Man beta--branching in asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Somatic mutations and drugs which block expression of the beta 1-6 branched oligosaccharides are potent inhibitors of tumor cell invasion and metastasis in animal models. This suggests that the oligosaccharides are required for metastasis to occur and therefore their increased presence in primary tumors may be diagnostic of metastatic disease. Although antibodies to the beta 1-6 branched portion of the oligosaccharides are not available, a plant lectin leukoagglutinin (L-PHA) has been shown to bind specifically to this structure. L-PHA lectin histochemistry was performed on paraffin sections of human breast and colon tissues. All breast carcinomas and epithelial hyperplasia with atypia showed significantly increased L-PHA staining compared to fibroadenomas and hyperplasia without atypia. In histological sections of colon, adenomas showed a small but significant increase in L-PHA staining compared to normal colonic epithelium, while carcinomas showed greatly increased reactivity. In addition, Dukes stage C tumors showed higher levels of L-PHA staining than stage A tumors. These results demonstrate that L-PHA-reactive beta 1-6 branched N-linked oligosaccharides are consistently increased in neoplasias of human breast and colon and that the level of L-PHA staining correlates with the pathological staging of the diseases.
Data accumulated over the past two years demonstrate that ionizing radiation can induce mutations in mammalian cells through single base-pair changes at least at one locus. At other loci large scale events dominate. Microscopically visible chromosome changes play an insignificant part. The base-pair changes are probably mediated through miscoding base lesions such as 8-hydroxyguanine or AP sites. The similarity between some ionizing radiation-induced and spontaneously arising mutants is probably due to a common pathway of DNA damage (through oxygen-derived free radicals) and/or repair. However, the ultimate pattern of mutations will be established by analysing additional, different loci and by determining the DNA sequence of an adequate number of representative mutants. At present this is a formidable task, but with the development of more powerful methods of analysis and automated sequencing technology it is entirely feasible. The understanding of the cellular systems involved in limiting the effect of ionizing radiation will help in the design of more powerful radiosensitizers for clinical use and also in radioprotection
There is growing recognition that many phenolic secondary metabolites present in foodstuffs may possibly exert beneficial effects on human health. This may to some degree be mediated via antioxidant actions, but a range of more specific pharmacological effects have also been proposed. Given this background, there may be favourable consequences for the general health of Western populations as a result of optimising the phenolic content of the diet. This paper reviews what is known of the function of phenolics both in the plant and in man. It also describes current understanding of the biosynthesis of phenolics in plants, with emphasis on where potential controlling steps may exist. Finally, advances in identification and isolation of the genes coding for phenolic biosynthetic enzymes or regulatory proteins are also summarised. Taken together, this information provides a basis for attempts to modify and optimise the phenolic content of food crops, using either conventional plant breeding along with manipulation of agronomic practices, or else the more targeted approaches of modern molecular biology. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Soybeans with brown, black, and yellow seed coats were compared to total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities including 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Also, 3 seed coats were examined for inhibitory activities on tyrosinase and lipoxygenase-1 on the basis of spectrophotometric and polarographic methods. Among seed coat extracts, 80% methanol extract of brown soybean seed coat showed the highest total phenolic contents (68.9±3.29 mg GAE/g) as well as exhibited potent scavenging effects on the DPPH (IC50=4.3 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50=3.7 μg/mL) radicals. In a polarographic experiment, this extract was potentially inhibited the oxidation of L-tyrosine and L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanin (L-DOPA) catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 values of 12.4 and 63.7 μg/mL, respectively. It was also detected inhibition of the tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation of L-DOPA with an IC50 value of 120.3 mg/mL in UV spectrophotometric experiment. In addition, this extract inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by lipoxygenase-1 with an IC50 value of 4.0 μg/mL. These results suggest that brown soybean may possess more beneficial effect on human health than black and yellow soybeans.
In Korea and China, cherry elaeagnus (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) has been used traditionally to treat cough, diarrhea, itching, and foul sores. Therefore, in this study, the ethanol and water extracts of cherry elaeagnus leaves were examined for their antioxidant activities. The ethanol extract of the cherry elaeagnus leaves contained more phenolics than the water extract. All the cherry elaeagnus leaf extracts had higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability than ascorbic acid at concentrations of 250-1,000 μg/mL. The ethanol extract also showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity compared to the water extract. Furthermore, the SOD-like activity of the ethanol extract amounted to 89% of that of ascorbic acid at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The nitrite scavenging ability and xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity of the ethanol extract were higher than those of the water extract. In particular, the ethanol extract had higher XOI activity than ascorbic acid at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL.
