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Development and validation of the student accommodation preferences instrument (SAPI)*
Abstract
This study believes that one of the most ignored areas in studies pertaining to issues involving college and university students is their preferences toward their accommodation. The lack of scholarly works in this area of study might be due to paucity of theoretical foundation, relevant research instruments, as well as the unidentified underlying factors. The current study is an attempt to fill some part of this vacuum. It developed and examined the reliability and validity of the student accommodation preferences instrument (SAPI). The focus of the study was on campus accommodation at Universiti Sains Malaysia, and the SAPI was conceptualized on the basis of residence hall and home similarities in relation to eight main factors, namely visual, facility, amenity, location, personalization and flexibility in the room, social contact, security and privacy. To assess the construct validity of the instrument, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components analysis with varimax rotation, by which six factors were extracted. The privacy factor was deleted because of high cross-loading with other factors, whereas the facility and amenity factors were combined. In addition, the combination of personalization and flexibility with some other items formed a new factor, which was labeled convenience of student room. Consequently, the SAPI was formed with the following factors: facility and amenity, visual, convenience of student's room, location, social contact and security. The total variance explained was 46.55 per cent of the total variance, whereas the internal correlation consistency of measures that was assessed using Cronbach's α yielded a high reliability coefficient for factors from 0.73 to 0.92.
... Khozaei et al. (2014) further reveal that students prefer single rooms to double-sharing rooms, even if they have to share bathrooms. Other studies on shared facilities (such as Khozaei et al., 2011) did not find sharing of kitchen facilities statistically significant, although it was observed that students prefer properties with good security systems, room privacy and flexibility. ...
... Intangible attributes of student accommodation have also been found to have certain effects on students. For instance, Khozaei et al. (2011), Magni et al. (2019, and Thomsen and Eikemo (2010) find that location and distance (to the commercial centre and amenities) are important to students. Kobue et al. (2017) and Kolawole and Boluwatife (2016) also buttress the importance of location to students, although, their findings suggest that students may be more concerned about other intangible factors such as the distance to their institutions of study perceived security, rent, and peer' opinion/recommendation. ...
... The results further show that having a private bathroom (relative to having a shared bathroom) increases the popularity of a property, although, having a private kitchen (relative to having a shared kitchen) can make a property less popular. These significant effects contrast with previous studies (such as Khozaei et al., 2011Khozaei et al., , 2014 and suggest that students may place a higher value on privacy in elements of the building that relate to personal care, whilst simultaneously preferring to share other facilities (such as the kitchen) that foster social interaction. ...
Purpose
This paper examines the categories of property attributes that are important to UK university students in their online accommodation search. It also analyses the volume of information displayed regarding the property attributes and explores the influence of some of the information provided on the attractiveness and by extension, the booking potential of the property.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use data from an online student accommodation listing platform – student.com – which contain tangible and non-tangible property attributes, and the data are analysed using a hedonic regression model.
Findings
The results show that purpose-built student accommodation's (PBSA) tangible and intangible attributes are important to students in their online accommodation search, although, these attributes vary in impact. The study also reveals that failure to display key information of a PBSA may reduce the attractiveness of the property.
Originality/value
The empirical evidence on student accommodation ex ante preferences and choices is limited, particularly as it relates to online accommodation search in a UK context. The authors' approach to identify the application of the search theory to the student accommodation search process is particularly unique.
... Khozaei et al. (2014) further reveal that students prefer single rooms to double-sharing rooms, even if they have to share bathrooms. Other studies on shared facilities (such as Khozaei et al., 2011) did not find sharing of kitchen facilities statistically significant, although it was observed that students prefer properties with good security systems, room privacy and flexibility. ...
... Intangible attributes of student accommodation have also been found to have certain effects on students. For instance, Khozaei et al. (2011), Magni et al. (2019, and Thomsen and Eikemo (2010) find that location and distance (to the commercial centre and amenities) are important to students. Kobue et al. (2017) and Kolawole and Boluwatife (2016) also buttress the importance of location to students, although, their findings suggest that students may be more concerned about other intangible factors such as the distance to their institutions of study perceived security, rent, and peer' opinion/recommendation. ...
... The results further show that having a private bathroom (relative to having a shared bathroom) increases the popularity of a property, although, having a private kitchen (relative to having a shared kitchen) can make a property less popular. These significant effects contrast with previous studies (such as Khozaei et al., 2011Khozaei et al., , 2014 and suggest that students may place a higher value on privacy in elements of the building that relate to personal care, whilst simultaneously preferring to share other facilities (such as the kitchen) that foster social interaction. ...
... Khozaei et al. (2014) further reveal that students prefer single rooms to double-sharing rooms, even if they have to share bathrooms. Other studies on shared facilities (such as Khozaei et al., 2011) did not find sharing of kitchen facilities statistically significant, although it was observed that students prefer properties with good security systems, room privacy and flexibility. ...
... Intangible attributes of student accommodation have also been found to have certain effects on students. For instance, Khozaei et al. (2011), Magni et al. (2019, and Thomsen and Eikemo (2010) find that location and distance (to the commercial centre and amenities) are important to students. Kobue et al. (2017) and Kolawole and Boluwatife (2016) also buttress the importance of location to students, although, their findings suggest that students may be more concerned about other intangible factors such as the distance to their institutions of study perceived security, rent, and peer' opinion/recommendation. ...
... The results further show that having a private bathroom (relative to having a shared bathroom) increases the popularity of a property, although, having a private kitchen (relative to having a shared kitchen) can make a property less popular. These significant effects contrast with previous studies (such as Khozaei et al., 2011Khozaei et al., , 2014 and suggest that students may place a higher value on privacy in elements of the building that relate to personal care, whilst simultaneously preferring to share other facilities (such as the kitchen) that foster social interaction. ...
This paper analyses the relationship between the potential demand for purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) properties and their online displayed attributes. Using data from 12 major UK cities, we analyse the effect of the online displayed property information on the popularity score of a PBSA. The results suggest that PBSAs’ tangible and non-tangible attributes are important to students in their online accommodation search, although, these attributes vary in impact. The study also reveals that failure to display key information of a PBSA may make the property less attractive. These insights are valuable in developing student accommodation investment, development and management strategies.
... The results of Masoudi and Mohammadi's research showed a significant difference between dormitory and non-dormitory students in terms of academic grade (Masoudi & Mohammadi, 2006). Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention the students' housing preferences and to investigate them in order to better understand their real demands and requirements (Khozaei, et al, 2011). If architects and planners are aware of students' residential preferences, they will be able to use architectural design methods to enhance the quality of living in student dormitories. ...
... However, much research on student housing covers a wide area (Hassanain, 2008;Cross, et al, 2009;Araujo & Murray, 2010), But there is a paucity of research on students' housing preferences and their real needs and requirements-especially in the samples available in Iran and in comparison, with different cultures and societies (Khozaei, et al, 2011). The lack of scientific works in this field may be due to the lack of theoretical foundations, relevant research tools, as well as unknown basic factors. ...
... In the following, by comparing similar researches, we compare and discuss their findings with our research findings. Khozaei et al. (2011) conducted a study on residential preferences in student dormitories and achieved 8 main indicators. The conceptual framework of this research lies in the similarity of the residence hall with the students' own house. ...
Researchers believe that the architecture of residential halls has a significant impact on various aspects of students’ lives, especially on the quality of their education. The purpose of this study was to extract and evaluate residential preferences affecting the architecture of dormitories for students in dormitories at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in Iran. The seven extracted indicators formed the basis of the researcher-made questionnaire with 35 questions. Pre-tests were performed at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and its Cronbach’s alpha was obtained with a coefficient of 0.930. The size of the study sample was 250 students from among students, which was confirmed by Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) method. The analysis of the exploratory factors was examined by two software 8.8 Lisrel and 26 SPSS and by the factor model test of the second order and the binomial test (ratio). We concluded that students’ residential preferences in the case study include indicators of dimensions, service and welfare, location, privacy, landscape, flexibility, and materials with a positive and direct impact. Statistical analysis showed that flexibility is the most important indicator and landscape is the least important indicator for students.
... Faktor-faktor alasan yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini juga cukup sesuai dengan beberapa faktor preferensi hunian dari beberapa referensi. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah fasilitas (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian, 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), kenyamanan/lingkungan alami (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), suasana, interaksi (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013), aksesibilitas/lokasi (Adrian, 2015;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), pembiayaan (Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), dan privasi (Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016). Faktor yang muncul dalam referensi tetapi tidak muncul dalam hasil penelitian ini adalah karakter arsitektural (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma 2016). ...
