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Analysis of the variation in scent components of Hosta flowers by HS-SPME and GC–MS
... There are many factors to be considered when investigating floral scents, including scent emission by oil secretory cells in different floral parts and how this varies according to flowering stages. Studies in many fragrant plants such as crabapple [12], Luculia pinceana [3] and Cananga odorata [13] have shown that the temporal patterns of odorant emission from flowers are comparable, while studies in Protea [14], Hosta [15] and Dianthus inoxianus [16] have shown that there are usually a variety of spatial patterns. Moreover, the distribution of the oil cells in flower organs has a significant effect on floral scent production [17], as volatile compounds are synthesized in the oil cells and are immediately released and disperse [6,18]. ...
... This seemed to occur in M. crassipes as well, as emitted scent components were drastically increased at the stage of full bloom in all isolated floral parts. However, the pistil emitted a much higher abundance of odorant components than the tepals and stamens of M. crassipes, which contrasts with the findings from many other species [14][15][16]. This can be explained by the distribution variances of specialized oil cells in M. crassipes flowers, where the aroma volatiles are mainly produced. ...
Michelia crassipes is a great ornamental plant, the flowers of which have high economic value. In this study, we employed headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS–SPME) combined with gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) for the first time to identify the volatile compounds emitted from different organs of M. crassipes flowers at different flowering stages. M. crassipes flower odor comprises 69 volatile compounds that are dominated by terpenes constituting 84% of collected volatiles. It was found that α-guaiene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene B had the highest relative amounts, while ethyl 3-methyl valerate, methyl benzoate and β-damascone had the highest odor activity values (OAVs). This contributed to the complex fruity, woody and floral aromas of M. crassipes. Total odor emission increased along the flower blooming, which was most abundant in the pistil followed by tepals and stamens. Paraffin sections of M. crassipes flower organs showed the highest density of oil secretory cells in the pistil at the full flowering stage, which was positively correlated with total odor release. The scent of the pistil and tepals was characterized by terpenes, whereas stamens was characterized by benzenoids. We suggest that the benzenoids in stamens might contribute to pollinator attraction in M. crassipes.
... Therefore, the dominant volatiles in 'High Noon' tree peony is linalool as reported by Li et al. (2012). Variation in volatiles compositions at different flowering stages mirrored that of Osmanthus fragrans 'Boye Jingui' (Shi et al., 2018) and Hosta plantaginea Tratt (Liu et al., 2014). The floral fragrance of all these plants obeyed similar release laws at different flowering stages, those being, an increase followed by a decrease. ...
... Other species release fragrance at different flowering times (Shi et al., 2018). For example, O. fragrans 'Boye Jingui' releases fragrance during the initial opening stage, Hosta ventricosa (Liu et al., 2014) releases fragrance at the early opening stage, and Acacia cyclops releases fragrance during the balloon stage (Kotze et al., 2010). At the initial stage, the petals of the 'High Noon' variety were tightly wrapped and not easy to open completely. ...
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), a traditional Chinese ornamental plant, is famous for its large, colorful, and fragrant flowers. Studies on tree peony have mainly focused on the improvement of flower color and the regulation of the flowering stage, but the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation of floral fragrance has yet to be understood. In this study, the aromatic tree peony variety ‘High Noon’ was used to determine whether volatile compounds (volatiles) in flowers were synthesized at the balloon, initial opening, half opening, or full opening stages. Transcriptomic sequencing was conducted on petals and stamens collected at the balloon and full opening stages. The relative content of linalool peaked during the full opening stage of flowering, and linalool was the main component of flower fragrance. As flowering progressed, the relative content of monoterpenes gradually increased and the relative content of sesquiterpenes gradually decreased. Transcriptome data revealed 23695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 142 of which were related to terpene accumulation. Transcriptome analysis and correlation analysis between floral volatiles and gene expressions showed that, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5- phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AACT), geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), and terpene synthase (TPS) may be major regulators controlling floral terpene biosynthesis in ‘High Noon’. And PsGPPS may regulate the expression of GPPS, and then participate in the synthesis of terpenes. This study provides a possible molecular mechanism for terpene formation in tree peony ‘High Noon’ flowers as well as a theoretical basis upon which to study tree peony flowers.
... Detailed studies on floral scent profiles have been carried out on many traditional aromatic plants, including orchids [3,4], Osmanthus fragrans [5], tree peony [6], Lilium [7], rose [8,9], Prunus mume [10], Chimonanthus praecox [11] and so forth. However, in recent years, ornamental plant researchers and breeders have paid more and more attention on some novel fragrant ornamental plants such as Luculia pinceana [12], Hosta [13], Lagerstroemia indica [14], whose floral fragrances are distinctive, so as to discover new floral scent components which could be applied in generating novel varieties. ...
... Differentiations in scent profiles among species or cultivars have been demonstrated in several ornamental plants. It is noteworthy that overall our samples exhibited more volatile complexity than Chrysanthemum (193 compounds across 39 accessions) [24], tree peony (146 compounds across 30 accessions) [6], Narcissus (84 compounds across nine accessions) [25], Hosta (70 compounds across 46 accessions) [13], Silene (60 compounds across 10 species) [26], Phlox (59 compounds across 22 accessions) [27] and so forth. In our study, α-longipinene, thujopsene, α-pinene, limonene, nerolidol, tetrahydrogeraniol, hexadecane, pentadecane, lauryl alcohol, l-caryophyllene, linalool, alloaromadendrene were detected in most of the accessions. ...