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
Elaeagnus multiflora, generally referred to as the cherry silverberry, is a plant. Elaeagnus multiflora fruit, leaves, and roots have been traditionally utilized in China as a treatment for cough, diarrhea, itch, and foul sores, and even cancer. More importantly, it is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer, and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. Considering the dearth of information regarding the medicinal properties of Elaeagnus multiflora, we assessed the antioxidative and cytotoxic effects of Elaeagnus multiflora by examining its scavenging effects on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, its inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation, and its inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation in HeLa cells, MCF-7 cells, and SNU-638 cells via MTT assay. Ethanol extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora flesh and seed inhibited DPPH radical production(, ) and lipid peroxidation (, , respectively). The Elaeagnus multiflora seed is believed to exert a possible antioxidative effects against the DPPH radical. The ethanol extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora flesh and seed exerted the cytotoxic effects on Hela cells (, ), MCF-7 cells(, ), and SNU-638 cells(, ) used in this study. This result suggests that Elaeagnus multiflora seeds in contrast to its flesh, is believed to exert a possible anticancer effect. Elaeagnus multiflora seeds are considered to be a the candidate for preventative and dietetic treatment as an anticancer functional food.
This study was investigated to analyze the antioxidant activity or extracts form Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb for development to the functional materials. The antioxidative activities of water ethanol and methanol extracts from the Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb were analyzed by electron donating ability (EDA), anti-oxidization activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, The superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity, and nitrite scavenging ability. The Etectron donating ability of methanol extract was higher in 1.0 mg/mL of extraction solution than those of ethers. The anti-oxidization activity of ethanol and methanol extracts by thiocyanate method using linolenic acid system was higher than those of the water extract. The SOD-like activity was increased with increase of the extract concentration in each extracts. The SOD-like activity was highest in 2.0 mg/mL of methanol extract. The superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity was increased with increase of the concentration in the ethanol extract and methanol extract. The nitrite scavenging ability of water extracts in 1.0 mg/mL of extraction soiution in pH 1.2 was higher than ethanol extrats and methanol extracts. The nitrite scavenging ability of all extracts was decreased according to increase of pH.
The main secondary metabolites of Matricaria chamomilla ligulate flowers are apigenin-7-O-glucoside derivatives and (Z)- and (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxy cinnamic acids (GMCAs), which are the precursors of herniarin. The quantities of these compounds were determinated in six phases of development of ligulate flowers in diploid and tetraploid cultivar. The content of the apigenin glucoside and its main acylated derivatives in ligulate flowers of diploid plants was found to be significantly higher before the start of flowering in comparison with tetraploid plants. During the flowering and post-flowering phase their content decreased and no difference between diploid and tetraploid plants was observed. The (E)-izomer was the dominant form of 2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxy cinnamic acid. These secondary stress metabolite precursors were accumulated in higher concentrations in young growing ligulate flowers, but during flowering and post-flowering phases their content decreased. Significantly higher content was found in tetraploid plants in comparison with diploid plants. Aglycones of glycosides were found in low concentrations.
Water and methanol extracts of persimmon leaf tea were studied for antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities. Antioxidant activity was measured using a β-carotene bleaching method. The activity of water extract was very strong and 0.125% higher than that of 10 mM ascorbic acid. The scavenging activity against superoxide anion radicals by methanol extract was stronger than that of the water extract, while 0.05% concentration of methanol extract showed about 50% inhibition. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of water and methanol extracts was strong, and 0.1% water extract showed more than 90% inhibition. The hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of the extracts, at 1%, was nearly equal to that of 1 mM ascorbic acid. These results show that persimmon leaf tea could be considered as a natural antioxidant source.
5a-Carba-α-L-fucopyranosylamine (5), an α-glucosidase inhibitor validamine analog possessing an α-L-fucose-type structure, and four related compounds (4 and 6−8) were synthesized and their glycosidase inhibitory potential determined. Carbafucosylamine has already been shown to possess a specific and very strong inhibitory activity against α-L-fucosidase (Ki = 1.2 × 10−8M, bovine kidney). Judging from the activity of the other analogs prepared, this amine might be expected to be a lead compound for development of a new type of α-L-fucosidase inhibitor.