... Faktor-faktor alasan yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini juga cukup sesuai dengan beberapa faktor preferensi hunian dari beberapa referensi. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah fasilitas (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian, 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), kenyamanan/lingkungan alami (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), suasana, interaksi (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013), aksesibilitas/lokasi (Adrian, 2015;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), pembiayaan (Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), dan privasi (Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016). Faktor yang muncul dalam referensi tetapi tidak muncul dalam hasil penelitian ini adalah karakter arsitektural (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma 2016). ...
... Faktor-faktor alasan yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini juga cukup sesuai dengan beberapa faktor preferensi hunian dari beberapa referensi. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah fasilitas (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian, 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), kenyamanan/lingkungan alami (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), suasana, interaksi (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013), aksesibilitas/lokasi (Adrian, 2015;Khozaei, Hassan, dan Razak, 2011;Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), pembiayaan (Mandasari, 2015;Sakina dan Kusuma, 2015), dan privasi (Rachman dan Kusuma, 2016). Faktor yang muncul dalam referensi tetapi tidak muncul dalam hasil penelitian ini adalah karakter arsitektural (Abdassah, Anandhita, dan Sesotyaningtyas, 2013;Adrian 2015;Andoni dan Kusuma, 2016;Muchlis dan Kusuma, 2016;Putra, Widyasanti, dan Natasya, 2013;Rachman dan Kusuma 2016). ...
The universities development in Indonesia has implications on the increasing number of students. The tendency of the students majority who are transmigrants in the relevant college areas has further implications on the increasing need of shelter. Different backgrounds made different needs. Thus, there are several types of dwellings with their own characteristics. This study divides the dwellings into seven types, namely parents’ house, relatives’ house, bought house, apartment, unit rented house, rented house and dormitory. This study attempts to examine dwelling type preference factors. This study also attempts to find the key factors that became the main preference differentiators, and also comparing the respondent's importance level to each key factor on each dwelling type. The data were collected through a two-stage questionnaire. The results of the pilot phase questionnaire were analyzed qualitatively and became the framework of second phase questionnaire. The exploratory research data were then analyzed quantitatively using factor analysis and ANOVA. The results showed that there were 14 dwelling type preference factors with four preference key factors which differed significantly on the importance level valuation of each dwelling type, namely independency, social interaction, freedom, and privacy. The key factors’ importance level diagram on each dwelling types is served.
... This may not be unconnected with the less problems faced by the institutional housing more especially in terms of provision, financing and management, because institutions' take full charge of everything. sewerage, bathroom, toilet, kitchenette, which permit sufficient comfort, convenience and safety that lead to a better life (Olufemi, 2014;Aluko, 2012;Nimako & Bondinuba, 2012Khozaei et al 2011;Garg et al 2014;Muslim et al 2012a& Mohit et al 2010. To sum it up, housing infrastructure facilities should not be over emphasised, hence it facilitated the functions of house in all its ramifications -social, economic, physiological and psychological. ...
... Primarily student housing environment gives comfort, convenient and safety to students and it have great influence on the creation of favourable atmosphere for learning to achieve the desired educational needs of students. Indeed student housing is an essential and integral part of the higher education institutions facilities that help students to develop their intellectual capabilities, personal development and other academic related missions (Grimm, 1993;Riker, 1993;Winston & Anchors, 1993;Hassanain, 2007;Khozaei et al 2010bKhozaei et al & 2011Omar et al 2011;Amole, 2012;Muslim et al 2012a;2012bNimako & Bondinuba, 2013& Ong, 2013. ...
... Basic or core facilities are regarded as those necessary facilities for a house to function such as bedroom, toilet, bathroom, etc. On the other hand, supportive (supplementary) facilities and services are those that are not compulsory, but are equally important in facilitating or enabling the attainment of the fulfilment of the house functions, such as common room, cafeteria, shopping area, parking, security, library, play ground, transportation, cable TV, security, and laundry (Aluko, 2011;Garg et al 2014;Khozaei et al 2011;Mohit et al 2010;Muslim et al 2012a& Nimako & Bondinuba, 2012. ...
Student housing is an entity in housing studies which researchers relegated to the background, this may not be unconnected to the fact that it has relative less problems in terms of financing, substandard quality and provision of infrastructure facilities and services since institutions' has taken complete responsibility of everything. However, in the last few decades, enrolment in higher education institutions has been precipitously exceeding the limited institutions student housing which generates striking demand in the private housing rental market which stunned scholars in student housing studies. Students living in the private sector properties were said to have faced more challenges than those living in hall of resident therefore, advantages and the nature of these challenges were discuss in this paper.
... This study aims to develop a short but valid and reliable instrument for the examination of student accommodation preferences. This study draws upon the instrument developed by Khozaei et al. (2011), the student accommodation preferences index (SAPI). The construct validity of the instrument was assessed through an exploratory factor analysis using a principal components analysis with varimax rotation, by which 6 factors were extracted with 64 items. ...
... The current study is an attempt to partially fill this gap by developing and validating an instrument called the SAPI (Student Accommodation Preference Instrument), which can be used by university organizers and researchers. The SAPI was primarily developed by Khozaei et al. (2011), and its reliability and validity have been assessed. This instrument was conceptualized on the basis of similarities between residence halls and homes and was developed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). ...
... The main aim of this study is to achieve a shorter and more user-friendly version of the student accommodation preference index (SAPI) developed by Khozaei et al. (2011). Before discussing the procedure for shortening and validating the instrument questionnaire, we explain the steps in the development of the original index. ...
... This vast research aimed to examine the university student's preferences toward different aspects of their residence hall environment such as location, facilities, amenities and so forth. For the means of the study an instrument was developed which was named as SAPI (student accommodation preferences index), Khozaei et al. (2011) revealed in a study the development and validation of this instrument). ...
... Collected data was analysed using PASW Statistics 17. It was proved that SAPI is a valid and reliable measurement instrument and consists of 6 factors which are facility and amenity, visual, convenience of student's room, location, social contact, and security (Khozaei et al. 2011). ...
... Internal consistency of measures was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha. The alpha yielded a high reliability coefficient for the factor which was 0.92 (Khozaei et al., 2011). Table 2 represents the demographic background of respondents. ...
The main purpose of this study was to explore the degree of university residence hall students' preferences for some facilities and amenities. With a case study of a developing country, this paper also aimed to determine whether the mean score of these preferences differed significantly with regard to students' gender, nationality, race and study level. Structured questionnaires were administrated to 850 residence hall students, and 752 questionnaires were usable out of these numbers. The result of the study indicated that free internet access, lockable storage space and mirror inside student's room, water machine and variety of food in food stall were the 5 most preferred facilities in the residence halls. Additionally, this study highlighted the importance of some specific facilities such as kitchen, laundry monitoring system and 24 h available taxi from students' perspective. It was found that students had a great interest to these facilities as well. The research further uncovered a significant difference among male and female students, race and study level on their degree of preferences. Undergraduates, Chinese, and female students reported greatest preferences for all types of facilities and amenities. No significant difference was found in the preference mean scores of students from different nationalities.
... 'Holistic competencies' is a term collectively describing skills needed for lifelong learning and living beyond academic knowledge, such as critical-thinking skills, communication skills, teamwork, time management, and creativity . Recent research topics related to university residential environments are diverse, such as student accommodation preferences (Khozaei, Hassan, & Razak, 2011;Oppewal, Poria, Ravenscroft, & Speller, 2017), and the ways to improve student physical and psychological security levels in university residential halls (Paltridge, Mayson, & Schapper, 2010). However, focus has been rarely placed on undergraduates' holistic competencies, or other student residence life outcomes in residential halls. ...
... 'Holistic competencies' is a term collectively describing skills needed for lifelong learning and living beyond academic knowledge, such as critical-thinking skills, communication skills, teamwork, time management, and creativity . Recent research topics related to university residential environments are diverse, such as student accommodation preferences (Khozaei, Hassan, & Razak, 2011;Oppewal, Poria, Ravenscroft, & Speller, 2017), and the ways to improve student 7 physical and psychological security levels in university residential halls (Paltridge, Mayson, & Schapper, 2010). However, focus has been rarely placed on undergraduates' holistic competencies, or other student residence life outcomes in residential halls. ...