Bearded irises are ornamental plants with distinctive floral fragrance grown worldwide. To identify the floral scent profiles, twenty-seven accessions derived from three bearded iris, including Iris. germanica, I. pumila and I. pallida were used to investigate the composition and relative contents of floral scent components by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 219 floral scent components were detected in blooming flowers. The scent profile varied significantly among and within the three investigated species. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that terpenes, alcohols and esters contributed the most to the floral scent components and 1-caryophyllene, linalool, citronellol, methyl cinnamate, β-cedrene, thujopsene, methyl myristate, linalyl acetate, isosafrole, nerol, geraniol were identified as the major components. In a hierarchical cluster analysis, twenty-seven accessions could be clustered into six different groups, most of which had representative scent components such as linalool, citronellyl acetate, thujopsene, citronellol, methyl cinnamate and 1-caryophyllene. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for floral scent evaluation and breeding of bearded irises.
... Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, C 10 H 18 O) is a tertiary alcohol and a monoterpenoid. Linalool is one of the main floral volatile compounds of plants, such as O. fragrans [22], Freesia hybrida [23], Jasminum sambac [24], and Hosta plantaginea [25]. It has a flowery-fresh aroma that is reminiscent of lily of the valley [26]. ...
Linalool is a well-known volatile compound. It is usually extracted from plants or synthesized by chemical methods. However, there is still no rapid screening method for plants with high linalool content. Therefore, we aimed to establish a method determining linalool content in Osmanthus fragrans by electronic nose (E-nose). The volatile gases of three cultivars of O. fragrans were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and E-nose. Different concentrations of linalool were measured by E-nose. Then, the E-nose data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to establish a discriminant model for determining linalool concentrations. Prediction models based on principal component regression (PCR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were developed from all sensors and feature sensors to determine linalool concentrations in the three cultivars of O. fragrans flowers. Finally, the linalool concentrations determined by gas chromatography were used to verify the accuracy of the prediction model. The results show that linalool had the highest abundance among the volatile compounds of O. fragrans, and the MLR prediction model had an R 2 of 0.992 in calibration sets and an R 2 of 0.895 in prediction sets using 10 sensors. This study describes a rapid and accurate method for the detection and quantification of linalool concentrations.
... and Protea L. spp. emit a different combination of volatile chemicals as the flower ages (Liu et al., 2014;Steenhuisen et al., 2010). Day or night variation in scent components has been documented for several species. ...
We report the analysis of floral fragrance volatiles from two scented amaryllis species, Hippeastrum brasilianum and Hippeastrum parodii. Whereas the headspace of H. brasilianum is dominated by a large peak of (Z)-β-ocimene (88% of total peak area), H. parodii has two large peaks comprising 78%, identified as eucalyptol (1,8-cineole, 30%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (48%). The two species also differ in other constituent compounds. Overall, H. parodii, although producing less total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has a more diverse bouquet. This species also exhibits an inverse pattern of emission between eucalyptol and β-ocimene, both daily and across the 4-day period fromanthesis to senescence of the flower. We compare our results with reports for a complex amaryllis hybrid and a bat-pollinated species, Hippeastrum calyptratum. The hybrid had a very different complement of emissions. The bat-pollinated species shared some of the same constituent volatiles as H. brasilianumandH. parodii, but at lower percentages, and emitted a more diverse assortment of compounds. We conclude that both H. brasilianum and H. parodii attract lepidopteran pollinators but suggest that H. parodii may also attract other insects. We briefly discuss floral fragrance from the perspective of breeding amaryllis. © 2017, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... The typical methods used include liquid–liquid extraction, purge and trap, steam distillation (SD), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME)[15]. SPME is simple, fast, sensitive, requires no solvent[16], and has been successfully used to analyze volatile compounds in a variety of flowering plants, such as Hosta, Tree peony, Styrax tonkinensis, Narcissus tazetta, and Phalaenopsis[8,15,[17][18][19]. Many of these floral fragrance volatiles are terpenes, phenylpropanoids, or fatty acid derivatives[5,13,14]. ...
Oncidium is an important ornamental crop worldwide, and in recent years, the characteristics of the flower aroma have become a concern for breeders. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the volatile compounds to study the aroma characteristics of Onc. Rosy Sunset. A total of 45 compounds were identified, with the major compound being linalool. Onc. Rosy Sunset had the highest odor concentration from 10:00 to 12:00 and lowest from 20:00 to 24:00. The inflorescence emitted the highest quantities of volatile compounds during stages 3–6, which then decreased with the aging of the flowers. In Onc. Rosy Sunset, the sepals and petals were the major parts for the floral fragrance emission, in which linalool content was the highest, whereas the lip and column had a different composition of major volatile compounds, of which benzaldehyde, β-myrcene, and β-caryophyllene dominated.
... The highest diversity of floral volatiles was detected at the full-flowering stage. In most plants (e.g., citrus flowers [22], Vanda Mimi Palmer [23], Cananga odorata [24], Ocimum citriodorum [25], Penstemon digitalis [26], and Hosta flowers [27]), the amount of scent emission and the diversity of floral volatiles were sharply increased at the stage of full bloom and decreased highly after full bloom. By contrast, the patterns of scent emission across L. yunnanensis flowering stages are different from one other. ...
Luculia
plants are famed ornamentals with sweetly fragrant flowers.Luculia yunnanensisHu is an endemic plant from Yunnan Province, China. Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the different flower development stages ofL. yunnanensisfor the evaluation of floral volatile polymorphism. The results showed that a total of 40 compounds were identified at four different stages. The main aroma-active compounds were 3-carene, α-cubebene, α-copaene, δ-cadinene, and isoledene. Floral scent emission had the tendency to ascend first and descend in succession, reaching its peak level at the initial-flowering stage. The richest diversity of floral volatiles was detected at the full-flowering stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the composition and its relative content of floral scent differed at the whole flower development stage. In comparison with the other two species ofLuculia(L. pinceanaandL. gratissima), the composition and its relative content of floral scent were also different among the tree species.