Changes in the chemical components of the ripening fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora var. gingantea and E. umbellata, were examined. In the pulp of the fruits, the sugars present, glucose and fructose, increased remarkably with a concomittant decrease in the titrable acidity. Polyphenols, predominantly composed of associated tannins, markedly diminished. In the stone, the contents of the sugars and polyphenols remained constant. L-Ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in the pulp diminished. The fall in L-ascorbic acid is unusual and is paralleled by a fall in the tannin materials.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
l-Enantiomers of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), 1-deoxymannojirimycin (manno-DNJ), 1-deoxyallonojirimycin (allo-DNJ), 1-deoxyaltronojirimycin (altro-DNJ), 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (galacto-DNJ), 1-deoxygulonojirimycin (gulo-DNJ), and 1-deoxyidonojirimycin (ido-DNJ) were prepared according to prior methods for the d-enantiomers. These enantiospecific syntheses established unambiguously the absolute configuration of naturally occurring DNJ, manno-DNJ, allo-DNJ, altro-DNJ, and gulo-DNJ. Although d-DNJ and d-galacto-DNJ are known to be powerful competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase, respectively, with Ki values in the nM range, l-DNJ and l-galacto-DNJ were noncompetitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase, respectively, with Ki values in the μM range. However, the azasugar mimicking the structure of the terminal sugar moiety of the natural substrate is not always an inhibitor of the glycosidase responsible for the hydrolysis. d-manno-DNJ is known as a much better inhibitor of α-l-fucosidase than α-mannosidase, while l-allo-DNJ was a better inhibitor than d-manno-DNJ of α-mannosidase. l-galacto-DNJ can be regarded as the 6-hydroxylated derivative of deoxyfuconojirimycin (DFJ), which is a powerful inhibitor of α-l-fucosidase with a Ki value in the nM range. However, this replacement of the methyl group in DFJ by a hydroxymethyl group reduced its affinity by about 50-fold. This suggests that there is a hydrophobic region in or around the active site of α-l-fucosidase. It has been found that inhibitors of human lysosomal glycosidases have therapeutic potential for the corresponding lysosomal storage diseases (Nat. Med. 1999, 5, 112; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 15428). Inhibition of human lysosomal glycosidases by the 1-deoxyazasugars synthesized was investigated. d-galacto-DNJ is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal α-galactosidase (IC50 = 90 nM) and is now being evaluated preclinically for its potential use in Fabry disease, while d-DNJ inhibiting α-glucosidase (IC50 = 40 nM) potently does not appear to become a potential therapeutic agent because of additional inhibitory activity toward glycoprotein processing α-glucosidases. On the other hand, although l-allo-DNJ is a moderate inhibitor of α-mannosidase (IC50 = 64 μM), it may become a key compound for the drug design of potential therapeutic agents for α-mannosidosis.
Factors affecting the isoflavone contents of soybean seeds were studied. Isoflavone contents of seeds of varieties grown at different locations, on different planting dates, and under different temperatures during seed development were determined by HPLC analysis. Fatty acid composition and contents of DDMP-conjugated saponin were also analyzed. The isoflavone content, together with the ratio of linoleic plus linolenic acid to total fatty acid, significantly decreased in the seeds harvested after growth at a high temperature for all soybean varieties tested. A general decrease was observed for all isoflavones, rather than a decrease restricted to a single molecular species. Of the total seed isoflavones, 80-90% were located in cotyledons, with the remainder in the hypocotyls. The hypocotyls had a higher concentration of isoflavones on a weight basis compared with cotyledons. While the isoflavone content of cotyledons exhibited large changes in response to high temperature during seed development, the isoflavone content remained high in the hypocotyls. As previously reported for other saponins, the DDMP-conjugated saponin content of seeds remained stable in response to elevated temperatures during seed development. These studies provide a basis for attempts to improve seed quality by the reduction of isoflavone content.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the screening of dietary carotenoids and carotenoid-rich fruit extracts for antioxidant activities applying 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay. The decolorization of the ABTS radical cation is an efficient, accurate assay for screening the antioxidant activities of lipophilic substances and food extracts. The inhibitory response of the radical cation is proportional to the antioxidant concentration, and the time point selected (2.5 min) for the analysis explains that this is an ideal measuring point when the reaction is complete. Results for the carotenoids are of the same order as previously reported data using alternative systems for generating the ABTS .+ radical cation. It is essential to examine the relative bioavailability, absorption, and hypoactivity of dietary carotenoids and flavonoids/phenolics to understand the importance of these diverse nutritional components in the maintenance of health and disease prevention. The chapter concludes with a discussion of trolox reference standard for relative antioxidant activities.