Can residential experiences help undergraduates develop holistic competencies? To answer this question, a study was conducted based on the insights of 211 residents in Hong Kong. Deductive and inductive content analyses were respectively used to examine residence life outcomes, particularly in holistic competencies, and to categorise the types of residential experiences deemed to be effective for these outcomes. Results revealed that participation in hall activities led to the development of residence life outcomes, including justice, humanity, wisdom, courage, transcendence, and wellbeing. Furthermore, planning/organising hall activities greatly improved students’ sense of justice while interpersonal dynamics facilitated the improvement of humanity only. The analyses indicated that students without specific engagement in hall activities were also able to develop temperance, particularly in self-regulation. Recommendations are suggested based on the analyses. It is hoped that this study might help inform policy-making processes to provide better residential environment that is beneficial to student holistic development.
... Na análise de componentes principais de análise fatorial, Khozaei et al (2011b) obtiveram seis fatores para o SAPI, enquanto anteriores estudos apontavam para oito fatores. Os seis fatores das preferências sobre as residências universitárias pelos estudantes são: facilidades e amenidades das habitações, amenidades visuais, localização, contactos sociais, segurança e conveniência. ...
... Fonte: Khozaei, Hassan & Ramayah (2011b) Num trabalho posterior, Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) reduziram, através de uma análise confirmatória, de 60 para 28 itens distribuídos por seis fatores as preferências das residências universitárias, tal como se mostra pelo Quadro 2. Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) concluem que os estudantes nas residências universitárias temporárias são muitas vezes vistos como grupos homogéneos e sem necessidades e exigências semelhantes, mas a realidade é que as necessidades e exigências dos alunos não são exatamente as mesmas. Fonte: Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) Estudantes de diferentes origens podem ter diferentes necessidades e exigências, e na verdade uma residência típica raramente satisfaz todos os diferentes tipos de alunos. ...
O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema das residências universitárias e perceber em nível da literatura internacional sobre o assunto, quais as variáveis e fatores que são importantes para o estudante. No início do artigo são compilados os estudos relacionados com a qualidade de vida e ambiente de uma residência universitária e, seguidamente, são apresentados estudos sobre as externalidades positivas (amenidades) destas residências. Posteriormente, são referidos estudos sobre as preferências dos estudantes relacionadas com o espaço físico e acomodação das residências. Finalmente, são apresentados estudos sobre os fatores físicos da construção que influenciam as residências e acerca das atitudes ambientais por parte dos estudantes. Claramente, constata-se que existem elementos de qualidade, de ambiente, de espaço físico e de acomodação que estão relacionados com a satisfação dos estudantes nas residências universitárias.
... Na análise de componentes principais de análise fatorial, Khozaei et al (2011b) obtiveram seis fatores para o SAPI, enquanto anteriores estudos apontavam para oito fatores. Os seis fatores das preferências sobre as residências universitárias pelos estudantes são: facilidades e amenidades das habitações, amenidades visuais, localização, contactos sociais, segurança e conveniência. ...
... Fonte: Khozaei, Hassan & Ramayah (2011b) Num trabalho posterior, Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) reduziram, através de uma análise confirmatória, de 60 para 28 itens distribuídos por seis fatores as preferências das residências universitárias, tal como se mostra pelo Quadro 2. Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) concluem que os estudantes nas residências universitárias temporárias são muitas vezes vistos como grupos homogéneos e sem necessidades e exigências semelhantes, mas a realidade é que as necessidades e exigências dos alunos não são exatamente as mesmas. Fonte: Khozaei, Ramayah & Hassan (2012) Estudantes de diferentes origens podem ter diferentes necessidades e exigências, e na verdade uma residência típica raramente satisfaz todos os diferentes tipos de alunos. ...
... The current study is an attempt to partially fill this gap by developing and validating an instrument called the SAPI (Student Accommodation Preference Instrument), which can be used by university organizers and researchers. The SAPI was primarily developed by Khozaei et al. (2011), and its reliability and validity have been assessed. This instrument was conceptualized on the basis of similarities between residence halls and homes and was developed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). ...
... The main aim of this study is to achieve a shorter and more user-friendly version of the student accommodation preference index (SAPI) developed by Khozaei et al. (2011). Before discussing the procedure for shortening and validating the instrument questionnaire, we explain the steps in the development of the original index. ...
... Because of the importance of halls of residence, researchers have studied their effect on students (LaNasa et al., 2007;Cross et al., 2009). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate students' housing preferences in order to better understand their actual demands and requirements (Khozaei et al., 2011). If service providers are aware of students' accommodation preferences, they will be able to enhance the quality of living in student halls of residence. ...
Purpose
Based on the main studies presented in the literature, this work aims to examine the level of student satisfaction towards the on-campus accommodation service provided by an Italian university. Notably, the objectives of the study are twofold: (1) to examine the mediating role of student satisfaction on the relationship between university on-campus accommodation service quality and word-of-mouth and (2) to determine whether there is any significant difference in students' satisfaction towards on-campus accommodation in terms of gender and the halls of residence.
Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on the results of a survey carried out through an online questionnaire by 381 students living on campus at the University of Urbino.
Findings
The findings revealed that the quality perceived by university students in relation to individual services had a positive impact on their general satisfaction towards the halls of residence experience.
Research limitations/implications
The study presents some limitations such as lack of temporal comparisons, a focus on specific service quality items and the fact that it refers to a single Italian university.
Practical implications
The findings of this study will help the management of public universities to improve the quality of services in their halls of residence for the satisfaction of their students.
Originality/value
To the authors' knowledge, there have been no previous studies about on-campus accommodation service quality conducted in Italy. The study contributes to enrich the service quality literature, confirming both that the sum of the quality of individual elements is not as the overall satisfaction and the outcome intention of positive WOM depends not only on service quality attributes, but also from an overall evaluation of satisfaction.
... These conditions can impact changes in the elements of the environment where they live, such as facilities, services, accessibility, spatial housing patterns, to expectations for the development of the area around their settlements. Preference is one behavioral study that has benefits in explaining and predicting human behavior in everyday life [12,13]. The researcher defines residence preference as the attractiveness of residing in one area or not because of the settled social, economic, and environmental conditions. ...
The desire to get a natural life, away from pollution, and comfortable with guaranteed utilities and facilities is why people choose housing in the city's hinterland. This study aims to analyze the determinants of spatial mobility preferences and to live in the city's hinterland. The research method used was a survey with 400 respondents from Rimbo Panjang and Karya Indah village in Kampar City. They have carried out spatial mobility and resided for the last five years. Data was collected through questionnaires and direct interviews, which were analyzed using a Likert scale questionnaire. Furthermore, SEM analysis was carried out using AMOS and SPSS software. The study results showed that three dependent and one intervening variable significantly influence the preferences of spatial mobility and living variables with a probability value below 5%. Only the residential environment variable (x1) with a score of 0.050 means it is not significant with a probability value (5%). Adjusted R Square value of 0.625 shows that the variation of the independent variables affects variations in spatial mobility preferences and resides by 62.5%. The frequency distribution of respondents' answers shows that all independent and dependent variables are in a good category. The research findings will be more diverse with the use of other methods and samples that represent the social mobility preferences of people in Indonesia. This study begins with a wide range of topics from the city center to the suburbs. The limitation of this study is that it does not distinguish whether they are from Pekanbaru City or other areas. Future research that could utilize longitudinal data could pursue a more significant measure of the relationship between regions in the study of mobility and settlement preferences.
... Furthermore, the overcrowding of student-on-campus housing facilities erodes the privacy that most students seek (Aluko, 2011). This has forced many students to search for private, safe and convenient accommodation outside the campus despite the higher associated costs (Khozaei, Hassan & Razak, 2011). Olaniyan, et al. (2018) similarly argues that the supply of electricity, which typically between 4-8 hours per day across the country, has implications on students' social and academic performance as well as overall sustainable development (Akhihiero, 2011). ...
Property rental values are readily influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors such as the state of the economy, neighbourhood amenities and property characteristics. However, there is always an expectation that rental value reflects the occupier’s satisfaction from the neighbourhood and property. As such, this study examines the satisfaction of students with private hostel facilities surrounding the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), and the effect these facilities have on the rental values of the off-campus students’ hostels. There are 17,307 students who reside in the private hostels off-campus, of which 392 students were randomly selected from the total population of residents living around FUTA South Gate and given questionnaires. Of the 392 questionnaires administered, 390 were retrieved for analysis, thus representing a 99.5% response rate. The data collected was then analyzed using the Weighted Mean Score (WMS), T-test Statistics, Spearman Rank Correlation and the Multiple Regression Analyses. The findings reveal that there is a significant difference in the rental price paid by satisfied and unsatisfied students. Thus, the satisfied students pay higher rents than the non-satisfied students for a single, self-contained apartment. These occupiers are found to be satisfied with facilities such as the toilet, bathroom, fencing and water supply system in the building. There is a positive relationship between students’ rent satisfaction and their satisfaction with hostel facilities provided. The regression analysis further reveals that rental value is a function of neighbourhood amenities and property characteristics. The study recommends that private hostel developers make adequate provision for functional facilities as these can increase students’ satisfaction as well as enhance residential property rental values.