... Among them, HS-SPME is one of the most commonly used methods for the extraction and analysis of the volatile compounds in food samples due to its simple, rapid, and solvent-free sampling procedure (Pérez-Palacios et al. 2012;Ferreira et al., 2009). HS-SPME coupled with a gas chromatographymass spectrometer (GC-MS) has been successfully used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the aroma compounds of various matrices, such as teas (Du et al. 2012;Lin et al. 2013;Rawat et al. 2007), fruit (Cheng et al. 2015;Martendal et al. 2011), wine (Ding et al. 2016;Silva et al. 2015), and others (Soto et al. 2015;Liu et al. 2014). ...
A novel method, using combined temperatures in a single headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure, was proposed in this research to extract the volatile compounds when analyzing the volatile profile of black tea by GC-MS. Parameters that influenced the extraction were optimized, and the optimal conditions for the proposed method were as follows: the saturation of sodium chloride of 100%, the ratio of tea to water of 1:5.92, and a total extraction time of 60 min comprising 11.9 min at 30 °C, 17.4 min at 50 °C, and 30.7 min at 70 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the total peak area of the volatile compounds and the number of the identified compounds using the proposed method were both more than those by using the conventional method, which indicated that temperature affects the extraction efficiency of compounds with different volatilities. Using combined temperatures in a single HS-SPME procedure could obtain more information including contents and number of the volatile compounds identified in the determination of volatile compounds with different volatilities of black tea and other complex substrates.
... The amount of VOCs at the bud stage and the end-flowering stage was obviously lower than that at the initial-flowering stage. The emission pattern of L. pinceana flowering stages was different from Cananga odorata [23], Vanda Mimi Palmer [24], and Hosta flowers [25] of which the fragrance ingredients were drastically emitted at the full-flowering stage and decreased greatly afterwards. These results showed that the emissions at different flower stages evidently differed. ...
Luculia plants are famed ornamental plants with sweetly fragrant flowers, of which L. pinceana Hooker, found primarily in Yunnan Province, China, has the widest distribution. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was employed to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from different flower development stages of L. pinceana for the evaluation of floral volatile polymorphism. Peak areas were normalized as percentages and used to determine the relative amounts of the volatiles. The results showed that a total of 39 compounds were identified at four different stages of L. pinceana flower development, including 26 at the bud stage, 26 at the initial-flowering stage, 32 at the full-flowering stage, and 32 at the end-flowering stage. The most abundant compound was paeonol (51%-83%) followed by (E,E)-α-farnesene, cyclosativene, and δ-cadinene. All these volatile compounds create the unique fragrance of L. pinceana flower. Floral scent emission offered tendency of ascending first and descending in succession, meeting its peak level at the initial-flowering stage. The richest diversity of floral volatile was detected at the third and later periods of flower development. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the composition and its relative content of floral scent differed throughout the whole flower development. The result has important implications for future floral fragrance breeding of Luculia. L. pinceana would be adequate for a beneficial houseplant and has a promising prospect for development as essential oil besides for a fragrant ornamental owing to the main compounds of floral scent with many medicinal properties.
Styrax japonicus is a gorgeous species with high medicinal and ornamental values. Floral scent is an important feature of this species. However, the previous study on its floral scent is limited. To demonstrate the effects of methyl jasmonate on floral scent compounds in Styrax japonicus at different flowering stages, static headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was adopted. The results showed that 22 volatile compounds were identified in control at initial flowering, full flowering and end flowering stage. Besides, the relative content of these compounds increased with the development of flowers. Linalool, estragole and germacrene‐d were main volatiles. Compared to the control, 4 new compounds were determined under methyl jasmonate treatment, including β‐elemene, α‐muurolene, β‐caryophyllene and alloaromadendrene. 26 volatile compounds were found under 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment with much higher contents of α‐pinene and linalool. Meanwhile, 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate enhanced the relative content of volatile compounds at three flowering stages. This treatment also contributed to the highest content of linalool, followed by control. The linalool content displayed a continuous increasement in both 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment and control. Our research highlighted that the application of methyl jasmonate, especially with the concentration of 200 μmol/L, had a more positive impact on the type and the relative content of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers. The results helped to understand the release patterns of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers and provide important information to regulate the floral scents.
The floral fragrance of plants is an important indicator in their evaluation. The aroma of sweet cherry flowers is mainly derived from their essential oil. In this study, based on the results of a single-factor experiment, a Box–Behnken design was adopted for ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from sweet cherry flowers of the Brooks cultivar. With the objective of extracting the maximum essential oil yield (w/w), the optimal extraction process conditions were a liquid–solid ratio of 52 mL g ⁻¹ , an extraction time of 27 min, and a microwave power of 435 W. The essential oil yield was 1.23%, which was close to the theoretical prediction. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the sweet cherry flowers of four cultivars (Brooks, Black Pearl, Tieton and Summit) were identified via headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that a total of 155 VOCs were identified and classified in the essential oil from sweet cherry flowers of four cultivars, 65 of which were shared among the cultivars. The highest contents of VOCs were aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and esters. Ethanol, linalool, lilac alcohol, acetaldehyde, ( E )-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde and dimethyl sulfide were the major volatiles, which were mainly responsible for the characteristic aroma of sweet cherry flowers. It was concluded that the VOCs of sweet cherry flowers were qualitatively similar; however, relative content differences were observed in the four cultivars. This study provides a theoretical basis for the metabolism and regulation of the VOCs of sweet cherry flowers.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The genus Hosta (Liliaceae family) represents an interesting source of natural bio-constituents, and the 50 species of this genus are widespread in the world. Five species have been used as traditional East Asian medicines for treating inflammation and pain-related diseases. However, the available data for this genus have not been comprehensively reviewed regarding their extracts and secondary metabolites.
Aim of the study
The present review aims to provide a deeper insight, better awareness and detailed knowledge of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology along with toxicological aspects of the genus Hosta in the past decades (February 1964 to August 2020). In addition, the relevance among traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry in folk medicines were extensively discussed.
Materials and methods
The relevant information of Hosta species was obtained from several databases. Moreover, the medical books, PhD and MSc dissertations in Chinese were also used to perform this work.