There is growing recognition that many phenolic secondary metabolites present in foodstuffs may possibly exert beneficial effects on human health. This may to some degree be mediated via antioxidant actions, but a range of more specific pharmacological effects have also been proposed. Given this background, there may be favourable consequences for the general health of Western populations as a result of optimising the phenolic content of the diet. This paper reviews what is known of the function of phenolics both in the plant and in man. It also describes current understanding of the biosynthesis of phenolics in plants, with emphasis on where potential controlling steps may exist. Finally, advances in identification and isolation of the genes coding for phenolic biosynthetic enzymes or regulatory proteins are also summarised. Taken together, this information provides a basis for attempts to modify and optimise the phenolic content of food crops, using either conventional plant breeding along with manipulation of agronomic practices, or else the more targeted approaches of modern molecular biology.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of freeze-dried and irradiated parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) leaves and stems were determined on methanol and water extracts. The total phenolic content was quantified with the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. Several mechanisms of potential antioxidant activity of all extracts, including determining relative free radical-scavenging and ferrous ion-chelating activities, as well as reducing power, were examined. Assessment of the total antioxidant activity of all extracts was done using an iron-induced linoleic acid oxidation model system. Antimicrobial activity towards Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by different extracts was assessed by determining cell damage. Total phenolic content varied between parsley and cilantro, leaf and stem, as well as methanol and water extracts. Methanol-derived leaf extracts exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) greater radical-scavenging activity towards both lipid- and water-soluble radicals, which was attributed to the total phenolic content. Ferrous ion-chelating activity was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the stem methanol extracts, and corresponded to antioxidant activity. Prooxidant activity was a feature of all aqueous extracts and corresponded to the reducing activity of both leaf and stem parts of parsley and cilantro. Bacterial cell damage, resulting in significant (p < 0.05) greater growth inhibition of B. subtilis and E. coli, corresponded to ferrous sequestering activity of methanol-derived stem extracts.
The kinetics of peroxide accumulation during oxidation of sunflower oil at 100 °C in the presence of different concentrations of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Saturejae hortensis L. have been studied. It has been established that the extracts from Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. do not improve the oxidation stability of sunflower oil. The ethanol extracts from the other four spices have proved to be the most active in retarding the autoxidation process. The strongest action has been exhibited by the ethanol extracts from Saturejae hortensis L., followed by the ethanol extracts from Mentha piperita L. and Melissa officinalis L. The stabilization factor F for the ethanol extracts (0.1–0.5%) from Saturejae hortensis L. is 1.8–2.3. It is higher than F for 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene BHT (F = 1.2). From a practical point of view (yield and stabilization factor), the direct ethanol extract from Saturejae hortensis L. should be recommended as the most suitable antioxidant for the stabilization of sunflower oil.
The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
Extracts of 12 medicinal and aromatic plants were investigated for their radical scavenging activity using DPPH and ABTS assays: Salvia sclarea, Salvia glutinosa, Salvia pratensis, Lavandula angustifolia, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria recutita, Echinacea purpurea, Rhaponticum carthamoides, Juglans regia, Melilotus officinalis, Geranium macrorrhizum and Potentilla fruticosa. Salvia officinalis was used as a reference plant with well documented antioxidant activity. G. macrorrhizum and P. fruticosa extracts possessed very high radical scavenging activity (RSA) in both assays, higher than that of S. officinalis extract. High RSA was also characteristic to other Salvia species and Rhaponticum carthamoides. The content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and flavonols was measured in plant extracts. A correlation between radical scavenging capacities of extracts with total phenolic compound content was observed.