... Vol.2; Issue: 3; March 2015 Moreover to create a house like environment, universities have included study facilities with bedrooms, reading room and meeting places known as common and recreation rooms for academic discussion and social gatherings within the students" housing. [ 33] The distance from the university facilities, rental fare, satisfaction with transport services, external condition of the building, population, security, room size and safety has been described as the most important factors that influence students" perception in the students" housing. [ 21] If international students can get a lot of benefits by residing in the students" housing provided with required facilities, they can experience their study life same as home experience [ 34] However with positive perception in quality services and facilities, students can perform best in their studies. ...
... With the exception of a few studies (Oppewal et al., 2005;Khozaei et al., 2011), student housing preferences are widely neglected by scholars. This lack of consideration might be due to the assumption that students who leave their parents' home and move to university residence halls have prepared themselves mentally for a new life and thus are less likely to expect accommodations comparable to their own homes. ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine the possibility that housing satisfaction mediates the relationship between fulfilled preference and a sense of attachment to place.
Design/methodology/approach
A 15‐item questionnaire was administrated to 751 students residing in residence halls at a public university in Malaysia. The respondents were asked to choose their answer from a four‐point Likert scale that was constructed as follows: not at all; very little; mostly; and very much.
Findings
The results of the survey revealed that housing satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between fulfilled preferences and sense of attachment to place. These results highlight the importance of students' fulfilled preferences. It reveals that the more students' preferences regarding residence hall were fulfilled, the more they were satisfied with their residence hall and felt attached to it.
Originality/value
The findings of this study emphasise the importance of understanding students' residence hall needs and fulfilling their desire. These findings also emphasize that university students must not be viewed merely as temporary residents who stay in residence halls for just a few years.
The study evaluated the physical qualities and satisfaction in students' housing in selected Students' Housing for the University of Ibadan. Through survey method, eight hostels were purposively selected to capture variation in gender, level of study and hostel design. The sampling frame showed that 5605 students at UI were found in 2,147 rooms. One out of every 10 (10%) of the rooms were selected which amounted to 215 students selected. The result shows that the functional qualities of the hostels were perceived among the students to be well above average (55.3%). Similarly, both aesthetics (95.8%) and structural (89.3%) qualities of the hostels were perceived to be excellent among the students. Also, respondents were satisfied with various services and amenities provided in the Halls of Residence (54.4%) and 35.3% expressed neutral satisfaction. The study concluded that, Physical qualities and Satisfaction are important in the study of Students' Housing Design.
This research aims to assess factors motivating university students stay in private hostels. A simple random sampling technique was adopted with a sample size of 100 respondents used for this study. A twelve motivating factor variables consisting of parental influence, peer influence, university housing policy, proximity to campus, internet connectivity, security, water and power supply, cleanliness, comfortability, privacy, serenity and adequate space were however, used. The results indicate that privacy, comfortability, proximity, cleanliness and university housing policy are the most leading motivating factors. Whereas peers and internet connectivity have less influence on students stay in private hostels, gender was seen as a significant motivating factor influencing students stay in private hostels. The study recommends that students must consider security as a top priority, as it is significant for their welfare and safety.
This paper generalizes results of former papers on the assignment of students to dormitories, under an entrance criterion, by allowing students to apply in groups. A group-application means that its applicants ask to be assigned to the same dormitory, and otherwise they prefer living off-campus. The underlying assumption in our model is that the dormitories share a common preference over the student-groups, which is given by a strictly increasing ranking of their credit scores. The definition of a quasi-stable outcome is adjusted in order to incorporate student-group applications, and we prove that such an outcome always exists. Furthermore, a polynomial-time algorithm that finds all the quasi-stable outcomes is proposed. Apparently, not all properties of the single students’ model continue to hold under group-applications. Finally, we consider the incentive compatibility property of the proposed algorithm, and describe a specific quasi-stable outcome for which no subset of student-groups can gain by misrepresenting their preferences over the dormitories.
This research aims to assess factors motivating university students stay in private hostels. A simple random sampling technique was adopted with a sample size of 100 respondents used for this study. A twelve motivating factor variables consisting of parental influence, peer influence, university housing policy, proximity to campus, internet connectivity, security, water and power supply, cleanliness, comfortability, privacy, serenity and adequate space were however, used. The results indicate that privacy, comfortability, proximity, cleanliness and university housing policy are the most leading motivating factors. Whereas peers and internet connectivity have less influence on students stay in private hostels, gender was seen as a significant motivating factor influencing students stay in private hostels. The study recommends that students must consider security as a top priority, as it is significant for their welfare and safety.
Many studies have acknowledged that higher education institutions are growing globally; this may not be unconnected to the continuous increase in the population and higher education demand, which spurred up enrollment. It is evident, clear that HEIs are experiencing consistency growth in students' populations yearly. This paper aims to highlight student housing demand in off-campus living to identify demand drivers. The paper explored qualitative research methodology in data collection and analysis. Three universities (two public and one private) are used as data sources to represent higher education institutions in Malaysia for student housing demand investigation. Personal interview was conducted, and the transcripts were carefully coded according to themes in their respective NVivo nodes. Higher education institutions' student enrollment has been increasing, and student population outrun the available student housing, thereby creating significant off-campus housing demand. Despite the increase in students' enrollment, housing provision does not correspond with enrollment, making student population growth, consistently running ahead of the public higher education institutions students' housing facilities. This is due to the recessionary economic situation and higher demand for higher education; hence, education is a way forward. This necessitated ever-increasing demand for off-campus students housing in private housing rental market.
Este artigo tem como principal objetivo identificar e estudar quais as caraterísticas das residências universitárias mais valorizadas pelos estudantes. O estudo é efetuado nas residências universitárias de uma Universidade, em Portugal, para uma amostra de 342 estudantes. Verificam-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas preferências conforme o género e a localização da residência fora ou dentro do campus universitário. A análise fatorial revela seis fatores determinantes na preferência dos estudantes: a vivência e experiência única proporcionada, as amenidades interiores e de localização, o desempenho académico, a consciência ambiental, a segurança e o relacionamento social. No fundamental, observa-se que os estudantes preferem a residência nas proximidades do departamento onde estudam e dos espaços académicos e também próximas dos mercados locais. ABSTRACT This article has as main objective to identify and study the characteristics of university residences most valued by the students. The study is carried out in the university residences of an University, in Portugal, for a sample of 342 students being found statistically significant differences in preferences according to gender and the location of the residence outside or inside the university campus. Factor analysis reveals six determinants of student preference: the unique experience and living provided, interior and location amenities, academic performance,
The study examined the Impact of socioeconomic characteristics of the users in the halls of residences of the selected Universities in southwestern Nigerian. This was with a view to providing policy interventions on socioeconomic characteristics of students on housing satisfaction in southwestern Nigerian Universities. Primary data were obtained through survey method. Two Universities Obafemi Awolowo University (O.A.U) and University of Ibadan (UI) were purposively selected from the Universities in Southwestern Nigeria. Five and eight hostels at O.A.U and UI respectively were purposively selected to capture variation in gender, level of study and hostel design across the Universities. The sampling frame showed that 5,038 students at O.A.U were found in 1,078 rooms while 5605 students at UI were found in 2,147 rooms. One out of every five (20%) and one out of every 10 (10%) of the rooms were selected at O.A.U and UI respectively which amounted to 215 students sampled from each of O.A.U and UI. The results from the frequency distribution revealed that all respondents of the hotels were satisfied with various services and Amenities provided in the Halls of Residence generally (37.7%). The results from the regression analysis showed that, gender (92.874), number of person per room (74.607), age (61.256), marital status (84.750) means of sponsorship (82.41) were significant generally across the Universities at 0.05Level. At UI, gender of respondents (76.391), monthly income (79.184), means of sponsorship (52.51), number of occupants in the room (81.305), hostel floor level (55.435) were significant at 0.05 level. At O.A.U, gender of respondents (80.761), age (61.256), marital status (64.210), monthly income (59.813), means of sponsorship (68.242), number of occupants in the room (67.135), design (41.802) were significant at 0.05 level. The study concluded that, socioeconomic characteristics had significant influence on satisfaction in student's hostels in southwestern Nigeria.