Results
Comprehensive analysis of the afore-mentioned databases, medical books and dissertations confirmed that ethnomedical uses of Hosta genus plants had been recorded in China, Japan, Korea and other countries. To date, only eight species have been studied for chemical constituents, and a total of 200 secondary metabolites (not include essential oil constituents), including steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, furan derivatives, phenylpropanoids, phenethyl derivatives, terpenoids, aliphatics, and others. The crude extracts and isolated chemical constituents exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-viral, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antimicrobial, anti-chronic prostatitis, and other effects. Moreover, only the n-butanol fraction of H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn roots showed moderate acute toxicity in mice. In addition, the relevance among traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry in folk medicines were extensively discussed.
Conclusions
Hosta spp. are plants rich in steroids and flavonoids with valuable medicinal properties; though, there are several gaps in understanding the traditional uses in the current available data. More high scientific quality preclinical studies with new methodology are necessary to assess the safety, efficacy and mechanism of these plants.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil) is a valuable plant for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and therapeutical traits. The flower volatile compounds (FVCs) of ten Narcissus pseudonarcissus cultivars were analyzed by Headspace/Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS/SPME- GC/MS). 69 and 73 FVCs were detected in perianth and corona of the ten cultivars. The compounds are largely comprised of monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, benzenoid compounds and other minor compounds classes. Monoterpenes were major component among the FVCs, with beta-ocimene and beta-myrcene as the two major compounds in most perianths and coronas. The composition and content of the FVCs of different cultivars are quite different from each other.
Hosta is a perennial ornamental plant used in Eastern folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in particular coughs and pharyngolaryngeal, folliculitis, mastitis, urethritis, bruises and dysmenorrhea.
The aim of the research was the study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids in rhizomes with roots, leaves, and flowers of Hosta lancifolia.
Materials and methods. The fatty acid composition of the rhizomes with roots, leaves and flowers of Hosta lancifolia was studied by gas chromatography, which is based on the formation of methyl esters of fatty acids and their subsequent determination.
The results of the study and their discussion. As the result of the study 16 fatty acids, 13 which of them were identified were collectively determined in all types of plant raw material. Unsaturated fatty acids quantitatively dominated in all types of plant raw material. Their total content in the rhizomes with roots were 73.82 %, in the leaves, - 64.9%, and in the flowers of Hosta lancifolia their content was 69.15 %.
In Hosta lancifolia rhizomes with roots, leaves, and flowers linoleic and palmitic fatty acids were accumulated in significant amount. In addition, there was observed a high content of oleic acid – 20.63 % in rhizomes and roots. Linolenic acid mainly accumulated in flowers – 38.78 %. Oleic and arachidonic acids were detected in leaves at the significant amount. Their contents were almost identical and consistent with 15.15 % and 15.83 %. Eicosanic, begenic and lignocerinic fatty acids in all the investigated plant raw materials waere accumulated in small amount and their content was less than 1.00 %.
Conclusion. Hosta lancifolia contains a considerable number of unsaturated fatty acids in rhizomes with roots, leaves, and flowers. The dominant acids in all the investigated raw materials were palmitic and linoleic acids, and the content of eicosanic, begenic and lignocerinic fatty acids was less than 1.00 %
Head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was adopted to gather volatile organic compounds emitted from the flower of Luculia gratissima (Wallich) Sweet. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the analysis of the characteristics of the volatile component profile. The inflorescence of L. gratissima is a terminal umbel of tubular ended white or pink flowers with 5 spreading petals. A total of 20 compounds were identified, representing 99 % of the entire amount. The major components were γ-muurolene (46.3 %), 3-carene (23.5 %) and trans-isoeugenol (14.4 %), and they were found to make a principal contribution to the volatile compounds of this flower. It is suggested that L. gratissima would be fully qualified as a delightfully fragrant houseplant.
Traditional breeding objectives focusing on flower type and colour have resulted in the lack of floral fragrances in modern daylilies. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to determine the contributions of floral volatiles to floral fragrances in 46 daylilies (seven species, one variety, and 38 cultivars). Thirty-seven floral volatiles were identified, including 30 terpenoids, five benzenoids, and two nitrogenous compounds. Sensory evaluation and HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed that variations in the relative emission rates and proportions of (E)-β-ocimene and linalool were mainly responsible for different fragrance patterns in Hemerocallis. The studied daylilies were grouped to six fragrance patterns: (1) intense herbaceous and pungent scent, having the highest (E)-β-ocimene emission level; (2) intense flowery and pungent scent, having medium (E)-β-ocimene and low linalool emission levels; (3) medium flowery and sweet scent, having very low (E)-β-ocimene and the highest linalool emission levels; (4) low flowery and fresh scent, having low (E)-β-ocimene and no linalool emission levels; (5) very low herbaceous and fresh scent, having very low (E)-β-ocimene and linalool emission levels; and (6) no scent, having trace amounts of floral volatiles.
Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the means of separation and identification, a solvent extraction (SE) method was firstly developed and used for capturing and concentrating the volatile components from Syringa flowers. Its performance was assessed through comparing with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology which is generally recognized as an effective means for trapping the volatile substances. Four main influence parameters, solvent, solvent volume, extraction time and heating temperature, were optimized in order to obtain a high extraction efficiency. The experimental results show that both methods exhibit their own extraction performance for Syringa emodi Wall. Among total 21 substances separated, 17 substances were identified using these two methods. Thereinto, 15 is for SE and 12 is for HS-SPME respectively. Among these 17 substances, 10 are commonly owned and 7 are specially owned with 5 for SE and 2 for HS-SPME. Both of two methods also feature a different relative content for the substances involved. These comparison results show that SE has the ability to trap the volatile components, even better than HS-SPME for this case. Besides, this method was also applied to other 15 varieties of Syringa flowers.