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the anthocyanins in the black seed coated soybean (cv. Cheongja 3, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) using reverse phase C-18 open column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and electro spray ionization/mass spectrometry (DAD-ESI/MS) analysis, respectively. Anthocyanins were extracted from the coat of black soybeans with 1% TFA in methanol, isolated by RP-C-18 column chromatography, and their structures elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The isolated anthocyanins were characterised as delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (3), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (5), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (6), pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (7) and cyanidin (9). Furthermore, four minor anthocyanins were detected and identified as catechin-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (1), delphinidin-3-O-galactoside (2), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (4), and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (8) based on the fragmentation patterns of HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis.
The antioxidant activity (radical scavenging and thiocyanate method), total phenolic contents (gallic acid equivalents) and phenolic composition (coulometric array detection) in methanol extracts of different parts and tissue types of hydroponically grown Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) were determined. Significant differences (P <0.01) in the antioxidant activity were found between leaves and stems. Phenolic content and composition of the leaves and the stems also were found to be different. A positive linear correlation (R=0.943) was demonstrated between radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of each extract. The major phenolic acid and flavonoid in leaves of Swiss chard were syringic acid and kaempferol. Coulometric array detection showed good reproducibility (CV, 0.06–1.05%) and sensitivity (1 ng/ml, detection limit) for simultaneous detection of 13 phenolics. Our data indicates that Swiss chard has potential as a good dietary source of phenolic antioxidants.
Inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucohydrolase activity is one approach for reducing the glycemic response from dietary carbohydrate and may prove useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this article, we describe the pharmacological properties of a time-dependent intestinal alpha-glucohydrolase inhibitor, MDL 73945. When preincubated 2 h with a rat intestinal mucosa preparation before substrate addition, MDL 73945 was a potent inhibitor of sucrase, maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase activities (MDL 73945 concentrations required to cause a 50% decrease in enzyme activity, 2 x 10(-7), 1 x 10(-6), 5 x 10(-6), and 8 x 10(-6) M, respectively); without preincubation, it was 10- to 500-fold less potent. In rats, a single oral dose of MDL 73945 administered simultaneously with 2 g/kg body wt sucrose resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the area under the 0- to 3-h glycemic response curve, which was significant at 1 (45% reduction) and 3 (65% reduction) mg/kg. When administered 1 h before sucrose, the compound was more potent, with 0.3 mg/kg MDL 73945 significantly reducing the glycemic response to sucrose by 62%. A reduction in the glycemic response to sucrose was accompanied by reduced insulin secretion. MDL 73945 was slightly less effective against a starch load, with 3 and 10 mg/kg MDL 73945 administered 0.5 h before starch reducing the glycemic response by 39 and 52%, respectively. MDL 73945 was more effective against a sucrose load in streptozocin-administered rats than in control rats and was as effective after 16 daily doses as after a single dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
As a brief alcohol screening instrument the CAGE has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in identifying problem drinkers among adults. However, some studies have questioned its screening accuracy within a college population. The research presented in this article contains the results of two additional studies that examined the ability of the CAGE to identify problem drinkers within a college student population.
In both 1988 and 1992 a questionnaire of various drinking practices, including CAGE items, was mailed to a random sample of 1,000 students at a large midwestern university (response rate: 58.2%, 1988; 49.8%, 1992). Using identical problem-drinking criteria, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values at various cutoff scores of the CAGE were calculated for both sets of data and for gender.
At the recommended CAGE cutoff score of > 2 for a positive test the sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPV) were slightly higher for the 1992 sample. The PPV values at that cutoff score were 46% (1988) and 49% (1992) and 48% for the combined data. In both samples the screening values were lower for women.
These data from both surveys do not support the CAGE as a screening measure for problem drinking with this population. It appeared to be less accurate with women although that conclusion should be tempered by the fact that there was a relatively low percentage of problem drinkers found among women.
The superoxide free radical has come to occupy an amazingly central role in a wide variety of diseases. Our metabolic focus on aerobic energy metabolism in all cell types, coupled with some chemical peculiarities of the oxygen molecule itself, contribute to the phenomenon. Superoxide is not, as we once thought, just a toxic but unavoidable byproduct of oxygen metabolism. Rather it appears to be a carefully regulated metabolite capable of signaling and communicating important information to the cell's genetic machinery. Redox regulation of gene expression by superoxide and other related oxidants and antioxidants is beginning to unfold as a vital mechanism in health and disease.