The study evaluated the physical qualities and satisfaction in students' housing in selected Students' Housing for the University of Ibadan. Through survey method, eight hostels were purposively selected to capture variation in gender, level of study and hostel design. The sampling frame showed that 5605 students at UI were found in 2,147 rooms. One out of every 10 (10%) of the rooms were selected which amounted to 215 students selected. The result shows that the functional qualities of the hostels were perceived among the students to be well above average (55.3%). Similarly, both aesthetics (95.8%) and structural (89.3%) qualities of the hostels were perceived to be excellent among the students. Also, respondents were satisfied with various services and amenities provided in the Halls of Residence (54.4%) and 35.3% expressed neutral satisfaction. The study concluded that, Physical qualities and Satisfaction are important in the study of Students' Housing Design.
Boarding House, or in Bahasa Indonesia called "indekos" or "kos-kosan" is a building with a certain amount of rooms to be lived in and is paid within a certain period. Boarding house is a primary need, especially for college students that live far from their city of origin or house. Usually middle-high economic class college students would prefer to live in an apartment. However, there are some boarding houses which has the same facilities as a hotel or an apartment. This is due to boarding house enthusiasts comes not only from middle to low end economic class but also middle to high economic class or sometimes the high economic class itself. There has been some cases where the price of the boarding house was not properly align with the facilities of it because there are no specific data about how consumers are willing to spend on a boarding house with certain facilities. This causes the owner of boarding houses to not be able to properly determine the price of boarding houses that they own. The next problem is the difference of perception between boarding house owners and customers. Usually, it causes a misconduct between boarding house facilities that somehow are very useless for customers and the boarding house high price charged by the owners due to their misperception. Giving more facilities means charging higher price, but it made the customers would not give much interest to the boarding house. The purposes of this research are to identify the factor that would influence the price of boarding house among undergraduate students of ITB, and to identify the factor that would most influence the price of boarding house in ITB area for undergraduate students of ITB. This research uses questionnaire as data gathering tool and using SPSS to analyse the statistical data.
The main objective of this paper is to identify and confirm the characteristics of university residences most valued by the students. The study was carried out in the university residences of a Portuguese public university, for a sample of 342 students. Confirmatory factorial analysis reveals five determining factors in student preferences: the unique experience and experience provided, the interior and location amenities, academic performance, environmental awareness and safety. Fundamentally, it is observed that students prefer residences in the vicinities of the department where they study and other academic spaces and also close to the local markets.
The impact of the residential environment in theories of college student development is often emphasized. Many researchers have studied the effects of on-campus living versus off-campus living, generally finding that living in residence halls is positively associated with both academic and social development. However, the study of gifted college students living in an honors residence hall is rarely addressed. This article examines the possible academic and social effects of living in an honors residence hall. Implications are discussed.
This research examined visual environmental preferences of a sample of 46 subjects (Ss): 29 in Japan and 17 in the United States. The Ss (who were all students) were asked to evaluate videotapes and slides of urban street scenes in each country. An examination of preference scores revealed that both Japanese and U.S. Ss preferred foreign scenes to native ones. Physical properties of each scene were judged by four professionals in the United States. An examination of correlations between preferences for scenes and physical properties of those scenes revealed that for both Japanese and U.S. Ss, preference was associated independently with ratings of upkeep, prominence of nature, and absence of vehicles. Stepwise regressions revealed preference to be a function of two factors: order (order, naturalness, and upkeep) and diversity (high contrast, diversity, and few vehicles).
This article aims to ground the relations between culture and housing preferences in a developing city with empirical analysis. Based on Amos Rapoport’s framework, this study dismantles the term “culture” into different components and tests their significance as predictors of housing preferences in Gaza City. Based on 1,269 face-to-face interviews with adults in the city, this study concludes that housing preferences in Gaza are determined by components of culture, mainly those related to issues of gender, politics, religion, kinship, and social relations. The findings revealed that among cultural components, kinship relations and attitudes toward women are likely to be crucial for individual Palestinians seeking new housing. The present study is an attempt to move beyond the grand concept of culture to consider its components and to apply this framework to different cultures.
Students in a high rise dormitory complex were surveyed to investigate the effects of floor height, view, and sex on perceptions of spaciousness and lightness of a room and evaluations of its decor. Height, and not view per se, was related to perceived spaciousness of one's room, with women on higher floors reporting their rooms more spacious than those on lower floors. Opposite results were obtained for men. Further, there were fewer posters and wall hangings on the upper floors than on the lower floors, and women were found to spend more time in their rooms and to decorate them more than men. Of related interest: while men showed no preference for a social or spatial definition of crowding, women significantly preferred a spatial definition. These findings are related to an optimal level of stimulation model and to sex differences in the dormitory literature.
The aim of this article is to understand how architectural aspects of student housing influence students’ residential satisfaction and a feeling of home. In this context, the significance of an institutional character of accommodation is reflected on. Architectural aspects and aesthetics of the physical environment are as important for defining residential satisfaction as location, housing type, and social and economic aspects. Houses are dual structures, comprising both measurable physical aspects and subjectively experienced aspects. This article focuses primarily on student perceptions of subjectively experienced aspects of architecture for the appreciation of institutionally provided housing. Findings from interviews with students in two such residences indicate that student housing in general is associated with an institutional character by many interviewees. Judging from their perceptions, the students were aware of how contextual issues and architectural elements such as colours, materials, and spatial solutions either supported an institutional character or supported a feeling of home. The possibility for personalization of private rooms is highly appreciated in order to create a sense of home. Providing individual solutions may reduce a sense of institutionalization.
The physical attributes or features that signal safety and security are a critical part of the overall “servicescape” of a hotel and help to define the service experience. An investigation of the safety and security features of 5,487 U.S. hotels revealed significant differences in the distribution of these key amenities in various hotel price segments. Differences in these physical attributes were also found among hotels of various sizes, ages, and locations (e.g., urban, airport, small town). Analyzing hotel scores across several different categories revealed an average safety index score of 70 and a security index score of 64 out of a possible score of 100. Overall luxury and upscale hotels, newer hotels, larger hotels, and those located in urban and airport locations recorded the highest scores for safety and security. Using partial correlation analysis, safety and security scores were positively correlated with the published rate of the hotels, even when controlling for hotel size, age, location, and price segment, suggesting that offering more comprehensive physical safety and security features is associated with the advertising of a higher rate.
Window preference research on a few settings has found that windows are generally preferred and that larger windows are preferred over smaller ones. No theoretical model of window preferences, however, has been proposed. The present experiment was designed to investigate window preferences across a large variety of common spaces and to examine reasons orfactors that may underlie these preferences with the ultimate goal of predicting them. Window preferences, in terms of size, number, and degree of transparency were made for 14 common spaces. Subjects then indicated the factors underlying their specific preferences from a list of 18 potential factors. Results showed that both window preferences and factors vary more widely than previous research would indicate. More important, however, it was demonstrated that the amount of windows desired in a space can be reliably predicted by knowing how important specific factors (e.g., having a view or good ventilation) are to individuals in that space.
The objectives were to explore the relation between the built environment of residence halls and the alcohol use of college students living on campus from the perspective of the theory of routine activity. This exploratory study examined data from two samples on one college campus. Online surveys assessed alcohol use, attitudes toward alcohol use, perceptions of campus alcohol norms, and individual factors (i.e., gender). Data came from an Alcohol Norms Survey using a random sample (N = 440) and a Resident Assessment Survey using a random sample ( N = 531) in 2006 and 2007. After controlling for other drinking behavior predictors (attitudes, gender, high school drinking, and perceptions of peer drinking), regression analysis showed that students living in suite halls had a higher odds of drinking more frequently, drinking more alcohol when they socialize, heavy episodic drinking, and drinking more often in their residence halls.
b>Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a rare insight into the motivation behind first-time buyers when looking to purchase their first home. The factors driving demand preferences for detached housing are constantly changing and difficult to measure, and often deemed to be a complex bundle of attributes.
Design/methodology/approach – The research in this paper is based on interviews with purchasers at a series of locations across Melbourne, Australia, who were actively seeking to purchase a home for the first time. The data were analysed using factor analysis to identify the core decision criteria in a new house that were most sought after.