A method combining headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for analyzing the volatile components in e-liquids. Five different e-liquids were tested with the developed method. The results indicated that: 1) The optimum pretreatment conditions were 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/ divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) coating assembly fiber, extracting for 30 minutes at 80℃, and desorbing for 5 minutes at 250℃. 2) 53, 31, 30, 17 and 29 compounds were identified in the 5 samples, respectively; among them, the main compounds were alkenes, alcohols, esters and hydrocarbons. 3) The average relative standard deviation of components' peak areas was 6.73% for 5 repeated tests of sample No.1. 4) The most important flavoring substance in the 5 e-liquids was limonene, followed by β-pinene, myrcene, menthol and 1-caryophyllene. Characteristic aroma substances were added into the e-liquids to enhance their flavor styles. This method features high sensitivity and good repeatability, it is suitable for the analysis of volatile components in e-liquids. ©, 2015, Editorial Office of Tobacco Science and Technology. All right reserved.
Industrial Crops and Products j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / i n d c r o p a b s t r a c t The fragrance of Narcissus flowers is used for luxury perfumes because of its delicate odor. Fragrance productivity is relatively low and an increase in fragrance yield is therefore an important issue. This study investigated the development of scent emission and scent profile of narcissus cultivars of simple and double flower architecture. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were applied to analyze flower scent in dependence of daytime and flower age. The major scent compounds identified were those typical for Narcissus species, monoterpenes and benzenoids, here in form of cis--ocimene and benzyl acetate. The double flower cultivar, with 11 major compounds had a more complex scent profile than the simple flower cultivar with 6 major volatiles. Both cultivars showed circadian emission patterns and produced significantly less scent during the night than during the day with a reduction of 40% in double flowers and 37% in single flowers. Four-day old flowers produced 37% and 59% less volatiles in double and simple flowers compared to freshly cut flowers. Volatile composition varied among cultivars, daytime and flower age, however benzyl acetate and cis--ocimene continuously formed the major compounds. Compound flowers with doubled perianth structures produced double amount of scent compared to simple flowers independent of daytime. The drastic differences in volatile production depending on daytime, flower age and flower architecture should be taken into account when using narcissus flowers for the production of absolute fragrance extracts.
The essential oil in the peel and pulp of a popular green Thai mango, Khieo Sawoei cultivar (Mangifera indica L.) has been characterized by means of the odor thresholds. γ-Terpinene, (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the major components. These major components differed from those of African mangoes, Florida mangoes, Indian mangoes and yellow Thai mangoes. The volatile oils from the pulp and the peel showed a high similarity of the volatile components in both sites. Odor unit values (Uo) of volatile components in both parts let us find out the aroma potent components in the Khieo Sawoei mango. Thus, nine compounds: hexanal (Uo = 189) and (E)-2-hexenal (Uo = 132) in the pulp showed higher Uo values (more than 1), while sixteen compounds: 2,4-decadienal (Uo = 279), (E)-2-decenal (Uo = 132), γ-terpinene (Uo = 125), (E)-β-ocimene (Uo = 119), (E)-2-hexenal (Uo = 116), and hexanal (Uo = 115) showed higher Uo values in the peel. Odor spectrum values calculated by these odor unit values characterized the aroma quality of Khieo Sawoei mango.
Floral fragrances are an important component for pollinator attraction in beetle-pollinated flowers Several genera in the Proteaceac contain beetle-pollinated species However, there is no information on the floral scent chemistry of beetle-pollinated members of the family In this paper we report on the spatial variation and differences between developmental stages in emission of inflorescence (flowerhead) volatiles of four South African Protea species (P caffra, P dracomontana, P simplex, and P welwitschu) that are pollinated by cetoniine beetles The scents from different inflorescence parts (bracts, perianth, styles, and nectar) and from successive anthem stages of whole inflorescences were sampled using dynamic headspace collection and identified using GC MS Although the four species shared many scent compounds, possibly reflecting their close phylogenetic relationships and common pollinators, they showed significant differences in overall scent composition due to various species-specific compounds, such as the unique tiglate esters found in the scent of P welwitschu The strongest emissions and largest number of volatiles, especially monoterpenes, were from inflorescences at full pollen dehiscence Senescing inflorescences of two species and nectars of all species emitted proportionally high amounts of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) and aromatic alcohols, typical fermentation products As a consequence, the scent composition of nectar was much more similar among species than was the scent composition of other parts of the inflorescence These results illustrate how the blends of compounds that make up the overall floral scent arc a dynamic consequence of emissions from various plant parts (C) 2010 SAAB Published by Elsevier B V All rights reserved
The establishment of aromatic profile of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation of the overground parts of Thymus vulgaris was examined by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Identified were thirty components. They constituted approximately 100 % of the main elements of the essential oil, as follows: thymol (46.2%), γ-terpinene (14.1%), p-cymene (9.9%), lina-lool (4.0%), myrcene (3.5%), α-pinene (3.0%) and α-thujene (2.8%). The essential T.vulgaris characteristic was its high content of thymol (46.2%).
The volatile composition of six Hypericum species has been studied. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation in 500 mL H2O for 2 h in a modified Clevenger apparatus with a water-cooled oil receiver to reduce hydrodistillation over-heating artifacts, and their analyses were performed by GC and GC–MS. Identification of the substances was made by comparison of mass spectra and retention indices with literature records. A total of 100 different compounds were identified. The main constituents of the investigated populations of each taxon have been revealed as follows: Hypericum alpinum: (−)-β-pinene, γ-terpinene, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene; Hypericum barbatum: (−)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-limonene, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene, (−)-caryophyllene oxide; Hypericum rumeliacum: (−)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-limonene, Hypericum hirsutum: nonane, undecane, (−)-(E)-caryophyllene, (−)-caryophyllene oxide; Hypericum maculatum: spathulenol, globulol; Hypericum perforatum: (−)-α-pinene, (Z)-β-farnesene, germacrene D; Monoterpene hydrocarbons were shown to be the main group of the taxa belonging to the section Drosocarpium, while the taxa of section Hypericum were more rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Floral scent has an important role in the reproductive processes of many plants and a considerable economic value in guaranteeing yield and quality of many crops. It also enhances the aesthetic properties of ornamental plants and cut flowers. Many floral scent volatiles fall into the terpenoid or phenylpropanoid/benzenoid classes of compounds. Although the biochemistry of floral scent is still a relatively new field of investigation, in the past decade investigators have begun to identify 'scent genes'. Several of these genes, most of which, but not all, encode enzymes that directly catalyze the formation of volatile terpenoid or phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds, have now been used to manipulate, through genetic engineering techniques, the mix of volatiles emitted from the flowers of several plant species. The outcomes of these experiments, which are discussed here, have indicated that the genetic engineering approach to altering floral scents has potential; however, they have also revealed the limitations that result from our inadequate knowledge of the metabolic pathways responsible for scents and their regulation.