In the present study, we screened candidates for enhancing insulin action, using glucose uptake as an indicator, from Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang (LPWT) extract, Liliaceae, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The mechanism of insulin sensitizing action in the fractions was also investigated. LPWT extract with 70% MeOH was sequentially separated with Diaion HP-20 and silica gel column chromatography. The 9:1 fraction from silica gel column chromatography increased glucose uptake with 1 ng/mL up to glucose uptake with 50 ng/mL insulin. The 9:1 fraction, determined as homoisoflavone-enriched fraction, worked as an insulin sensitizer. It increased insulin stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, insulin responsive cells, through increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) contents in the plasma membrane. GLUT4 translocation was increased through insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)-PI3 kinase-Akt signaling mechanism. Thus, homoisoflavone-enriched fraction in LPWT extract played an important role as an insulin sensitizer in adipocytes.
The new catecholic xanthone, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,6-(2,2-dimethylchromeno)-xanthone (1), was isolated from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata together with seven known xanthones. The structures were fully characterized by analysis of physical and spectral (UV, IR, mass, and NMR) data. Relationships between the structural characteristics of xanthones and their antioxidant activities (DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical) were studied. Among the range of catecholic xanthones, 6,7-dihydroxyl xanthones (3-8) exhibited a strong scavenging effect on the DPPH radical. When one of the catecholic hydroxyl groups was protected as in compounds 1 and 2, DPPH radical scavenging activity was markedly decreased (IC(50)>200microM). DPPH activities were consistent with electrochemical response by cyclic voltammetry. Interestingly, compounds (1, 2) which had the weak activities on DPPH, exhibited both potent superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. The strong activity on the hydroxyl radical of compounds (1, 2) could be rationalized by their chelating effect with iron (Fe(2+)) due to a redshift of its complex. The catecholic xanthones (3-8), being able to convert quinone methide intermediate, showed potent cytotoxicities against human cancer cell lines (HT-29, HL-60, SK-OV3, AGS, and A549). In particular, compounds 3, 6, and 7 had strong cytotoxic activities against AGS (LD(50)<5microM). DNA fragmentation patterns induced by catecholic xanthones revealed that tumor cell death was due to apoptosis.
The methanolic root extract of Glycine max (L.) Merr. was chromatographed, which yielded 10 flavonoids, including three isoflavones 1-3, five pterocarpans 4-8, one flavonol 9, and one anthocyanidin 10. All isolated compounds were examined for LDL-antioxidant activities using four different assay systems on the basis of Cu2+-mediated oxidation. Among them, seven compounds showed potent LDL-antioxidant activities in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, the lag time of conjugated diene formation, relative electrophoretic mobility (REM), and fragmentation of apoB-100 on copper-mediated LDL oxidation. Three pterocarpans 4, 6, and 7, never reported as LDL-antioxidant, showed potent activities with IC50 values of 19.8, 0.9, 45.0 microM, respectively, in comparison with probucol (IC50 = 5.6 microM) as positive control. Interestingly, coumestrol 6 (IC50 = 0.9 microM) showed 20 times more activity in the TBARS assay than genistein (IC50 = 30.1 microM) and daidzein (IC50 = 21.6 microM), representative antioxidants in soybean. Moreover, coumestrol 6 had an extended lag time of 190 min at 3.0 microM in measuring conjugated diene formation, while both genistein (120 min) and daidzein (93 min) lag times were extended to less than 120 min at the same concentration.
The antiinflammatory properties of triterpenoids and steroids from both Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae were studied. Twelve compounds, including ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (1), ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-yl palmitate (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (3), ergosta-7,22-dien-2beta,3alpha,9alpha-triol (4), 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (5), ganoderal A (6), ganoderal B (7), ganoderic aldehyde A (8), tsugaric acid A (9), 3-oxo-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (10), 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (11), and tsugaric acid B (12), were assessed in vitro by determining their inhibitory effects on the chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Compound 10 showed a significant inhibitory effect on the release of beta-glucuronidase from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB) whereas compound 9 significantly inhibited superoxide anion formation in fMLP/CB-stimulated rat neutrophils. Compound 10 also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-stimulated N9 microglial cells. Moreover, compound 9 was also able to protect human keratinocytes against damage induced by ultraviolet B (UV B) light, which indicated 9 could protect keratinocytes from photodamage.
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Study on the antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruit of Elaeagnus multiflora Thumb
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