Findings – The findings in this paper confirmed that “financial” issues accounted for approximately 30 percent of the actual decision by first-time buyers to purchase housing, where decisions relating to the timing and choice of housing are dependent on “site-specific” factors.
Research limitations/implications – The research in this paper is aimed specifically at first time buyers only and the influencing factors behind their purchasing decisions.
Practical implications – The paper shows that, if consideration is given to the characteristics that first-time owners are looking for, providers of new housing would be better equipped to meet this demand and maximise construction efficiency.
Originality/value – In the paper the emphasis was placed on identifying and analysing the decision criteria behind first-time buyers, which provided an invaluable insight into their concept of a suitable residence. Rather than analysing sales transactions after they have been completed, this research considers aspects of new houses that first-time owners are actively searching for, prior to making their purchase.<br /
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a post‐occupancy evaluation of the major technical and functional elements of performance on a type of student housing facilities at the campus of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper analyses published literature to review knowledge areas pertaining to technical and functional performance requirement elements in student housing facilities. Past maintenance work orders for the building were evaluated and analysed for the purpose of identifying frequent and major areas of complaints and discomfort to the occupants. A user satisfaction survey was developed to obtain the students' indicative feedback on their experience with the 48 identified performance elements.
Findings
The findings of the survey were analysed and reported to describe the degree of satisfaction with the identified performance elements. The paper examined the extent to which various success factors in the student housing facility had been realised.
Originality/value
A post‐occupancy evaluation can provide valuable feedback to planners, design professionals, housing administrators and facility managers involved in the planning, design and operation of student housing facilities. Post‐occupancy evaluation can assist in continually improving the quality and performance of the student housing facilities they design, construct, operate and maintain.
The attributes of domestic and international hotels important to American tourists are identified and compared. American tourists typically expect clean rooms at a good price; however, they would offset these expectations for increased security when traveling overseas. In addition, they hold hotels in developing countries to a lower standard than hotels in developed countries. Thus, American tourists may be more satisfied with an international hotel than with a domestic hotel offering equivalent service.
The aim of this article is to attain a better understanding of which aspects influence students’ housing satisfaction in Trondheim,
Norway. Due to rising student numbers in the last decade in Norway, there is a distinct need for new student housing. It has
been stated previously that students prefer specific, often central locations in university cities and that they have become
more demanding when it comes to the standard of accommodation. Questions related to how and where to accommodate students
have become an issue in both public and professional discussions. This study adds to the knowledge on different aspects that
influence student housing satisfaction and thus offers background information for further discussion on the student housing
situation in medium-sized university cities. Data were collected through a quantitative survey, which emphasized the following
five aspects: (1) Type of tenancy/ownership, (2) The impact of demographic variables, (3) Housing location, (4) Different
housing characteristics, and (5) Individual facilities (kitchen/bathroom). The survey data indicate that the most important
variables for student residential satisfaction were, first, the type of tenancy/ownership; second, the quality of different
housing characteristics; and third, the location. In this study, individual facilities and demographic variables did not have
a significant effect on housing satisfaction.
KeywordsHousing preferences-Housing satisfaction-Student housing
University students’ housing has received a good deal of emphasis in previous research. Much of this early research focused on the relationship between the environment, facilities, residence hall layout and students’ satisfaction. The current study tried to view students’ housing from a different perspective. It hypothesized that when students perceive the attributes of the home in the university (which we call sense of similarity to the home) residence hall their satisfaction with residence is improved. The current paper is based on the premise that the home is a multidimensional construct. It examined whether the residence hall is also multidimensional in the way it is described by the students. The study also aimed to understand the students’ perception of the attributes which make the residence hall similar to the home. This paper which reported the results of a pilot study on graduate female students was a qualitative study which employed an inductive approach. Eighteen (18) individual unstructured interviews were conducted with female graduate students who were living in a university residence hall March to May 2010. Twenty (20) open ended questionnaires were distributed among students of this residence hall who were not willing to be interviewed. The selected residence were occupied by graduate (both national and international) students and had single rooms with a shared bath room for each pair of rooms. Participants were, selected according to their university year, age, cultural background and nationality. The analysis carried out revealed that there were 4 major themes: Physical facilities and Comfort; Security; Privacy; and Warmth and Friendly Environment. These themes revealed the students’ perceptions of the attributes which make the residence hall comparable to the home environment. It was found that when students were asked to talk about a residence hall in terms of a home, they usually compared the present residence hall with their own home. The results also revealed that their comparisons of home and the residence hall were highly dependent on their background and previous experiences and were indicative of satisfaction with their current accommodation.
Increased affluence and individual lifestyles have widely spread across western countries in recent decades. We expect this development to coincide with the use of more qualitative and more disaggregated research methods (the so called Mode 2 research methods) because these tools enable coping with a growing diversity of housing preferences. However, the usefulness of this partial explanation remains embedded in power relationships among relevant actors; theoretically also the infl uence of politicians, researchers and the building industry can explain this outcome. A successful diffusion of research methods depends on the research interest of all relevant actors (science, policy, consumption or industrydriven agenda) in relation to the target housing market characteristics (quantitative or qualitative perspective). An empirical investigation of two countries: Finland and the Netherlands, shows some striking parallels in this respect but also some signifi cant differences.
This dissertation addresses how architecture functions as a cultural medium. It does so by by investigating how the architecture of institution and home each construct and support different cultural practices. By studying the design of ordinary settings in terms of how qualitative differences in architectural environments affect those who use them, this study exemplifies architectural research directed toward constructive cultural change. In the United States, ordinary people often describe housing as in a spectrum from homey to institutional. For example, hospitals are more institutional and less homey than apartment buildings, but apartment buildings are more institutional and less homey than single family detached dwelling. This dissertation examines the terms institution and home, exploring the hypothesis that they form an oppositional pair. The two ideas are studied from many different perspectives: The way that ordinary people evaluate photographic images in semantic differential and free sort studies is compared to architectural form as documented in sketches, words, photographs, inventory and plan. Analyses reveal that different housing types reflect different degrees and kinds of domesticity and institutionality. The investigations pertaining to this were completed during the 12-year period (1981- 1993), and followed by Phase 3, substantiating research concluded in 1996. Motivated by the normalization principle, that citizens with disabilities have the right to dwellings as similar as possible to that of society's mainstream, the Phase 1 studies (1981-84) developed guidelines for the alternative housing for disabled adults, including a checklist of architectural features. Phase 2 (1984-86, explored the lay understanding of institution, home, and other related qualities, tested the validity of the checklist guidelines and refined measures for home-likeness and institutionality in living rooms. In addition to normalization, several other theoretical positions inform this work. Architecture is conceived as a cultural medium that communicates cultural ideas, attitudes and expectations thereby tending to produce patterns of behavior. Culture is seen as a shared and evolving vision of the world manifested directly in behavior and indirectly in artifacts. Culture is understood as produced in its practice, being a collective process that evolves or changes as particular practices are discontinued, modified or replaced. A first corollary to the conception of architecture as a cultural medium is the conception of architecture as a medium for conscious cultural change. If culture is produced through practice, then it is susceptible to change by conscious practices as well as by unconscious ones. From this perspective, when applied to the design of buildings, normalization or deinstitutionalization can be seen as an intended cultural change, although not fully conscious. For cultural change to be fully conscious, the change must be well considered, with clear identification of both the change that is needed and the method of change. Furthermore, in order to be what is here called conscious cultural change, the change not only needs to be implemented, but also evaluated and adjusted. A second corollary to the conception of architecture as a cultural medium is the implementation of an architectural reception theory. In addition to considering the design and making of an artifact, reception theory emphasizes how it functions socially and symbolically for the people who experience it. This research addresses how the design of different residential settings affects the people who will use and inhabit them.
The present study assesses the effects of an architectural intervention on residential crowding stress and poststressor effects. Residents of long-corridor, short-corridor, and long-corridor-intervention dormitory floors were surveyed and social behavior and space use patterns were systematically observed over a 3-month period. As predicted, although students living in the three environments were initially comparable, residents of the long-corridor floor (40 residents sharing space) reported more crowding and residential social problems over time, whereas short-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) and modified long-corridor residents (20 residents sharing space) reported fewer of these problems. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of crowding in which architectural features of interior spaces are associated with space use patterns that facilitate or inhibit informal group development and regulation of the frequency of interaction and the amount of privacy. These conditions, in turn, are related to stress and stresslike symptoms.