Floral scents emitted from eight cultivars of cut lily flowers (Lilium) were analyzed. Floral volatiles were collected by headspace adsorption on sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) using a direct thermal desorption. Fifty volatile compounds were identified. Nine compounds were detected in all lilies, whereas 20 compounds were detected in all scented lilies. The results revealed that non-scented lilies emitted trace amounts of volatile compounds, whereas scented lilies emitted high levels of volatile compounds. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids were the dominant compound classes of volatiles emitted from scented lilies. Myrcene, (E)- b-ocimene, linalool, methyl benzoate, and ethyl benzoate were the major compounds of the aroma of scented lilies; 1,8-cineole was also a major compound in the two scented oriental · trumpet hybrid lilies. Scent emissions occurred in a circadian rhythm with higher levels of volatiles emitted during the night. Lilium 'Siberia' was selected as a model to investigate the source of the emissions. GC/MS analysis of four flower parts and neutral red staining revealed that tepals were the source of floral scent.
Currently flower color in Hosta is limited to purple and white with some variation across species and cultivars in patterning of the two colors. This study was undertaken to determine the contributions of anthocyanins to current Hosta flower colors and to investigate the potential for increasing color diversity. Eighty-six hostas (6 species and 80 cultivars) were used in this study to investigate the composition and content of anthocyanins by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatographic with electro spray ionization and mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS). The results showed that the color variation was low in the tepals of the genus of Hosta. Nine anthocyanins were initially identified using a typical purple cultivar (H. ‘Nakaimo’) and a white species (Hosta montana) The anthocyanins were delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Dp3G5G), cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside(Cy3G5G), petunidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Pt3G5G), peonidin 3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Pn3Ru5G), malvidin 3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside (Mv3Ru5G), malvidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Mv3G5G), petunidin 3-O-rutinoside (Pt3Ru), peonidin 3-O-rutinoside (Pn3Ru) and malvidin 3-O-rutinoside (Mv3Ru). Anthocyanin types and content were different between the purple flowered hostas (PFH) and the white flowered hostas (WFH, including white flower with purple spots or streaks): PFH had higher levels of anthocyanins and were correlated with the pigments Mv3Ru5G, Mv3G5G, Pt3G5G and Dp3G5G; WFH had lower levels of anthocyanins and were correlated with the pigments Pt3Ru, Pn3Ru, Mv3Ru and Pn3Ru5G. The dominance of Mv3G5G and Mv3Ru5G was responsible for flowers of simplex purple. Path analysis showed that Mv3G5G had the highest direct effect on lightness (L*), and color balance (a* and b*), while Pt3G5G had the highest direct effect on saturation (C*).
Wild type and cultivar type Hosta sieboldiana have been analyzed by GC-MS. One handred twenty-one compounds were identified in the analyzed samples. Wild type oil and cultivar type oil representing 99.0 % and 98.4 % of the total oils, respectively. The major components of the wild type oil were (3Z)-hexenol (15.1 %), palmitic acid (10.1 %), linalool (9.4 %). The cultivar type oil contained palmitic acid (36.9 %), linoleic acid (16.7 %) and ethyl linolenate (8.8 %) as the major components. Both oils contained a number of fatty acids. The wild type oil was rich in odor compounds than the cultivar type oil. The most characteristic aroma compound of the wild type oil was analyzed by GC-MS/O and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA), with the result that the most characteristic aroma compound was hexanol.
Volatile organic components in petals of thirty tree peony cultivars were analyzed using a headspace solid-phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME) coupled with GC–MS. 146 volatile organic components were detected, in which 81 of them were scent components. The major scent components were terpenes, alcohols, arenes and alkanes. According to major fragrances and the results of sensory evaluation, thirty cultivars were classified into five fragrance patterns: a woody scent, a rose scent, a lily of the valley scent, a phenolic scent and an unidentified scent, in which cis-ocimene, d-citronellol, linalool, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) and pentadecane were their major floral fragrances, respectively. Seven cultivars were evaluated for their potential in the development and utilization of tree peony flowers: ‘Tian Xiang’, ‘Lan Bao Shi’, ‘Dian Jiang Feng Dan’, ‘Bai He Zhan Chi’, ‘Chun Xue’, ‘Hu Die Bao Chun’ and ‘High Noon’. In particular, ‘High Noon’ has significant high fragrance content for breeding fragrant peonies.
As a very popular sample preparation technique, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with various analytical instrumentation, has been widely used for the determination of trace levels of different plant compounds, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the different plant organs, and environmental contaminants in plants. In this review, recent applications of in vitro and in vivo SPME in plant analysis are discussed and summarized according to the different organs of plants, including fruits, flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds, and the whole plant as well. Future developments and applications of SPME in plant analysis, especially in vivo sampling approaches, are also prospected.
Headspace, extractive and distillative methods were employed to isolate volatile and semi-volatile compounds from fresh Coffea arabica flowers. Static headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MW-HS-SPME) with simultaneous hydrodistillation, and extraction with hexane or supercritical CO2 isolated mixtures in which around 150 different chemical substances were identified or tentatively identified by GC-MS analysis. n-Pentadecane (20-37% relative peak area, RPA) was the most abundant compound in the headspace fractions from fresh flowers, followed by 8-heptadecene (8-20% RPA) and geraniol (6-14% RPA). Hydrocarbons (mostly C13 -C30 paraffins) were the predominant compound class in all the sorptive extractions (HS-SPME, MW-HS-SPME, distillate), followed by terpenoids or oxygenated compounds (which varied with the isolation technique). Caffeine, a distinctive component of coffee fruits and beans, was also found in relatively high amounts in the supercritical-CO2 -extract of Coffea arabica flowers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Headspace samples collected from entire flowers of Cyclamen persicum, C. purpurascens and their interspecific hybrids were analyzed using gas chromatograph coupled with mass selective detector. The chemical constitution of volatile compounds of C. persicum (2n=2x=48, AA or 4x=96, AAAA) was distinguished by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whereas that of volatile compounds of C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34, BB) was distinguished by alcohols, aldehydes and esters of monoterpene or an aromatic class. The chemical constitution of volatile compounds in the hybrid (2n=41, AB) the amphidiploid (2n=82, AABB) and the sesquidiploid (2n=58, ABB) closely resembled that of volatile compounds in C. purpurascens. By contrast, the chemical constitution of volatile compounds in the sesquidiploid (2n=65, AAB) resembled that of volatile compounds in C. persicum. Flowers of diploid or tetraploid C. persicum had a woody or powdery fragrance, whereas those of C. purpurascens had a rose- or hyacinth-like fragrance. Flowers of the hybrid AB, the amphidiploid AABB and the sesquidiploid ABB had a fragrance resembling that of C. purpurascens, whereas those of the sesquidiploid AAB had a fragrance resembling that of C. persicum. Based on the present analyses, the relationship between the expression of volatile compounds and genome constitution is discussed.
Fresh twigs of Pluchea arabica (Boiss) Qaiser & Lack (Compositae) were steam-distilled and the essential oil obtained was analysed by GC–MS. Forty-four components were identified, accounting for 93.2% of the total components detected. The major constituents were δ-cadinol (26.8%), 9-(1-methylethylidene)-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane (10.8%), caryophyllene oxide (10.0%), methyleugenol (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (6.9%). The essential oil of P. arabica was active against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Bacillus subtilis when tested against seven organisms. The oil was found to be less fragrant than Ocimum forskaoli oil in an odour test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils from four samples of Rhododendron were extracted by water distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with the help of retention indices and chemometrics resolution method named subwindow factor analysis (SFA). A total of 128 volatile components were identified reliably and fleetly. A temperature-programmed retention index (IuT) dataset including these components has been constructed on a slightly polar capillary column (HP-5MS) at the given GC operating condition in which the standard GC parameter S = rTtM / β = 0.0087. The present work proved the usefulness of chemometrics and retention indices in complicated systems analysis and the IuT's obtained can be used in other essential oil identification. The major components of the analyzed samples showed that essential oils from different genus or even different parts of azaleas are different from each other in chemical components.
In order to identify genetic resources for breeding fragrant petunias for use as bedding plants, volatile compounds released by day from the flowers of 40 commercial Petunia hybrida cultivars were analyzed using a solid-phase micro-extraction technique coupled with GC–MS. The three cultivars with solid deep-blue flowers that accumulate malvidin in corollas with high tissue pH were found to emit abundant iso-eugenol as the principal floral fragrance. Several other cultivars that emitted considerable amounts of methylbenzoate and/or benzylbenzoate from the flower were also identified. Association between the floral fragrance and the other floral traits such as floral anthocyanin composition and corolla-tissue pH was discussed.
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been applied
to the determination of volatile compounds emitted from living daffodil flowers. The SPME conditions were optimized and applied
to headspace extraction of the volatile compounds. The volatile compounds adsorbed on the fiber were desorbed and analyzed
by GC-MS. We identified 27 compounds in the flower emission, which mainly included acetic acid phenethyl ester (31.68%), E-ocimene (17.15%), acetic acid benzyl ester (11.53%), neo-allo-ocimene (6.94%), allo-ocimene(5.34%), α-linalool (5.26%), 1,8-cineole(3.70%), benzenepropyl acetate (1.98%), and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol acetate(1.88%).
The volatile compounds emitted by the flower excised from the daffodil were also analyzed by the present method, and the results
showed that n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-octadecane, and acetic acid phenethyl ester might be biomarker compounds of living daffodil flowers. To our knowledge, this
is the first report on the volatile compounds emitted from Chinese daffodil flowers.
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) methods have never been used for the extraction and analysis of the volatile compounds of Myrtus communis. For that reason, in this work, these two techniques were compared with the traditional hydrodistillation (HD) extraction technique.
To compare SPME and SDME with HD for the extraction and analysis of Myrtus communis volatiles.
Three extraction methods, i.e. SPME, SDME and HD, coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used and optimised for the analysis of Myrtus communis volatiles. The SPME extraction was performed on a 100 µm PDMS fibre and for SDME a drop of n-octadecane containing 0.7% of menthol as internal standard was used as extracting solvent. The results were compared from different viewpoints including efficiency of extraction, different kinds of species extracted and quantity of extracted compounds with HD.
The main analytes extracted by SPME were found to be α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate and geranyl acetate, whereas for SDME α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate and β-myrcene were extracted as major components. Hydrodistillation could extract α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, α-terpineol, linalyl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, geranyl acetate and cis-isoeugenol better than other volatiles from Myrtus communis.
The results demonstrated that HS-SPME and HS-SDME can be applied successfully for the extraction and separation of volatiles in aromatic plants, and these techniques are easier to perform, and more effective than HD for collection of more volatile compounds.