This study investigates people's preferences regarding housing projects, by looking at the discrepancy between the current status of a low-income housing project in Jordan. The study investigates the residents' preferences and their reaction toward their environment. The study also examines the satisfaction degree that the project provides and explains what the residents expect from their environments and how they react to it. The paper utilizes ethnography to study the Al-Betrawi Project, which is built by the Housing and Urban Development Corporation in Jordan. The research focused on the physical component of the environment including factors such as maintenance level, order and style of the dwelling, housing location, clean air and children's play spaces. Furthermore, this study deals with the changes made to the units by the residents, and how they affect the residents' preferences and desires. The changes are indicators of the level of likeability. Hence, detailed interviews and surveys were carried out in the course of the study to assess and analyze these changes. The study concludes that most residents of the project dislike the apartment-building type of housing and spells out detailed analysis of the residents' preferences.
To study the effect of college roommates upon one another's grades, study habits, and other activities, dormitory roommates with various combinations of academic ability were experimentally formed. An analogous correlational study was conducted on roommates who had selected one another. Observed effects are mediated in various ways by the birth ordinal positions of the roommates in their respective families. It appears that first-born students are more susceptible to influence and later-borns more influential. In the experiment, students with high-ability roommates obtain better grades than those with low-ability roommates only if the roommate is later-born. Among males, first-borns profit more than later-borns from sharing courses with their roommate. Effects of the roommate on other educationally relevant activities are also examined.
This article examines coping strategies used by students in high-density living. It uses the questionnaire survey method in 20 university halls-of-residence in southwestern Nigeria. The study focused on students’ cognitive responses to the bedroom, the coping strategies that they used, gender differences in coping styles, and the influence of their length of stay. The results showed that the respondents perceived living conditions as stressful and that they used nine coping strategies to various degrees. The types of strategies used were related to their responses and to their perceived alternatives. The major coping strategies used were studying away from the room and decorating personal space. Females appeared to make more use of territorial strategies whereas males appeared to use withdrawal strategies more often. Length of stay did not appear to be important except with respect to studying and entertaining friends. Finally, territorial defining strategies were shown to be critical in this high-density situation.
A set of 18 adjective descriptors of visual attributes in the environment were given to design professionals to assess 60 residential scenes. In a factor analysis of these data, four factors Diversity, Nuisances, Enclosure and Clarity were obtained. The 60 scenes were divided into two sets of 30 scenes. Two groups of laypersons were asked to use four bipolar adjective scales to evaluate one or the other set of 30 scenes. The laypersons' composite preference scores were highly correlated with variables representative of each descriptive factor. Separate multiple regression equations for each set of 30 scenes and for the full set of 60 scenes were developed relating the visual attributes in scenes to composite preference scores. In both cases, the responses predicted bythe equation forone set of respondents and scenes correlated with obtained preference scores for the other respondents and scenes. People preferred residential scenes which were described as ornate, well kept, open and clear in use.
Room-flexibility was defined as the extent to which furniture in a room could be moved. In a 2 x 2 design, ten flexible rooms and ten comparable, nonflexible rooms were selected in college dormitories. Each room housed two students, either male or female. Residents were interviewed, and room-use was unobtrusively observed. So-called flexible rooms were rated as more flexible; males gave higher flexibility ratings than did females. Residents of flexible rooms reported more frequent interpersonal recreational activities than residents of nonflexible rooms. Females in nonflexible rooms reported relatively infrequent use of rooms for interpersonal task activities. Observations of room-use indicated the greatest number of visitors in the female-flexible condition, and fewest in the female-nonflexible condition. In a marginally significant effect, residents of flexible rooms spent more time in their rooms than residents of nonflexible rooms. Results suggested that room flexibility enhances interpersonal activities, especially among females.
This article reports the findings of a two-part study on the influence of dormitory architecture on patterns of social relations among college undergraduates. The first part investigates how dormitory architecture affects patterns of freshman acquaintance. Traditional proximity-social relation theory is refined to enable directional predictability of acquaintance patterns through use of the concepts "shared required paths" and "domains of acquaintance." The second part studied whether these freshman acquaintances evolved into more meaningful relationships such as friendship and rooming groups over the remaining years of college life. Time is specifically evaluated as an intervening variable in persistence of social relationships.
This study examined personalization of college dormitory rooms. Walls in college dormitories were photographed on two occasions, at the beginning and end of the first quarter in which new students were in residence. Decorations were content analyzed in terms of the following categories: personal relationships, values, abstract, reference, entertainment, and personal interest materials. The results indicated that most people decorated early in the quarter, decorating increased over time, and students differentially personalized their rooms in terms of the preceding categories. In addition, exploratory analyses were undertaken of modeling among roommates and relationships of decorating to dropout rates from the university.
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This study was conducted to determine whether relationships exist between gender-role and housing preferences. One hundred and thirteen undergraduate students, 76 women and 35 men (2 subjects did not record their sex) completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1981), a background questionnaire, and rated two sets of housing stimuli for residential preference. One set of eight houses was developed by Kinzy (Langdon, 1982), the other set of six houses was used previously by Nasar (1989). Kinzy's eight houses comprised Modern, Contemporary, Mediterranean, Tudor, Farm, Colonial, Early American and Ranch styles, whereas Nasar's were a Contemporary, Mediterranean, Tudor, Farm, Colonial, and Saltbox. The results of this study reveal some support for the relationship between gender-role and housing preference, as well as some indication of the kinds of housing styles people prefer (and dislike). Related to house style preferences, the results also indicate that architectural renderings of a particular house style can influence these preference judgments. Additional findings point to the fact that the kind of locale (suburban/rural or urban) in which one's family resides can influence housing preference. Some indication of regional preference differences also emerged.
With the diversification of personal senses of value as well as the abundance of lifestyles, people's preferences, demands, perceptions and evaluations of their residential environment are also becoming more and more diversified. Accordingly, it is necessary to clarify this diversity of urban residential preferences and the diversified demands, perceptions and evaluations of residential environments. In this paper, we first put forward the concept of residential lifestyles. Then, using questionnaire surveys of two Japanese cities, Saga and Kitakyushu, we analyzed the characteristics of residential preferential patterns, residential choice factors and residential satisfaction, as well as their interrelationships. The results of this research will assist in the understanding of the diversification of residential lifestyles. It may also provide more information for the effective and efficient planning and development of residential environments by assisting the better understanding of the various patterns of residential preference, choice and satisfaction.
Residential and neighbourhood satisfaction is an important indicator of housing quality and condition, which affects individuals’ quality of life. The factors, which determine their satisfaction, are essential inputs in monitoring the success of housing policies. This study investigates the factors, such as dwelling units, housing services and neighbourhood facilities and environment, which affect individuals’ satisfaction in private low-cost housing in Malaysia using a case study of a fast-growing state of Penang and less-developed state of Terengganu. The data were obtained from random samples of 795 households living low-cost housing projects developed by private housing developers in Penang and Terengganu. Descriptive and factor analyses were applied to the data. The findings of the study indicate neighbourhood factors are dominant factors that determine the levels of residential satisfaction. The satisfaction levels are generally higher with dwelling units and services provided by the developers than neighbourhood facilities and environment. The contributing factors for the low levels of satisfaction with the neighbourhood facilities and environment are poor public transportation and lack of children playgrounds, community halls, car parks, security and disability facilities. As private developers are profit motivated, less attention has been given to the provision of neighbourhood facilities and environment. This implies the government should monitor the implementation of low-cost housing policies closely in order to improve quality of housing for the residents.
This paper provides an assessment of residential satisfaction of newly designed public low-cost housing dwellers of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with forty-five variables grouped into five components – dwelling unit features, dwelling unit support services, public facilities, social environment and neighbourhood facilities. Findings from the study indicate that the residents are moderately satisfied with dwelling unit support services, followed by public and neighbourhood facilities than dwelling unit features and social environment, which have higher percentage of respondents with low level of satisfaction. Residential satisfaction index has high positive correlations with dwelling unit features, social environment, support services and public facilities, and low positive correlation with neighbourhood facilities. Socio-economic attributes of the residents such as age, family size, working wives, previous residence are negatively correlated with residential satisfaction, whereas residents' race, employment type, floor level and length of residency are positively correlated with residential satisfaction. A Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model has been estimated for the study and the model provides 76% explanations to determine residential satisfaction with ten predictor variables. The high beta coefficients of the model suggest that residential satisfaction of public low-cost housing can be enhanced through improving the management of security control, perimeter roads, cleanliness of garbage house and garbage collection, by the Local authority (KLCH). Moderate beta coefficient values of the model suggest that improvement of housing design is necessary to enhance residents' satisfaction with the predictor variables such as dry area, bedroom-1, dinning space, socket points and bedroom-3. From socio-economic analysis, it was found that the size of existing low-cost unit does not satisfy the needs of 29.4% inhabitants with large (6+) families and high bedroom occupancy rates (2.5). Furthermore, the location of future low-cost housing estates should also consider their closeness to the shopping centres. Public agencies for low-cost housing should pay proper attention to the management of support and public facilities to enhance residential satisfaction of the inhabitants and also adopt a policy to build different sizes of units to cater the needs of residents with large families in order to enhance quality of life of the low-income urban community in the country.