The flavor of fennel fruits and fennel tea was examined by aroma extract dilution analysis of the respective dichloromethane extracts. In both fennel fruits and tea, trans-anethole, anisaldehyde, and trans-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal showed high flavor dilution (FD) factors followed by fenchone, 1,8-cineole, (R)-alpha-pinene, estragole, and beta-myrcene. On the basis of these results, the odorants showing higher FD factors were quantified in tea as well as in fruits, and odor activity values (OAV) in tea were calculated by dividing the concentration of the compound by its recognition threshold in water. The highest OAV was found for trans-anethole, followed by estragole, fenchone, 1,8-cineole, (R)-alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, and anisaldehyde. From a comparison of the concentrations of odorants in fruits and tea, trans-anethole and estragole showed similar extraction rates of approximately 10-15%, whereas the extraction rates for (R)-alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, and limonene were below 2%. In contrast to this, fenchone, camphor, linalool, and carvone showed higher extraction rates (26-50%), whereas the high apparent extraction rates of anisalcohol (393%) and vanilline (480%) were attributed to the formation from precursors. Sensory studies of aqueous models containing odorants in the amounts quantified in fennel teas revealed high similarity of the models with the tea and proved that all impact odorants had been identified in their correct concentrations. Further sensory experiments showed that estragole had no odor impact on the overall flavor of fennel tea, and, therefore, a reduction of estragole in fennel products would have no negative impact on their sensoric quality. In contrast to this, trans-anethole and fenchone were found to be character impact compounds of fennel.
Volatile compounds were isolated from strawberry guava fruit by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction according to Likens-Nickerson. Compounds were identified by capillary GC-MS and sensorially characterized by sniffing GC. Two hundred and four compounds were identified in the aroma concentrate, of which ethanol, alpha-pinene, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, and hexadecanoic acid were found to be the major constituents. The presence of many aliphatic esters and terpenic compounds is thought to contribute to the unique flavor of the strawberry guava fruit.
The volatile constituents of Michelia alba flowers, including fresh flowers, frozen flowers and withered flowers, were investigated by GC-MS. The volatiles in a simulated natural environment were sampled by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with a 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane fiber at 25+/-5 degrees C for 4 h. The fibers were desorbed in a GC injection liner at 250 degrees C for 3 min. With headspace SPME-GC-MS analysis, 61 peaks were separated. The main compounds in headspace of fresh Michelia alba flowers included alpha-myrcene, (S)-limonene, (R)-fenchone, linalool, camphor, caryophyllene, germacrene D, etc., a greater number of compounds than for frozen flowers and withered flowers. At the same time, the biomarkers of fresh flowers were compared with the frozen flowers and withered flowers. In this study, headspace SPME-GC-MS afforded a simple and more sensitive sampling method for fresh Michelia alba flowers and other fresh flowers.
The volatile components of Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka (Kabosu) cold-pressed peel oil were investigated by chemical and sensory analyses. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (more than 94.6%) were predominant in Kabosu peel oil, with limonene and myrcene accounting for the major proportions (70.5% and 20.2%, respectively). The Kabosu oxygenated fraction was characterized by quantitative abundance in aldehydes and a relatively wide variety of alcohols. The weight percentages of aldehydes, alcohols, and esters in Kabosu cold-pressed oil were 1.3%, 0.1%, and 0.1%, respectively. Aroma extract dilution analysis was employed for determination of the odors of Kabosu volatile components, flavor dilution factors, and relative flavor activities. Gas chromatography/olfactometry using Kabosu cold-pressed oil and its oxygenated fraction completed by a chiral analysis revealed that (R)-(+)-citronellal is a characteristic element of Kabosu peel oil odor. Careful sniff testing demonstrated that aqueous solutions of both 0.25% and 0.016% (R)-(+)-citronellal gave an odor similar to that of Kabosu.
The headspace analyses of pollen, whole living female and male flowers, and staminoids have been performed on Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) from Italy to determine whether there are differences in the volatiles emitted in order to give a contribution to the roles of the different flower parts in the pollination ecology of dioecious plants. Also, the essential oils obtained from male and female plants have been studied to evaluate a possible correlation between the spontaneously emitted volatiles and the constituents stored in the glandular tissues. Furthermore, the headspace sampling technique has been improved, with respect to previously employed methods, by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
In this study, a simple and solvent-free method was developed for determination of the volatile compounds from fresh flowers of Syringa oblata using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The SPME parameters were studied, the optimum conditions of a 65mum polydimethylsiloxan/divinylbenezene (PDMS/DVB), extraction temperature of 25 degrees C and extraction time of 30 min were obtained and applied to extraction of the volatile compounds emitted from fresh flowers of S. oblata. The volatile compounds released from fresh flowers of S. oblata were separated and identified by GC-MS. Lilac aldehyde A, lilac aldehyde B, lilac aldehyde C, lilac aldehyde D, lilac alcohol A, lilac alcohol B, lilac alcohol C, lilac alcohol D, alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-pinene, myrcene, d-limonene, eucalyptol, cis-ocimene, benzaldehyde, terpinolene, linalool, benzene acetaldehyde, alpha-terpineol, p-methoxyanisole, p-anisaldehyde, (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene were the most abundant volatiles released from fresh flowers of S. oblata var. alba. The relative contents of main volatile fragrance were found to be different in emissions from two varieties of S. oblata flowers (white or purple in color). The four isomers of lilac alcohol and four isomer lilac aldehyde were the characteristic components of the scent of fresh flowers of S. oblata. The main volatile fragrance from fresh flowers of S. oblata var. alba in different florescence ((A) flower buds; (B) at the early stage of flower blooming; (C) during the flower blooming; (D) at the end of flower blooming; (E) senescence) were studied in this paper. The results demonstrated that headspace SPME-GC-MS is a simple, rapid and solvent-free method suitable for analysis of volatile compounds emitted from fresh flowers of S. oblata in different florescence.
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