Households in Chinese cities today have to increasingly rely on the market to satisfy their housing needs. The growing freedom in choosing one's own residence implies increased variations in all aspects of housing consumption. Examination of individuals’ housing preferences is crucial in understanding these variations. This paper studies the housing preference of Guangzhou people through choice experiments framed in state-of-the-art experimental design methods. Joint logit models comprising both neighbourhood and dwelling attributes are estimated for all subjects and for various sub-samples classified by family income, age, education, nature of employment organization, district of current residence, etc. The models are then used to compute utilities for different attribute levels, the impacts of these attributes on choice probabilities, and the relative prices that the subjects are willing to pay for buying a home in different districts, with different accessibilities, of different types, etc. Neighbourhood and location-related attributes are found to be more important than dwelling-related attributes in home purchase decisions. Further, factors such as family income, age, education, nature of employment organization, etc. are found, to various degrees, have affected housing preference. Based on the preference structures revealed, we envision a new urban morphology to take shape in Chinese cities which is not too dissimilar from the ones in cities in the West, with the inner core dominated by the aged and the urban poor and the outskirts occupied by younger people and the rich and well-educated class.
This article describes an empirical study of central Florida’s tourists regarding their overall sense of perceived safety and the impact of various safety devices on their overall feelings of safety while on vacation. Although the 166 tourists sampled generally reported a sense of safety, previous exposure to crime had an impact on the perception of safety. Certain physical and behavioral devices such as deadbolt locks, closed-circuit TV cameras, door view ports, caller screening by telephone operators, locked side entrances into the hotel, and routine visits to the hotel by police provided tourists with a greater sense of safety and security. A regression model indicated that tourists’ overall perceptions of safety in central Florida were dependent on their perceptions of the safety of theme parks, certain hotel physical security devices, their level of education, and the routine visibility of law enforcement officers at hotels.
Hosting sports teams can be a consistent and lucrative source of revenue for hotels that are able to fulfill the specific needs of professional athletes. To fill a gap in information about professional teams' needs, this study sampled teams in Major League Baseball, the National Football League, and the National Basketball Association. Although the players have some concerns in common, the study found that teams in each sport have specific requirements. Moreover, each individual team's policies determine the services a team will want during its stay at a hotel. All professional teams want security, enough rooms for single occupancy, and smooth front-desk service. Unlike baseball and basketball teams, football teams need breakout space for team meetings and require carefully controlled in-house food service. Basketball players appreciate extralarge beds and late-night food service.
Window size preferences were studied in two experiments using a 1/12 scale model. In the first experiment, subjects viewed small-to medium-sized offices. The experiment showed that window preferences are affected by room size. Preferred window size is not a constant proportion of wall size. Rather, a larger proportion is preferred for smaller rooms. Second, the experiment showed that scenes perceived as more beautiful lead to larger preferred windows. Third, office work experience of subjects had no effect on preferences. Experiment 2, which incorporated several changes, confirmed all three of these findings. In addition, this experiment showed that window size preferences are also affected by the type of the room. Subjects viewing the same model preferred smaller windows for a computer work room than for an office.
Used meta-analysis to integrate and summarize the empirical research from 1966 through 1987 regarding the influence of college residence halls on the academic performance of undergraduate students in the United States. Found research did not show living in a conventional residence hall significantly influenced academic performance over living at home. (Author/ABL)
A comparison of commuting and noncommuting college students indicates that a student's residential context has a significant influence on his relationships with his parents and with his peers, and on his self-esteem. (EB)
A meta-analytic integration is reported that summarizes the effects of tripling in college dormitories. Results indicate that tripling exerts significantly adverse effects of moderate size on four distinct modes or response (residential, social, affective, and behavioral). Meta-analytic focused comparisons reveal several interesting patterns of variability in these effects of tripling. For example, the adverse effects of tripling were more extreme for subject populations composed of predominately male subjects, for subjects living in dormitories with longer corridors, and among subjects participating in the earlier studies of tripling. The implications of these patterns for an understanding of the effects of tripling are discussed.
Using an Importance}Performance Analysis (IPA), this paper examined business and leisure travellers' perceived importance and performance of six hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry. The six hotel selection factors identi"ed were: Service Quality, Business Facilities, Value, Room and Front Desk, Food and Recreation, and Security. Both business and leisure travellers held the same perceptions towards all the six hotel selection factors. The IPA grids illustrated that the Value factor fell into the Concentrate Here quadrant; Service Quality, Room and Front Desk and Security in the Keep Up the Good Work quadrant; and Business Facilities and Food and Recreation in the Low Priority quadrant. Room and Front Desk and Security were found to be the determining factors for business and leisure travellers, respectively, in their hotel choice selection. Implications for Hong Kong hoteliers and researchers were discussed.
During the past two decades institutions of all types have sought to expand and enhance residential facilities. Institutional
focus on scale, configuration, amenities, and academic integration has sought to leverage prior research documenting the multiple
and often positive impacts of on-campus residence. Although institutional size has been documented to differentially impact
student engagement [Kezar, A. J. (2006). NASPA Journal 43(1): 87–114], few studies, however, have directly explored the effect of residential expansion on student engagement. This
study, based on a sample of 731 first-time freshmen explores NSSE results before and after the opening of a residential facility
that doubled on-campus living at a single, metropolitan institution. Results indicate limited positive differences after opening,
and suggest that structure, in the form of size, does not, in and of itself, contribute significantly to shifting engagement.
Additionally, these results suggest an alternative method for using NSSE data in institutional analyses.
U.S. hotels have a reasonably solid panoply of safety and security equipment—but there also are surprising gaps.
Many large universities require freshman to live in dormitories on the basis that living on campus leads to better classroom performance and lower drop out incidence. Large universities also provide a number of academic services in dormitories such as tutoring and student organizations that encourage an environment condusive to learning. A survey was administered to college students at a large state school to determine what impact dormitory living has on student performance. We use a handful of instrumental variable strategies to account for the possibly endogenous decision to live on campus. We find a robust result across model specifications and estimation techniques that on average, living on campus increases GPA by between 0.19 to 0.97. That is, the estimate for the degree of improvement to student performance caused by living on campus ranges between one-fifth to one full letter grade.
Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66943/2/10.1177_001391657300500402.pdf
A triangulated field study and questionnaire survey methodology have been applied to investigate antecedents of outsourcing activity in Australian hotels. The field study involved the conduct of semi-structured interviews with fifteen managers in large hotels. Subsequent to this, a survey questionnaire was mailed to 356 General Managers in Australian hotels with 100 or more rooms. The survey yielded a return of 111 completed questionnaires. The study represents an examination of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), a partial investigation of agency theory, and other organisational factors that may influence hotel outsourcing. The study's findings provide some support for TCE and provide insight into other factors that appear to be affecting Australian hotels' propensity to outsource. Yes Yes
This study examined the types of housing features considered important to a sample of homeless persons diagnosed with a mental illness and/or substance use disorder and the relationship between the degree to which important features were obtained in subsequent housing and subjective quality of life, clinical and housing outcomes at 3-month and 1-year follow-up periods. After controlling for significant clinical and sociodemographic covariates, results from regression analyses indicate that the degree to which a client's individual housing preferences were realized in dwellings is significantly associated with greater quality of life in the future, but not clinical outcomes or housing tenure.
- M Heilweil
Heilweil, M. ( 1973 ) Introduction. Environment and Behavior 5 : 375 -376.
Residence Hall Retention: Factors That Influence an Upperclassman's Choice of Housing
- D M Popelka
- DM Popelka
Popelka, D. M. ( 1994 ) Residence Hall Retention: Factors That Infl uence an Upperclassman's Choice of Housing. Lowa
State University. Unpublished PhD Thesis.